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Preface The Textbook Society, Karnataka, has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF - 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From Standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects, namely, mathematics, science and social science.

NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

connecting knowledge to life activities.

learning to shift from rote methods.

enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks.

learning experiences for the construction of knowledge.

making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences.

caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country.

making education relevant to the present and future needs.

softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.

the child is the constructor of knowledge.

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely, Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Intergrated approach.

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life. NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, construction of a framework of concepts, relate mathematics to real life experiences and cooperative learning. Many students have a maths phobia and in order to help them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and games have been included in textbooks. Each concept is intoduced through an activity or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions of great Indian mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places.

WeliveinanageofScienceandTechnology.Duringthepastfivedecadesmanhasachievedgreatthings and realized his dreams and reached pinnacle of glory. He has produced everything to make life comfortable. In the same way he has given himself to pleasures and reached the stage in which he seems to have forgotten basic sciences. We hope that at least a good number of young learners take to science in higher studies and become leading scientists and contribute their share to the existing stock of knowledge in order to make life prosperous. Ample opportunity has been given to learners to think, read, discuss and learn on their own with very little help from teachers. Learning is expected to be activity centered with the learners doing experiments, assignments and projects.

7th standard Social Science Textbook has been prepared based on the prescribed syllabus. And all the features of NCF 2005 and KCF 2007 have been included in the Text Book. This new Text Book has given importance to enhance the creativity of students by including activities. Many projects are included to help students to gain knowledge. This Text Book has been written in such a way that students need not memorise historical dates and other information.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons, Writers, Scrutinisers, Artists, Staff of DIETs and CTEs and the Members of the Editorial Board and Printers in helping the Textbook Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G.S. MudambadithayaCo-ordinator

Curriculum Revision and Textbook PreparationKarnataka Textbook Society

Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook SocietyBengaluru, Karnataka.

iii

Chairperson's Note ‘Yesterday, today and tomorrow are inseparable parts of the present’ so says greatAllamaprabhu.Historyflowslikeaninvisibleriver.Nowandthenitshowsitselfinitsmortalandsometimesinaninfiniteform.Itmayappearasindividuals,hap-pening or in the form of certain values. The entire social fabric of the world is split into factions such as religions, colour, gender, language, the rich, the poor and raise its ugly heads in different identities. People have begun creating history of their own throughvariousformsofconflictingdetails.Asaresultofthistendencyhistoryisnot allowed to grow in all its true realities. Being a part of history, man has been try-ing to create new branches of this great tree of history. On the other hand history is like a chain in which every link represents a generation and these generations go on adding to the existing ones. As a result of this, we have to recognize that history has become a complex discipline. Basically history is a continuum. We can master our competence to understand History only by constant and deep study.

History is as vast as Time. In this book we deal with the continents of Asia, Eu-rope and America. We have yet to study the various features of Africa, South America andAustralia.Alotofresearchworkshavebeengoingonindifferentfieldsofhumanendeavor and it is a challenge at least to give a bird’s-eye-view of the results of these research works in our textbooks. Though we follow the spiral approach, our course becomeshighlyscientificandintricate.

The VII syllabus deals with Asia and Europe. We have made an earnest effort to acquaint the learners with the details of special geographical features of these conti-nents. Indian History has been dealt with in greater detail keeping in mind the latest researchfindingsinvariousaspectsofhistory.Asthesyllabusisvast,naturallythepages have become more. It was a problem for writers to decide the depth and extent of details of the materials to be presented in the book.

We faced another problem while designing the book. It was how to present the sensitive issues such as religions, castes and gender. Ours is a multifaceted society. The learners at this level are sensitive to such issues. Therefore we have made a sin-cere and an objective effort to help learners realize the learning objectives to the best of our ability.

We would like to share the following points with classroom teachers• The VII textbook is a continuation of V and VI standard textbooks. Therefore teach-

ers have to keep in mind the portions covered in classes V and VI• Portion to be covered is indicated using icons at the beginning and end of each

chapter. Information given in the boxes is not to be tested in the examination. Box items come under the ‘going beyond the syllabus’, part of the curricular.

• At the beginning of each chapter a list of competencies to be master by the stu-dents is given. It is for the guidance of teachers. They have to see that learners have to master the competencies.

• Teachers are expected to bring to the notice of the chief coordinator, the good pointsanddeficiencieswellintimesothatdeficienciesmaybesetrightinthenextedition of the textbook. We welcome such suggestions from parents as well.

• Our grateful thanks to all those who have helped us in preparing this textbook.

Dr. AswathanarayanaChairperson

Textbook Preparation Committee

iv

Textbook Committee

Chairperson : Dr. Aswathanarayana, Associate Professor, History Dept., Gnanabharathi Campus Bengaluru Universcity , Bengaluru 560056.

Members : Sri M.N. Katti, Lecturer In Geography, Govt P.U. College, B.P.Vadiya Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru-560026 Sri N. Ningaraju, Lecturer, Govt P.U.College, Yalahanka, Bengaluru Sri Y. Ramakrishna Rao, Lecturer In Political Science, Govt. P.U.College, Ermalu Bada Post, Udupi Dist-574119 Sri S.B. Kadakoladavar, Asst. Teacher, Vidyaranya P.U. College,High School Section, Dharawad-1 Smt K.V. Shilpa, Asst. Teacher, Higher Primary School,Channaiahna Kote, Viraj Pet Taluq, Madikeri(D) Artist : Sri Taranath Kairangal, Drawing Teacher, Govt. High School, Manchikolnad, Bantwal Tq. D.K. Dist.

Scrutinizers : Sri Raghavendra Prabhu M., Associate Professor, History (Retd.), Dambel, Ashoknagar, Mangaluru. Sri K.R. Manjunath, Principal, M.E.S. P.U.College, T.T.M Layout,Bengaluru

Editorial Committee : Dr. M.V.Srinivas, Professor of History (Retd.), H.Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru. Dr. R.L.M. Patil, Professor of Political Science (Retd.). 1105 Poornaprajnanagar, Uttarahalli, Bengaluru. Dr. Eshwarappa, Head of Dept. of Geography, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru.

Hindi Translation Committee : Smt. Shakuntala Kulkarni, Retd Teacher, Bengaluru. Dr. P.V. Padmini, A.M. Govt girls High School, Dalavayi School Premises, Nanjanagudu-571301

Chief Co-ordinator : Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.

Guidance : Sri Nagendra Kumar Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.

Smt C. Nagamani, Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.Programme Co-ordinator : Smt S.N. Leelavathi, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka

v

Textbook Revision Committee

Chairman-in-Chief :Prof. Baraguru RamachandrappaState Textbook Revision Committee, Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.

Chairperson :Dr. T.R ChandrashekarConsultant, 4th Finance Commission, 3rd Floor, Kaneuja Bhavan, Race course Road, Bengaluru-1.

Members :Dr. BasavarajAssistant Professor (Department of Political Science)University of Tumakuru, Tumakuru.

Dr. N.R. HadapadaLecturer in Geography, Sri Channabasaveshwara Pre-university College, B. Aralikatte, Hubballi Taluk, Dharwad District.

Sri. H.G. RajeshLecturer, Govt. Pre-university College, Dodderi,Bengaluru South Taluk.

Sri. P.M. KaginkarAssistant Master, Govt. High School, Changavara, Sira Taluk,

Tumakuru District.

Smt. Rajalakshmi. S.Assistant MistressGovt. Pre-university College (High School Section), Srirampuram, Bengaluru North District.

Smt. Shahina BegumAssistant MistressStree Samaja, Sheshadripuram Highschool, Bengaluru North District.

Artist :Sri. D.N. VenkateshDrawing Teacher, GHS, Uramara, Kasalagere, Mandya District.

vi

High Power Revision Committee Members

Dr. M.S. Talwar#777, ‘Jenugudu’5th Block, Banashankari 6th Stage, Metkalpalya, Bengaluru-60.Dr. Amaresh Yatagal,Assistant Professor,Dept. of History and Archaeology, Rani channamma University, P.G. Centre,Toravi, Vijayapura - 586105Dr. N. NandeeshwaraPrincipalS.M.R. P.U College, Kallambella, Sira Taluk,Tumakuru Dist - 572125.Sri. Manjunath AyliHistory Lecturer,Government Pre-University College,Police Colony, Raichur - 584101.Chief Advisors :Sri. H.N. Gopalakrishna,Managing Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.Sri. K.G. Rangaiah,Deputy Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.Programme Co-ordinator :Smt. S. N. LeelavathiSenior Asst. Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.

Translators Smt. Shakuntala Kulkarni Retd Teacher Bengaluru.

Dr. P.V. Padmini A.M. Govt girls High School

Dalavayi School Premises Nanjanagudu-571301

Smt. Nirmala G.V. Retd Teacher

Bengaluru.

vii

About the Revision of Textbooks

Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the new textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget speech of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter. He also spoke of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook experts should follow: “The textbooks should aim at inculcating social equality, moral values, developmentofpersonality,scientific temper,criticalacumen,secularismandthesenseofnational commitment”, he said.

Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the Department of Education constituted twenty seven committees and passed an order on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were subject and class-wise and were in accordance with the standards prescribed. Teachers who are experts in matters of subjects and syllabi were in the committees.

There were already many complaints, and analyses about the textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014 to the responsible committees to examine and review text and even to prepare new text and revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order was passed on 19-9-2015 which also gave freedom even to re-write the textbooks if necessary. In the same order, it was said that the completely revised textbooks could be put to force from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.

Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them to the Education Minister and to the Textbook Society.Theywererectified.Beforerectificationwehadexchangedideasbyarrangingdebates.Discussions had taken place with Primary and Secondary Education Teachers’ Associations. Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions. Separate meetings were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject experts of science, social science, mathematics and languages, textbooks were sent in advance and later meetings were held for discussions. Women associations and science related organisations were also invited for discussions. Thus, on the basis of inputs received from various sources, the textbooks have been revised where ever necessary.

Another important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted three expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions after making a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics and social science subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with state textbooks. Thus, the state text books have been enriched based on the comparative analysis and suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have been guarded not to go lower in standards than the textbooks of central schools. Besides, these textbooks have been examined along side with the textbooks of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states.

Anotherclarificationhastobegivenhere.Whateverwehavedoneinthecommitteesisonly revision, it is not the total preparation of the textbooks. Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks have in no way been affected or distorted. They have only been re-vised in the background of gender equality, regional representation, national integrity, equal-ity and social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum frames of both central and state have not been transgressed. Besides, the aspirations of the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further, the reviews of the committees were once given to higher expert committees for exami-nation and their opinions have been inculcated into the textbooks.

Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to those who served in higher committees. At the same time, wethankallthesupervisingofficersoftheTextbookSociety,whosincerelyworkedhardinforming the committees and managed to see the task reach it’s logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also to the subject experts and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions

H.N. Gopalakrishna Managing Director

Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Bengaluru.

Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa Chairman-in-Chief

State Textbook Revision Committee (R) Bengaluru.

viii

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AmJo MbH$a Jwë~Jm©, ~rXa {H$bm| H$mo ^r OrVm & ~h_Zr amOm Ho$ ~§YZ _| aho amOnwÌ

H$mo ~ÝYZ_wº$ H$aHo$ ~rXa Ho$ qghmgZ na {~R>m`m & Bg{bE H¥$îUXodam` H$mo "`dZamÁ`

à{Vð>mnZmMm`©' Cnm{Y {_bm & gm.e. 1529 _| H¥$îUXodam` H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ g_` {dO`ZJa

gm_«mÁ` Mmam| {XemAm| _| \¡$bm Wm & BgHo$ amOXa~ma _| AmE S>moq_Jmo no`g² Zo ~Vm`m h¡

{H$ ""H¥$îUXodam` gm¡å` ñd^md ì`{º$Ëd H$m h¡ gmW _| ÑT>H$m` H$m h¡''&

a¸$gV§JS>r `wÕ

H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ ~mX AÀ wVam` (gm.e. 1530 - 1542) Am¡a gXm{edam` (gm.e. 1543-

1565) Zo emgZ {H$`m& gXm{edam` Aàmá hmoZo Ho$ H$maU emgZ H$m g§ny©U ^ma H¥$îUXodam`

H$m Xm_mX AadrSw> d§e H$m am_am` Zo {b`m& BgHo$ amOVm§{ÌH$ Mmb go {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`

{dñVma Ho$ gmW g_¥Õ hþAm & gmW _| Xþí_Zm| H$s g§»`m _| d¥{Õ ^r hþB© &

XŠIZ Ho$ gwëVmZm| Ho$ h_bm| go V§J AmH$a àVrH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| am_am` Zo {dO`mnwa

Am¡a JmoëH$m|S> amÁ`m| Ho$ àXoem| H$mo de _| H$a {b`m & `h `wÕ H$m H$maU ~Zm & {dO`ZJa

gm_«mÁ` H$s CÞ{V Am¡a g_¥{Õ XoIH$a ObZodmbo gwëVmZ AnZm amOH$s` ^oX^md ^ybH$a

EH$ hmo JE &

gm.e. 1565 OZdar 23 H$mo XŠIZ gwëVmZm| Ho$ g§JR>Z Am¡a {dO`ZJa goZm Ho$ ~rM

H¥$îUm ZXr {H$Zmao a¸$gV§JS>r _| Omo `wÕ hþAm, Cg_| am_am` H$s _¥Ë`w hþB© & OrV H$s Iwer

_| gwëVmZm| Zo {dO`ZJa H$s g§nÎmr H$mo byQ>m & `wÕ^y{_ go nbm`Z H$aHo$, am_am` Ho$ ~oQ>o

{Vé_b Am¡a d|H$Q> XmoZm| noZwH$m|S> ^mJ JE & noZwH$m|S>, M§Ð{Jar ~mX _| do„za H$mo amOYmZr

~ZmH$a AadrSw> d§eO gm.e. 1570 - 1646 VH$ amÁ`^ma {H$`m & `wÕ H$m n[aUm_ `h

hþAm {H$ - H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Ho$bXr, _¡gyé, {MÌXþJ©, `bh§H$ Am¡a gwanwa Ho$ Zm`H$ Am¡a gm_§VamOm

ñdV§Ì hmo JE &

{dO`ZJa H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoZ :

emgZ : {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` ~{bð> H|$Ðem{gV Wm Am¡a {dH|$ÐrH¥$V emgZ nÕVr go

MbVm Wm & emgZ _| amOm H$mo ghm`Vm H$aZo {d{dY _§Ìr, {d{dY àm§Vm| Ho$ Zm`H$ Wo &

7

emgZ H$s X¥{ï> go gm_«mÁ` H$mo àm§Vm| _|, àm§Vm| H$mo amÁ`m| _|, amÁ`m| H$mo ZJam| _| ZJam| H$mo

J«m_m| Ho$ g_yh _| {d^{OV {H$`m Wm & àm§Vm| _| amOà{V{Z{Y Am¡a J«m_m| _| d§ena§nam go

AmE A{YH$mar emgZ H$aVo Wo &

amOm Ý`m`m§J H$m na_m{YH$mar Wm & àm§Vm| _| dhm± Ho$ A{YH$mar Ý`m` XoVm Wm & Am`

H$m à_wI _yb ^y-H§$Xm` H$m 1/6 ^mJ g§J«h {H$`m OmVm Wm & BgHo$ gmW dm{UÁ` H$a,

d¥{Îm H$a, amh H$a, hmQ> H$a, {Z`m©V H$a, Cnhma Am{X amÁ`mXm` Ho$ _yb Wo &

{dO`ZJa H$mb _| goZmXb, AœXb, JOXb Am¡a {\$a§Jr Xb AmXr à_wI A§J Wo &

Aa~ Xoe Ho$ KmoS>o {dO`ZJa Ho$ AmH$f©U Wo &

gm_m{OH$ pñW{V : g_mO _| ~më` {ddmh, gVr nÕVr Am¡a XodXmgr nÕ{V ê$T>r _|

Wo& EH$ npËZËd gm_mÝ` Wm {\$a ^r A_ra, amOm bmoJm| _| ~hþnpËZËd àM{bV Wm & ór`m|

H$mo Jm¡ad {_bVm Wm & {Xdmbr Am¡a Xeham H$mo Yy_ Ym_ go gmd©O{ZH$ ê$n go _Zm`m OmVm

Wm& Xeham amOml` _| hmoVm Wm &

Am{W©H$ pñW{V : H¥${f hr _w»` CÚmoJ Wm & Mmdb, Odma, JÞm Am¡a H$nmg AmXr

_w»` \$gb Wo & {dO`ZJa Ho$ amOm Vmbm~, Hw$Am±, Zha AmXr ~ZdmH$a H¥${f H$mo ~T>mdm

{X`m& {dXoem| Ho$ gmW dm{UÁ` g§nH©$ Wm & Bg{bE Mmdb, H$nmg, H$nS>o, bmoh, hrao, MrZr,

H$ñVyar, lrJ§Y, _gmbm nXmW© AmXr {Z`m©V hmoVo Wo & KmoS>o, aoe_ Ho$ H$nS>o _I_b Ho$ H$nS>o

AmXr Am`mV H$aVo Wo & hrao H$m ì`mnma Ho$ {bE {dO`ZJa EH$ A§Vam©ï´>r` H|$Ð Wm & H$nS>o

~wZZm à_wI XñVH$mar Wm & ^Q>H$b, hmoÞmda, _§Jbyé à_wI ~§XaJmh Wo & hmoÞw `m dah

gmoZo H$m {g¸$m Wm & {g¸o$ na XodVmAm| Ho$ {MÌ ahVo Wo &

gm{hË` : {dO`ZJa amOmAm| Ho$ H$mb _| g§ñH¥$V, VobwJw Am¡a H$ÞS> ^mfm gm{hË` H$s

A{^d¥{Õ hþB© & g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| {dÚmaÊ` Zo "e§H$a {dO`' Am¡a "gd©Xe©Z g§J«h' H¥${V H$s

aMZm H$s & {dÚmaÊ` Ho$ ^mB© gm`UmMm`© Zo "doXmW©àH$me' Am¡a "Am`wd}X gwYm{Z{Y' J«§Wm|

H$s aMZm H$s & {dO`ZJa Ho$ amOm Am¡a n[admadmbm| Zo ^r gm{hË` aMZm H$s h¡ & CZ_|

J§JmXodr H$s "_Ywam{dO`§' H¥${V, àm¡T>Xodam` H$m _hmZmQ>H$ "gwYm{Z{Y', H¥$îUXodam` H$s

"Om§~dVr H$ë`mU', _Xmbg M[aV§, ag_§Oar Am{X à{gÕ h¢ & H$ÞS> ^mfm _| Hw$_maì`mg

8

H$m "JXþ{JZ ^maV', aËZmH$adUu H$m - "^aVoe d¡^d', Mm_ag H$m "à^wqbJbrbo AmXr

à_wI h¢ & b¸$ÊU X§S>oe H$m {edVËd qMVm_Ur, ^r_ H$dr H$m ~gdnwamU AmXr go drae¡d

gm{hË` H$s CÞ{V hþB© &

H¥$îUXodam` Zo VobwJw ^mfm gm{hË` H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo "Am§Y«^moO' Cnm{Y

{_bm Wm & H¥$îUXodam` IwX H$dr Wm, dh "Am_wº$ _m¡ë`' H¥$Vr H$s aMZm {H$`m h¡ & CgHo$

Xa~ma _| A„gm{Z noÔÊU, Z§Xr {Zå_ÊU, lrZmW, gyaÊU, VoZmbr am_H¥$îU AmXr Aï>{X½JO

Zm_ go à{gÕ Wo &

Y_© g_Ýd` : {dO`ZJa Ho$ amOm gd©Y_© g{hîUw Wo & CÝhm|Zo amOYmZr _| _pñOX ^r

~ZdmE & ldU~obJmob emgZ (gm. e. 1368) go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ - ~w¸$am` Zo O¡Z Am¡a

d¡îUd Ho$ ~rM H$m AZ~Z H$mo Xÿa {H$`m Wm & "B©gmB©, _wpñb_, {hÝXÿ H$moB© ^r hmo {dO`ZJa

gm_«mÁ` _| {ZpíM§V hmoH$a ah gH$Vo h¢ & amOm g~H$mo Jm¡ad go XoIVm h¡' - Eogo ~m~m}g

Zm_H$ `mÌr Omo H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ H$mb _| {dO`ZJa Am`m Wm, CgZo ~Vm`m h¡ &

H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën : {dO`ZJa amOmAm| Ho$ g_` _| Omo Xodmb`, dZ Am¡a _y{V©{eënm|

H$mo XoIH$a à{gÕ H$bm B{VhmgH$ma n{g© ~m¡Z Zo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ - "Ð{dS> e¡br H$m loð>

{dH${gV ñdê$n' &

hOma am_ñdm_r Xodmb`, h§nr

9

Bg H$mb Ho$ Xodmb` R>mog nËWam| go {Z{_©V hþE h¢ &

h§nr Ho$ {dénmj Xodmb` H$m H$ë`mU_§Q>n, hOma am_ñdm_r Xodmb`, {dÇ>bñdm_r Xodmb`, H¥$îUñdm_r Xodmb`, Jmao go {Z{_©V H$_b _hb, lw§Joar {dÚme§H$a Xodmb` à_wI h¢ & {demb àmH$ma, D±$Mo Jmonwa, {demb H$ë`mU _§Q>n, g^m _§Q>n, dg§V _§Q>n AmXr {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ Xodmb`m| H$m bjU h¢ &

{dÚme§H$a Xodmb`, lw§Joar

H$mbhñVr, lre¡b, {Vén{V, {MX§~a_², lra§J_², Hw§$^H$moU_², H$m§Mr AmXr OJhm| na {dO`ZJa Ho$ H$mb H$m dmñVw{eën XoI gH$Vo h¢ &

"e¡dm| H$m AO§Vm'Zm_ go à{gÕ bonmjr Xodmb` _| {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ {ednwamU {MÌ XoI gH$Vo h¢ & h§nr H$m {dénmj Xodmb` Ho$ H$ë`mU _§Q>n H$s D$nar N>V na XemdVma Am¡a {J[aOm H$ë`mU go g§~§{YV Ñí`m| H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ &

10

gm{gdoH$mbw JUoe - h§nr CJ« Zaqgh - h§nr

EH$ {ebm aW - h§nr

11

h§nr Ho$ EH${ebm aW, Zaqgh Am¡a JUoe {dJ«h {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ EH$ {ebm {eënH$bm H$m gw§Xa ê$n {XImVo h¢& H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV Zm_ go n[a{MV X{jUm{X g§JrV Bg H$mb _| Am_bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±Mm & nwa§XaXmg Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg Bg joÌ H$s XoZ h¢ &

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

{dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$m emgZ H$mb - 1936-1565

g§J_ d§e - 1336-1485

h[aha - 1336-1357

~w¸$am` - 1357-1377

Xÿgam (àm¡T>) Xodam` - 1424-1446

gmbwd d§e - 1484-1505

Vwbwd ZagZm`H$ - 1491-1503

Vwbwd d§e - 1505-1529

VmbrH$moQ>o `wÕ - 1565, OZdar 23

I Imbr OJhm| H$mo gyº$ eãX go ^[aE> &

1. lrb§H$m amOmAm| H$mo hamH$a Cnhma Ho$ ê$n _| g§nÎmr nm`m Xÿgam Xodam` H$m goZmZr ..........&

2. H¥$îUXodam` Zo JOn{V àVmnéÐ H$s ~oQ>r ........... go emXr {H$`m &

3. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` _| dah .............. {g¸$m Wm &

4. g^r Y_m] Ho$ bmoJ {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` _| {~Zm qMVm Ho$ ah gH$Vo Wo, `h ~mV ........... {dXoer `mÌr Zo ~Vm`m &

5. {dO`ZJa dmñVwe¡br Ðm{dS> e¡br H$m loð> {dH${gV ñdê$n, `h ~mV ~VmZodmbm H$bm B{VhmgH$ma ......... &

II ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` na emgZ {H$`m d§em| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

12

3. g§J_ d§e H$m à»`mV amOm H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

4. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` Ho$ amOmAm| _| loð> amOm H$m¡Z Wm ?

5. a¸$gV§JS>r `wÕ H$~ hþAm ?

6. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$m Am` Ho$ _yb Š`m Wo ? ~VmBE &

7. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` _| _Zm`m OmZodmbo Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE &

8. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` Ho$ à_wI \$gbm| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE &

9. H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ H¥${V`m| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

10. {dO`ZJa XoIZo AmE {dXoer àdmgr H$m¡Z - H$m¡Z Wo ?

