PR

IMA

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Richmond

Social ScienceSocial Science 5 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITER Hawys Morgan

MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle

PUBLISHER Sue Ashcroft

ILLUSTRATIONS Alademosca il·lustració Bartolomé Seguí Chema Fernández Román Digitalartis Quino Marín

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

Contents

Unit Reading Topics Know how to

1 The universe

Space exploration Components of the universe

The solar system

The movements of the Earth and the Moon

The Earth’s spheres

Build an astronomical model

2 Representations of the Earth

Earthrise Maps and scales

Physical world maps

Political world maps

Find places using geographical coordinates

3 The landscapes of Spain

Cartography The relief of the Iberian Peninsula

The Cantabrian and Mediterranean watersheds

The Spanish coasts and islands

Use a map scale to calculate distances

TERM REVISION

4 The climates of Spain

Subtropical islands The atmosphere and climate

The climates of Spain

Vegetation in Spain

Interpret a climate graph

5The institutions of Spain and Europe

Simone Veil and the European Union

The territories of Spain

The Spanish Constitution and its institutions

The history and institutions of the European Union

Investigate the symbols of Spain

6The population of Spain and Europe

A crowded planet The population of Spain

Population density in Spain

The population of Europe

Interpret a population pyramid

TERM REVISION

7 Spain during the Middle Ages

The Codex Calixtinus The Visigoth Kingdom and the Muslim invasion

The Christian Kingdoms

Architecture in the Middle Ages

Write a guide to the Camino de Santiago

8 Spain during the Modern Period

The Earth was round… The discovery of America

The conquest and colonization of America

The Spanish Empire in the 16th century

Make a timeline about a historical character

9Spain in the 17th and 18th centuries

The mystery of Las Meninas

The 17th century: the decline of the Spanish Empire

The Golden Age

The 18th century: the Bourbon dynasty

Analyse a historical painting

TERM REVISION

three 3

4

16

26

40

50

60

72

82

92

6

■ Is the world's population growing fast? Explain.

■ Which are the three most populated continents in the world?

■ Which are the two most populated countries in the world?

■ Which are some of the least populated countries in Europe?

■ Why can overpopulation be a problem?

■ SPEAKING. Talk to your partner about the population of your city or town. How has it changed over time? Has it increased or decreased?

The population of Spain and Europe

Read and understand KNOW HOW TO

Learn about the characteristics and distribution of the population of Spain and Europe.

FINAL TASK

Interpret a population pyramid.

A crowded planet

Our planet is crowded. A hundred years ago, the world's population was less than 2 billion. Today, the world's population is over 7 billion. It is growing by 200,000 every day.

The continent with the biggest population is Asia, followed by Africa and Europe. Antarctica is the continent with the smallest population. The most populated country is China, followed by India. Iceland, Andorra, Monaco and Vatican City are among the least populated countries in the world. London is the most populated city in the European Union with a population of about 8 million.

An increasing population can cause many problems. One big problem of overpopulation is that we don't have enough natural resources. Scientists are looking for solutions.

6.1

sixty60

Population

Population is the number of people who live in a particular area. Population can be classified by age or gender.

■ What age group are you in? Are you male or female?

Population can increase or decrease depending on the number of births and deaths that happen in that place.

■ If lots of people are born and few people die, does the population increase or decrease? Explain.

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?

sixty-one 61

The population of Spain

Today, the total population of Spain is about 47 million people. This is the total number of people registered in the census. 1

Birth rate and death rate

The population of an area can change depending on:

■ Birth rate. This is the number of babies born in a place in one year.

Spain currently has a low birth rate. On average, 10 babies are born for every 1,000 inhabitants.

■ Death rate. This is the number of people who die in a place in one year.

Spain currently has a low death rate. Only 9 people die for every 1,000 inhabitants.

■ Natural growth. This is the difference between the number of people who are born in an area in one year and the number of people who die.

Migration

Migration refers to people who move from one country to another. Migration influences the population of a place.

■ Emigrants are people who leave their country to live in another country.

■ Immigrants are people who come to live in a new country.