11. {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ à_wI Xodmb`m| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

III ZrMo {XE àíZm| H$m g_yh _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma Xr{OE &

1. H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ {Xp½dO`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

2. {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H¥${V`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &

IV ZrMo {XE àíZm| H$m g_yh _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma Xr{OE & E ~r

J§JmXodr Am§Y«^moO

Xÿgam Xodam` _Ywam {dO`_²

H¥$îUXodam` {dÚme§H$a Xodmb`

l¥§Joar JOd|Q>oJmaÀ

H$m`©H$bmn

1. {dO`ZJa Ho$ ñ_maH$m| H$m N>m`m{MÌ g§J«h H$aHo$, {ddaU {b{IE &

2. {dO`ZJa H$mb Ho$ _y{V©{eënm| Ho$ {MÌm| H$mo {ddaU Ho$ gmW g§J«h H$s{OE &

3. nwa§Xa Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg Ho$ Xmo-VrZ H$sV©Zm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ g_yh _| JmBE &

4. e¡j{UH$ àdmg g~Ho$ gmW h§nr OmBE & AnZo AZw^dm| H$mo à~§Y ê$n _| {b{IE&

13

nmR> 2 ~h_Zr Am{Xb fmhr

nmR> n[aM`

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm gm.e. 1336 _| hþAm & ~mX

_| g.e. 1347 AJñV 3 H$mo nhbm _wpñb_ d§e ~h_Zr gm_«mÁ` ApñVËd _| Am`m &

A„mdwÔrZ hgZ J§Jy ~h_Zfm Bg d§e H$m ñWmnH$ Wm & ~h_Zr gwëVmZ Am¡a {dO`ZJa

amOmAm| Ho$ ~rM {Za§Va `wÕ hmoVo Wo & AmJo MbH$a ~h_Zr amÁ` _| A§V…H$bh hmoH$a,

CgH$m {d^mOZ hþAm& gm.e. 1527 _| nm±M fmhr KamZm| Zo {ga CR>m`m & CZ_| {dO`mnwa

Ho$ Am{Xbfmhr à_wI Wo &

Bg nmR> _| ~h_Zr amÁ` Ho$ gwëVmZ {\$amoOfm Am¡a CgH$m à{gÕ _§Ìr _hå_X JdmZ

H$s gmYZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡ & BgHo$ gmW ~h_Zr amÁ` H$s à_wI XoZ H$m

{ddaU ^r {X`m h¡ &

gm_Ï`©

1. {\$amoOfm VWm _hå_X JdmZ H$s XoZ H$mo OmZZm &

2. ~h_Zr gwëVmZm| H$s gm{hË`, H$bm VWm dmñVw{eën H$mo Xr JB© XoZ H$s àe§gm

H$aZm &

3. _mZ{MÌ _| ~h_Zr amÁ` go g§~§{YV _w»` Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo nhMmZZm &

4. {dO`nwa Am{Xbfmhr à_wI gwëVmZm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm &

5. H$bm, gm{hË`, dmñVw{eënm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZm &

{dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` Ho$ àma§^ H$mb _| hr Cg amÁ` Ho$ CÎma ^mJ _| ~h_Zr gm_«mÁ`

H$s ñWmnZm 1347 hþB© & BgH$m ñWmnH$ A„mdwÔrZ hgZ² J§Jw ~hþ_Z² fm Wm & `h nhbo {X„r

gwëVmZ _hå_X {~Z² VKbH$ H$s goZm _| H$m_ H$aVm Wm &

14

2.1 ~h_Zr gwëVmZ (gm.e. 1347-1527)

~h_Zr amÁ` dV©_mZ H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamï´> VWm Am§Y«àXoe (Vob§JmU) Ho$ ^mJm| Ho$ gmW

Wm & H¥$îUm ZXr amÁ` Ho$ X{jU gr_m Wr & àma§^ _| H$b~waJr VWm ~mX _| ~rXa CgH$s

amOYmZr Wr & H¥$îUm ZXr Ho$ CÎma _| ~h_Zr gm_«mÁ` Wm Vmo X{jU _| {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`

Wm & VmOwÔrZ {\$amoOfm ~h_Zr d§e _| hr à{gÕ gwëVmZ Wm &

~h_Zr amÁ`

• Ah_XZJa• Mm¡b

• Ym~mob

• {dO`mnwa• H$b~waJr

{dO`ZJa •

• ~rXaH$ë`mU • • Amoa§J„x

H$m|S>n{„ •• VmbrH$moQ>o

• am`Myé• ~obJmdrJmodm

V§JS>Jr • • a¸$g{J

~§Jmb

Cng

mJa

C

Aa~r g_wÐ

15

VmOwÔrZ {\$amoO fm (gm. e. 1397-1422){\$amoOfm ~h_Zr d§e _| hr loð> amOm Wm & dh Ý`m`{à`, CXma VWm B©ída^º$ Wm & dh Hw$amZ H$s à{V`m± V¡`ma H$aHo$ AnZr Or{dH$m Ho$ {bE g§J«h H$aVm Wm & boIH$ VWm ~hþ^mfm {demaX hmoZo Ho$ gmW {namoOfm H$mo aoImJ{UV (^y{_{V) VWm Y_©emó H$m kmZ r Wm & dh AZoH$ n§{S>V, H${d, H$bmH$mam| H$mo AnZo Xa~ma _| Aml` XoH$a, Jm¡ad XoVm Wm & Xm¡bVm~mX _| (_hmamï´>) AmH$me drjUmb` H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr & H$b~waJr H$s gw§XaVm ~T>mZo Ho$ Abmdm ^r_m ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao "{\$amoOm~mX" Zm_H$ ZE ZJa H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m & BgHo$ H$mb _| amÁ` AmE gy\$s g§V ~§XoZdmO H$mo Hw$N> J«m_ ^|Q>-ñdê$n {XE JE & CgZo ~§XaJmhm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {deof Ü`mZ {X`m & Bg_| {dXoe ì`mnma H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bm &

_hå_X JdmZ (gm.e. 14633-1481)~hþ_Zr amÁ` H$mo D±$Mm ñVa VH$ bo OmZo H$s H$s{V© _hå_X JdmZ H$mo {_bVm h¡ & n{f©`Z-_yb H$m {Zdmgr BgZo V¥Vr` _hå_X fm gwëVmZ H$m _w»`_§Ìr ~ZH$a {Z…ñdmW© godm H$s &

à_wI ~hþ_Zr gwëVmZA„mdwÔrZ hgZ² J§Jy ~h_Z² fm, {\$amoO fm, Ah_X fm, Vrgam _hå_Xfm &

à_wIm§el_h_X² JdmZ Zo {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` go hþã~„r, ~obJmdr Am¡a Jmodm àXoem| na H$ãOm

{H$`m&

lemgZ Bñbm_r H$mZyZ na AmYm[aV Wm &

lamOñd VWm S>mH$ ì`dñWm H$mo R>rH$ {H$`m &

lCnOmD$ y{_, qgMmB© H$s ì`dñWm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a y-bJmZ {ZYm©[aV {H$`m & bJmZ H$mo ZH$X ê$n _| hr g§J«h {H$`m OmVm Wm &

lOZVm H$mo H$ï> nhþ±MmZodmbo H$am| H$mo aÔ {H$`m &

lñd`§ {dÛmZ² _hå_X JdmZ Zo ~rXa _| _Xagm (_hm{dÚmb`) H$s ñWmnZm H$s & Bggo Bñbm_ Y_© Am¡a H$mZy {ejm H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bm & hm± IJmobemó, J{UV, B{Vhmg Am{X {df`m| H$m AÜ``Z ^r hmoVm Wm & {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo {Z…ewëH$ {ejU VWm {dÚm{W© {Zb`m| H$m AZwHy$bVmE± Wr & _hXagm Ho$ J«§Wmb` _| H$ar~ 3,000 hñVà{V`m± Wr§ &

16

lHw$b {_bmH$a ~h_Zr amÁ` H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE _hå_X JdmZ Zo loð> H$m`© {H$`m & BVZm

hmoZo na ^r amÁ` Ho$ gaXma JdmZ H$s XoZ go B©î`m© H$aHo$, fS²>`§Ì aMmH$a CgH$s hË`m

H$adm Xr & JdmZ Ho$ g_mYr na {bIm J`m h¡ - ""_w½Y JdmZ H$s hË`m H$s JB©&''

gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoZ : {ejU : ~h_Zr gwëVmZm| Zo Bñbm_ Y_© H$mo Á`mXm àmoËgmhZ {X`m Wm & Hw$amZ nR>Z

{ejm H$m EH$ A§J Wm & BZHo$ H$mb _| H$b~waJr, ~rXa, E{bMnwa Am¡a Xm¡bVm~mX AmXr

Bñbm_r {dÚmH|$Ð Wo & Ym{_©H$ {ejm _pñOX Am¡a _Xagm _| {X`m OmVm Wm & _Xagm _|

Jar~ Am¡a AZmWm| Ho$ {bE {Z…ewëH$ ImZm VWm ahZo H$m ghÿ{b`V, N>mÌd¥{Îm H$m ì`dñWm

{H$`m J`m Wm & _Xagm _| Hw$amZ, VH©$emó VWm gy\$s n§W Ho$ VËdm| H$mo nT>m`m OmVm Wm &

gm{hË` : ~h_Zr gwëVmZ gm{hË` Ho$ _hmnmofH$ Wo & H${d, {dÛmZ², boIH$m| H$mo

amOml` {XE Wo & gwëVmZ {\$amoOfm, Xÿgam _hå_Xfm Am¡a _hå_X JdmZ² IwX boIH$, _§Ìr,

H$dr Wo & BZHo$ H$mbmd{Y _| n{f©`Z², Aao{~H²$, CXÿ© gm{hË` H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþB© & ~§XoZdmO

Zm_H$ à{gÕ gy\$s g§V VWm J«§WH$ma Bgr H$mb _| Wo & BÝhm|Zo Am¡a AÝ` {dÛmZm| Ûmam

Cn`moJ H$s JB© ^mfm "XIZr' Zm_ go {gÕ hþB© & AmJo MbH$a `hr CXÿ© ^mfm H$s A{^d¥{Õ

H$m H$maU ~Zr &

dmñVw{eën : ~h_{Z`m| H$m B{Vhmg dmñVw{eën Ho$ {bE àg{Õ h¡ & H$b~waJr, ~rXa

VWm AÝ` ñWmZm| H$s B_maV| {hÝXÿ-_wpñb_ e¡br H$s h¢ & `h X{IZr e¡br ^r H$hbmVr h¡&

H$b~waJr H$s Om_r _pñOX ~h_{Z`m| H$m àW_ {Z_m©U h¡ & `h _hå_Xfm Ûmam {Z{_©V

h¡& N>moQ>o N>moQ>o Jw§~Om| go `wº$ `hm± H$m g^m§JU AmH$f©H$ h¡ & H$b~waJr Ho$ nmg gwëVmZm| H$s

g_m{Y`m± h¢& do ~¥hXmH$ma Jw§~Om| Ho$ AmH$ma _| h¢ & ~§XoZdmO H$s g_mYr H$b~waJr H$m EH$

Am¡a à_wI aMZm h¡&

~rXa H$s gmobmI§^ _pñOX VWm {H$bo _| pñWV gw§Xa amO^dZ à{gÕ h¢ & `o ^dZ Ab§H$ma,

bH$S>r Ho$ _hrZ H$bm go `wº$ h¢ & ~rXa Ho$ nmg Aïy>a H$s ~mah g_m{Y`m± XoIZo bm`H$ h¢&

~h_Zr H$mb Ho$ B_maVm| _| AË`§V à_wI B_maV JdmZ Ûmam ~Zm`m J`m _Xagm h¡ & h 242

\y$Q> b§~m 222 \y$Q> Mm¡S>m - 56 \y$Q> D±$MmB© VWm VrZ _§{Obm| H$s B_maV h¡ & nm±M eVmpãX`m|

go nhbo H$m _Xagm-^dZ AnZo JVd¡^d H$mo _mZmo ~Vm ahm h¡ &

17

{H$bm, ~rXa

Om_r _pñOX, H$b~waJr

18

~ÝXo ZdmO H$s g_mYr, H$b~waJr

JdmZ H$m _Xagm, ~rXa

19

fmhr d§e

_h_X JdmZ Ho$ ~mX ~h_Zr amÁ` ~hþV {XZm| VH$ Zht ahm & Vrgam _h_X Ho$ ~mX Am`o gwëVmZ ~hþV Xþ~©b Wo & BgHo$ ~mX H$m CÎmam{YH$mar _h_X ~mbH$ hmoZo H$maU amÁ` H$s EH$Vm ~ZmE aIZo _| {d\$b hmo J`m & Bg d§e H$m A§{V_ gwëVmZ H$m{b_„m fm Wm & BgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX ~h_Zr amÁ` nm±M ^mJm| _o§ {d^{OV hmo J`m & 1. {dO`nwa ({dOmnwa) H$m Am{Xb fmhr 2. ~rXa H$m ~arX fmhr 3. JmobH$m|S> H$m Hw$Vw~ fmhr 4. Ah_X ZJa H$m {ZOm_ fmhr 5. ~rama H$m B_mX fmhr

2.2.1 {dO`nwa ({dOmnwa ) Ho$ Am{Xb² fmhr (gm.e. 1489-1686)

`wgw\$ Am{Xb ImZ (gm.e. 1489-1510)

Bñ_mBb² Am{Xb ImZ (gm.e. 1510-1534)

nhbm B~«m{h_² Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1535-1558)

nhbm A{b Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1558-1580)

Xÿgam B~«m{h_² Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1580-1626)

_h_X Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1626-1656)

Xÿgam Abr Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1656-1672)

{gH§$Xa Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1672-1686)

`ygw\$$ Am{Xb ImZ {dO`nwa H$m Am{Xb² fmhr d§e H$m ñWmnH$ Wm & `h AÀN>m emgH$ Am¡a Y_© g{hîUw Wm & BgHo$ ~mX Xÿgam B~«m{h_² Am{Xb fm H$mo A{YH$ma àmá hþAm&

Xÿgam B~«m{h_ Am{Xb fm (gm.e. 1580-1626)

Xÿgam B~«m{h_ {dO`nwa gwëVmZm| _| hr loð> Wm & BgHo$ H$mb _| amÁ` H$m {dñVma hþAm& BgZo "OJX²Jwé ~mXfm' Cnm{Y nm`m Wm & B~«m{h_ Y_© g{hîUw gwëVmZ Wm & H$B© {hÝXÿ {dÛmZ, H${d Am¡a g§JrVH$mam| H$mo Aml` {X`m Wm & AnZm amO_hb {H$bo Ho$ XÎmr Xodmb`m|

20

H$mo _aå_V H$admHo$ nyOm H$m ì`dñWm {H$`m Wm & {hÝXÿ _wpñb_ gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm Ho$ {bE B~«m{hm_ Zo H$m_ {H$`m & CXÿ© _| ""{H$Vm~-B-Zdag'' Zm_ H$m {H$Vm~ {bIHo$ _wpñb_m| _| g§JrV OZ{à` H$amZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & `h H¥${V {hÝXÿ XodVmE± gañdVr, JUnVr, ^¡ad Am{X H$o$ñVwVr go Ama§^ hmoVm h¡ & `h IwX AÀN>m g§JrVH$ma Wm & ^ì` dmñVw{eën "B~«m{h_ amoOm' BgrZo ~Zdm`m &

B~«m{h_ amoOm, {dO`nwa

2.2.2 ~rXa ~erX fmhr (gm.e. 1489-1619)

~h_Zr amÁ` {VVa-{~Va hmo J`m Vmo XIZ Ho$ ~rXa Am¡a Amg-nmg Ho$ àXoem| na ~arX fmhr d§edmbo emgZ {H$`m & Imgt~arX Bg d§e H$m ñWmnH$ Wm & BgHo$ ~mX ~rXa na emgZ H$aZodmbo B~«m{h_ Am¡a CgH$m mB© Imgr_ Ag_W© Wo & BZHo$ g§Kf© _| ~arX fmhr d§e AdZVr H$s Amoa Mbm & Eogo g_` _| B~«m{h_ Am{Xb fm Zo ~rXa na H$ãOm {H$`m& Bg Vah ~arX fmhr amÁ` B~«m{h_ Ho$ {dO`nwa _| brZ hþAm &

2.2.3 JmobH$m|S> H$m Hw$Vw~² fmhr (gm.e. 1512-1587)

Iw{b Hw$Vw~ fm : `h ñdV§Ì JmobH$m|S> amÁ` H$m ñWmnH$ Wm & `h gwXrK© H$mb VH$ emgZ H$aHo$ gm.e. 1543 _| AnZo hr ~oQ>o go _mam J`m &B~«m{h_² :

`h {hÝXÿ Y_© Ho$ ~mao _| AË`§V ghmZw^y{V {XImVm Wm & BgHo$ Xa~ma _| Á`mXmVa {hÝXÿ emgZm{YH$mar Wo & `h AnZm emgZ H$mb _| JmobH$m|S> H$mo EH$ gw§Xa ZJa ~Zm`m & gm.e. 1589_| B~«m{h_² Zo AnZm amOYmZr JmobH$m|S> go h¡Xam~mX H$mo ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`m & B~«m{h_ Ho$ ~mX AmE AãXþ„m Hw$Vw~ fm, A~wb² hgZ AmXr gwëVmZ Ag_W© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JmobH$m|S> _wJbm| Ho$ eaU _| Am`m &

21

2.2.4 Ah_X ZJa H$m {ZOm_² fmhr (gm.e. 1490-1636)

gm.e. 1490 _| OwÞya H$m àm§Vm{YH$mar {ZOm_ fmhr amOd§e H$m _{„H Ah_X Zo ñdV§Ì Ah_XZJa amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s & BgHo$ ~mX ~whm©Z, hþgoZ {ZOm_ fm _wVw©Om Am{X Zm_ _mÌ gwëVmZ Wo & Mm§X~r~r H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX Ah_XZJa H$m nVZ hþAm& A§V _| _moJb ~mXemh ehmOhmZ Ho$ H$mb _| Ah_XZJa g§nyU© arVr go _moJb gm_«mÁ` _| {dbrZ hmo J`m & 2.2.5 ~rama² H$m B_mX² fmhr (gm.e. 1490 - 1580)

~h_Zr gm_«mÁ` Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX ApñVËd _| AmE nm±M X[jU gwëVmZ amÁ`m| _| ~rama H$m B_mX fmhr d§e ^r EH$ Wm & `h ~rXa Ho$ CÎma _| dmXm©, VnVr, noZJ§Jm VWm d¡Z J§Jm Z{X`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m àXoe h¡ & gm.e. 1490 _| \$Vm-C„m Bg d§e H$m ñWmnZm {H$`m & BZHo$ amOYmZr E{b`nwa Wm & B_mX - Cb-_wëH$ `h \$Vm-C„m H$s CnmYr Wm & gm.e. 1504 _| BgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX BgH$m ~oQ>m A„m-CX-{XZ B_mX fm H$mo A{YH$ma {_bm& `h g_W© gwëVmZ Zht Wm & ~mX _| BgH$m ~oQ>m X[a`m B_mX fm Zo A{YH$ma nm`m & BgHo$ H$mb _| ^r Amg-nmg Ho$ amÁ`m| Ho$ gmW `wÕ hmoVm hr ahm &

X[a`m B_mX fm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CgH$m ~oQ>m ~mbH$ ~wahmZ fm H$mo A{YH$ma {_bm& BgHo$ H$mb _| A{YH$ma dOra Vwfmb ImZ Ho$ hmW _| Am`m & AmJo MbH$a ~rama amÁ` gwëVmZm| Ho$ de _| J`m &

Am{Xb² fm{h`m| H$s XoZ : {dOmnwa Ho$ Am{Xb fm{h`m| Zo AnZo 200 gmb VH$ H$s emgZmd{Y _| {ejm, gm{hË`, g§JrV, {MÌH$bm, H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën joÌm| H$mo AË`_yë` `moJXmZ {X`m h¡ & {ejm : Am{Xb fmhr {ejm ào_r Am¡a nmofH$ Wo & BZH$s {ejm Zr{V Bñbm_ g§ñH¥${V H$mo ~T>mdm XoZm Wm & _wº$~ (_pñOX) _Xagm (H$mboO) {ejm H|$Ð Wo & `hm± kmZ, Y_©, H$mZyZ, H$mì`, Ab§H$ma emó H$s {ejm Xr OmVr Wr & {ejm g§ñWmAm| H$mo amOml` {_bm Wm&

gm{hË` : gm{hË` joÌ H$mo Am{Xbfm{h`m| H$s XoZ A_yë` h¡ & Hw$N> fmhr IwX H${d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gm{hË` joÌ g_¥Õ hþAm & n{f©`Z, Aao{~H, CXÿ©, H$ÞS> ^mfmAm| _| AZoH$ H¥${V`m| H$s aMZm hþB© &

22

n{f©`Z H${d :

\o$[añVm : VmarI-B-\o$[añVm, JbeZ-E-B~«m{h_

CXÿ© H${d :

AãXþb - "B~«m{h_ Zm_m', _w„m Zò{V-"A{bZm_'

H$ÞS> H$dr : Vmoado Zah[a H${d - "Vmoado am_m`U'

g§JrV : `wgy\$ Am{Xb² fm Am¡a Xÿgam B~«m{h_ Am{Xb² fm _hmZ² g§VrJ {dÛmZ² Wo& B~«m{h_² Am{Xb fm H$s ""{H$Vm~-E-Zdag' H¥${V g§JrV H$s loð> H¥$Vr h¡ & BgZo g§JrV embm H$s ñWmnZm H$s & amOd§e Am¡a A_ra dJ© H$s ór`m± g§JrV _| é{M aIVr Wt &

dU©{MÌH$bm : Xÿgam B~«m{h_ IwX {MÌ H$bmH$ma Wm & BgHo$ Xa~ma _| H$B© n{e©`Z² H$bmH$ma Wo & BZHo$ amO_hb, _pñOXm| Ho$ Xrdma, A§Xa Ho$ N>V na \y$b, noS>, nÎmo AmXr àmH¥${VH$ {MÌm| H$mo gw§Xa ê$n go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ & BZ dU©{MÌm| go CZ bmoJm| H$s é{M, Amem, g§àXm` AmXr OmZ gH$Vo h¢ &

H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën : H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ dmñVw{eën B{Vhmg _| - Am{Xb²fm{h`m| H$mo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¢ & Img-Vm¡a go amO^dZ, _pñOX, g_mYr Am¡a {H$bo h¢ & CZgo {Z{_©V ñ_maH$ B§S>mo-Bñbm{_H$ e¡br _| h¢ &

E) {H$bo : {dO`nwa H$m {H$bm ~hþV ~S>m hmoZo Ho$ gmW Cg_| 96 H$moÎmb ({H$bo Ho$ àmH$ma na H$m Jw§~O) VWm 6 _hmÛma h¢ &

~) amO_hb :

JJZ _hb : gm.e. 1620 _| B~«m{h_ Am{Xbfm Zo ~Zdm`m & `h VrZ _§{Obm| H$m h¡ &

_ohVa² _hb : `h ^r VrZ _§{Obm| H$m amO_hb h¡ & Bgo ^r Xÿgam B~«m{h_² Am{Xb² fm Zo ~Zdm`m & `h gyú_ Ab§H$ma Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡ & BgHo$ gmW Agma _hb _| dU©a§{OV {MÌm| Ho$ H$_a| h¢ &

23

Agma _hb, {dO`nwa

JJZ _hb, {dO`nwa

H$) _pñOX :

Om_r _pñOX : Bgo A{b Am{Xb fm Zo {Z_m©U H$adm`m & BgH$m ^ì` àmW©Zm _§{Xa

Ho$ H$maU `h à{gÕ h¡ & `h ^ì` B_maV {~Zm Ab§H$ma Ho$ ~hþV gabVm go `wº$ h¡ & `h

H$bm ñ_maH$m| _| AnZm hr ZyVZ e¡br H$m h¡ &

B~«m{h_ amoOm : Bgo {dO`nwa _| Xÿgam B~«m{h_ Am{Xb fm Zo AnZr nËZr VmO ~oJ_²

H$s `mX _| {Z_m©U H$adm`m & Bg_| B~«m{h_² Am¡a CgHo$ n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s H$~« h¢& `h

^maV H$m EH¡$H$ amoOm h¡ & BgH$mo X[jU H$m VmO_hb H$hH$a dU©Z {H$`m h¡ &

24

EH$ D±$Mm M~yVao na H$~« Am¡a _pñOX H$m {Z_m©U H$aHo$, Mmam| Amoa ~JrMm VWm AmdaU

Xrdma ahZo H$s B_maV H$mo amoOm H$hVo h¢ &

JmobJw§~O : amoOm go ^r ~T>H$a B_maV H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm, `h gmoMH$a _hå_X Zo {dO`nwa

_| Jmob H$s g_mYr _§{Xa H$m gm.e. 1656 _| {Z_m©U H$adm`m & BgHo$ H|$Ð _| {demb Jw§~O

h¡ & Jw§~O Ho$ A§Xa \w$g\w$g H$aZo H$m ~S>m H$_am h¡ & `h² Cg H$mb H$m VmpÝÌH$ H$m¡eb H$s

{deofVm ~VmVm h¡ & JmobJw§~O Xþ{Z`m Ho$ Xÿgam Jw§~O h¡, ^maV H$m ~hþV ~S>m Jw§~O h¡&

JmobJw§~O, {dO`nwa

_m{bH²$-B-_¡XmZ²Vmo\$, {dO`nwa

Owå_m _pñOX, {dO`nwa

25

~mH$s à_wI ñ_maH$ : ~mam H$_mZ, ~S>o H$_mZ², AmZ§X _hb, Cnbr ~wéO, VmO ~mdS>r,

Mm§X ~mdS>r Am{X à_wI ñ_maH$ h¢ &

H$m`©H$bmn

1. ~h_Z fmhr Am¡a Am{Xb fmhr BZHo$ dmñVw{eën Ho$ ^md{MÌm| H$mo {ddaU Ho$ gmW

g§J«h H$s{OE &

2. ^maV Ho$ {hÝXÿ, BgmB©, _wpñb_ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Xodmb` {J[aOmKa Am¡a _pñOXm| Ho$ {MÌ

g§J«h H$aHo$ EH$ Amë~_ ~ZmBE &

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

• ~h_Zr amÁ` H$m emgZH$mb : 1347-1527

• ~rXa _| _Xagm H$s ñWmnZm : 1461

• Am{Xb fmAm| H$m emgZH$mb : 1489-1672

• B~m{h_ amoOm H$m {Z_m©U : 1626‹

• JmobJw§~O H$m {Z_m©U : 1656

I Imbr OJhm| H$mo gyº$ eãX go ^[aE &

1. ~h_Zr gm_«mÁ` ....................... _| ñWm{nV hþAm &

2. H$b~waJr .............. gwëVmZm| H$s amOYamZr Wr &

3. {\$amoO fm gwëVmZ Zo ^r_m ZXr {H$Zmao .................... ZJa H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m&

4. _hå_X JdmZ Zo ...................... _| _Xagm ~Zdm`m &

5. ~arX d§e H$m ñWmnH$ ................ &

6. JmobH$m|S> Hw$V~ fmhr amÁ` H$m ñWmnH$ ............. &

7. B_mX fmhr d§e H$m ñWmnH$ ..................... &

26

II ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE &

1. ~h_Zr d§e H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. _hå_X JdmZ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

3. gmobm I§^ _pñOX H$hm± h¡ ?

4. Am{Xb fmhr gwëVmZm| _| loð> H$m¡Z h¡ ?

5. X[jU ^maV H$m VmO_hb {H$g ñ_maH$ H$mo H$hVo h¢ ?

6. JmobJw§~O Š`m| à{gÕ h¡ ?

7. OJX²Jwé ~mXfm Cnm{Y {H$go {_bm Wm ?

III g_yh _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma Xr{OE &

1. _hå_X JdmZ H$s gmYZmAm| H$mo ~VmBE &

2. nm±M fmhr d§em| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

3. Xÿgam B~«m{h_ Am{Xb² fm Y_© g{hîUw gwëVmZ Wm & MMm© H$s{OE &

IV ZrMo Ho$ "E' gyMr go g§~{YV "~r' gyMr Ho$ {df`m| H$mo OmoS>H$a {b{IE &

E ~r

Am{Xb fmhr Ah_XZJa

Hw$V~ fmhr ~rama

{ZOm_ fmhr {dO`nwa

B_mX fmhr ~rXa

~arX fmhr JmobH$m|S>

27

nmR>3 ^{º$ n§W Am¡a gy\$s na§nam

nmR> n[aM`

X{jU ^maV _| Amëdm, Xmg Am¡a CÎma ^maV _| g§V, gy\$s AmXr ^{º$ n§W Ûmam g_mO H$mo OmJ¥V H$am`m & Bg nmR> _| ^{º$ n§W H$m CÔoe, AW© Am¡a bjUm| H$mo ~Vm`m h¡& X[jU ^maV Ho$ A§S>mb², A¸$_hmXodr, H$ZH$Xmg, nwa§XaXmg, ^maV Ho$ H$~raXmg, JwéZmZH$, VwbgrXmg, _ram~mB©, lr M¡VÝ` Y{_©`m| Ho$ ~rM {H$`m gm_añ` VWm ñWmZr` ^mfmAm| H$s g§nÞVm H$mo {X`m XoZ Ho$ ~mao _| {ddaU {X`m h¡ &

gm_Ï`©

1. ^{º$ n§W Ho$ CnXoe gm_m{OH$ g_agVm H$mo CZH$s Š`m XoZ h¡, g_PZm &

2. Xmg VWm g§Vm| Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo g_PH$a AZwH$aU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aZm &

3. gy\$s Ho$ CnXoem| H$m {d{eï> VËdm| go {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo n[aM` H$amZm &

^maV ~hþV g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m g_mO go ^am Xoe h¡ & Bg g_mO _| OmVr - ì`dñWm, H§$XmMma, _yT> {dMma Ka H$a {bE Wo & OZgm_mÝ` H$mo "_moj' _¥JV¥îUm ~Z J`m Wm & CgHo$ {bE Am_bmoJ mo½` Zht h¡ - Eogr mdZm _Ü` wJ Ho$ g_mO _| Wm & d¡go g_` _| CX` hþE Hw$N> ^{º$ n§W VWm gy\$s na§nam Ho$ g§V Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ gwYma Ho$ {bE AmJo AmE &

CÝhm|Zo {díd ~ÝYwËd H$mo _hËd XoH$a, _moj gmYZm Ho$ {bE ^º$s hr CÎm_ _mJ© ~Vm`m& Bg g§àXm` H$mo ^{º$ n§W H$hVo h¢ &

^{º$ g§ñH¥$V nX ^wO² _yb go Am`m h¡ & ^wO² H$m AW© kmZ h¡ &

^{º$ n§W H$m gma

1) ^{º$ n§W D±$M - ZrM ^oX^md H$m I§S>Z {H$`m & g_mZVm H$m AZwgaU H$aZo H$mo ~Vm`m &

2) ^{º$ n§W Ho$ g§Vm| Zo H§$XmMma H$m {damoY H$aHo$, CgH$m I§S>Z {H$`m &

28

3) g§Vm| Zo bmoJm| H$m {Xb OmoS>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`m &

4) gy\$s g§Vm| Zo ~Vm`m {H$ - ào_ Am¡a _mZd godm hr Y_© h¡ & ^JdmZ EH$ hr h¡, H$B© ^JdmZ Zht h¡ & Zm_ AbJ$ AbJ h¢ &

X[jU ^maV H$s ^{º$ na§nam

A§S>mb² :

A§S>mb²

V{_bZmSw> Ho$ 12 {dîUw^º$ AmëdmAm| _| "A§S>mb²' ^r EH$

Wr& `h {dîUw{MÎm go nmbr hþB© ~oQ>r Wr & Bgo no[a`mëdma Zm_

go r ~wbmVo Wo & A§S>mb² H$m _yb Zm_ JmoXmXodr Wm & h H¥$îU^º$

Wr& lr{d„rnwÎmya H$m H¥$îU Xodmb` H$s _y{V© H$mo BgHo$ {nVm

\y$b _mbm ~ZmHo$ A{n©V H$aVo Wo & Am§S>mb² Zo H¥$îU go hr ào_

H$aHo$, Cgo hr AnZm n{V _mZVr Wr & "{Véßnm_¡' Zm_H$ J«§W

H$s aMZm H$aHo$ ^JdmZ H$mo g_{n©V {H$`m & V{_bZmSw> _| `h

"{Véßnm_¡' d¥VmMaU ~hþV à{gÕ h¡ & AëdmAm| H$s ^mdZm Wr {H$ - g~ {dîUw^º$ g_mZ h¢ & CZHo$ OÝ_ Ho$ ~mao _| H$moB© Zht nyN>Zm Mm{hE & Om{V-^mdZm Kmoa nmn h¡ &

A¸$_hmXodr

A¸$_hmXodr

12dr eV_mZ H$m dMZ Am§XmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m dra _{hbm A¸$_hmXodr Wr & H$ÞS> dMZ gm{hË` H$mo BgH$s XoZ Anma h¡ & {ed_mo½J {Obo H$m CS>w>VS>r _| A¸$_hmXodr H$m OÝ_ hþAm & {Z_©beoÅ>r, gw_Vr BgH$o$ _mVm-{nVm Wo & ~MnZ go {ed^{º$ _| ahVr Wr & dh g~go ~VmVr {H$ - _{„H$mOw©Z hr _oam n{V h¡ & _mVm {nVm Zo O~X©ñVr go amOm H$m¡{eH$ Ho$ gmW emXr H$adm`m& AnZm Jwé, qbJ, O§J_ godm H$mo AS>MZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU n{V H$m Ka Ë`mJ {X`m & AnZm nhZmdm ^r N>moS>H$a {ZH$br & ~mX _| H$ë`mU OmH$a, dhm± ~gdoída go ñWm{nV AZw^d_§Q>n _| ahZo bJr & dhm± H$B© dMZm| H$mo "MÞ_{„H$mOw©Z' A§{H$V Zm_ go aMZm H$s & g^r {edeaUm| H$mo A¸$_hmXodr na Anma Jm¡ad Wm & A§{V_ {XZm| _| lre¡b OmH$a, dhm°± H$m H$XbrdZ _| {ed¡Š` hþB© &

29

nwa§XaXmg (gm.e. 1480-1564)

nwa§XaXmg

nwa§XaXmg H$ÞS> Xmg gm{hË` H$m EH$ à_wI ì`{º$ h¢&

BZH$m OÝ_ nwa§XaJT> _| hþAm & BZH$m _yb Zm_ lr{Zdmg Zm`H$

Wm& {nVm daXßn Zm`H$ VWm _mVm brbmdVr Wr & BZH$s nËZr

bú_r~mB© Y_©{Zð> ór Wr &

H§$Oyg VWm ZmpñVH$ lr{Zdmg Zm`H$ JdmZ H$s narjm _| hmaH$a,

AnZr g~ g§nÎmr H$m Ë`mJ H$aHo$ ^JdmZ H$s Zm_ñ_aU _| brZ

hmo JE & do H$sV©Z JmVo-JmVo H$B© J«m_m| go hmoH$a, H¥$îUXodam` Ho$

Xa~ma _| nhþ±Mo & dhm± ì`mgam` Zo BÝh| Xrjm XoH$a, "nwa§Xa' Zm_H$aU {H$`m & Bg Vah do

nwa§XaXmg ~Z JE & BZHo$ H$sV©Zm| _| _mZdr` _m¡ë`m| H$m g_mdoe h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZo H$sV©Zm|

_| Nw>AmNy>V H$m I§S>Z {H$`m & BZHo$ H$sV©Zm| _| VËd, Zr{V VWm g§JrV H$m g§J_ XoI gH$Vo

h¢& BÝh| "H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV {nVm_h' H$hVo h¢ & nwa§Xa {dÇ>b A§{H$VZm_ go H$B© H$sV©Zm| H$s

aMZm H$s h¡& CZHo$ Jwé ì`mgam` Zo Bg Vah àe§gm H$s h¡ {H$ - "Xmga|Xao nwa§XaXmgaæ`m' &

H$ZH$Xmg (gm.e. 1508-1606)

H$ZH$Xmg

Xmg gm{hË` Ho$ EH$ Am¡a à_wI H$sV©ZH$ma H$ZH$Xmg

bJ^J gm.e. 1508 _| hmdoar {Obo, ~§H$mnya VmbyH$ H$m ~mS>

J«m_ _| OÝ_ {b`m & _yb Zmm_ {Vå_ßn Wm & ~raßn, ~ƒå_

BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm Wo & do `moÕm ^r Wo Am¡a H$dr ^r Wo & ~mS>

J«m_ Ho$ Amg-nmg ahZodmbo 78 J«m_m| H$m ZmS>Jm¡S> VWm T>Um`H$

Wo & Anma H$ZH$ {_bZo Ho$ H$maU H$ZH$Zm`H$ hmo JE & bmoJm|

_| `h H$Wm àM{bV h¡ & nm[adm[aH$ Ord go {d_wº$ hmoH$a,

ì`mgam` go {eî`Ëd ñdrH$maHo$ H$ZH$Xmg ~Z JE & BÝhm|Zo H$B©

H$sV©Zm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡ & "Am{XHo$ed' BZH$m A§{H$VZm_ h¡

& H$m{JZobo H$m Am{XHo$ed BZH$m Bï> X¡d Wm & AnZo H$sV©Zm| _| g_mO Ho$ A§Y{dídmgm| H$m

I§S>Z H$aHo$, ^JdmZ go {_bZo H$m gab _mJ© CnXoe {H$`m h¡ & AnZo H$sV©Zm| _| Om{VnÕ{V

H$m {dS>§~Zm {XImE h¢ &

30

H$ZH$Z qH$S>r : CSw>nr Ho$ Xodmb` _| H$ZH$Xmg H$mo dhm± Ho$ nwamo{hV àdoe Zht {X`m & V~ H$ZH$Xmg H$s ^{º$ na àgÞ hmoH$a lrH¥$îU Zo npíM_ H$s Va\$ AnZm _w±h _moS>H$a CÝh| Xe©Z {X`m Eogm H$hm OmVm h¡ &

H$ZH$Xmg h[a^{º$gma, ZbM[aÌ, am_YmÝ` M[aVo Zm_ Ho$ fQ²>nXr H$mì` VWm _mohZ Va§{JZr Zm_H$ gm§JË` H¥${V H$s aMZm H$s h¡ &

{eewZmb ear\$

{eewZmb ear\$

{eewZmb ear\$ H$ÞS> H$m nhbm AZw^mdr H$dr h¡ & BÝh| "H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m H$~ra" H$hm OmVm h¡ & 1819 _| {eewZmb J«m_ _| BZH$m OÝ_ hþAm & BZHo$ {nVm B_m_ gmho~ Am¡a _mVm h‚m_m Wr& ~MnZ _| hr {hÝXÿ-_wpñb_ Y_m] Ho$ ~mao _| kmZ Wm & _wëH$s narjm nmg H$aHo$ Hw$N> H$mb {ejH$ ~ZH$a godm H$s & Jwé-JmoqdX^Å> go Xrjm nmH$a H$B© VËd nXm| H$s aMZm H$s & BZHo$ nXm| _| [adm`Z² (_moha_² nX (JmZ|)) CZ_| H$mbJ nX, Ym[_©H$ Zr{V nX, Abm{dnX, gdmb-Odm~ nX h¢ & {eewZmb _| BZH$s g_mYr h¢ & {hÝXÿ-_wpñb_ XmoZm| BZH$s AmamYZm H$aVo h¢ & BÝhm|Zo Om{V-Y_© H$s gr_m nma H$a, _mZdr` _m¡ë`m| H$m ~rO ~mo`m &

CÎma ^maV H$s ^{º$ na§namH$~raXmg (gm.e. 1398-1518)

H$~raXmg

^{º$n§W H$m à{gÕ g§V H$~ra am_mZ§X Ho$ {eî` Wo& BÝhm|Zo {hÝXÿ - _wpñb_ Y_m] Ho$ ~rM gm_añ` bmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & H$~ra dmaUmgr Ho$ ~wZH$a _wpñb_ X§nVr Zré VWm Zr_m go nmbm hþAm ~oQ>m Wm & BÝhm|Zo Om{VnÕVr, {XImdo H$m OrdZ, OmVr e«oð>Vm, Ym{_©H$-Ag_mZVm AmXr H$m I§S>Z {H$`m & A„mh Am¡a am_ XmoZm| EH$ hr ^JdmZ Ho$ Xmo Zm_ h¢ & BÝhmo§Zo ~Vm`m {H$ {hÝXÿ - _wpñb_ XmoZm| EH$ hr {_Å>r go V¡`ma {H$E _Q>Ho$ h¢ &

31

H$~ra Zo ~Vm`m {H$ - dh am_ Am¡a A„mh XmoZm| H$m ~oQ>m h¡ & Xoh X§{S>V H$aZo go, Cndmg, VrW©`mÌm, n{dÌ ñWmZ go ^JdmZ H$mo Zht XoI gH$Vo& bo{H$Z n{dÌ ^{º$ _mJ© go hr ^JdmZ H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢ & H$~raXmg Zo AnZo VËdm| H$mo bmoJm| H$s g_P _| AmZo Ho$ {bE "Xmoh' (Xmo n§{º$ Ho$ nÚ) Zm_H$ N>moQ>o H$mì`m| _| CnXoe {H$`m & BZHo$ AZw`m{``m| H$mo "H$~ran§Wr' H$hVo h¢ &

JwéZmZH$ (gm.e. 1469-1539)

JwéZmZH$ {gŠI Y_© Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ Wo & dV©_mZ nm{H$ñVmZ H$m Vbd§S>r J«m_ _| 1469 _| OÝ_ hþAm & _ohVmH$bw (H$mbwM§X) Am¡a V¥ám BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm Wo & H$~raXmg Zo qhXÿ _wpñb_ XmoZm| Y_m] H$m g_mZ A§em| H$mo ~Vm`m & "J«§Wgm{h~' Zm_H$ {gŠIm| H$m n{dÌ J«§W _| OnOr Zm_ Ho$ nÚ h¢ & ^JdmZ H$m Zm_ñ_aU H$aZm Am¡a AÀN>o H$m_ H$aZo H$mo {gŠI n§W ~hþV _hËd {X`m h¡ & ór-nwéfm| H$s g_mZVm H$mo ~b {X`m h¡ & ^JdmZ Ho$ ApñVËd _| CÝh| AMb ^amogm Wm & gmar Xþ{Z`m go CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$ - ^JdmZ EH$ hr h¡, dh gË`, {ZË` h¡ & OrdZ _| YmoIm XoZm, Mmoar H$aZm, qhgm H$aZm Zht Mm{hE & Jwé go ^º$s, ^º$s go _w{º$ nm gH$Vo h¢ & gm_m{OH$ A{Zï> _y{V© nyOm, OmVrnÕVr, gVrnÕVr AmXr H$m {damoY {H$`m & Xoe g§Mma H$aVo g_` do H$Zm©Q>H$ ^r AmE Wo & Ohm± do ~rXa _| R>hao Wo, Cg ñWmZ H$mo "ZmZH$ Pam' (_rR>m nmZr H$m PaZm) H$hVo h¢ &

VwbgrXmg (gm.e. 1532-1623)

CÎma ^maV Ho$ ^{º$_mJ© à{VnmXH$m| _| VwbgrXmg AJ«JÊ` h¢ & ~«m÷U n[adma _| OÝ_ hþAm & {hÝXr gm{hË` joÌ H$mo CZH$s `moJXmZ ~hþV h¡ & CÝhm|Zo "am_M[aV_mZg' Zm_H$ J«§W {bIm & `h {hÝXr gm{hË` joÌ H$s loð> H¥$Vr h¡ & CÎma _| `h "Vwbgr am_m`U' Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡ & am_^º$ VwbgrXmg Zo OZ-_Z _| X¡d^{º$, n[aewÕ OrdZ, ào_, ß`ma, ghZerbVm, CXmaVm AmXr JwUm| H$m ~rO ~moZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m&

32

_ram~mB© (gm.e. 1498-1569)

""H${b`wJ H$s amYm'' Zm_ go à{gÕ g§V _ram~mB© ^maV

H$s _hmZ² H$sV©ZH$ma Wr & amOñWmZ H$m amOKamZo _| BZH$m

OÝ_ hþAm & _ram~mB© amOm aVZqgJ H$s ~oQ>r Wr & _odmS>

H$m amOHw$_ma Ho$ gmW {ddmh hþAm & ~MnZ go AÜ`mË_ H$s

Amoa PwH$md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AnZm g_` ^JdmZ H$s nyOm,

Ü`mZ, H$sV©Z _| {~VmVr Wr & BZH$s H¥$îU H$s AmamYZm

H$mo gmg Zo {damoY² {H$`m & Bgo ghZ Z H$aVo hþE _ram~mB©

Zo amO_hb N>moS>H$a lrH¥$îU joÌ ~¥§XmdZ Mbr JB© & CZH$s

aMZmAm| _| {º$, ào_ anya h¡ & {J[aYa Jmonmb BZH$m AmamÜ` X¡d Wm& AnZo g¡H$S>m| OZm|

Ûmam _ram~mB© AmO ^r OZ _mZg _| emídV h¡ &

M¡VÝ` (gm.e. 1485-1533)

M¡VÝ` H$m OÝ_ npíM_ ~§Jmb H$m ZdÛrn (Zm{S> m) _| hþAm

& OJÞmW {_lm VWm gMrXodr BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm Wo & M¡VÝ` H$m nhbm

Zm_ {díd§ a Wm & B©ídarnwar BZHo$ Jwé Wo& M¡VÝ` AnZo 25do gmb _|

hr g§gma Ë`mJH$a, gÝ`mg ñdrH$ma {H$`m & Om{V oX H$m I§S>Z {H$`m&

_w{º$ nmZo Ho$ {bE ^{º$_mJ© AnZmZo H$mo H$hm & {dídào_ go hr ^JdmZ

go ß`ma nmZo H$m nhbm H$X_ ~Vm`m & ^maV Ho$ g^r OJh VrW© `mÌm

H$aHo$ ào_ H$m g§Xoe {X`m & ào_, ^mB©Mmam, XmZerbVm BZHo$ CnXoe

Ho$ à_wI gma Wm & dV©_mZ haoH¥$îU n§W BZgo à^m{dV h¡& ~§Jmb H$s

OZVm CÝh| lrH¥$îU H$m AdVma _mZH$a, ""M¡VÝ` _hmà w'' H$hVo h¢ &

^{º$ n§W H$m n[aUm_

• ^{º$ g§V {hÝXÿ - _wpñb_ ^oX ^md Xÿa H$aZo _| g\$b hþE &

• ^{º$ g§Vm| Zo ñWmZr` ^mfm _| gm{hË` aMZm H$s & Bggo ^maVr` Xoer ^mfmE± g_¥Õ

hþE&

_ram~mB©

M¡VÝ`

33

gy\$s na§nam

{Og Vah {hÝXþAm| _| H$~ra H$ZH$Xmg, lr M¡VÝ` AmXr Y_© OmJ¥Vr {H$`m, Cgr Vah _wpñb_m| _| gy\$s g§Vm| Zo Y_© OmJ¥Vr H$aZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m & {hÝXÿ _wpñb_ EH$Vm Ho$ {bE H$m_ {H$`m & gy\$s n§W Aao{~`m _| OÝ_ boH$a, ^maV _| àdoe {H$`m &

gy\$s eãX "gm\' eãX go Am`m h¡ & gm\$ H$m AW© ewÕ h¡ & gy\$s g§V _wpñb_ AZw^mdr h¢& gmXm D$Z H$m H$_rO nhZVo h¢ &

gy\$s n§W H$m gma

1) ^JdmZ EH$ hr h¡ & dh gd©eº$ h¡ & h_ g~ CgHo$ ~ƒo h¢ & BZ {dMmam| H$mo à{Vnm{XV {H$`m &

2) CÎm_ H$m`H$ (H$m_) H$mo _hËd {X`m &

3) g^r g_mZ h¢, VËd H$m àMma {H$`m &

4) OmVr nÕVr H$m {damoY {H$`m &

H$mbmZwH«$_ `moJ, doXm§V VWm ~m¡Õ _V Ho$ qMVZm| go gy\$s g§V à^m{dV hþE & gy{\$`m| H$m _ybVËd `h h¡ {H$ Y_© H$m AW© ào_, _mZd H$s godm &

{ZOm_wÔrZ Am¡{b`

do ^maV H$m à_wI gy\$s g§V Wo & {X„r _|

ahH$a Jar~r _| OrdZ {~VmE & Kmg Ho$ N>Vdmbm _pñOX BZH$m H$m`©-H$bmn H$m Ho$ÝÐ Wm & {X„r H$m gwëVmZ Zo XmZ _| BÝh| EH$ J«m_ {X`m Vmo CgH$m {VañH$ma {H$`m& CÝh| XoIZo Omo bmoJ AmVo Wo, CZ ^º$m| H$mo gV²JwU, H$éUm H$m g§Xoe XoVo Wo &

»dmOm ~ÝXo ZdmO

~ÝXo ZdmO à{gÕ {MpñV gy\$s g§V Wo & do {X„r Ho$ ZmgréÔrZ H$m {eî` Wo & ~ÝXo ZdmO H$m AW© "Aml` boZodmbm H$m nmbZ H$aZodmbm' h¡ & JogwXamO BZH$m EH$ Am¡a Zm_ Wm &

34

JogwXamO H$m AW© h¡ "b§~o ~mbm|dmbm' & BZH$m _yb Zm_ Wm - _hå_X hþg¡Zr & BÝh| g§ñH¥$V, Aa~r, nmgu, XIZr (CX©ÿ) AmXr AZoH$ mfmE± AmVr Wr & do H$b~waJr OmH$a ahZo bJo & amOm {\$amoO fm BÝh| ~hþV B‚mV XoVo Wo & XIZr ^mfm _| gm{hË` aMZm H$s h¡ & A^r ^r H$b~waJr H$m BZH$m XJm© gm{hË` §S>ma _| XoI gH$Vo h¢ & H$b~waJr _| ha gmb BZH$m Cégw hmoVm h¡ &

{MpñV n§W

gy\$s n§W _| {MñVr g_yh à_wI h¡ & BgH$m ñWmnH$ _moBZwÔrZ {MñVr Wm & do AmÁ_ra OmH$a ahZo bJo & Xod^º$s, Jwégodm, gÝ_mJ© na MbZm {MñVr AZw`m{``m| H$m bjU Wm & {hÝXÿ _wpñb_ EH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| {deof Ü`mZ Wm & do ñWmZr` ^mfm XIZ² (CXÿ©) ^mfm _| H¥${V`m| H$s aMZm H$s & \$Vonwa {gH«$s H$m gbr_ {MñVr à{gÕ Wo &

gbr_ {MñVr H$m H$~«, AmJ«m

bmhmoa (dV©_mZ nm{H$ñVmZ) : eoI Bñ_mBbAO_ra : »dmOm _moBZwÔrZ {MñVr{X„r : {ZOm_wÔrZ Am¡{b`mAH$m©Q²> : {Q>ßnw _ñVma Am¡{b`mH$b~waJr : »dmOm ~§Xo ZdmO

35

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

{ZOm_wÔrZ Am¡{b`m - 1238-1325

H$~raXmg - 1440-1518

JwéZmZH$ - 1469-1539

nwa§XaXmg - 1480-1564

M¡VÝ` - 1485-1533

_ram~mB© - 1498-1569

H$ZH$Xmg - 1508-1606

VwbgrXmg - 1532-1623

I [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo gyº$ eãX go ^[aE &

1. A¸$_hmXodr Ho$ dMZm| H$m A§{H$VZm_ ................ &

2. nwa§XaXmg ........... Ho$ Xa~ma _| Wo &

3. "Am{XHo$ed" ............ H$m A§{H$VZm_ h¡ &

4. "H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m H$~ra' .............. H$mo H$hVo h¢ &

5. M¡VÝ` H$m nhbm Zm_ ................... &

6. gy\$s g§V ñdamO ~ÝXo ZdmO H$m EH$ Am¡a Zm_ ........... &

II ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE & 1. Am§S>mb² H$m _yb Zm_ Š`m Wm ?

2. A¸$_hmXodr H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm ?

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV H$m {nVm_h H$m¡Z h¡ ?

4. H$ZH$Xmg Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

5. H$ÞS> H$m nhbm _wpñb_ H${d H$m¡Z h¡ ?

6. {gŠIm| H$m n{dÌJ«§W H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

7. H${b`wJ H$s amYm {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?

8. gy\$s nX H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?

36

9. ^maV Ho$ gy\$s g§V H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¡§ ?