■ Migration rate. This is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

Some of the reasons people migrate to another place or country are:

■ employment.

■ education.

■ better living conditions.

■ war and natural disasters in their country.

6.2

Look at the graph. 2

■ Which two countries have the most immigrants in Spain?

■ Why do you think this is?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

sixty-two

Inhabitants

Year

45.000.000

40.000.000

35.000.000

30.000.000

25.000.000

20.000.000

15.000.000

10.000.000

5.000.000

0

50.000.000

436195_T11p4_g evol pobl Espana

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1981

1991

2001

2011

62

1 Evolution of the population of Spain.

2 Number of immigrants to Spain by country.

Mor

occo

Ecua

dor

Uni

ted

King

dom

Italy

Chin

a

Bulg

aria

Boliv

iaColo

mbi

a

Rom

ania

Thousandsof people

1.000

900

800

700

600

500

200

300

400

100

0

507046_U10_p97_h2_prin países procedencia de inmigrantes

6

1 Use these facts to calculate natural growth in Spain in 2012.

■ Births: 455,000 ■ Deaths: 403,000

2 Use these facts to calculate the migration rate in Spain in 2012.

■ Emigrants: 455,000 ■ Immigrants: 305,000

3 Look at the graph.

■ Which age group is the smallest?

■ Using the graph, explain why the Spanish population is an ageing population.

■ Which age group is part of the inactive population?

6.4

ACTIVITIES

Life expectancy

Life expectancy is the number of years that a person is expected to live.

Life expectancy in Spain has increased. This is because of advances in medicine and improvements in living and working conditions.

In Spain, there are more elderly people than young people. This is because the birth rate is low and people are living for longer. This is called an ageing population. 3

Population and employment

■ The active population includes all adults who are able to work. These people are employed and working, or unemployed and looking for work.

■ The inactive population includes different groups. There are people who are not of legal working age, people who have retired, students and people who do not want to work. It also includes those who are homemakers or disabled people who cannot work. 4

6.3 Years

201119911970195019301910

5560657075

8580

50454035

90

30

507046_U09p85h1_g evol esperanza vida España

WomenMen

Look at pictures 3 and 4.

■ How has life expectancy changed in Spain?

■ Is life expectancy higher for men or women?

■ What percentage of the Spanish population is inactive?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

sixty-three 63

3 Changes in Spanish life expectancy.

INACTIVE POPULATION

ACTIVE POPULATION

Employed population

Unemployed population

507046_U09_p85h2_graf pobl activa e inactiva

4 Active and inactive populations of Spain.

Adult population of Spain

Elderly population of Spain

Young population of Spain68 %15 %

17 %

Population density in Spain

Population density

Population density tells us if a place has a large or small population. It is the number of inhabitants per square kilometre. 1

number of peoplePopulation density= surface area (km2)

If lots of people live in a small area, then the area is densely populated.

If the same number of people live in a large area, then the area is sparsely populated.

The population density of Spain is low: 93 inhabitants per square kilometre (93 inhabitants/km2).

Densely populated areas of Spain

Some autonomous communities have a higher population density than average. For example, the Community of Madrid has a population density of 800 inhabitants/km2. The Canary Islands have a population density of 300 inhabitants/km2.

The map 2 shows an uneven population distribution.

■ The population is denser along the coastline and on the islands.

■ In each province, the population is denser in the cities. Today, 80 out of 100 Spaniards live in cities.

The biggest cities in Spain are Madrid and Barcelona. Madrid has a population of 3 million and Barcelona has a population of 1.5 million.

6.5

■ Look at the key. What does the orange figure represent?

■ How many orange figures are there in each country?

■ Why are the orange figures closer together in Thailand than in Spain and Yemen?

■ Use the statistics given for each country to calculate its population density.

■ Which country has the highest population density?

■ Compare the size of the countries. Why is the population density so different?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

= 10 people/km2

YEMEN

Area: 528,000 km2

Population: 21,000,000

THAILAND

Area: 512,000 km2

Population: 65,000,000

SPAIN

Area: 506,000 km2

Population:

47,000,000

sixty-four64

1 Population density of Thailand, Yemen and Spain.

6

Least populated areas

The inland areas of Spain have the lowest population densities. 2 Most of the provinces of Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura and Aragon are sparsely populated. They have a population density of less than 30 inhabitants/km2.