10. {MñVr n§W H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

III Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. H$~raXmg Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo ~VmBE &

2. JwéZmZH$ Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo ~VmBE &

3. ^{º$ n§W Ho$ n[aUm_ - {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

4. gy\$s n§W H$m gma g§J«h H$aHo$ {b{IE &

IV ZrMo Ho$ "E' gyMr go g§~§{YV "~r' gyMr Ho$ {df`m| H$mo OmoS>H$a {b{IE &

E ~r

JwéZmZH$ gy\$s g§V

M¡VÝ` {gŠI Y_©

{ZOm_wÔrZ Am¡{b`m H${b`wJ H$s amYm

_ram~mB© haoH¥$îU n§W

MMm© H$s{OE &

^{º$ g§Vm| Ho$ CnXoem| H$s àñVwVVm Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OE &

H$m`©H$bmn

1. ^{º$ g§Vm| H$m ^md{MÌ {ddaUm| Ho$ gmW g§J«h H$s{OE &

2. lr M¡VÝ`, JwéZmZH$, _ram~mB©, VwbgrXmg, H$~ra, gyaXmg VWm gy\$s g§Vm| H$m OrdZr n{T>E &

3. _ram ^OZ gw{ZE &

4. gy\$s n§W Ho$ ~mao _| {df` g§J«h H$s{OE & ^maV Ho$ ~hþ Y_u` g_mO na CZH$m à^md Am¡a dV©_mZ _| CZHo$ àñVwVVm Ho$ {dMma _| g§[já {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

37

nmR>4 Zm`H$ nmbo`Jma VWm ZmS>à^w

nmR> n[aM`

{dO`ZJa Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> hr XeH$m| _| H$Zm©Q>H$ _w»`ê$n go VrZ emgZ

ì`dñWm Ho$ AYrZ hþE & do Wo {dO`nwam, Ho$bXr Am¡a _¡gyé XmoZm| AnZo àXoe _| {dO`ZJa

na§nam H$m hr AZwgaU {H$`m & BgHo$ Abmdm {MÌXþJ©, gwanwa, (`bh§H$) ~|Jbyé AmXr

H$B© {e{~am| H$m OÝ_ hþAm &

gm_Ï`©

1. Ooð> d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ Am¡a {edßn Zm`H$m| H$s gmYZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm &

2. amZr MoÞå_mOr H$s draJmWm H$mo g_PZm &

3. Ho$bXr Zm`H$m| H$m naY_© g{hîUwVm H$mo nhMmZZm &

4. {MÌXþJ© H$m amOdra _XH$ar Zm`H$ H$m em¡`© VWm gmYZmAm| H$s àe§gm H$aZm &

5. gwanwa H$m ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm &

6. `bh§H$m Ho$ Xoeà^w àW_ H|$noJm¡S>m VWm {ÛVr` H|$noJm¡S>m H$s CnbpãY`m| H$mo

OmZZm&

Ho$bXr Ho$ Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1499-1763)

Zm`H$ : {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` Ho$ AYrZ _| H$B© N>moQ>o-~S>o amÁ` Wo & `o hr Zm`H$ `m

_w{I`m H$hbmVo Wo & _w{I`m Ho$ AYrZ _| ahr gr_m H$mo nmbo`nÅ>r H$hVo Wo & Zm`H$m| _|

Ho$bXr VWm {MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$ à{gÕ Wo &

{dO`ZJa Ho$ H$mb _| {ed_mo½Jm {Obo _| Ho$bXr amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm gm.e. 1499 _| ñWm{nV

hmoH$a AmJo dh ñdV§Ì hþAm & Ho$bXr Ho$ Zm`H$ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s VQ>dVu Am¡a nd©Vr` àXoem| H$m

emgZ H$aVo Wo &

Ho$bXr g§ñWmZ {demb VWm g§nX²^[aV Wm & {ed_mo½Jm, X[jU H$ÞS>, CSw>{n, Ho$ab H$m

H$mgaJmoSw>, H$moS>Jw, hmgZ, Vw_Hy$a, {MÌXþJ©, YmadmS> VWm CÎma H$ÞS> {Obm| Ho$ mJ {_bH$a

Ho$bXr amÁ` ~Zm Wm &

38

Ooð> d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1582-1629)

d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ Ho$bXr Ho$ amOmAm| _| hr AË`§V à{gÕ Wm & BgHo$ H$mb _| Ho$bXr

amÁ` nyU© ê$n go ñdV§Ì hþAm & h VQ>dVu BbmHo$ _| M§Ð{J[a ZXr VH$ {dO``mÌm {H$`m Wm&

C„mb H$s amZr Aã~¸$m H$s ghm`Vm go nwV©Jm{b`m| H$mo BÝhm|Zo _§Jbyé _| ham`m & {dO`nwa

Ho$ Am{Xbemhr goZm H$mo hamH$a hmZJb _| {dO`ñV§^ H$s ñWmnZm H$s & g^r Y_m] H$mo BgZo

àmoËgmhZ {X`m &

ì`mnma H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE Jmodm Ho$ ì`mnmar dJ© H$mo AnZo amÁ` AmHo$ ~gZo Ho$ {bE

àmoËgmhZ {X`m & Jmodm Ho$ B©gmB© H¥${f _| ^r Hw$emb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| ^r AnZo amÁ` _|

~gZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgmhZ XoH$a O_rZ AmXr ^|Q> Ho$ ê$n _| {X`m & dh H$R>moa Amkm {H$`m Wm

{H$ B©gmB© Y_©Jwé ñWmZr` hr hmoZm Mm{hE &

{edßn Zm`H$ H$m AZwemgZ : {edßn Zm`H$ go Omar {H$`m J`m H$aì`dñWm H$mo

"AZwemgZ' H$hm J`m h¡ & Bg nÕVr go O_rZ H$s {_Å>r H$m JwU, Cd©aVm H$mo XoIH$a, y-H$a

{ZYm©[aV hmoVm Wm & \$gb H$m 1/3 ^mJ H$mo H$a Ho$ ê$n _| g§J«h {H$`m OmVm Wm & Eogm

H«$_~Õ H$a nÕ{V H$mo "{edßn Zm`H$ H$m AZwemgZ' H$hVo Wo & Bg AZwemgZ go nd©V àXoe

H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþB© &

amZr MoÞå_mOr (gm.e. 1721-1697)

{edßn Zm`H$ Ho$ ~mX CgH$s ~hÿ amZr MoÞå_mOr JÔr na AmB© & BgZo _moJbm| H$s

goZm H$mo JYoS>H$a {edmOr Ho$ nwÌ N>ÌnVr amOmam_ H$s ajm H$s & H$ÞS> Xoe Ho$ em¡`©, Ë`mJ

H$s g§Ho$V MoÞå_m _¡gya H$s goZm go ^r g§Kf© {H$`m &

Ho$bXr Ho$ amOm Xodmb`, AJ«hma Am¡a drae¡d _R>m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s & B¸o$ar H$m AKmoaoída _§{Xa

{eënH$bm Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡ & _R> Xmgmoh VWm {ejm Ho$ÝÐ ~Zo Wo & g^r Y_m] Ho$ {bE Anma

XmZ {X`m & MoÞå_mOr Zo _§Jbya _| {J[aOmKa ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE O_rZ Xr &

_¡gya Ho$ gmW h_oem g§Kf© VWm Am§V[aH$ `wÕm| go Ho$bXr amÁ` Xþ~©b hmo J`m & ~mX

_| h¡Xambr Zo Ho$bXr g§ñWmZ H$mo AnZo de _| bo {b`m &

39

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

Ho$bXr amÁ` H$m emgZH$mb - 1499-1763

Ooð> d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ - 1586-1629

{edßn Zm`H$ - 1672-1667

h¡Xambr Ho$bXr H$mo ham`m - 1763

I Imbr ñWmZm| H$mo gyº$ eãX go ^[aE &

1. nwV©Jm{b`m| H$mo hamZo _| C„mb H$s amZr ............. Zo Ooð> d|H$Q>ßn H$s

_XX H$s &

2. amZr MoÞå_mOr Zo _wJbm| H$mo JYoS>H$a .................. H$s ajm H$s &

II ZrMo {XE àíZm| H$m EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. Ho$bXr Ho$ B{Vhmg _| nSw>JS>bmoS>o` {H$go H$hVo Wo ?

2. Jmodm Ho$ B©gmB©`m| H$mo {edßn Zm`H$ Zo {H$g Vah àmoËgmhZ {H$`m ?

3. "AZwemgZ' {H$go H$hVo Wo ?

4. amZr MoÞå_mOr H$m¡Z h¡ ?

III Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. Ooð> d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ H$s CnbpãY`m± H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr h¢ ?

2. Ho$bXr Ho$ Zm`H$m| H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

{MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$

1. {MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$m| H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| loð> ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡ &

`o 16 go 18 dr gXr VH$ _w{I`m Ho$ ê$n _| àemgZ {H$`m &

13 Zm`H$m| Zo 211 gmbm| VH$ Bg g§ñWmZ na amO {H$`m& _Îmr {Vå_ÊU Zm`H$

(gm.e. 1568-1589) Bg g§ñWmZ H$m nhbm amOm Wm & nhbm H$ñVyar a§Jßn Zm`H$ (gm.e.

1603-1652), H$ñVyar {M¸$ÊU Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1675-1686) {~ƒwJÎmr a_ÊU Zm`H$ (gm.

e. 1681-1721), {hao_XH$ar Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1721-1749) AmXr à{gÕ amOm Wo &

40

amOdra _XH$ar Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1754-1779)

`h {MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$m| _| hr AË`§V à{gÕ Wm & O~ dh amOm ~Zm V~ dh {g\©$

~mah gmb H$m Wm & _XH$ar Zo h¡XaAbr H$mo H$B© `wÕm| _| ghm`Vm H$s & bo{H$Z _XH$ar Ho$

gmhg H$mo nhMmZH$a h¡XaAbr H$mo _Z hr _Z ObZ hmoZo bJm & Bgo X_Z H$aZo H$m gmoMH$a

gmV \o$am|dmbm, {demb {MÌXþJ© Ho$ {H$bo na AmH«$_U {H$`m & bo{H$Z A^oÚ {H$bo na H$ãOm

H$aZm _wpíH$b Wm & Bg{bE CgH$s goZm {H$bo Ho$ Jwá_mJ© H$m nVm bJmH$a, nhaoXma H$s

AZwnpñW{V _| ahñ` amñVo go ({IS>H$s) àdoe H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & Cg g_` nhaoXma

H$s nËZr Amo~ìdm Zo AnZr _ygb go$ H$B© eÌwAm| H$mo _ma S>mbr & AmO ^r {MÌXþJ© {H$bo Ho$

npíM_ _| dra _{hbm "Amo~ìdm H$s {IS>H$s' h¡ &

hma Z _mZH$a h¡XaAbr {\$a go {MÌXþJ© na h_bm {H$`m & ^`mZH$ `wÕ _| _XH$ar

hma J`m & _XH$ar Ho$ emgZ Ho$ ~mX {MÌXþJ© Zm`H$m| H$m d§e g_má hþAm &

{MÌXþJ© gmV \o$am| H$m {H$bo Ho$ gmW EH$ AmH$f©H$ {J[aXþJ© h¡ & BgHo$ rVa H$B© Xodmb`

VWm Vmbm~ r h¢ & {MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$ AZHo$ _§{Xam| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m & a_gmJa VWm r_

g_wÐ Obme` BZH$s XoZ h¡ & AnZr eyaVm Ho$ {bE {MÌXþJ© Ho$ Zm`H$ à{gÕ h¢ &

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

_Îmr {Vå_ÊU Zm`H$ - 1568-1589

{~ƒwJÎmr ^a_ÊU Zm`H$ - 1689-1721

Ooð> _XH$ar Zm`H$ - 1721-1749

amOdra _XH$ar Zm`H$ - 1754-1779

I ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. _Îmr {Vå_ÊU Zm`H$ H$m¡Z Wm ?

2. amOdra _XH$ar Zm`H$ Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

3. AmoZHo$ Amo~ìdm H$mo h_ AmO ^r Š`m| `mX H$aVo h¢ ?

4. {MÌXþJ© Zm`H$ go {Z_m©U {H$E Vmbm~m| H$m Zm_ {b{IE &

41

gwanwa Zm`H$

`mX{Jar {Obo H$m gwanwa H¥$îUm VWm ^r_m ZXr Ho$ ~rM _| pñWV h¡ & gm. e. 1636

go 1558 VH$ 12 Zm`H$m| Zo emgZ {H$`m h¡ & J{È>{nÈ> Zm`H$ Bg d§e H$m ñWmnH$ Wm & BZHo$

nyd©O {dO` ZJa H$s goZm _| Wo & {dO`ZJa H$s AdZVr Ho$ ~mX {~Ia JE AbJ - AbJ

g_yhm| _| `o ^r EH$ Wo & ~mX _| {dO`nwa Ho$ Am{Xbem{h`m| go gaXoeJ{V nmH$a dm{JZJoar

_| àemgZ àma§^ {H$`m & nrVm§~ar ~har{nÈ> Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1687-1726) Zo gm.e. 1707_|

gwanwa H$m {Z_m©U H$aHo$, Bgo AnZr amOYmZr ~Zm {b`m &

~mX _| A§J«oO VWm h¡Xam~mX Ho$ g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ AZwgma h g§ñWmZ CZHo$ AYrZ Am`m &

amOm H¥$îUßn Zm`H$ Ho$ ~mX CgH$m ~oQ>m amOm ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ (gm.e. 1843-1858)

A{YH$ma nm`m & Cgr g_` CÎma ^maV _| àW_ ñdmV§Ì g§J«m_ (gm.e. 1257) H$s Am§Yr

gwanwa nhþ±Mr & ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ Zo X[jU ^maV Ho$ g^r amOmAm| H$mo EH${ÌV H$aHo$,

A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déÕ g§J«m_ H$aZo H$m `moOZm ~Zm ahm Wm & Aa~, amo{h„m| H$mo ^r AnZr goZm _|

em{_b {H$`m &

gmW _| goZm à{ejU XoZo bJm & `h g~ OmZH$a A§J«oO A{YH$mar WmZ©{hb² Zo 24

{Xg§~a 1857 H$mo Š`mßQ>Z Š`m§~b² H$mo Vrd« H$m`m©MaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE nÌ {bIH$a AmXoe {X`m&

A§J«oO goZm 1858 _| gwanwa na AmH«$_U {H$`m & XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM ^`§H$a `wÕ hþAm

& gwana goZm ñQw>AmQ>© H$mo ham {X`m & Ý`y~oar H$m A§V hþAm & BYa ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$

Aa~, amo{hb H$s goZm bmZo h¡Xam~mX H$s Amoa J`m & CYa A§J«oO goZm gwanwa _| KwgH$a,

gwana H$m nVZ {H$`m & h¡Xam~mX _| ^Q>H$Vm d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ H$mo XoIm hþAm dZnVu amOm go

g§Xoe nmH$a, h¡Xam~mX {ZOm_ H$m àYmZ_§Ìr gmbmaO§J Zo A§J«oOm| go Hw$N> {_bZo H$s bmbM

go Cgo A§J«oOm| Ho$ hdmbo H$a {X`m & A§J«oO ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ H$mo {gH§$Xam~mX _| ~§Xr

~ZmH$a aIm & ~mX _| nyN>VmN> H$aHo$ _¥Ë`w X§S> XoZo H$m ZmQ>H$ {H$`m &

A§J«oO _oS>mog² Q>oba H$s àmW©Zm go CÞV A{YH$mar JdZ©a OZab Zo amOm H$m _¥Ë`wX§S>

gOm Ho$ ~Xbo _aZo VH$ VS>rnma H$s gOm Xr & amOm H$mo _Ðmg Ho$ nmg M§Jb²noQ> XþJ© _o§ aIZo

OmZo H$s amh _| O~ {dlm§{V Ho$ {bE éHo$ Wo V~ A§J«oO d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ H$mo YmoIo go _ma {XE&

Bgo AmË_hË`m H$hH$a PyR>r A\$dmh \¡$bm {XE &

42

~mX _| A§J«oO gwanwa H$mo h¡Xam~mX {ZOm_ H$mo |Q> _| {X`m & AmJo Ho$ g§ñWm{ZH$ {ZOm_ Ho$ AYrZ _| hr aho & A§V _| 1948 {gV§~a 17 H$mo h¡Xam~mX {ZOm_ g§ñWmZ gwanwa Ho$ gmW ^maV EH$Vm _| {dbrZ hmo J`m & gwanwa Zm`H$m| H$s XoZ amOH$s` M[aÌ H$s Vah gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ H$mo r A_yë` h¡ & BZHo$ H$B© OZna H$m`m] go AmO r OZ_mZg _| h¢ & Vmbm~, Hw±$E, Xodmb`, amO_hb, {H$bo AmXr Ho$ {Z_m©U H$admE & AZoH$ bmoJm| H$mo OmhJra {XE & BgHo$ Abmdm AnZo Hw$bXodVm {Vén{V d|H$Q>a_U VWm Jmonmbñdm_r Ho$ {ZË` nyOm Ho$ {bE Am¡a CËgdm| Ho$ {bE OhJra, O_rZ XmZ _| {X`m & BZHo$ Xa~ma _| H$B© H$bmH$ma, Jm`H$, {MÌH$ma, {eënr, gm{hË`H$ma AmXr Aml` nmE Wo & AZoH$ _m¡ë`dmZ gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V AmE & do gd©Y_© g{hîUw Wo & {MÌH$bm _| gwanwa Zm`H$ amOd§e _| AJ« ñWmZ Wm & dhm± Ho$ {MÌm| H$m V§Ì VWm {dÝ`mg Cƒ ñVa Ho$ h¢ & _¡gya Ho$ gm§àXm{`H$ H$bmH¥$Vr, {dO`ZJa e¡br Ho$ {MÌ, {dO`nwa Am{Xbemhr d§e Ho$ H$bmH¥${V`m| go gwanwa Zm`H$m| H$s H$bmH¥$Vr AnZo Amn _| EH$ {d{eï>Vm nmE h¢ & b§XZ H$m H$bm g§J«hmb`, B§½b|S> Ho$ {d{dY ZJa, {X„r, _w§~B©, h¡Xam~mX, àmÀ`dñVw g§J«hmb` Am¡a gmbmaO§J dñVw g§J«hmb` _| AmO ^r Eogr H$bmH¥${V`m| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢ &

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

1. gwanwa Zm`H$m| H$m emgZ H$mb - 1636-1858

2. nrVm§~ar ~har {nÈ>Zm`H$ - 1687-1726

3. ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ - 1843-1858

4. gwanwa nVZ - \$adar 9, 1858

5. gwanwa g§ñWmnH$ H$m ^maV EH$Vm _| {dbrZ hmoZm - {gV§~a 7, 1948

I ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE &

1. gwanwa g§ñWmZ H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z Wm ?

2. gwanwa amOYmZr H$m {Z_m©U H$aZodmbm amOm H$m¡Z Wm ?

II g_yh _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma Xr{OE &

1. ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßn Zm`H$ Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

2. gwanwa Zm`H$m| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoZ Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmBE &

43

`bh§H$ Ho$ Xoeà^w

`bh§H$ Xoeà^w d§e H$m ñWmnH$ aU^¡aoJm¡S> Wm & aU^¡aoJm¡S> Ho$ ~mX O`Jm¡S>, {JÈ>oJm¡S>, H|$nZ§OoJm¡S> AmXr àemgZ {H$`m & Bg d§e H$m AË`§V OZ{à` ì`{º$ Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> Wm & Bg{bE `bh§H$ Xoeà^w H|$noJm¡S> d§e Ho$ Zm_ go hr à{gÕ h¢ & do {dO`ZJa amOmAmo§ Ho$ nmg Xoeà^w Wo & do 16-18 eVmãXr Ho$ H$mbmd{Y _| - ~|Jbyé, am_ZJa, Vw_Hy$é VWm A{d^{OV H$mobma {Obo Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| na emgZ {H$`m & ~|Jbyé go nhbo `bh§H$ BgH$s amOYmZr Wr & Bg{bE BÝh| `bh§H$ Xoeà^w H$hbmE & ~mX _| ~|Jbyé Am¡a _mJS>r BZH$s amOYmZr Wt &

Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> (bJ^J 1532-1597): OoîR> H|$noJm¡S> Zo ~|Jbyé ZJa {Z_m©U gm.e. 1537 _| {H$`m & `h ~|Jbyé _| EH$ {H$bm ~ZdmH$a dht go àemgZ {H$`m & ~|Jbyé H$m ~gdZJwS>r Xodmb`, hbgya H$m gmo_oída Xodmb` H$s aMZm VWm J{dJ§JmYaoída Xodmb` H$m {dñVma AmXr BgH$s CnbãYr h¢ & ~|Jbyé _| H$B© Vmbm~m| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$aZo H$m H$s{V© Bgo {_bVm h¡ & CZ_| H|$nm§~wYr Vmbm~, Y_mª~wYr Vmbm~, hbgyé Vmbm~ VWm g§n§Jr Vmbm~ AmXr à_wI h¢ & {edJ§Jm J§JmYaoída H$m na_ ^º$ Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> Zo H$B© N>Ì VWm AJ«hmam| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m & Y_©à^w Ho$ ê$n _| Bgo "àOmdËgb' Cnm{Y {_br Wr&

Bå_S>r ({ÛVr`) H|$noJm¡S>: (bJ^J gm.e. 1597-1641) : Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> H$m nwÌ Wm & BgHo$ H$mb _| {dO`nwa Am{Xbemhr H$m X§S>Zm`H$ aUXþ„mImZ Zo gm.e. 1638 _| ~|Jbyé na H$ãOm {H$`m & ~mX _| Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Zo _mJS>r H$mo amOYmZr ~ZmH$a, _mJS>r VWm Hw${UJb² gr_m na emgZ H$aZo bJm & Bg{bE Bg d§e Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo _mJS>r H|$noJm¡S> Zm_ go nhMmZVo h¢ & Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Zo ~|Jbyé eha H$s gr_m H$mo nhMmZH$a ajm Jmonwam| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m & BgHo$ H$mb _| ~|Jbyé ~wZH$am| H$m ~S>m H|$Ð ~Zm & _mJS>r, gmdZXþJ©, hþ{b`yéXþJ©, hþÌrXþJ© AmXr {H$bmAm| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m & AnZo {nVm H$s Vah `h ^r ZE Jm±d, Xodmb` VWm Vmbm~m| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m &

Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Zo AnZo nwÌ _wå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> H$mo _mJS>r gr_m VWm Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> H$mo Hw${UJb² gr_m H$m amÁ`^ma gm¢nm & _wå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Zo (bJ^J gm.e. 1641-1674) Xoe _| AH$mb nS>m Vmo H|$ngmJa Vmbm~ H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m & Bå_S>r Ooð> H|$noJm¡S>- (bJ^J gm.e. 1641-1662) dra hr Zht, ~hþ^mfm n§{S>V Wm & BgH$mo "Zd H${dVm Jw§^nw§^dmUr' Cnm{Y {_br Wr& BgH$s am{Z`m± r Hw${UJb² VWm hþ{b`yé XþJ© _| AJ«hma, Vmbm~, Xodmb`m| H$m {Z_m©U H$admB©&

AmJo MbH$a `bh§H$ Xoeà^wAm| go em{gV àXoe _¡gyé g§ñWmZ _| {dbrZ hmo JE&

44

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> - bJ^J gm.e. 1510-1570

Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> - bJ^J gm.e. 1585-1633

_wå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> - bJ^J gm.e. 1641-1674

Bå_S>r Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> - bJ^J gm.e. 1641-1662

Amn Om{ZE :

Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> go ~ZdmE JE Jmonwa `hm± h¢ &

CÎma _| - _o¼r d¥Îm, X[jU _| - bmb~mJ, nyd© _| - Abgyé Am¡a npíM_ _| - J{d J§JmYaoída&

I ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE &

1. `bh§H$ Xoeà^w d§e H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z Wm ?

2. ~|Jbyé ZJa H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z Wm ?

3. `bh§H$ Xoeà^wAm| H$s amOYm{Z`m| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE &

II ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$m CÎma Xr{OE &

1. Ooð> H|$noJm¡S> H$s CnbãYr Š`m h¢ ?

2. Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S> Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

H$m`©H$bmn :

~|Jbyé Ho$ Xoeà^wAm| Zo ~|Jbyé VWm Amg-nmg _| H$B© Vmbm~m| H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m & AmO A{YH$m§e Vmbm~ bwá hmo JE h¢ & BgH$m n[aUm_ Š`m hmoJm ? Bg {df` na MMm© H$aHo$, gaH$ma H$mo ^oOZo Ho$ {bE EH$ anQ> V¡`ma H$s{OE &

45

nmR>5

_¡gyé Ho$ dS>oà

nmR> n[aM`

_¡gyé dS>oà amO d§e H$m n[aM` H$amZm & BgHo$ ~mX h¡XaAbr VWm {Q>ßny gwëVmZ H$m

n[aM` H$amZm & ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO Ho$ gmW à_wI dS>o am| H$m n[aM` H$amZm & gmW _| à_wI

XrdmZm| H$m ^r n[aM` H$amZm &

gm_Ï`©

1. {M¸$Xodam` Ho$ bmoH${à` gmYZmAm| H$s àe§gm H$aZm &

2. A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déÕ h¡XaAbr VWm {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Ûmam {H$E JE wÕ Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_m|

H$mo OmZZm &

3. h¡XaAbr VWm {Q>ßny gwëVmZ H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm &

4. _mZ{MÌ _| _¡gyé amÁ` Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo nhMmZZm &

à_wI _¡gyé dS>oà

_¡gyé dS>oà H$m nhbm amOm `Xþam` (gm.e.

1399-1423) amÁ` H$m _wha {MÝh J§S>ôé§S> Wm& dS>oà

H$m Ama§{^H$ amOYmZr lra§JnÅ>U Wm &

{M¸$XodamO dS>oà (gm.e. 1673-1704)

Ama§{^H$ amOmAm| _| {M¸$Xodam` dS>oà à_wI h¢ &

CÝhm|Zo bmoH$ H$ë`mU H$s gmYZmE± H$s & CgZo amOYmZr

_| AR>mah emImAm| go `wº$ _w»` àemg{ZH$ H$m`m©b`

(H$Mhar) ñWm{nV {H$`m& `hr "AR>mam H$Mhar' h¡ & {MŠH$XodamO dS>oà

46

lra§JnÅ>U Ho$ nmg npíM_ _| H$mdoar ZXr na ~m±Y H$m {Z_m©U H$aHo$ H¥${f H$s qgMmB© Ho$

{bE nmZr CnbãY H$adm`m & emgZ _| {_Vì``Vm bmH$a, amÁ` H$m §S>ma H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmH$a

"ZdH$mo{Q> Zmam`U' Cnm{Y nm`m &

{M¸$Xodam` Ho$ H$mb _| _¡gyé g§nX²^[aV amÁ` Wm & {M¸$Xodam` H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX

Xþ~©b amOmAm| Zo emgZ {H$`m & Bg H$maU XbdmB© Zm_H$ A{YH$m[a`m| Zo amOm Ho$ Zm_ go

emgZ {H$`m&

AR>mam H$Mhar, _¡gyé

h¡XaAbr Am¡a {Q>ßny gwëVmZ

h¡XaAbr (gm.e. 1761-1782)

h¡XaAbr XbdmB© Z§OZamO H$s goZm _| g_W© goZmZr Wm&

`h eya dra hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `wÕ _| OrV hm{gb H$aHo$ Yrao-Yrao

AnZr goZm-e{º$ Am¡a YZ ~b H$mo _O~yV {H$`m & Bg Vah

amOm Ho$ Jm¡ad nmÌ hmo J`m & _¡gyé amÁ` H$mo g§{X½Y-n[apñW{V go

nma {H$`m & amOYmZr _| g¡{ZH$ {dÐmoh hmoVo XoIH$a h¡XaAbr Zo

Z§OZamO H$mo {Zd¥Îm H$amHo$, amÁ`m{YH$ma AnZo hmW _| bo {b`m&

IwX H$mo amÁ` H$m H$m`©H$mVm© ~VmH$a {ÛVr` H¥$îUamO dS>o`a H$mo

nrN>o YHo$bm & h¡XaAbr

47

A{YH$ma nmVo hr h¡Xambr amÁ` {dñVma H$aZo bJm & Ho$bXr amOmAm| H$mo nam{OV

{H$`m& dhm± go Anma YZ-H$ZH$ H$mo AnZo de _| boH$a, AnZm YZ-~b H$mo Am¡a A{YH$

g_¥Õ ~Zm`m &

A§J«oOm| Ho$ gmW g§Kf© : ì`mnmar ~ZH$a ^maV AmE A§J«oO, Yrao-Yrao amOH$s` e{º$

Ho$ ê$n _| C^aZo bJo & h¡XaAbr H$m X[jU _| amÁ` {dñVma H$aZm CÝh| ghZ Zht hþAm& Bg

Vah h¡Xa VWm A§J«oOm| _| g§Kf© A{Zdm`© hmo J`m &

h¡Xa VWm CgH$m nwÌ {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Ho$ A§J«oOm| Ho$ gmW hþE Mma `wÕm| H$mo ""_¡gyé `wÕ'' AWdm ""Am§½bmo - _¡gyé `wÕ'' H$hVo h¢ &

nhbm Am§½bm| _¡gyé `wÕ _| h¡XaAbr Ho$ AmH«$_U go A§J«oOm| H$mo ~hþV ZwH$gmZ hþAm &

A{Zdm`© ê$n go A§J«oO _Ðmg g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ {bE V¡`mé hþE & Bg g_Pm¡Vo H$m AW© `h Wm {H$

h¡XaAbr AWdm A§J«oOm| na H$moB© eÌw AmH«$_U {H$`m Vmo Amng _| ghm`Vm H$aZr Mm{hE &

Bg g_Pm¡Vo go h¡XaAbr H$m Jm¡ad ~T>m &

Hw$N> gmbm| Ho$ ~mX _amR>m| Zo _¡gyé amÁ` na AmH«$_U {H$`m & V~ g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ {hgm~

go A§J«oOm| H$mo h¡XaAbr H$s ghm`Vm H$aZr Wr & bo{H$Z A§J«oO VQ>ñW ah JE & Bggo ZmamO

hmoH$a h¡XaAbr Zo A§J«oOm| H$mo wÕ Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m & hr _¡gyé H$m Xÿgam wÕ Wm & wÕ

Ho$ g_` _| hr h¡XaAbr H$s AZmamo½` go _¥Ë`w hþB© & `wÕ H$m g§MmbZ {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Zo {H$`m&

h¡XaAbr H$s CnbpãY`m± : h¡XaAbr g_H$mbrZ amOH$s` H$mo AÀN>r Vah g_P {b`m Wm&

`Ú{n h¡XaAbr nT>m-{bIm Zht Wm, {\$a ^r dh H$ÞS> Ho$ gmW H$B© ^mfmAm| H$mo OmZVm

Wm& `h _¡gyé amÁ` H$m {dñVma XþJwZm {H$`m & eya `moÕm hmoZo Ho$ gmW Xj emgH$ ^r Wm &

h¡XaAbr H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| à_wI ñWmZ h¡ & ~|Jbyé H$m gw§Xa CÚmZdZ bmb~mJ Bgr

Ho$ Ûmam ewé {H$`m J`m &

{Q>ßny gwëVmZ (gm.e. 1782-1799

h¡XaAbr H$m ~oQ>m hr {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Wm & AnZo {nVm Ho$ g_` `wÕm| _| ^mJ boH$a

{dO` àmá {H$`m {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Yra `wdH$ Wm & IwX H$mo gwëVmZ Kmo{fV H$a {X`m &

48

{nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX Cg g_` Omo Am§½bm| _¡gyé `wÕ Mb

ahm Wm, Cgo AmJo ~T>m`m& CgH$s ghm`Vm H$aZo H$moB© Zht Am`m &

{Q>ßny AHo$bm A§J«oOm| H$m gm_Zm {H$`m & A§V _| A§J«oOm| Zo "_§Jbyé

em§Vr g_Pm¡Vm' H$a {b`m & h g_Pm¡Vm XmoZm| njm| Ho${bE bm^H$mar

Wm & XmoZm| njm| Zo OrVo hþE àXoem| H$mo dmng H$aHo$, nañna `wÕ

H¡${X`m| H$mo bm¡Q>m {XE & `h {Q>ßny gwëVmZ H$m Jm¡ad ~T>m`m &

Aën H$mb _| hr {Q>ßny VWm A§J«oOm| _| Am¡a Xmo wÕ hþE & {Q>ßny

Am¡a A§J«oOm| Ho$ ~rM H$m nañna Ûof VWm A{dídmg hr `wÕ H$m _yb H$maU Wm &

V¥Vr` _¡gyé wÕ _| A§J«oOm| Zo AmH«$_U H$aHo$ lra§JnÅ>U H$mo Koa {b`m & AÝ` _mJ© Z

{XImB© XoZo Ho$ H$maU {Q>ßny Zo A§J«oOm| Ho$ gmW em§{V g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m & em§{V g_Pm¡Vo Ho$

AZwgma {Q>ßny Zo AnZm AmYm amÁ` A§J«oOm| H$mo gm¢nm & wÕ H$m ZwH$gmZ Ho$ ê$n _| 330 bmI

én o n[ahma YZ XoZm nS>m & Cgo nyam YZ XoZo VH$ AnZo XmoZm| ~ƒm| H$mo A§J«oOm| Ho$ nmg {Jadr

aIZm nS>m &

wÕ Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n {Q>ßny An_m{ZV hþAm & A§J«oOm| H$mo

^maV go IXoS>Zo H$m g§H$ën {H$`m & `h Mm¡Wm _¡gyé wÕ

H$s Zr§d ~Zr & wÕ _| lra§JnÅ>U H$mo Koa {b`m J`m &

{Q>ßny Zo draVm go wÕ H$aVo hþE A§{V_ gm±g br & {Q>ßny

"_¡gyé H$m ~mK' Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAm &

{Q>ßny gwëVmZ H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX _¡gyé amÁ` A§J«oOm| H$m

AYrZ hmo J`m & A§J«oOm| Zo dS>o`a amOd§e Ho$ _wå_S>r

- H¥$îUamO dS>o`a H$mo amÁ` H$m hñVm§Va {H$`m& bo{H$Z

_¡gyé amÁ` A§J«oOm| H$m Am{lV amÁ` ~Zm &

{Q>ßny gwëVmZ H$m ì`{º$Ëd VWm CgH$s gmYZm :

{dkmZ joÌ H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| Cgo AÀN>r

OmZH$mar Wr & CgHo$ nmg EH$ CÎm_ J«§Wmb` Wm & ~|Jbyé H$m amO_hb, lra§JnÅ>U H$m

n¥ÀÄà ¸ÀÄ¯ÁÛ£ï

~„mar

~|Jbyé

V„Moam

VbMoar

Aa~r g_wÐ

{M¸$Zm`H$Zh„r

~rb{J

{Q>ßny gwëVmZ

49

J«rî_ _hb (X[a`m Xm¡bV) H$m {Z_m©U {Q>ßny Zo H$adm`m & X[a`m Xm¡bV H$s Xrdmam| na,

N>V VWm I§^m| na Mm[a{ÌH$ {df`m| H$mo AmH$f©H$ ê$n _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ &

• {Q>ßny Zo amÁ` H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE H$m\$s n[al_ {H$`m & aoe_ H$s H¥${f H$mo amÁ` _|

ì`mnH$ ê$n go ~T>mdm XoH$a, bmoH${à` ~ZmZo _| CgH$m hr hmW h¡ & nwV©Jmb-A{YH$m[a`m| H$s ghm`Vm go AnZr goZm H$mo AmYw{ZH$ ê$n go V¡`ma {H$`m Wm & lra§JnÅ>U _| Vmo\$m|

~|Jbyé amO_hb

X[a`m Xm¡bV, lra§JnÅ>U

50

H$mo V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm Wm & {Q>ßny Zo amHo$Q> Cn`moJ H$aZo H$m V§ÌkmZ H$mo OmZ {b`m Wm& `h CgH$s {deofVm h¡ &

• {Q>ßny Zo Hw$N> _§{Xam| H$mo XmZ-XÎmr VWm l§Joar _R> H$mo XmZ r {X`m Wm & {Q>ßny Zo {H$gmZm| H$s AZwHy$bVm Ho$ {bE gwb^ {H$íVm| _| bm¡Q>mZodmbm F$U H$s ì`dñWam H$s Wr &

• lra§JnÅ>U _| pñWV h¡XaAbr H$s g_mYr VWm Owå_m _pñOX {Q>ßny Ho$ ^ì` {Z_m©U h¢ & _pñOX H$s D±$Mr _rZma| AmH$f©H$ h¢ & lra§JnÅ>U VWm ~|Jbyé _| Q>§H$embmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m &

_wå_S>r H¥$îUamO dS>oà (gm.e. 1799-1831)

_¡gyé B{Vhmg _| {Q>ßny H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ gmW g§Kf© `wJ H$s g_már hþB© & A§J«oOm| Zo _¡gyé g§ñWmZ H$mo de _| boH$a Mma {d^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aHo$ A§J«oO VWm CZHo$ {_Ì _amR>m VWm {ZOm_m| _| ~m±Q> {X`m & ~Mm hþAm EH$ ^mJ H$mo _¡gyé dS>oà H$mo {X`m & _wå_S>r H¥$îUamO dS>oà H$mo A{YH$ma {X`m & H¥$îUamO Ho$db nm±M gmb H$m ~mbH$ Wm & Bg{bE emgZ H$m ma nyU©æ`m H$mo gm¢nHo$, Cgo XrdmZ {Z`wº$ {H$`m J`m &

Owå_m _pñOX², lra§JnÅ>U

_wå_{S> H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà

51

_wå_S>r H¥$îUamO dS>o`a {ed_mo½Jm {Obo H$m ZJa ({~XZyé) àXoe H$m X§Jm H$mo R>rH$

go X_Z Zht {H$`m, H$maU ~VmHo$ A§J«oOm| Zo 1831 _| Cgo A{YH$ma go d§{MV H$a {X`m &

_¡gyé g§ñWmZ _| H$_reZa emgZ Omar {H$`m &

H$_reZa emgZ (gm.e. 1831-1881)

_mH©$ H$ã~Z (gm.e. 1834-1861)

_mH©$ H$ã~Z amÁ` _| AZoH$ emgZmË_H$ gwYma bmE & `o amOYmZr

H$mo _¡gyé go ~|Jbyé ñWmZm§V[aV {H$`m & _¡gyé H$m AZoH$ KQ>H$m|

_| {d^m{OV H$aHo$, CÝh| gwn[a¨Q>|S>|Q>m| H$s {ZJamZr _| aIm J`m &

em{gV KQ>H$m| H$mo {Obm VWm VmbyH$m| _| ~m±Q>m J`m Wm & Ý`m`m§J

VWm nw{bg {d^mJm| H$m CÎm_ ar{V go g§K{Q>V {H$`m & H$ÞS> H$mo

emgZ H$m _mÜ`_ ê$n _| Omar {H$`m &

ZE amñVm| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm & n[aUm_ ñdê$n amÁ` Ho$ à_wI

ZJa ~|Jbyé go grYm g§nH©$ _| AmE & nwbm| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm, VWm Q>o{bJ«m_ Vmam| H$mo ^r

bJm`m J`m & 1859 _| ~|Jbyé VWm OmobmanoQ> Ho$ ~rM _| aob _mJ© ~ZdmZo bJo & `h _¡gyé

amÁ` H$m nhbm aob _mJ© Wm & _mH©$ H$ã~Z Zo 1861 _| H$_reZa nX H$mo Ë`mJnÌ {X`m &

BgHo$ Zm_ na ~|Jbyé _| H$ã~Z CÚmZdZ h¡ &

byB© ~|Wm_² ~m¡[a¨J (gm. e. 1862-1870)

byB© ~|Wm_² ~m¡[a¨J Zo 1862 _| _w»` H$_reZa H$m A{YH$ma ñdrH$ma

{H$`m & BÝhm|Zo _¡gyé amÁ` H$m g§nyU© emgZ H$m nwZJ©R>Z {H$`m&

Z§XrXþJ© VWm Aï>J«m_ emgZ Ho$ _w»` KQ>H$ Wo & BZ KQ>H$m| H$m

XoIaoI H$_reZa hr H$aVo Wo & ^y-bJmZ _| gwYma hþAm & Ý`m`m§J

VWm nw{bg {d^mJm| H$m ì`dpñWV ê$n go g§K{Q>V {H$`m J`m &

gmd©O{ZH$ {ejm {d^mJ Ûmam {ejm _| AZoH$ gwYma {H$E JE&

1870 _| ~m¡[a¨J Zo H$_reZa nX H$mo Ë`mJnÌ {X`m & o H$_reZam| Zo _¡gyé amÁ` H$s A{^d¥{Õ

H$m n¸$m Ztd S>mbm &

5. 10 ªÀiÁPïð PÀ§â£ï _mH©$ H$ã~Z

byB© ~|Wm_ ~m¡[a¨J

52

Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà (gm.e. 1881-1894)

1881 _| Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà H$mo A§J«oO {\$a go emgZ ^ma gm¢n

{X`m & Bgo nwZXm©Z H$hVo h¢ & Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà H$s ghm`Vm

Ho$ {bE gr. a§JmMmbw© VWm Ho$. eofmÐr Eoà XrdmZ ~ZH$a emgZ H$m

{Zdm©h {H$`m & Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà Ho$ H$mb _| "àOmà{V{Z{Y

g^m' H$m (1881) Ama§^ hþAm &

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà (gm.e. 1902-1940)

Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà O~ H$ëH$Îmm JE Wo, V~ dht AZmamo½` Ho$ H$maU CZH$m Xohm§V hþAm&

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà CZHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar ~Zo & A{YH$ma ñdrH$ma H$aVo g_` (1895)

{g\©$ ½`mah gmb Ho$ Wo & Bg{bE _mVmOr H|$n Z§Oå_ÊUr Zo emgZ H$m ^ma {b`m & 1902

go ZmëdS>r amOm H$m grYm emgZ àma§^ hþAm & CÎm_ ar{V go nT>o-{bIo BÝhm|Zo AnZm gwXrK©

emgZ H$mb _| _¡gyé g§ñWmZ H$mo EH$ AmXe© g§ñWmZ H$m ê$n {X`m & do XÿaXeu VWm XrZ

- X{bVm| Ho$ ~mao _| qMVm H$aZodmbo ì`{º$ Wo & g_mO Ho$ g^r dJm] Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo àemgZ

_| OJh {_bZo Ho$ {bE {e\$m[ae nmZo H$mo {_„a Am`moJ H$s aMZm H$s &

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà Ho$ à_wI CnbãYr

~|Jbyé _| {dkmZ g§ñWmZ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE Oo.EZ.Q>mQ>m

H$mo 371 EH$a O_rZ VWm 5 bmI$ go ^r Á`mXm YZ ghm`

{H$`m& 1907 _o§ "Ý`m` {dYm`H$ g^m' H$s ñWmnZm H$aHo$,

OZ à{V{Z{Y`m| Ûmam bmoJm| H$s g_ñ`mAmo§ H$m MMm© H$aZo H$m

Adga {Xbm`m & {nN>bo dJm] H$mo godm _| {deof àm{V{ZÜ`

XoZo H$m Amkm {X`m & nhbr ~ma ór`m| H$mo ^r _V MbmZo

H$m _m¡H$m {X`m &

Bg Vah ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà {ejm, CÚmoJ, ~¢H$ AmXr

joÌm| H$s A{^d¥{Õ VWm àoaH$ e{º$ ~Zo & AnZo XÿaÑï>r `moOZmAm| H$mo {H«$`mê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE,

Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà

53

amÁ` H$s àJVr _| ghm`H$ hmoZodmbo à{V^mdmZ² bmoJm| H$mo XrdmZ {Z`wº$ {H$`m & CZ_| ga²

E_². {dídoídaæ`m VWm ga² {_Om© Bñ_mBb² à_wI h¢ &

_hmË_m Jm§YrOr Zo ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà H$m _¡gyé g§ñWmZ H$mo "am_amÁ`' H$hH$a

àe§gm {H$`m & ZmëdS>r H$mo "amO{f©' ~Vm {X`m & 20dr eV_mZ Ho$ nydm©Y© _| ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO

O¡gm H$moB© à^wVm g§ñWm{ZH$ amOm ^maV _| hr Zht Wm &

_¡gyé amO_hb H$mo ZyVZ ê$n go 1910 _| {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m & Bggo nhbo H$m bH$S>r go ~Zm

amO_hb ObH$a amI hmo J`m Wm & Z`m amO_hb {Z_m©U H$aZo Xoe - {dXoe go Hw$ebH$_u

AmE Wo & amO_hb H$m g^m§JU (X~m©a hm°b) H$m e¥§Jma à{gÕ {MÌ H$bmH$ma a{dd_m© Zo

{H$`m & H¥$îUamOgmJa (Ho$.Aa².Eg².) ~m±Y ~ZmVo dº$ ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO H$mo Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m

hþB© Vmo amOn[admam| H$m Am^yfUm| H$mo _w§~B© Ho$ ~mOma _| ~oMH$a, {_bo hþE n¡gm| go ~m±Y H$m

H$m_ nyam H$admE &

_¡gya amO_hb

ga². E_². {dídoídaæ` (gm.e. 1912-1918)

ga².E_². {dídoídaæ` H$mo ""AmYw{ZH$ _¡gyé {eënr VWm {Z_m©Vm'' H$hm OmVm h¡ &

à{V^mdmZ B§{O{Zà {dídoídaæ`m 1909-19012 VH$ _¡gyé g§ñWmZ H$m _w»`

B§{O{Zà ~ZH$a H$m`© {Zdm©h {H$`m& ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà BÝh| 1912 _| _¡gyé Ho$ {XdmZ

{Z`wº$ {H$`m & ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà H$s XÿaX{e©Vm Ho$ AZwgaU H$aHo$ BZHo$ H$mb _| _¡gyé

gd©Vmo_wI A{^d¥{Õ nm`r &

54

"Am¡Úmo{JH$ AWdm {dZme' `h ga E_². {dídoídaæ` H$s KmofUm Wr & ^ÐmdVr _| bmoho H$m

H$maImZm, _¡gyé _| lrJ§Y Vob H$m H$maImZm, ~|Jbyé _| gm~yZ H$maImZm, Ho$ÝÐ Am¡Úmo{JH$

H$m`m©Jma, M_S>o H$mo _wbm`_ ~ZmZo H$m H$maImZm VWm bmoho H$m H$maImZm àma§^ {H$`m &

ì`mnma VWm dm{UÁ` joÌ àmoËgmhZ XoZo Ho$ {bE ~|Jbyé _|

"_¡gyé Mo|~a Am°\$ H$m°_g© A§S> B§S>ñQ>r' H$m ñWmnZm {H$`m &

ì`mnma VWm dm{UÁ` H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE 1913 _| _¡gyé

~¢H$ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© & ha Xoe H$s àJVr _w»` ê$n go

Cg Xoe H$s {ejm na {Z ©a ahVm h¡, Bg ~mV na {dí-

doídaæ` H$s ÑT> {dídmg Wm & CÝhmo§Zo A{Zdm © àmW{_H$

{ejm Omar {H$`m & Vm§{ÌH$ {ejm H$mo _hËd {X`m J`m&

~|Jbyé H$m hoã~mb _| H¥${f embm àma§ {H$`m & 1916

_| ñWm{nV _¡gyé {díd{dÚmb` e¡j{UH$ joÌ H$mo BZH$s

~hþ_yë` XoZ h¡ & 1915 _| ~|Jbyé _| H$ÞS> gm{hË` na{fV²

H$s ñWmnZm H$s & H¥$îUamOgmJa ~m±Y H$m {Z_m©U BZHo$

H$mb _| AmJo ~T>H$a 1932 _| nyU© hþAm & _¡gyé - AagrHo$ao

Am¡a ~m¡[aJnoQ> - H$mobma aob-_mJ© àma§ hþAm& ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>o a H$s XÿaXeu `moOZmAm|

H$mo {dídoídaæ` Zo H$m ©ê$n _| bm o& A§V _| 1918 _| {dídoídaæ` Zo {XdmZ nX H$mo Ë`mJnÌ

{X`m & A§J«oO gaH$ma BZH$s godm Ho$ {bE "ga²' Cnm{Y XoH$a nwañH¥$V {H$`m & 1955 _| ^maV

gaH$ma BÝh| "^maVaËZ' àeñVr go nwañH¥$V {H$`m & Bg àeñVr nmZodmbo nhbm H$Þ{S>J {dí-

doídaæ` h¡ & `h h_| Jm¡ad H$s ~mV h¡ &

ñQ>oQ> ã`m§H$ Am°\$ _¡gyéH$ÞS> gm{hË` n[afV² ~|Jbyé

ga². E_². {dídoídaæ`

55

ga² {_Om© Bñ_m{`b² (gm.e. 1926-1941)

{XdmZ ~ZH$a godm {H$`m ga² {_Om© Bñ_m{`b² H$mo ^r AmYw{ZH$ _¡gyé {Z_m©nH$ H$hm OmVm

h¡& ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>o`a Ho$ BÀN>mZwgma CÚmoJm| H$m àmoËgmhZ H$aHo$ H$B© CÚmoJm| H$mo

àma§^ {H$`m&

ga². {_Om©. Bñ_m{`b²

~|Jbyé _| {hÝXþñVmZ EamoZm{Q>Šg {b{_Q>oS>, H$m±M H$m H$maImZm, MrZr

{_Å>r go gm_mZ ~ZmZo H$m H$maImZm, ~obJmob _| amgm`{ZH$ ImX

V¡ ma H$aZo H$m H$maImZm _§S>ç _| MrZr H$maImZm, {ed_mo½Jm _|

{X`mgbmB© ~ZmZo H$m H$maImZm, ^ÐmdVr _| ñQ>rb VWm H$mJO

H$maImZm AmXr ñWmnZm H$admE & O y$a _| hdmB© AÈ>m àma§ {H$`m&

AmH$medmUr (ao{S> mo) Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo ~|Jbyé VWm _¡gyé _| àma§ {H$`m &

BÝhmo§Zo J«m_rU CÚmoJm| H$mo Á`mXm àmoËgmhZ {X`m & ~XZdmb _| ImXr

CËnmXZm H|$Ð H$s ñWmnZm H$s & B{d©Z Zmbo H$m {Z_m©U H$admHo$ _§S>ç

{Obo H$m H¥${f O_rZ H$mo nmZr XoZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m & _¡gyé H$mo \y$bm|

Ho$ ~mJ - ~JrMm| go CÚmZ ZJa ~ZdmE& H¥$îUamO gmJa Obme`

Ho$ nrN>o - ~¥§XmdZ CÚmZdZ H$m {Z_m©U H$admE &

H¥$îUamOgmJa ~m±Y

56

~¥ÝXmdZ CÚmZdZ

~|Jbyé _| "amï´>r` _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` VWm ZaamoJ eó{M{H$Ëgm g§ñWm' ({ZåhmÝg),

H$mobma _| ZaqghamO AñnVmb, {ed_mo½Jm _| _o½JmZ AñnVmb VWm _¡gyé _| dmZr{dbmg

AñnVmb AmXr BÝht Ho$ H$mb _| Ama§^ hþE &

{ejm H$m àmoËgmhZ Ho$ {bE àmW{_H$ {ejm H$mZyZ Omar H$aHo$,J¡a gaH$mar embmAm|

H$mo AZwXmZ {X`m J`m & àm¡T>embmAm| _| H$ÞS> _mÜ`_ {ejm àma§^ {H$`m & Bg Vah _¡gyé

H$s A{^d¥{Õ _| {_Om© Bñ_m{`b H$m ~S>m hmW ahm & ZmëdS>r H¥$îUXodamO AmoS>oà Ho$ ghnmR>r

{_Om© Bñ_m{`b ZmëdS>r Ho$ XÿaXeu `moOZmAm| H$mo H$m`©ê$n _| bmH$a g\$b hþE &

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX O`Mm_amO AmoS>oà H$mo A{YH$ma {_bm &

ò hr _¡gya H$m A§{V_ amOm Wo &

^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^maV EH$Vm _| _¡gyé g§ñWmZ {dbrZ hmoZo Ho$ {bE Ho$.gr.

aoÈ>r Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| amO_hb Ho$ gm_Zo gË`mJ«h Ama§^ hþAm & Bg gË`mJ«h Ho$ H$maU O`MmamOoÝÐ

AmoS>oà maV _| {dbrZ hmoZo Ho$ {bE _mZ JE & n[aUm_ ñdê$n Ho$.gr. aoÈ>r Ho$ ZoV¥Îd _| 1947

AŠQ>mo~a 24 H$mo OdmãXmar gaH$ma ApñVËd _| Am`m & O`Mm_amOoÝÐ AmoS>oà _¡gyé amÁ` Ho$

amÁ`nmb ~ZH$a H$m`© {Zdm©h {H$E &

57

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.){M¸$ XodamO AmoS>oà 1673-1704h¡XaAbr 1761-1782{Q>ßny gwëVmZ 1782-1799nhbm Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ 1767- 1769Xÿgam Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ 1780- 1784Vrgam Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ 1790- 1792Mm¡Wm Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ 1799_mH©$ H$ã~Z 1834-1861by`r ~|Wm_² ~m¡[a¨J 1862-1870Xgdm Mm_amO AmoS>oà 1881- 1894 ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà 1902-1940 ga². E_². {dídoídaæ` 1912-1918ga². {_Om© Bñ_m{`b² 1926-1941

I [aº$ ñWmZm| H$mo gyº$ eãX go ^[aE &

1. _¡gyé AmoS>oà àma§{^H$ amOYmZr ................ & 2. Xÿgam Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOm| Zo {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Ho$ gmW ........... g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m & 3. "_¡gyé H$m ~mK' Zm_ go à{gÕ ì`{º$ ............... & 4. _wå_S>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà Ho$ {XdmZ ................ & 5. _¡gyé g§ñWmZ _| Ý`m` {dYm`H$ g^m ........... _| Ama§^ hþAm & 6. _¡gyé g§ñWmZ H$mo Jm§YrOr Zo .................. H$hHo$ àe§gm {H$`m & 7. "^maVaËZ' nmZodmbm nhbm H$Þ{S>J ................. & 8. B{d©Z Zmbo H$m {Z_m©U ............... {XdmZ Zo H$adm`m &

II ZrMo Ho$ àíZm| H$mo EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE & 1. AR>mam H$Mhar H$m {Z_m©Vm H$m¡Z Wo ? 2. X[a`m Xm¡bV H$hm± h¡ ? 3. bmb~mJ CÚmZdZ H$hm± h¡ ? Cgo {H$gZo àma§^ {H$`m ?