The most densely populated inland provinces are Zaragoza, Valladolid, Rioja, Navarre and Madrid.

6.6

1 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the map on page 20 of your atlas. Find cities with a population of over 500,000 inhabitants. Copy and complete the table in your notebook.

city population

Madrid More than 1.5 million

2 ICT. Search the Internet and find the population density of your province. List the main towns and cities in order, starting with the most densely populated.

6.7

ACTIVITIES

F R A N C E

MOROCCO

A CORUÑA

PONTEVEDRA

OURENSE

LUGO

ASTURIAS CANTABRIA

RIOJA

NAVARREARABA / ÁLAVA

BIZKAIA / VIZCAYAGIPUZKOA / GUIPÚZCOA

CUENCATOLEDOCÁCERES

CIUDAD REALBADAJOZ ALBACETE

GUADALAJARA

HUESCA

ZARAGOZA

LEÓN

BURGOS

PALENCIA

ZAMORAVALLADOLID

SEGOVIA

SORIA

SALAMANCA

MADRIDÁVILA

Ceuta

Melilla

LLEIDA

BARCELONA

GIRONA

TARRAGONA

BALEARIC ISLANDSCASTELLÓN / CASTELLÓ

TERUEL

VALENCIA / VALÉNCIA

ALICANTE / ALACANTMURCIA

ALMERÍAGRANADA

JAÉNCÓRDOBA

SEVILLAHUELVA

CÁDIZ

MÁLAGA

PO

RT

UG

AL

ANDORRA

LAS PALMAS

SANTA CRUZDE TENERIFE

507046_U09_p87_España densidad provincial

N

S

EW

AT

LA

NT

IC

O

CE

AN

C a n t a b r i a n S e a

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

0 100

kilometres

Scale

Medi te r ranean Sea

POPULATION DENSITYPER PROVINCES

Less than 10

From 10 to 30

From 31 to 50

More than 600

From 101 to 600

From 51 to 100

(Inhabitants per km )2

■ Name the two provinces with the lowest population density.

■ Name the two provinces with the highest population density.

■ What is the population density of your province?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

sixty-five 65

2 Map of Spain's population density by province.

The population of Europe

Characteristics of the population

Europe is a highly populated continent with more than 700 million inhabitants. 1

Europe has an ageing population.

Europe has an ageing population because of:

■ Low birth rate. Only about 10 babies are born for every 1,000 inhabitants.

■ High life expectancy. Average life expectancy is 78 years.

For these reasons, the population of Europe is gradually increasing. In some countries, the number of births is lower than the number of deaths, so the population declines.

Immigration in Europe

Europe is made up of 49 independent countries. Thousands of immigrants come to Europe, mainly from Africa, Asia and Switzerland. Immigration has the following effects:

■ Increase in population. Immigrants are usually young and often have children.

■ Increase in the active population. Immigrants arrive in Europe looking for work, so the active population increases.

■ Multiculturalism. Europe is a continent with great cultural diversity. Immigrants bring different languages, traditions and religions. 2

6.8

507046_09_p88 graf _paises mas poblados EuropaRu

ssia

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

King

dom

Fran

ce

Italy

Spai

n

Ukr

aine

Pola

nd

Rom

ania

Populationin millions

140

150

130

20

10

40

30

50

60

80

70

90

100

110

120

0

sixty-six66

1 Countries in Europe with the biggest populations.

A

B C

2 Multiculturalism brings cultural diversity. A. Chinatown in London. B. The Alhambra in Granada. C. Tower Bridge in London.

1 Explain why the population of Europe is steadily increasing.

2 WRITING. Answer these questions.

■ What is the population of Europe?

■ Which European countries are the most densely populated?

■ Which European countries are the least densely populated?