58

4. {Q>ßny H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX _¡gyé àemgZ {H$go {_bm ? 5. _¡gyé g§ñWmZ _| H$_reZa emgZ Š`m| Omar hþAm ? 6. _¡gyé Ho$ à_wI H$_reZam| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE & 7. nwZXm©Z {H$go H$hVo h¢ ? 8. àOmà{V{Z{Y g^m H$~ àma§^ hþAm ? 9. H$ÞS> gm{hË` n[afV² H$hm± h¡ ? BgH$s ñWmnZm H$~ hþB© ? 10. amO_hb gË`mJ«h Ho$ ZoVm H$m¡Z Wo ?

III g_yh _| MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma Xr{OE &

1. h¡XaAbr Ho$ gmYZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmBE & 2. Vrgam Am§½bmo _¡gyé `wÕ H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hþAm ? 3. {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Ho$ gmYZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmBE & 4. ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà Ho$ à_wI gmYZmAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE & 5. ga². E_². {dídoídaæ` H$s CnbãYr ~VmBE &

IV ZrMo Ho$ "E' gyMr Am¡a "~r' gyMr Ho$ {df`m| H$mo OmoS>H$a {b{IE &

E ~r

{M¸$XodamO AmoS>oà amOfu

{Q>ßny gwëVmZ ^maVaËZ

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO AmoS>oà ZdH$mo{Q> ZmamÙ

ga². E_². {dídoídaæ` nhbm amÁ`nmb

O`Mm_amO AmoS>oà _¡gyé H$m ~mK

H$m`©H$bmn 1. _mZ{MÌ _| _¡gyé amÁ` Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo nhMm{ZE & 2. {Q>ßny gwëVmZ Zo maV go A§J«oOm| H$mo IXoS>Zo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & {\$a r g\$b Zht hþAm Š`m| ? MMm© H$aHo$ CÎma {b{IE &

59

nmR>6

{X„r Ho$ gwëVmZ

nmR> n[aM`

11-12 dr eVmãXr _| VwH$s© amOmAm| Ho$ ~ma-~ma hmoVo g¡{ZH$ AmH«$_U Ho$ A§V _| {X„r _|

gwëVmZm| H$m (1206-1526) emgZ Ama§^ hþAm & Bg nmR> _| {X„r Ho$ gwëVmZm| H$m emgZ,

CZHo$ H$mb H$m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ pñW{V Am¡a dmñVw{eën, gm{hË` H$mo CZH$s XoZ BZHo$

~mao _| {Zê$nU {H$`m h¡ &

gm_Ï`©

1. 11-12 dr eV_mZm| _| hþE Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| go A§V _| {X„r {H$g Vah

gwëVmZm| Ho$ emgZ H$m AYrZ hþAm Bgo g_PZm &

2. gwëVmZm| Ho$ emgZ H$m à^md maVr` g_mO, Am{W©H$ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V na {H$g Vah

hþAm OmZZm &

3. {X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ H$mb H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo ^ynQ> _| nhMmZZm &

h_mao Xoe na àmMrZ H$mb go {dXoer AmH«$_U hmoVo Wo & AmH«$_UH$ma dm`ì` gr_m

go AmE Wo & g§n{Îm H$m byQ>, amÁ` {dñVma Am¡a Y_©-àgma AmXr AmH«$_U Ho$ CÔoe Wo &

Aa~m| H$m AmH«$_U : àma§{^H$ _Ü` H$mb _| ^maV na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo Aa~ Wo&

Aa~m| Zo AmO go 1300 gmb nhbo qgY Am¡a _wëVmZ àm§Vm| H$mo H$ãOo _| bo {b`m & BgHo$

gmW Bg àXoe _| Bñbm_ P§S>m JmT> {X`m & bo{H$Z AënH$mb _| hr Aa~m| H$m A{VH«$_U

R>§S>m nS> J`m &

VwH$m] H$m AmH«$_U : BgHo$ ~mX bJ^J VrZ eV_mZm| Ho$ ~mX Q>H$s© _yb H$m _hå_X

KOZr maV na h_bm {H$`m & A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$m KOZr Zm_H$ EH$ "N>moQ>m amÁ` H$m gwëVmZ

60

KOZr _hå_X Zo ^maV na 17 ~ma AmH«$_U {H$`m & BgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n ^maV Ho$ H$B©

g_¥Õ ZJa Vhg - Zhg hmo JE & Ym{_©H$ Ho$ÝÐ Zme hmo JE &

KOZr _hå_X _hå_X Kmoar

_hå_X Kmoar : AmO go 8 eV_mZ nhbo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$m _hå_X Kmoar ^maV na

AmH«$_U H$aHo$ qgY Am¡a n§Om~ àm§Vm| na H$ãOm H$a {b`m & {X„r H$m amOm n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ

Zo nhbm Va¡Z² `wÕ _| ham {X`m & bo{H$Z AJbo gmb hr {\$a go AmH«$_U H$aHo$ Xÿgam Va¡Z²

`wÕ _| n¥ÏdramO H$mo hamH$a, Cgo _ma {X`m & {X„r Kmoar Ho$ de _| Am`m &

Jwbm_r g§VVr

Kmoar Zo OrV JE àXoem| H$mo AnZm goZmZr Hw$Ë~wÔrZ Eo~H$ H$m hñVm§Va {H$`m & Kmoar Ho$ _¥Ë`w Ho$

~mX Hw$Ë~wÔrZ Eo~H$ {X„r H$m gwëVmZ ~ZH$a, ñdV§Ì emgZ H$aZo bJm & {X„r na Jwbm_r, {IëOr,

VmoKbH$, gæ`X² Am¡a bmoXr Zm_H$ 5 g§VVr H$m emgZ hþAm & CZ_| à_wI g§V{V`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZ|Jo &

Hw$Ë~wÔrZ Eo~H$ : Hw$Ë~wÔrZ àma§ _| _hå_X Kmoar H$m Jwbm_ Wm & Bg H$maU BgH$m "Jwbm_r

g§VVr' hþAm & h eÌwAm| na {dO` nmH$a Vw{H©$`m| H$m emgZ H$mo _O~yV {H$`m & AnZm {dO`

H$m ÚmoVH$ ê$n {X„r Ho$ g_rn _oham¡br _| Hw$Vw~ _rZma H$m {Z_m©U Ama§^ {H$`m& BëVw_e²

61

Ho$ H$mb _| `h nyU© hþAm & {X„r Ho$ gwëVmZm| Ho$ H$mb _| A{YH$ma _| AmB© EH¡$H$ _{hbm Wr

- a{O`m gwëVmZ & `h AmñWmZ _| Ý`m` XoVr Wr & nwéf dó nhZH$a `wÕ ^r H$aVr Wr&

AmñWmZ Ho$ gaXmam| H$mo EH$ _{hbm H$m emgZ ghZ Z hmoH$a, Cgo _ma {X`m &

{IëOr g§VVr

Jwbm_r g§VVr Ho$ ~mX {IëOr g§VVr A{YH$ma _| Am`m & {IpëO`m| _| A„mdwÔrZ

{IëOr {X„r Ho$ gwëVmZm| _| hr ~bembr Wm & BgH$m Vmo g¡{ZH$ emgZ Wm &

A„mdwÔrZ {IëOr : A„mdwÔrZ Zo emgZ, g¡Ý` Am¡a Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| gwYma {H$`m&

Adí` dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z`m©V na {Z`§ÌU aIm & _mXH$ nXmW© godZ, OwAm IobZm AmXr {ZfoY

{H$`m & Anam{Y`m| H$mo H«y$a {ejm {X`m &

{Xp½dO` mÌm : nyam maV Xoe na H$ãOm H$aZm, A„mdwÔrZ H$s _hËdmH$m§jm Wr& àma§^

_| AnZo g¡{ZH$ ~b go CÎma ^maV H$mo OrV {b`m & X[jU ^maV OrVZo Ho$ {bE AnZm

Img Jwbm_ _{„H$ H$m\$a Zm_H$ goZmZr H$mo ^mar goZm Ho$ gmW ^oOm & _{„H$ H$m\$a X{jU

^maV Ho$ Mma amÁ`m| H$s amOYm{Z`m| H$mo byQ>m & _hå_X H$m {dídmg Wm {H$ {X„r Ho$ ~Xbo

_| ^maV Ho$ _Ü` ^mJ H$m Xod{Jar H$mo amOYmZr ~Zm {b`m Vmo X{jU ^maV na {Z`§ÌU

Hw$Ë~wÔrZ Eo~H$ Hw$Vw~ _rZma, {X„r

62

H$a nm`oJm & `h CgH$m _hËd H$m {ZU©` Wm & {X„r go 700 _rb Xÿar na H$m Xod{Jar H$mo

Xm¡bVm~mX Zm_ aIH$a, {X„r Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo dhm± OmZo Ho$ {bE Amkm H$s & bo{H$Z bmoJm| H$s

pñW{V H$ï>Xm`H$ ~Zm & amñVo _| hr H$B© bmoJ _a JE & AnZr JbVr _mby_ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX

{\$a go g~H$mo {X„r dmng OmZo Ho$ {bE H$hm & qOXm ~MH$a Hw$N> hr bmoJ AmE &

_hå_X H$m Am¡a EH$ gwYma `h Wm {H$ Mm§Xr Ho$ "{g¸o$ Ho$ ~Xbo _| CVZm hr H$s_V

Ho$ Vm§~o Ho$ {g¸$m| H$mo àMbZ _| bmZm & bo{H$Z Vm§~o Ho$ {g¸$m| H$mo ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma {g\©$

gaH$ma H$m h¡ ' Bg Vah H$m Amkm Zhr§ {X`m & n[aUm_ ñdê$n Omo Mmho Vm§~o Ho$ {g¸o$ ~Zm

S>mbo & Bggo {g¸$m| H$m An_m¡ë` hþAm & A§V _| Vm§~o Ho$ {g¸$m| H$mo aÔ H$a {X`m & Vm§~o Ho$

{g¸$m| Ho$ ~Xbo _| Mm±Xr Ho$ {g¸$m| H$m {dVaU {H$`m & Bggo IOmZm Imbr hþAm & bmoJm| go

gwëVmZ Zo YmoIm Im`m & Bg à`moJ go amÁ` H$s pñW{V Iam~ hmo JB© &

_hå_X Ho$ emgZ go Ag§Vmof hmoH$a bmoJ X§Jm H$aZo bJo & X§Jm H$mo X_Z H$aVo g_`,

Vrd« ~wIma go _hå_X² H$s _¥Ë`w hþB© &

VwKbH$ Ho$ ~mX g¡`X² Am¡a bmoXr Zo {X„r H$m emgZ AënH$mb {H$`m & bmoXr g§VVr Ho$

A§{V_ gwëVmZ B~«m{h_ bmoXr H$mo _wJb ~mXeh ~m~a Zo nhbm nm{ZnV `wÕ _| ham {X`m &

Bg Vah ~m~a Zo _wJb gm_«mÁ` H$m Ztd S>mbm &

Ab¡ XadmOm, {X„r

63

{X„r gwëVmZ H$s XoZ

emgZ : {X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ amÁ` _| {hÝXÿ Á`mXm g§»`m _| ahZo na ^r emgZ Vw{H©$

H$s Vah hr MbVm Wm & {_{bQ>ar e{º$ amÁ` H$m AmYma Wm & gwëVmZ {Za§Hw$e à^w Wo &

~ë~Z Zm_ H$m gwëVmZ Zo bmoJm| go ~Vm`m Wm {H$ "dh ^JdmZ H$m à{V{ZYr h¡, ^JdmZ Ho$

{~Zm {H$gr H$s {Oå_oXmar Zht boJm &' {X„r Ho$ gwëVmZm| H$mo àmXo{eH$ amOmAm| H$m à~b

{damoY H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>Vm Wm &

Am{W©H$Vm : {H$gmZ na ^y-H$a H$m ^ma Á`mXm hmo J`m Wm & _hå_X {~Z VwKbH$ Zo

H$a H$mo Am¡a ^r ~T>mH$a g»V arVr go dgyb {H$`m & n[aUm_ ñdê$n {H$gmZ ha OJh X§Jm

H$aZo bJo & ~wZmB© Cg H$mb H$m _w»` CÚmoJ Wm & ZJa àXoem| _| ^dZ {Z_m©U H$m`© Mb

ahm Wm & Bggo bmoJm| H$mo ^mar à_mU _| CÚmoJ {_bm & gwëVmZ `wÕ Ho$ KmoS>mAm| H$mo _w»`

ê$n go Am`mV H$aVo Wo &

dmñVw{eën Am¡a gm{hË` : {X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ à_wI dmñVw{eën - à{gÕ Hw$Vw~{_Zma

(71_r. D±$Mm), Ab¡ Xdm©Om Zm_H$ gw§Xa Ûma, H$ã~Vdw„ Bñbm_ _g{OX Am¡a {g[a {H$bm&

Bgr H$mb _| CXÿ© ^mfm ê${nV hþAm & A_ra Iwòw Am¡a A_ra hgZ² n{e©`Z² ^mfm Ho$ Zm_r

H${d Wo & Iwòw g§JrVH$ma ^r Wm & Am¡a V~bm, {gVma AmXr dmÚm| H$mo ê${nV {H$`m & O¡gr

Zm_H$ H$dr CXÿ© _| "nÙmdV²' gy\$s H$mì` H$s aMZm H$s & am_mZ§X, H$~ra, a¡Xmg, _ram AmXr

Bg H$mb Ho$ ^{º$ g§V Wo &

H$mb JUZ (gm.e.)

qgY àm§V na Aa~m| H$m AmH«$_U - 712

_hå_X KOZr Ho$ AmH«$_U - 1000-1026

Va¡Z `wÕ (_hå_X Kmoar Am¡a

n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ Ho$ ~rM) - 1191-1192

{X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ emgZ - 1206-1526

Hw$V~wÔrZ Eo~H$ - 1206-1210

a{O`m gwëVmZ - 1236-1240

A„mdwÔrZ {IëOr - 1296-1316

64

_hå_X {~Z VKbH$ - 1325-1351

nm{ZnV² `wÕ Am¡a _wJbm|

H$m emgZ àma§^ - 1526

ZE eãX

_rZma - D±$Mm ñW§^ H$m Jmonwa

I CÎma Xr{OE &

1. Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ Ho$ gmYZmAm| H$mo ~VmBE &

2. _hå_X KOZr Ho$ AmH«$_U H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hþAm ?

3. _hå_X Kmoar H$hm± Am¡a {H$gHo$ {déÕ OrVm ?

4. {X„r na emgZ {H$`m EH¡$H$ _{hbm H$m¡Z h¡ ?

5. A„mdwÔrZ {IëOr Ho$ gwYmam| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &

6. _hå_X {~Z VKbH$ Ho$ à`moJm| H$mo ~VmBE &

7. dmñVw{eën Am¡a gm{hË` joÌm| H$mo {X„r gwëVmZm| H$s Š`m XoZ h¢ ?

H$m`© H$bmn

1. {X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ H$mb H$m dmñVw{eën Ho$ {MÌm| H$mo {ddaU Ho$ gmW g§J«h

H$s{OE &

2. ^ynQ> na {X„r gwëVmZ Ho$ H$mb H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo nhMm{ZE &

65

nmR>7

_moJb

nmR> n[aM`

1526 _| ~m~a Zo ^maV na AmH«$_U H$aHo$, {X„r gwëVmZm| H$m emgZ A§V H$aHo$,

_moJb gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s & Bg nmR> _| AH$~a Am¡a Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ emgZ Ho$ ~mao _|

~Vm`m J`m h¡ & BgHo$ gmW _moJbm| H$m emgZ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoZ Ho$ ~mao _| ^r ~Vm`m

J`m h¡& A§V _| gm_«mÁ` H$s AdZ{V Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo ^r ~Vm`m J`m h¡ & `h g§nyU© Xmo

eV_mZm| VH$ à_wI amOH$s` e{º$ ~ZH$a gm{hË`, H$bm H$mo AnZm {deof XoZ {X`m _moJb

gm_«mÁ` H$m M[aÌ h¡ &

gm_Ï`©

1. AH$~a H$m CXma Zr{V Am¡a CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZm &

2. Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ g§ñH¥${V {dMma, Xoe _| X§JmE± `o g~ gm_«mÁ` Ho$ AdZ{V H$m H$maU

H¡$go ~Zo? `h g_PZm &

3. gm{hË` Am¡a H$bm H$mo _moJbm| Zo {H$g Vah g_¥Õ ~Zm`m, BgH$s àe§gm H$aZm &

4. _moJb H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo ^ynQ> _| nhMmZZm &

^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| VrZ gm_«mÁ` à_wI h¢ & CZ_| go EH$ _m¡`© gm_«mÁ`, Am¡a EH$

Jwá gm_«mÁ` Vrgam _moJb gm_«mÁ` & _moJb gm_«mÁ` H$m ñWmnH$ ~m~a h¡ & nhbo `h

A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$m EH$ N>moQ>m-gm àXoe H$m~yb na emgZ H$aVm Wm & g_¥Õ g§nÎmr go ^am

^maV na AmH«$_U H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_` H$s VmH$ _| Wm &

~m~a : {X„r Ho$ gwëVmZ Xþ~©b hmoVo hr ~m~a {X„r Ho$ B~«m{h_ bmoXr na AmH«$_U H$aHo$

CgHo$ emgZ H$m A§V {H$`m & ~mX _| aOnyV Am¡a A\$JmZm| H$mo dra `moÕm AnZo AË`wÎm_

eómó go gm_Zm H$aHo$ Cgo IXoS> {X`m &

~m~a Zo {X„r, AmJ«m Am¡a Amg nmg Ho$ àXoem| H$mo VrZ wÕm| _| OrVH$a AnZm gm_«mÁ`

H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m & bo{H$Z Aën H$mb _| CgH$s _¥Ë w hþB© & CgHo$ ~mX ~oQ>m hþ_m yZ amOm ~Zm&

66

hþ_m`yZ : àma§^ _| hþ_m`yZ go eÌwAm| H$mo `wÕ _| nam{OV {H$`m, bo{H$Z A\$KmZ gaXma eoafm gyar go IwX nam{OV hmo J`m & amÁ` ImoH$a n{f©`m ^mJ J`m & dhm± n§Ðh gmb Wm & A\$KmZm| H$m emgZ Xþ~©b hmoVm XoIH$a, ^maV na h_bm H$aHo$ {X„r na H$ãOm H$a {b`m& bo{H$Z AënH$mb _| hr hþ_m`yZ H$s _¥Ë`w hþB© &

AH$~a :

AH$~a

hþ_m`yZ H$m ~oQ>m AH$~a H$mo maV _| gm_«mÁ` ~ZmZo H$s BÀN>m Wr & Bg {Xem _o§ à{gÕ dra`moÕm aOnyV amOmAm| H$mo AnZr Amoa boZm Mmhm & H$B© amOm AH$~a Ho$ nj _| AmE& bo{H$Z _odmS> H$m amOm àVmnqgh AH$~a Ho$ gm_Zo Zht PwH$m& dh ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a _hm dra Wm & ~mX _| BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM hëXrKmQ> (amOñWmZ) _| K_mgmZ `wÕ hþAm & Bg `wÕ _| àVmnqgh nam{OV hþAm, {\$a ^r A§V VH$ hþ_m`yZ Ho$ gm_Zo ga Zht PwH$m`m &AmJo MbH$a AH$~a Zo AZoH$ g¡{ZH$ H$m`m©MaU {H$`m & n[aUm_ ñdê$n JwOamV, ~§Jmb, H$mí_ra, H$m~yb AmXr àXoem|

H$mo OrVH$a ~¥hV² gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s &

AH$~a H$s CnbpãY`m±

emgZ : AH$~a CÎm_ emgH$ Am¡a {demb _Zmo^md H$m Wm & CÎm_ amOm hmoZo H$m

g^r JwU Cg_| Wo & dh {Za§Hw$e à^w Zht Wm & ~hþg§»`m {hÝXÿ àOm H$m {dídmg OrVZm Amdí`H$ Wm & {hÝXþAm| H$mo AnZo amOg^m _| CÞV A{YH$ma na {Z`wº$ {H$`m Wm & nhbo emgZ H$aZodmbo gwëVmZ {hÝXþAm| na "Oo{g`m' ({O{O`m) Zm_ H$m H$a Am¡a `mÌm H$a aÔ {H$`m & AH$~a Zo g{VnÕ{V H$m {ZfoY {H$`m & ~më` {ddmh H$m {damoY {H$`m & AH$~a H$m ^y-H$a nÕ{V bmoH${à` hþAm & ^y-H$a nÕ{V H$mo ê${nV H$aZodmbm _§Ìr amOm VmoS>a_b Wm &

Ym{_©H$ Zr{V : AH$~a Ym{_©H$ g{hîUw Wm & AnZr ZB© amOYmZr \$Vonwa {gH«$s _| "B~mXV² ImZm' Zm_H$ àmW©Zm _§{Xa ~ZmH$a `hm± Bñbm_, {hÝXÿ, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, nmgu, BgmB© AmXr Y_m] Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo ~wbmH$a Ym{_©H$ MMm© H$m Am`moOZ H$aVm Wm & BZ qMVZm| H$m \$b ñdê$n AH$~a Zo "XrZ-E-Bbmhr' Zm_ H$m AnZm hr EH$ Z`m n§W H$m ñWmnZm {H$`m & Cg_| g^r Y_m] H$m CÎm_ A§e Wo & bo{H$Z ~hþV hr H$_ bmoJ CgHo$ AZw`m`r ~Zo &

67

H$bmnmofU : AH$~a Zo gm{hË`, H$bm H$mo {deof àmoËgmhZ {X`m & \¡${O, A~wb² \$Ob²

Am¡a ~ra~b BgHo$ AmñWmZ Ho$ à{gÕ H${d Wo & A_a g§JrVH$ma VmZgoZ Zo BgHo$ AñWmZ H$m

emo^m ~T>m`m & dmñVw{eën Am¡a {MÌH$bm H$mo AH$~a H$m {X`m àmoËgmhZ H$m{~bo Vmar\$ h¡ &

AH$~a Ho$ ~mX amOm ~Zo Ohm§Jra Am¡a ehmOhmZ XmoZm| AH$~a Ho$ Zr{V H$mo hr AnZmE&

ehmOhmZ Zo AmJ«m _| VmO_hb, {X„r _| ~¥hV² bmb{H$bm Am¡a ^ì` amO_hb {Z_m©U H$aHo$

à{gÕ hþAm &

Am¡a§JOo~

Am¡a§JOo~

ehmOhmZ H$m ~oQ>m Am¡a§JOo~ A§{V_ à{gÕ _moJb gm_«mQ> Wm &

`h nMmg gmb H$m gwXrK© emgZ {H$`m & gm_«mÁ` H$m Am¡a ^r

{dñVma {H$`m & bo{H$Z A§V _| CVZm hr erK« J{V _| AdZ{V nm`m&

Ym{_©H$ Zr{V : Am¡a§JOo~ g§àXm`dmXr _wgë_mZ Wm& _ÚnmZ,

OwAm, _m¡O-_ñVr Am¡a g§JrV go Xÿa Wm & `h gabOrdr Wm&

Am¡a§JOo~ Zo AH$~a H$m CXmaZr{V Zht AnZm`m & Oo{g`m H$a

H$mo {\$a go bmJy {b`m & V~ amOH$s` g§Kf© H$s pñW{V CËnÞ hþB©&

{gŠIm| H$s X§Jm : Am¡a§JOo~ H$m _Vr` {dMmam| go {gŠI, _amR>m Am¡a OmQ>m| H$mo

CÕdo{bV {H$`m & {gŠI Jwé VoO ~hmXþa H$mo {X„r _| ~{ha§J ê$n go _mam J`m & CgH$m

~oQ>m Jwé JmoqdXqgh Zo nyao {gŠI g_wXm` H$mo draXrjm {X`m & Xrjm nmZodmbm| H$mo qgJ²

(qgh) Zm_m§{H$V {X`m J`m & CZH$mo n§M "H$' H$mam| H$mo _Vb~ Ho$e (b§~m Ho$e), H§$Jm

(H§$Kr), H¥$nmU (N>moQ>r, Nw>ar), H$ƒo (b§JmoQ>) Am¡a H§$H$U (bmoho H$m H§$JZ) nhZZm Wm

& `h AmMaU {gŠIm| _| AmO ^r h¡ &

X§JmE± : CÎma ^maV _| {gŠI Am¡a aOnyVm| Zo Am¡a§JOo~ H$m Iy~ {damoY {H$`m & XŠIZ

_| {edmOr à~b hþAm& X§JmE± XrK© H$mb VH$ MbZo go Am¡a§JOo~ Zo Anma g§nÎmr, g¡{ZH$

Am¡a g~go Á`mXm AnZm à{Vð>m Imo {X`m & gm_«mÁ` Ho$ H$B© àXoe ñdV§Ì hmo JE & XŠIZ

Ho$ `wÕm| go Am{W©H$ Am¡a X¡{hH$ ê$n go H$_Omoa Am¡a§JOo~ H$s XŠIZ _| hr _¥Ë`w hþB© & BgHo$

gmW _moJbm| H$m àm~ë` jrU hmo J`m &

68

gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoZ

_moJbm| H$m emgZ : _moJb gm_«mQ> Ho$ nmg hr g~ ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a g¡{ZH$ A{YH$ma

Wo & Ý`m` XoVo dº$ A§{V_ {ZU©` BgH$m hr hmoVm Wm & gm_«mÁ` H$mo àm§V (gw^m), {O„m

(gaH$ma) Am¡a VmbyH$ (naJU) Am{X {d^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m Wm & ZJam| _| H$moVdmb Zm_H$

A{YH$mar H$mZyZ Am¡a gwì`dñWm H$mo XoIVm Wm &

H$a ì`dñWm : AH$~a H$m _§Ìr amOm VmoS>a_b ^y-H$a nÕVr H$mo ê${nV {H$`m & ^y_r

Ho$ Cd©aVm Ho$ {hgm~ go H$a V` {H$`m Wm &

gm{hË` : _moJbm| Zo n{f©`Z gm{hË` H$mo {deof àmoËgmhZ {X`m & AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma _|

A~wb² \$Ob Am¡a ~Xm¡Zr loð> B{VhmgH$ma Wo & "AH$~aZm_m' A~wb \$Ob H$m à_wI H¥${V

h¡& _moJb amOHw$_ma "Xmam-fwH$mo' loð> {dÛmZ² Wm & dh ^JdÒrVm H$m ^mfm§Va {H$`m & {hÝXr

gm{hË` H$mo amOml` Z {_bm Vmo ^r g§Vm| Ho$ à`ËZm| go g_¥Õ hþAm & "am_M[aV _mZg'

VwbgrXmg H$s à{gÕ H¥${V H$s aMZm Bgr H$mb _| hþB© &

hþ_m`yZ H$s g_mYr, {X„r

dmñVw{eën : {X„r _| hþ_m`yZ H$s g_mYr H$m {Z_m©U AH$~a Ho$ Ama§^ H$mb _| hr

hþAm Wm & dh \$Vonwa {g{H«$ (AmJ«m Ho$ nmg) _| Z`r amOYmZr ~Zm`m & amOYmZr _| ^ì`

69

amO_hb, _g{OX Am¡a _§Q>n Xoe - {dXoer àdm{g`m| Ho$ AmH$f©U Ho$ÝÐ h¢ & `hm± H$m Om_r

_g{OX H$m àdoe Ûma (~wb§X XadmOm) ^maV _| hr g~go AË`wÞV h¡ &

_moJbmo§ H$m dmñVw{eën AnZm CÞV ñWmZ ehmOhmZ Ho$ H$mb _| nm`m & AmJ«m {H$bo

_| ~Zm`m J`m amO_hb, _moVr_hb A_moK h¢ & AmJ«m H$m VmO_hb _moJb dmñVw{eën H$mo

H$beàm` h¡& CgH$s amZr _w_VmO _hb H$s `mX _| `h OJV²à{gÕ H$bmH¥${V H$m {Z_m©U

(17dr eV_mZ) hþAm& Bg g_mYr _§{Xa _| ehOhmZ Am¡a _w_VmO H$s H$~«| h¢ & {X„r H$m

à{gÕ bmb{H$bm H$mo ^r ehmOhmZ Zo ~Zdm`m &

{H$bm, AmJ«m

bmb{H$bm, {X„r

{MÌH$bm : _moJbm| Ho$ H$mb _| ZyVZ {MÌH$bm g§àXm` H$m OÝ_ hþAm & Bgo {MH$Zr

H$hVo h¢ & AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma _| gm¡ go ^r Á`mXm {MÌ H$bmH$ma Wo & {MÌH$bm H$mo Ohm§Jra

70

Ho$ H$mb _| n[an¹$Vm {_br & g§àXm`dmXr Am¡a§JOo~ Zo {MÌH$bm H$mo àmoËgmhZ Zht {X`m &

VmZgoZ

g§JrV : AH$~a Ho$ H$mb _| g§JrV H$bm H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bm& Xa~ma

_| g§JrVH$mam| H$s gmV g_yh Wo & hâVo _| amoO EH$ g_yh go g§JrV

H$m`©H«$_ hmoVm Wm & VmZgoZ AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma H$m A_a g§JrVH$ma

Wm & Ohm§Jra Am¡a ehOhmZ Ho$ H$mb _| g§JrV H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bm&

bo{H$Z Am¡a§JOo~ Zo g§JrV H$m {ZfoY {H$`m & {\$a ^r OZ_Z go

g§JrV {_Q>m Zht &

_moJb gm_«mÁ` H$s AdZ{V

Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ H$mb _| gm_«mÁ` Xþ~©b hþAm & BgHo$ {bE `o H$maU h¢ &

gaXma ^«ï> hmoZo bJo &

qghmgZ Ho$ CÎmam{YH$ma Ho$ {bE A§V…H$bh hþE &

BgHo$ bm^ CR>mH$a àm§Vm{YH$mar ñdV§Ì emgZ H$aZo bJo &

g~go _w»` ê$n go ^maV H$mo EH$ g§nyU© Bñbm{_H$ Xoe n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$m Am¡a§JOo~

H$s {dMma Zr{V H$mo g~ OJh {damoY ì`º$ hþAm &

{gŠI, aOnyV Am¡a _amR>m| Ho$ gmW {H$`m XrK© H$mbrZ g§Kfm] go gm_«mÁ` H$s e{º$

Hw§${R>V hmo JB© &

Bg ~rM Zm{Xafm Zm_H$ n{f©`Z AmH«$_UH$ma Zo {X„r na AmH«$_U {H$`m & _moJbm|

H$m Xmo gm¡ gmb go g§J«h {H$`m J`m YZ-H$ZH$ H$mo byQ> {b`m & OJV² à{gÕ H$mo{hZya

hram Am¡a _`ya qghmgZ ^r bo J`m & _moJbm| H$m IOmZm Imbr hmo J`m &

H$mb JUZm (gm.e.)

~m~a - 1526-1530

AH$~a - 1556-1605

Am¡a§JOo~ - 1659-1707

71

ZE nX

Oo{g`m - _wpñb_ amOmAm| Ûmam {hÝXÿ bmoJm| na bJm`m J`m H$a

`mÌm H$a - VrW© joÌ AmZodmbo qhXþAm| na bJm`m J`m H$a &

I CÎma Xr{OE &

1. _moJb gm_«mÁ` H$m ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

2. AH$~a H$m {damoY {H$g amUm Zo {H$`m ?

3. "B~mXV ImZ' {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE &

4. AH$~a Ho$ Ym{_©H$ Zr{V H$m n[aM` H$s{OE &

5. VmO_hb H$hm± h¡ ? {H$gZo ~Zdm`m ?

6. _moJbm| Ho$ H$mb H$m dmñVw{eënm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &

7. _moJb H$mb Ho$ B{VhmgH$mam| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

8. _moJb gm_«mÁ` Ho$ AdZ{V Ho$ H$maU ~VmBE &

II H$m`©H$bmn

1. _moJbm| Ho$ dmñVw{eën H¥${V`m| H$m {ddaU Ho$ gmW {MÌ g§J«h H$s{OE &

2. _moJb H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo ^ynQ> _| nhMm{ZE &

3. AH$~a Am¡a§JOo~ BZHo$ Ym{_©H$ Zr{V Ho$ {damoYm^mg H$s MMm© H$s{OE &

72

nmR>8

_amR>m

nmR> n[aM`

Bg nmR> _| {edmOr H$m ~MnZ, AmXe©, _moJb gm_«mÁ` Am¡a {dO`nwa g¡Ý`m| H$mo IXoS>Zo H$s ar{V, _mamR>m amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm, emgZ H«$_ AmXr H$m {ddaU h¡ &

gm_Ï`©

1. {edmOr H$m OrdZ, gmhg, JwU Am¡a CnbpãY`m| H$mo g_PZm &2. {edmOr go g§~§{YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo nhMmZZm &

CÎma ^maV _| O~ _moJbm| H$m emgZ CN´>m` pñW{V _| Wm V~ _moJbm| H$m gm_Zm H$aHo$ _amR>m A{YH$ma na AmE & _amR>m d§e H$m ñWmnH$ {edmOr Wm &

{edmOr

{edmOr

{edmOr H$m OÝ_ nwUo Ho$ nmg {edZoar XþJ© _| hþAm & CgHo$ {nVmOr emhOr ^mogbo & dh {dO`mnwa H$m gwëVmZ Ho$ nmg Cƒ nX na Wm & Bg{bE dh _mVmOr OrOm~mB© Ho$ Ame«` _| nbm ~S>m & CgZo Jwé XmXmOr H$m|S>Xod Am¡a ZmZmOr _mbgwao go eómó {dÚm grIm & àma§^ _| {edmOrZo _amR>m| Ho$ à_wIm| Am¡a npíM_ KmQ>r Ho$ _mdb Zm_H$ nhmS>r bmoJm| H$mo {_bmHo$ goZm V¡`ma {H$`m &

{edmOr H$s XoZ : {edmOr Zo AnZo 19dr gmb Am w _| hr VmoaUXþJ© na H$ãOm H$a {b`m, Omo {dO`mnwa Am{Xbemh Ho$ AYrZ Wm & ~mX _| am`JT>, qghJT>, àVmnJT> AmXr {H$bm| H$mo EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ OrV {b`m & Bggo H«$mo{YV hmoH$a {dO`mnwa H$m gwëVmZZo {edmOr H$mo X~mZo Ho$ {bE

AnZm goZmZr A\$ObImZ H$mo ^oOm & A\$ObImZ Zo g§{Y H$s ~mV H$aZo {edmOr H$mo ~wbmH$a YmoIo go Cgo _maZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & bo{H$Z nhbo go Bgr {ZarjU _| ahm {edmOr Nw>nmHo$ aIm "ì`mK«ZI' Am`wY go A\$ObImZ H$mo _ma {X`m &

73

{edmOr H$mo àdY©_mZ hmoVo XoIH$a Am¡a§JOo~ Zo {edmOr H$mo {ZJ«h H$aZo Ho$ {bE XŠIZ àXoe H$m A{YH$mar fm{`ñVoImZ H$mo ^oOm & bo{H$Z {edmOr Zo fm{`ñVoImZ H$mo Cnm` go Cgo ham`m &

fm{`ñVoImZ amO_hb _| Wm & Xmo gmb ~rVZo na ^r {edmOr H$mo ~ÝXr Zht ~Zm gH$m& {edmOr Zo g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ gmW dof ~XbH$a fm{`ñVoImZ H$m dmgñWmZ _| àdoe H$aHo$, AMmZH$ h_bm H$a {X`m & Bg h_bo go fm{`ñVoImZ ~M {ZH$bm, bo{H$Z AnZm A§JyR>m go hmW Ymo ~¡R>m & fm{`ñVoImZ ^`^rV hmoH$a nyZm go nbm`Z {H$`m &

Bggo Am¡a ^r H«$mo{YV hmoH$a Am¡a§JOo~ Zo amOm O`qgh H$mo AJwAm H$aHo$ ^oOm J`m goZm {edmOr H$mo hamH$a, CgHo$ H$B© {H$bm| H$mo de _| H$a {b`m & A§V _| O`qgh Zo g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo Ho$ ~hmZo {edmOr H$mo {X„r ~wbm`m & dhm± Am¡a§JOo~ Zo {edmOr H$mo ~§Xr ~ZmH$a AmJ«m Ho$ H$mamJma _| aIm & bo{H$Z dhm± Cnm` go {edmOr Zo H$maJma go ~mha {ZH$bH$a AnZm amOYmZr nhþ±Mm &

~mX _| Imo`m hþAm g~ {H$bm| H$mo _moJbm| go OrVH$a gyaV ZJa na h_bm H$aHo$, Anma g§nÎmr hm{gb {H$`m &

{edmOr H$m {H$bm, am`JS>

74

{edmOr H$m amÁ`m{^foH$ : ~mX _| {edmOr H$m amÁ`m{^foH$ am`JS> _| "N>ÌnVr' Cnm{Y Ho$ gmW hþAm & AmJo MbH$a {edmOr Zo qO{O, do„zé, _¡gya àm§V Ho$ {demb ^y-^mJm| H$mo OrVH$a Anma g§nÎmr H$m g§J«h {H$`m & bo{H$Z _amR>m| H$m d¡^d XoIZo {edmOr Á`mXm {XZ VH$ Zht ahm&

{edmOr H$m emgZ :

emgZ _| ghH$ma XoZo Ho$ {bE Aï>àYmZ Zm_H$ AmR> _§Ìr Wo & àYmZ_§Ìr H$mo noídm H$hVo Wo & {edmOr H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX amÁ` _| Omo AamOH$Vm hþAm Wm, Cgo noídmAm| Zo X_Z H$aHo$ emgZ H$mo gwJ_ ~Zm`m & AmJo H$m emgZ noídmAm| H$m hr Wm & ~mbmOr {dídZmW, nhbm ~mOram` Am¡a ~mbmOr ~mOram` AmXr _amR>m amÁ` na emgZ H$aZodmbo à_wI Wo &

ZE nX :

Jo[a„ `wÕV§Ì : eÌwAm| H$m gm_Zm grYo go Z H$aHo$, Nw>nHo$ H$aZm &

N>ÌnVr : _hmamO

I CÎma Xr{OE &

1. {edmOr H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm ?

2. {edmOr Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z Wo ?

3. {dO`mnwa H$m gwëVmZ Zo {edmOr H$m {damoY Š`m| {H$`m ?

4. fm{`ñVoImZ H$m¡Z Wm ?

5. {edmOr H$m amÁ`m{^foH$ H$hm± hþAm ? V~ dh {H$g Cnm{Y nm`m ?

6. _amR>m amÁ` Ho$ à_wI noídmAm| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE &

H$m`©H$bmn :

{edmOr go g§~§{YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| H$mo ^ynQ> _| nhMm{ZE &

75

ZmJ[aH$emónmR>9 h‘mam g§{dYmZ

nmR> n[aM¶ :

Bg nmR> ‘| g§{dYmZ H$m AW© ‘hËd, aMZm Am¡a ‘w»¶ {deofVmAm| H$mo XoI|Jo&

gm‘Ï¶© :

1. g§{dYmZ H$m AW© Am¡a ‘hËd OmZ|Jo&

2. g§{dYmZ H$s ^y{‘H$m H$m ‘hËd g‘PZm&

3. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE± OmZZm Am¡a H$Ð H$aZm&

4. g§{dYmZ Ho$ aMZm H$m¶© ‘| ^mJ boZo dmbo ‘mÝ¶ ì¶{º$`mo§ H$s OmZH$mar&

5. JUV§Ì (JUamÁ¶) H$s H$ënZm H$mo OmZZm &

6. gd©Y‘© g‘^md Ho$ VËd H$m Ame¶ g‘PH$a X¡{ZH$ OrdZ ‘| BgH$m ‘yë¶ OmZH$a Cgo bmJy H$aZo ‘| g‘W© hmoZm&

7. g§{dYmZ H$m gå‘mZ H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm&

g§{dYmZ H$m AW© Am¡a ‘hËd -

g§{dYmZ H$m AW© h¡ - EH$ Xoe Ûmam nmbZ {H$¶m OmZo dmbm ‘yb^yV H$mZyZ & ¶h gaH$ma Ho$ A§Jm|, CZHo$ A{YH$mam| VWm H$m¶m] H$m {ddoMZ H$aVm h¡& g§{dYmZ ‘| àOm Ho$ A[YH$mam| Am¡a H$V©ì¶m| H$m C„oI hmoVm h¡& g§{dYmZ gaH$ma Ho$ {bE ‘mJ©gyMH$ hmoVm h¡& BgH$m H$moB© C„§KZ Zht H$a gH$Vm &

g§{dYmZ H$m ‘hËd - g§{dYmZ Xoe Ho$ ‘yb^yV H$mZyZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, ‘hËd nyU© h¡& g^r BgHo$ {bE à{V~Õ h¢& amï´>n{V, àYmZ‘§Ìr, g§gX Ho$ gXñ¶, Ý¶m¶mYre, A{YH$mar dJ©, Xoe Ho$ g^r OZ g§{dYmZ H$m nmbZ H$aZo H$mo H${Q> ~Õ h¢&

∙ H$mZyZ Ho$ gå‘wI g^r g‘mZ h¢, Bg gyÌ Ho$ AmYma na àOm Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm H$aVm h¡&

∙ gaH$ma Ûmam {Z^m¶o OmZo dmbo H$m¶m] Ho$ {bE ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ho$ én ‘| H$m¶©© {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡&

∙ gaH$ma Ho$ A§J h¢ - emgH$m§J, H$m¶ªJ VWm Ý¶m¶m§J Ho$ H$m¶m}° H$mo {ZX}{eV H$a BZ‘| g‘Ýd¶ ~ZmZo ‘| ghm¶Vm H$aVm h¡&

∙ g§{dYmZ gaH$ma Am¡a ì¶{º$ Ho$ ~rM CÎm‘ g§~§Y ~ZmVm h¡&

76

{H«$¶mH$bmn : A§~oS>H$a H$m¡Z h¢? CZHo$ à{V h‘ H¥$Vk ³¶m| h¢? g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$s{OE &

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ H$mo g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m Zm‘H$ {deof g^m Ûmam V¡¶ma {H$¶m J¶m& g^m Ho$ gXñ¶m| Zo CgHo$ àW‘ A{YdoeZ ‘o§ S>m° amO|Ð àgmX H$mo AÜ¶j én ‘| MwZm&

g§{dYmZ H$s g^m ‘| 299 gXñ¶ Wo& 9 {Xg§~a 1946 H$mo BgH$m àW‘ A{YdoeZ hþAm&

AñWm¶r g{‘{V

g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m AnZo H$m¶m] J{V{d{Y¶m| H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go Hw$N> gm{‘{V¶m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ g§{dYmZ H$s AñWm¶r à{V H$mo V¡¶ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ AñWm¶r g{‘{V ~Zm¶r J¶r& Bg g{‘{V Ho$ AÜ¶j S>m°.~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a Wo&

∙ gXñ¶ g§{dYmZ H$s AñWm¶r à{V H$m n[aerbZ H$a 2473 n[aîH$aU V¡¶ma {H$¶m & AñWm¶r g§{dYmZ VWm n[aîH$aU hþE g§{dYmZ, aMZm g^m ‘| {dñV¥V én go MMm© H$s J¶r& Bgr àH$ma g§{dYmZ H$mo A§{V‘ én àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE bJ^J VrZ df© bJo&

∙ S>m°. A§~oS>H$a 15.08.1947 go 26.01.1950 VH$ H$s Ad{Y ‘| H$mZyZ ‘§Ìr aho&

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ 26 OZdar, 1950 H$mo bmJy {H$¶m J¶m& Bg g§{dYmZ Zo ^maV H$mo JUamÁ¶ Kmo{fV {H$¶m& BgHo$ ñ‘aUmW© h‘ à{V df© 26 OZdar H$mo JUV§Ì {Xdg amï´>r¶ Ë¶mohma Ho$ én ‘| ‘ZmVo h¡& à{V df© Zd§~a 26 H$mo g§{dYmZ Ho$ {XZ Ho$ én ‘| ‘Zm¶m OmVm h¡& ¶h H|$Ð gaH$ma Ûmam g§{dYmZ H$s AñWm¶r à{V H$s Am{YH¥$V hmoZo H$m {XZ Wm &

g§{dYmZ Ho$ {ZX}emZwgma ^maV ‘| 1951-52 ‘| àW‘ ‘hmMwZmd hþE& amÁ¶ g^m VWm bmoH$ g^m Zm‘H$ gXñ¶m| go ¶wº$ Xmo M¶{ZV g§gX (nm{b©¶m‘|Q>) gZ² 1952 ‘| ApñVñd ‘| Am¶m&

h_mao g§{dYmZ H$m n[a_mU : ^maVr¶ g§[dYmZ 395 {Z¶‘m| VWm 12 n[aÀN>oXm| dmbm h¡ &

àñVmdZm :

g§{dYmZ Ho$ àma§^ ‘| ^y{‘H$m Xr JB© h¡& g§{dYmZ Ho$ öX¶ én ‘| ¶h àñVmd OZVm Ho$ AmXem] VWm AmH$mjm§Am| H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aVm h¡& ñdV§ÌVm, g‘mZVm, ì¶{º$ gå‘mZ,

77

^m«V¥Ëd VWm amï´>r¶EH$Vm Am{X Eogo VËd¶wº$ AmXe© h¢&

^maV H$m g§{dYmZ

CÔo{eH$m""h_, ^maV Ho$ bmoJ, ^maV H$mo EH$ g§nyU© à^wËd-g§nÝZ, g_mOdmXr, n§W-{Zanoj, bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ JUamÁ` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE VWm CgHo$ g_ñV ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo :

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m`,{dMma, A{^ì`pŠV, {dídmg, Y_© Am¡a CnmgZm H$s ñdV§ÌVm,à{VîR>m Am¡a Adga H$s g_Vm àmßV H$amZo Ho$ {bE,VWm CZ g~_| ì`pŠV H$s J[a_m Am¡a amîQ´> H$s EH$Vm Am¡a AI§S>Vm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo dmbr ~§YwVm ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE

Ñ‹T>g§H$ën hmoH$a AnZr Bg g§{dYmZ g^m _| AmO VmarI 26 Zd§~a, 1949 B©. ( {_{V _mJ©erf© ewŠbm g ßV_r, g§dV² Xmo hµOma N>h {dH«$_r) H$mo EVX²Ûmam Bg g§{dYmZ H$mo A§JrH¥$V, A{Y{Z`{_V Am¡a AmË_m{n©V H$aVo h¢ &''

g§{dYmZ H$s ‘w»¶ {deofVmE±

h‘mao g§{dYmZ H$s AnZr Hw$N> {deofVmE± h¢ -

{b{IV g§{dYmZ : ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ {b{IV én ‘| h¡& ¶h {díd H$m A{V {dñVma go {bIm g§{dYmZ h¢& gaH$ma Ho$ A§J emgH$m§J, H$m¶mªJ VWm Ý¶m¶m§J H$s aMZm, A{YH$ma VWm H$m¶©ì¶m{á Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¢& H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$mam| H$m EH$ hr g§{dYmZ h¡& Bg H$maU g§{dYmZ {demb h¡&

JUamÁ¶ : maV EH$ JUamÁ¶ Ho$ én ‘| g§[dYmZ ‘| Kmo{fV h¡& JUamÁ¶ ‘| amOm H$m emgZ Zht hmoVm& BgHo$ {dnarV àOm Ûmam M¶{ZV à{V{Z{Y¶m| H$m emgZ hmoVm h¡& Eogr amOZr{VH$ ì¶dñWm H$m ^maV Xoe àOmgÎmmË‘H$ JUamÁ¶ h¡&

78

S>m° amO|ÐàgmX

g§{dYmZ g^m Ho$ AÜ¶jS>m° ~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a g§{dYmZ H$s AñWm¶r g{‘{V Ho$ AÜ¶j

Odhabmb Zohé ^maV Ho$ àW‘ àYmZ

‘§Ìr

‘yb^yV A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ - g§{dYmZ ZmJm[aH$m| H$mo 6 ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aVm h¡& BÝh| H$‘ H$aZo ¶m ~XbZo H$m A{YH$ma, {Z¶‘ {H$gr ^r amÁ¶ H$mo Zht h¡& ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$m C„§KZ hmoZo na CZH$s ajm H$m A{YH$ma Ý¶m¶m§J H$mo h¡& ZmJ[aH$ AnZo A{YH$mam| H$mo ñdoÀN>mZwgma Cn¶moJ H$a gm‘m{OH$ Aem§{V H$m H$maU Z ~Z| AWdm H$mZyZ ì¶dñWm H$mo ^§J Z H$a|& ZmJ[aH$mo Ho$ ½¶mah(11) H$V©ì¶ ^r g§{dYmZ ‘| {Z{hV h¢&

∙ ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ - g§{dYmZ ZmJm[aH$m| H$mo 6 ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aVm h¡& BÝh| H$‘ H$aZo ¶m ~XbZo H$m A{YH$ma, {Z¶‘ {H$gr ^r amÁ¶ H$mo Zht h¡& ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$m C„§KZ hmoZo na CZH$s ajm H$m A{YH$ma Ý¶m¶m§J H$mo h¡& ZmJ[aH$ AnZo A{YH$mam| H$mo ñdoÀN>mZwgma Cn¶moJ H$a gm‘m{OH$ Aem§{V H$m H$maU Z ~Z| AWdm H$mZyZ ì¶dñWm H$mo ^§J Z H$a|& ZmJ[aH$mo Ho$ ½¶mah(11) H$V©ì¶ ^r g§{dYmZ ‘| {Z{hV h¢&