3 What are some of the effects of immigration?

6.10

ACTIVITIES

Population distribution in Europe

Most of the population of Europe is urban: seven out of ten Europeans live in cities. The average population density in Europe is about 70 inhabitants/km2. 3

The population of Europe is unevenly distributed. There are areas with very high population density and areas with very low population density.

■ Areas with high population density. Countries like Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom have high population density.

■ Areas with low population density. The countries with the lowest population density are Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia. These countries have very cold climates so it is harder for people to live there.

6.9

■ Which countries have areas with a population of more than 500 inhabitants per km2?

■ Which countries have areas with between 101 and 500 inhabitants per km2?

■ Which countries have areas of low population density? Why?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

sixty-seven 67

3 Map of population density in Europe.

0 300

kilometres

ScaleM e d i t e r r a n e

a n S e a

Baltic Sea

North Sea

Black Sea

Norwegian Sea

Caspian Sea

A R C T I C O C E A N

A

TL

AN

TI

C

OC

EA

N

FINLAND

SWEDENNORWAY

LITHUANIA

LATVIA

ESTONIA

RUSSIA

MALTA

UNITED KINGDOMIRELAND DENMARK

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

LUXEMBOURG

GERMANY

PORTUGALSPAIN

FRANCE

ANDORRA

ITALYALBANIA

GREECE

MACEDONIA

SWITZERLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

POLAND

SLOVAKIA

ROMANIAHUNGARY

AUSTRIA

BELARUS

U K R A I N E

MOLDOVA

BOSNIA &HERZEGOVINA

CROATIASLOVENIA

SERBIABULGARIA

MONTENEGRO KOSOVOT U R K E Y

GEORGIAAZERBAIJAN

ARMENIA

R U S S I A

KAZAKHSTAN

CYPRUS

ICELAND

507046_U09_p89_Densidad de poblacion de Europa

Less than 10 inhabitants/km2

From 10 to 100 inhabitants/km2

From 101 to 500 inhabitants/km2

More than 500 inhabitants/km2

POPULATION DENSITY

Interpret a population pyramid

A population pyramid is a graph which shows the age and gender of a population.

Learn to read a population pyramid.

KNOW HOW TO

Show that you can do it.

1 Look at the pyramid above and answer.

■ Which country and which year does it represent?

■ How many men and women are there in the 30–34 age group?

■ Which group has more than 2 million people?

2 Compare the Spanish and the Turkish population pyramids.

■ Look at the shape of the pyramids. How are they different?

■ Which of the pyramids has the widest base? And the narrowest peak? What do you think this means?

■ Which country is a ‘young country’? Explain.

sixty-eight

1,000,000 3,000,0002,000,0003,000,000 1,000,0002,000,000

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

more than 80

People

AgeMen Women

507046_U08_p76_piramide pobl Espana

Spain 2013

Men are represented on the left.

The title tells us a specific year and place.

The horizontal axis shows the population for each age group.

The bars show the number of people of each gender and of each age group.

Women are represented on the right.

The vertical axis shows the age groups.

4 3 2 1 4321

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

more than 80

Millioninhabitants

AgeMen Women

507046_U09_p90_piramide pobl Turquía

Turkey 2013

68

1 Copy and complete these formulas.

= births – deaths

number of Population density = area km2

2 What happens to the population when...

■ the birth rate is higher than the death rate?

■ the number of immigrants is lower than the number of emigrants?

3 Calculate the population density of the following provinces.

province population area

Burgos 376,000 14,000 km2

Badajoz 700,000 22,000 km2

Navarre 640,000 10,400 km2

Las Palmas 1,100,000 4,000 km2

Vizcaya 1,160,000 2,200 km2

FINAL ACTIVITIES6

Choose and do one of these activities:

A. USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the map on pages 10 and 11 of your atlas. Find the four cities with the largest populations.

B. Imagine you are talking to someone from another country who has come to live in your country. Ask questions like: Where are you from? When did you arrive? Why did you move here?

C. ICT. Search the Internet for information about the population of your area: include population distribution, natural growth, etc. Prepare a presentation for your class.

Show your skills

4 Copy and complete the table.

population Europe Spain

Number of inhabitants

Population density

Most populated areas

Least populated areas

5 Look at the graph. Explain how emigration and immigration have changed in Spain.

6.11

507046_U10_p101_evol emigracion e inmigracion

2008 2009Year 2010 2011 2012

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Thousands of people

ImmigrantsEmigrants

sixty-nine 69

TEST YOURSELF

Check your vocabulary

active population all adults who are able to work.

ageing population a population with more elderly people than young people.

birth rate the number of babies born in a place in one year.

climate the weather in a particular region over a long period of time.

climate graph a graph that shows the temperatures and precipitation in an area over one year.

Congress of Deputies the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament.

death rate the number of people who die in a place in one year.

democracy a country where all citizens are equal before the law with equal rights and duties.

emigrants people who leave their country to live in another country.

European Union the institution made up of 28 European countries. The aim is to establish economic, political and social cooperation between the member countries.

immigrants people who come to live in a new country.

inactive population all adults who are not able or allowed to work.

life expectancy the number of years a person is expected to live.

migration when people move from one country to another.

migration rate the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

natural growth the difference between the number of people who are born in a place in one year and the number of people who die.

ozone layer part of the upper stratosphere that absorbs radiation.

Parliamentary Monarchy a country where the Head of State is the monarch. He or she does not govern the country nor establish the laws.

population density the number of people living in a square kilometre.

population pyramid a graph which shows the age and gender of a population.

Senate the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament.

Spanish Constitution the most important law in Spain.

Spanish government the body that runs the country. The head is the President and he is helped by his ministers.

stratosphere the layer of atmosphere above the troposphere.

sustainable development improving quality of life without damaging it for future generations.

troposphere the layer of atmosphere closest to the Earth.

vegetation the plants found in an area.

1 Write a description of the Oceanic climate in Spain. Include information about:■ precipitation.■ temperatures.■ vegetation.

2 Choose a country of the European Union and find out these facts. When did it join the European Union? Does it belong to the Eurozone? What are the official languages of the country?

70 seventy

Check your progressCopy and write the correct answers in your notebook.

1 The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface is...

a. the stratosphere.b. the ozone layer.c. the troposphere.

2 The predominant climate in Spain is...

a. Mediterranean.b. Oceanic.c. Subtropical.

3 The climate in the Canary Islands is...

a. Subtropical.b. Mountainous.c. Mediterranean.

4 Plants like dragon trees and laurel forests are from...

a. Oceanic climates.b. Mediterranean climates.c. Subtropical climates.

5 If we calculate the number of people who live in one square kilometre, it is...

a. the population density.b. the number of people who live there.c. the natural growth of an area.

6 In most regions of Spain, the population is denser in...

a. the cities.b. the villages.c. the interior.

7 The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a place is called...

a. natural growth.b. mortality.c. the migration rate.

8 The European Commission is the…

a. Parliament of Europe.b. Governing body of Europe.c. Courts of Justice of Europe.

9 The European Court of Justice has its headquarters in…

a. Strasbourg.b. Brussels.c. Luxembourg.

10 In the Eurozone there are…

a. 20 member countries, including Spain.b. 18 member countries, including Spain.c. 22 member countries, including Spain.

Check your answers

Correct the wrong answers.

Write in your notebook which lessons you need to practise more.

Think like a geographer

TERM 2

1.000.000500.000 2.000.0001.500.0002.000.000 500.0001.500.000 1.000.000

75-7980-8485-89

70-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-145-90-4

more than90

People

AgeMen Women

200.000 600.000400.000600.000 400.000 200.000

Men Women

507046_ponte a prueba 2 _p99_h02_pir pobl Bolivia 2050

75-7980-8485-89

70-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-145-90-4

more than90

People

Age

seventy-one 71

The population of a country is considered as ageing when 15 out of every 100 inhabitants are older than 65. In Spain, 18 out of every 100 inhabitants are over 65. Life expectancy in Spain is increasing. The birth rate in Spain is low.

■ What will the population pyramid of Spain look like in the future? Choose one of the pyramids. Explain in your notebook why you think it is the correct pyramid.