∙ gd©Y‘© g‘^md (OmË¶mVrV) - g§{dYmZ ‘| gd©Y‘© g‘^md (go³¶ybm[aÁ¶) Ho$ VËd H$mo à‘wI ñWmZ {X¶m J¶m h¡& gaH$ma Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na njnmV a{hV hmo H$a g^r ‘V-Y‘m] H$mo g‘mZ Ñ{ï> go XoIVr h¡& Y‘© {ZanojVm H$m ^md aIVr h¡& g§{dYmZmË‘H$ gd©Y‘© g‘^md H$mo hr OmË¶mVrV ^md H$hm OmVm h¡& ¶hm± Om{V-Y‘© g§~§Yr ^oX-^md Zht ahVm& gaH$ma {H$gr ^r ‘V Y‘© H$mo Xoe H$m Y‘© Zht ‘mZV& ¶h àË¶oH$ H$mo AnZo Y‘© H$m AmMaU VWm {dídmg H$aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm XoVm h¡& Ym{‘©H$ ñdV§ÌVm H$mo gm‘m{OV {hV H$s Ñ{ï> go {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma gaH$ma H$mo hmoVm h¡&

79

∙ ñdV§Ì Ý¶m¶m§J - h‘mam Ý¶m¶m§J, emgH$m§J VWm H$m¶mªJ go ñdV§Ì h¡ VWm H$m’$s A{YH$ma aIVm h¡& gaH$ma hmo, ¶m g§gX hmo, Ý¶m¶m§J ‘| BgH$m hñVjon Zht hmo gH$Vm & H$mZyZ Ho$ g‘j g^r g‘mZ h¢& Ý¶m¶ nmZo H$m Adga g^r H$mo {‘bVm h¡& ¶h VËd Ý¶m¶m§J ‘| à‘wI én go C„o{IV h¡& gdm}ƒ> Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ho$ ’¡$gbo ({ZU©¶) H$mo g^r Ho$ Ûmam ‘mZZm A{Zdm¶© h¡ VWm ¶hr A§{V‘ {ZU©¶ h¡&

∙ d¶ñH$ (àm¡T>, ¶wdm) ‘VXmZ nÕ{V - ¶wdm ZmJm[aH$m| Ûmam (18 df© go A{YH$) ‘VXmZ H$a à{V{Z{Y¶m| H$m MwZmd (M¶Z) H$aZo H$mo d¶ñH$ ‘VXmZ nÕ{V H$hVo h¢& g^r ZmJ[aH$ {~Zm {H$gr ^oX-^md Ho$ ‘VXmZ H$a|& V^r CÎm‘ gaH$ma H$s gWmnZm hmo gH$Vr h¡&

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ H$m Ame¶ gwIr amÁ¶ (dob’o$¶a ñQ>oQ>) ñWm[nV H$aZm h¡&

g^r H$mo g‘m{OH$ VWm A{W©H$ gwajm àXmZ H$aZo H$m CÔoí¶ aIZo dmbo amÁ¶ H$mo gm‘mZ én go gwIr amÁ¶ H$hVo h¢&

∙ MwZmd nÕ{V - ^maV {díd H$m g~go ZS>m àOmà^wËd dmbm Xoe h¡& {nN>bo N>… eVmpãX¶m| go MwZmd gm‘mÝ¶ én go g‘¶ g‘¶ na hmoVo aho h¢& Bg Ad{Y ‘| àOmà^wËd nÕ{V Xoe ‘| AnZr OS>| O‘m MwHo$ h¡& BgHo$ H$m¶m] ‘| Hw$N> Im{‘¶m± ^r h¢ qH$Vw ¶h nÕ{V g§Vmof àX h¡&

ZdrZ eãX

g§{dYmZ AñWm¶r g{‘{V - ‘g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m’ ‘| àñVwV g§{dYmZ H$s ‘yb H$ƒm à{V (An[aîH¥$V) H$mo V¡¶ma H$aZo dmbr g{‘{V h¡&

g‘yh ‘o MMm© H$a CÎma {b{IE -

1. g§{dYmZ {H$go H$hVo h¡?

2. g§{dYmZ g^m H$m AÜ¶j H$m¡Z Wm?

3. S>m°. ~r.Ama. A§~oS>H$a H$s ^y{‘H$m g§{dYmZ aMZm ‘| ³¶m Wr?

4. ^maV H$mo {H$g {XZ JUamÁ¶ Kmo{fV {H$¶m J¶m?

5. d¶ñH$ ‘VXmZ nÕ{V ³¶m h¡?

80

6. JUamÁ¶ go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡?

7. gd©Y‘©g‘^md {H$go H$hVo h¢?

MMm© H$s{OE

àñVmdZm ‘| C„o{IV VËdm| VWm AmXem} na MMm© H$a|&

{H«$¶m H$bmn

1. h‘mam g§{dYmZ h‘ g^r H$mo A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ àXmZ H$aVm h¡& A{YH$ma

VWm H$V©ì¶m| ‘| go AmnH$s ZOa ‘| ³¶m à‘wI h¡?

g‘yh MMm© Ûmam AnZm A[^àm¶ ‘w»¶ A§e Ho$ én ‘| C„o{IV H$s{OE&

2. g§{dYmZ g^m Ho$ gXñ¶m| H$m {MÌg§J«h H$s{OE&

81

nmR>10 ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma Ed§ H$V©ì¶

nmR> n[aM¶ :

h‘mao g§{dYmZ Ûmam ^maVr¶ ZmJarH$m| H$mo {XE JE ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘o§ n[aM¶ àmá H$a|Jo&

gm‘Ï¶© :

1. ñdm^m{dH$ A{YH$ma Am¡a ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma ‘| A§Va OmZ|Jo&

2. ^maV H$s àOm H$mo g§{dYmZ Ûmam {XE JE ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$mo g‘P|J|&

3. g§{dYmZ ‘| Omar {H$E JE ½¶mah H$V©ì¶m| H$mo g‘PH$a AnZo OrdZ ‘| CZH$m nmbZ H$aZo H$s j‘Vm aIZo ‘| g‘W© hm|Jo&

4. AnZo A{YH$mam| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aZo ‘| ~mYm AmZo na CÝh| nwZ… àmá H$aZo H$m VarH$m T>°yT>Zm&

‘A{YH$ma’ go VmËn¶© ZmJ[aH$mo§ H$mo {‘bZo dmbm A{YH$ma h¡& ¶h ñdm^m{dH$ A{YH$ma hmo gH$Vm h¡, O¡go-OrZo (Or{dV) H$m A{YH$ma, OrdZ gwajm H$m A{YH$ma BgHo$ A{V[aº$ Ý¶m¶gå‘V A{YH$ma hmo gH$Vo h¢ O¡go - g‘mZVm H$m A{YH$ma, {ejm H$m A{YH$ma &

ì¶{º$ Ho$ {dH$mg VWm amï´> H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ñdV§ÌVm VWm ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma Amdí¶H$ h¢& Bgr{bE àOm H$mo Hw$N> ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma {XE JE h¡&

‘yb^yV A{YH$ma H$m AW©

ì¶{º$ Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd {dH$mg Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ Ûmam {XE JE Adga ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma H$hbmVo h¢& ¶o g§{dYmZ Ûmam ZmJm[aH$m| H$mo {X¶m J¶m A{YH$ma h¡& ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma g‘m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ h¢& BZH$m C„§KZ H$moB© Zht H$a gH$Vm& ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE Ý¶m¶m§J H$s gwajm h¡&

‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| Ho$ àH$ma

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Zo Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJarH$m| H$mo à‘wI én go N>… ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$¶m h¢&

1. g‘mZVm H$m A{YH$ma 4. Ym{‘©H$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma

82

2. ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma 5. gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm e¡{jH$ A{YH$ma3. emofU Ho$ {déÕ H$m A{YH$ma 6. g§{dYmZ ~Õ g‘mYmZ (n[ahma) H$m A{YH$ma

1 g‘mZVm H$m A{YH$ma : H$mZyZ Ho$ g‘j g^r g‘mZ h¢& Mmho Omo H$moB© ^r hmo, H$mZyZ Ho$ AmJo H$moB© ~S>m Zht h¡, VWm g^r H$mo gwajm {‘bZr M{hE& ¶h VËd g‘mZVm Ho$ Am{YH$ma H$m A§J h¡&

Y‘©, Hw$b, Om{V, qbJ, OÝ‘ñWmZ BZHo$ AmYma na amÁ¶ njnmV Zht H$a gH$Vm& hmoQ>b VWm ‘Zmoa§OZ ñWbm| ‘| àdoe hoVw {H$gr ^r àOm na à{V~§Y Zht bJm¶m OmZm Mm{hE& gmd©O{ZH$ Hw$E±, Vmbm~, gS>H$m| VWm {dlm‘ ({dam‘) ñWbm| Ho$ Cn¶moJ Ho$ {bE ^r à[a~§Y Zht hmoZm Mm{hE& gaH$mar ‘| OmZo godmAm| Ho$ {bE g^r ZmJarH$m| H$mo g‘mZ Adga àmá h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ nyOmñWbm| ‘| VËg§~§Yr ‘V-Y‘m] Ho$ ì¶{º$¶m| Ho$ àdoe àmW©Zm na amoH$ Zht bJm¶r Om gH$Vr&

g‘mZVm 2. ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma : g§{dYmZ Ûmam àmá ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ A{YH$ma {ZåZ{b{IV h¢&

1. dmH²$ ñdV§ÌVm aWm A{^àm¶ ì¶º$ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma &

2. em§{Vnyd©H$ g^m ‘| gpå‘{bZ hmoZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma&

3. g§K g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$m A{YH$ma&

83

4. Xoe ‘| Mmam| Amoa à{V~§Y a{hV Ky‘Zo H$m A{YH$ma&

5. ^maV Ho$ {H$gr ^r ^mJ/ amÁ¶ ‘| {Zdmg H$m A{YH$ma&

6. {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ CÚmoJ, ì¶mnma, d¥{Îm, ì¶dhma H$mo H$aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm &

dmH²$ ñdmV§Í`

{H«$¶m H$bmn : dmH²$MmVw¶© g§~§Yr ñdV§ÌVm H$s àYmZVm go g§~§{YV EH$ {dMma Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$ao Am¡a A{^àm¶ ì¶º$ H$s{OE&

ñdV§ÌVm ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma hmoZo na ^r Bgo BÀN>mZwgma n[adV©Z H$aZm g§^d Zht h¡& Hw$N> n[apñW{V¶m| ‘| amÁ¶ ^r ì¶{º$ H$s ñdV§ÌVm na nm~§Xr VWm gr‘mE± bJmgH$Vm h¡& ¶h g§{dYmZ ‘| C„o{IV h¡& CXm: dmH²$ ñdV§ÌVm hmoZo H$m AW© ¶h Zht {H$ Xÿgam| Ho$ à{V AZmn - eZmn ~mob|&

3. emofU Ho$ {déÕ OmZo H$m A{YH$ma - Jar~ ‘{hbmE>>±, ~ƒo VWm Xþ~©bm| H$m emofU Zht hmoZm Mm{hE, ¶hr Bg A{YH$ma H$m CÔoí¶ h¡& Y‘©, Om{V, dJ© VWm qbJ Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZodmbo emofU H$m {ZfoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma H$s Amoa go H$B© A{Y{Z¶‘ VWm H$mZyZ ~ZmE JE h¢&

84

CXm: XhoO boZm XÊS>ZrW AnamY h¡& ~§YwAm ‘OXÿa nÕ{V H$m {ZfoY {H$¶m J¶m h¡&

IwXmB©, ~rS>r V¡¶ma H$aZm, nQ>mIo V¡¶ma H$aZm O¡go (IVaZmH$(KmVH$)) H$m¶m] Ho$ {bE ~ƒm|

H$mo H$m‘ na boZm {Z{fÕ h¡& do 14 df© H$s Am¶w VH$ A{Zdm¶© én go {ejm àá H$a|, ¶h

H$mZyZ h¡&

4. Ym{‘©H$ ñdV§ÌVm - maV H$s àOm AnZo {bE ghr, ng§XrXm Y‘© H$mo ñdrH$ma VWm

AZwgaU H$a gH$Vr h¡& ¶h ñdV§ÌVm CÝh| àmá h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ em§{V, AZwemgZ, ñdmñÏ¶

VWm {Z‘©bVm H$mo MmoQ> Z nh±wMo, BgH$m Ü¶mZ aIVo hþE ‘V-Y‘m] H$mo AmMaU H$m A{YH$ma

g^r ^maVr¶m| H$mo àmá h¡& ~bmËH$ma, YmoIm VWm ~oB©‘mZr Ûmam ‘Vn[adV©Z Zht {H$¶m

OmZm Mm{hE ¶h g§{dYmZ ‘| C„o{IV h¡&

Ym{‘©H$ ñdV§ÌVm

5. gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm e¡{jH$ A{YH$ma - Ym{‘©H$ VWm mfm Ho$ AmYma na Aëng§»¶H$mo§

H$s {hV Ñ{ï> go CZH$s gwajm Bg ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVm h¡& àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$

AnZr ^mfm, {b{n ¶m g§ñH¥${V H$s ajm H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma aIVm h¡& Aëng§»¶H$m| Ho$ {bE

{ejm g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$a àemgZ H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r h¡& qH$Vw ^mfm VWm Ym{‘©H$

Aëng§»¶H$m| H$s {ejU g§ñWmE° amÁ¶ Ho$ {Z¶‘m| H$m nmbZ H$a|&

85

gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a e¡{jH$ A{YH$ma

6. g§{dYmZ ~Õ g‘mYmZ (n[ahma) H$m A{YH$ma - ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$m C„§KZ hmoZo na ZmJ[aH$ Ý¶m¶mb¶ go {eH$m¶V H$a gH$Vm h¡& Bg A{YH$ma H$mo g§{dYmZ ~Õ n[ahma H$m A{YH$ma H$hVo h¢& Bg Ho$ ghmao eof ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$s ajm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

‘yb^yV A{YH$ma go ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡? - grYo g§{dYmZ Ûmam ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo {XE JE A{YH$ma h¡& BZ‘| g§gX, {dYmZg^m, H$mZyZ Ûmam, A{YH$madJ©, nw{bg g{hV {H$gr ^r gmd©O{ZH$ (gaH$mar) g§ñWmAm| H$mo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aZm ¶m C„§KZ H$aZm {Z{fÕ h¡& C„§KZ hmoZo na {H$g ì¶{º$ Ho$ gmW AÝ¶m¶ hþAm h¡, dh grYo Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ ¶m gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ OmH$a g‘mYmZ àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡& ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma go g§~§{YV gdm}ÀN> Ý¶m¶mb¶ ¶m Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$mo {X¶m OmZodmbm AmdoXZ/{ZdoXZ [aQ> AOu/AdoXZ H$hbmVm h¡&

‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶ -

‘yb^yV A{YH$ma VWm H$V©ì¶ EH$ hr {g¸o$ Ho$ Xmo nhby h¢& ‘H$V©ì¶’ H$m AW© h¡ ì¶{º$ H$m AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE {Oå‘oXma hmoZm& àOm AnZo ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| H$mo ñd¶§ CËgmh nyd©H$m {Z^mE V~ Xoe H$m Aä¶wX¶ VWm {dH$mg gabVm go hmo gHo$Jm&

g§{dYmZ ‘| 11 ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶ OmoS>o JE h¢& ¶o {ZåZ{b{IV h¢ -

1. g§{dYmZ, amï´>ÜdO VWm amï´>JrV H$m gå‘mZ H$aZm&

2. ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ CÞV AmXem] H$m nmbZ H$aZm&

86

3. ^maVr¶ EH$Vm H$s ajm H$aZm&

4. ‘mV¥^y{‘ H$s ajm H$aZm &

5. h‘ g~ ^maVr¶ EH$ h¢ Bg ^mdZm H$mo ~T>mZm&

6. h‘mar g‘¥Õ gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$m| H$s ajm H$aZm &

7. àmH¥${VH$ n¶m©daU H$s ajm H$a Cgo A{^d¥{Õ H$aZm&

8. d¡km{ZH$ ‘Zmo^md VWm d¡Mm[aH$Vm ~T>mZm &

9. gmd©O{ZH$ Om¶XmX H$s ajm H$aZm VWm [h§gm H$m Ë¶mJ H$aZm&

10. {ZOr VWm gm_y{hH$ H$m`m] _| Hw$ebVm nmH$a Xoe H$s A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aZm&

11. g^r ‘mVm-{nVm Am¡a A{^^mdH$ 6 go 14 df© VH$ Ho$ ~ƒm| H$s {ejm H$m Adga àXmZ H$a|&

amï´>ÜdO H$mo Jm¡ad XoZm n[aga g§ajU

{H«$¶m H$bmn - ‘n¶m©daU’ H$s ajm ‘| AmO {dÚm{W©¶m| H$s ^y{‘H$m Bg {df¶ na EH$ MMm© Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$a A{^àm¶ g§J«h H$aZm&

àOm AnZo ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| H$m {Zdm©h Z H$ao Vmo gaH$ma Cggo Ý¶m¶mb¶ ‘| àíZ Zht

87

{H$¶m Om gH$Vm& {’$a ^r Xoe H$s gmar àOm H$mo ñd¶§ CËgmh go ‘yb ^yV H$V©ì¶m| H$m {Zdm©h H$aZm h¡&

g‘yh MMm© H$a CÎma {b{IE -

1. ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| go ³¶m Vmá¶© h¡?

2. g‘mZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢?

3. gm‘m{OH$ VWm A{W©H$ emofU H¡$go hmoVm h¡? CXmhaU Xr{OE&

4. ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| H$m nmbZ ñd¶§ CËgmh go h‘| ³¶m| H$aZm Mm{hE ?

5. {H$Ýht VrZ ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE &

MMm© H$s{OE -

1. ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| H$m ‘hËd &

2. {dÚmb¶ Ho$ Am±JZ ‘| {dÚm{W©¶m| Ho$ H$V©ì¶&

{H«$¶m H$bmn -

1. ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam| VWm ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| {dÚm{W©¶m| Ûmam Xmo-VrZ {‘ZQ> H$m ^mfU H$admZm&

2. àOmÛmam ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m| H$m nmbZ Z H$aZo na hmoZodmbo n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| {dÚm{W©¶m| go H$hbdmZm (CXm: Jm±d Ho$ gmd©O{ZH$ Vmbm~ ‘| Ë¶mÁ¶ dñVwAm| H$m ’|$H$Zm, àmMrZ {H$bo Ho$ nËWam| H$mo EH$ EH$ H$a Mwam bo OmZm, ‘VXmZ Z H$aZm)

3. A{YH$mam| H$s Vah {X¶o OmZo dmbo ‘hËdnyU© H$V©ì¶m| Ho$ ~mao ‘| MMm© H$aZm&

88

nmR>11 amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd

nmR> n[aM¶ :

h‘mao g§{dYmZ ‘o§ Omar amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËdm| H$mo ^y{‘H$m ‘| A{^ì¶º$ CÔoí¶m| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE ¶h ghm¶H$ hmoJm, BgH$m n[aM¶ nmE±Jo&

gm‘Ï¶© :

1. amÁ¶{ZX}eH$ VËdm| H$m AW© Ed§ ‘hËd H$m n[aM¶ àmá hmoJm&

2. amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd gwIr amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE H¡$go ghm¶H$ h¡, Bgo g‘PZm&

amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËdm| H$m AW©gwIr amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ CÔoí¶ H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ Zo Hw$N> VËd aIH$a

amÁ¶ H$m ‘mJ©Xe©Z {H$¶m h¡& Eogo ‘mJ©Xeu gyÌm| H$mo amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd H$hm OmVm h¡& Mmho Omo ^r gaH$ma A{YH$ma ‘| hmo, dh BZ VËdm| H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘o§ aIH$a àemgZ MbmE, ¶hr BZH$m CÔoí¶ h¡& ^maV Ho$ g‘J« {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ¶h ‘mJ©Xe©H$ h¡&amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËdm| H$mo ‘hËd

amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd H|$Ð VWm amÁ¶ gaH$ma Ho$ g§{dYmZ Ûmam {X¶m J¶m {ZX}eZ h¡& H$mZyZ ~ZmVo g‘¶, Zr{V {Z‘m©U Omar H$aVo g‘¶ BZ VËdm| H$mo AnZmZm Adí¶H$ h¡& ñdmV§Í¶, g‘mZVm, ^«mV¥Ëd ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a gwIr amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm ‘| amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd à‘wI h¢&amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËdm| Ho$ àH$ma

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘| bmJy amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd ¶o h¢&1. gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ - àOm H$mo gm‘m{OH$ , A{W©H$ VWm amOZ¡{VH$ Ý¶m¶ CnbãY

H$amH$a OZH$ë¶mU H$aZm &2. Xþ~©bm| H$mo gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ - Xþ~©bm| H$mo OrdZ H$m AmYma CnbãY H$amZm, CZHo$

A{W©H$ emofU H$m {ZdmaU Am¡a e¡{jH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$amZm VWm CÝh| H$mZyZ H$m {Z…ewëH$$ ghm¶ CnbãY H$amZm &

89

3. ‘{hbm VWm ~mb H$ë¶mU - EH$ hr àH$ma Ho$ H$m¶© Ho$ {bE nwéfm| Ho$ g‘mZ ‘{hbmAm| H$mo r g‘mZ doVZ, ‘{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE àgy{V gw{dYm, ~mb-emofU na amoH$, ~ƒm| Ho$ ñdmñW {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Adga VWm CZHo$ {bE {Z…ewëH$ VWm A{Zdm¶© àmW{‘H$ {ejm&

‘{hbm VWm ~mb H$ë¶mU {Z…ewëH$ VWm A{Zdm¶© {ejm

4. ‘OXÿa H$ë¶mU - ‘OXÿam| H$s Hw$ebVm, XoI aoI, ‘OXÿar H$m A{YH$ma, ‘OXÿar H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b dmVmdaU, ‘OXÿam| H$mo {ZåZV‘ doVZ, VWm CZH$mo àemgZ ‘| ^mJ boZo H$m Adga àXmZ H$aZm &

5. Aghm¶H$m| H$s ‘XX / godm - d¥Õ, amoJr VWm {ZéÚmo{J¶m| (~oamoO‘mam|) H$mo Or{dH$monmO©Z Ho$ {bE gaH$ma go ‘XX&

6. g^r Ho$ {bE g‘mZ H$mZyZ - ^maV H$s g^r àOm H$mo g‘mZ ZmJ[aH$ H$mZyZ Omar H$aZm &

7. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY - ‘ÚnmZ go ñdmñÏ¶ {~J‹S>Vm h¡, n[adma H$s Am[W©H$ pñW{V Iam~ hmo OmVr h¡ VWm ‘{hbmAm| H$m emofU ~‹T>Vm h¡& Bg{bE h‘mao g§{dYmZ ‘| ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$m H$mZyZ Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE amÁ¶ gaH$ma H$mo {ZX}eZ {X¶m J¶m h¡&

8. H¥${f Am¡a newnmbZ g§JR>Z - amÁ¶ H¥${f VWm new nmbZ Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ VarHo$ go g§J{R>V H$aZo H$m à¶mg H$aZm VWm {deofH$a new dJm] H$mo g§a{jV H$a CÎm‘ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Jm¶ ~N>S>| VWm AÝ¶ XÿY XoZodmbo VWm T>moZodmbo OmZdam| Ho$ dY H$m {ZfoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ Omar H$aZm& Am{X g§{dYmZ ‘| {ZX}{eV h¡&

90

AmYw{ZH$ H¥${fH¥${f {dH$mg

9. n¶m©daU - n¶m©daU g§ajU VWm gwYma VWm dÝ¶Ordm| H$s ajm, IwXmB© (ImZm| H$s), CÚmoJYÝYm| go hmoZodmbo àXÿfU go n¶m©daU H$s ajm H$aZm, VWm dÝ¶Ordm| H$s ajm H$aZm&

10. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$m| H$s ajm - Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZm| VWm ñ‘maH$m| H$s ajm H$aZm CXmhaU - h§nr, ~obyé, hbo~rSw>, nÅ>XH$„x Am{X àojUr¶ ñWbm| H$m g§ajU H$aZm &

~obyé

91

11. A§Vam©ï´>r¶ em§{V, gwajm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo ‘| Xoe H$s gh^m{JVm Amdí¶H$ h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ {H$go H$hVo h¢? Om{V, Y‘©, qbJ, ^mfm, dU©, àXoe VWm ñVa Ho$ ^oX ^md go a{hV g^r ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bE gwajm àXmZ H$aZm VWm g^r H$mo g‘mZ Ñ{ï> go XoIZm hr gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ h¡& {nN>S>o dJ} Ho$ {hV, {ZåZV‘ doVZ, ~§YwAm ‘OXÿar H$m {Z‘©ybZ, ~mbemofU H$m {Z‘©ybZ, {ó¶m| H$mo g‘mZVm H$m A{YH$ma VWm gå‘mZ Am{X gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢&

g§{dYmZ Zo amÁ¶ H$mo H$B© gbmh VWm {ZX}eZ {X¶o h¢& {’$a ^r CZH$m C„§KZ hmoZo na ZmJ[aH$ Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$s eaU ‘| Om gH$Vo h¢& (CXm: N>… g{X¶m| Ho$ ~rV OmZo na ^r H|$Ð gaH$ma VWm AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$ma Zo ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY Omar Zht {H$¶m h¡& Bg {Xem ‘| Ý¶m¶mb¶

H$mo {eH$m¶V H$a gH$Vo h¡&

{H«$¶m H$bmn - amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd h‘mao amÁ¶ ‘| {H$VZr hX VH$ bmJy h¡& AmO {^Þ-{^Þ ar{V go emofU hmo hr ahm h¡& Bg g§X^© ‘| EH$ MMm©Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$s{OE Am¡a ì¶º$ A{^àm¶m| H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

g‘yh ‘| MMm© H$a CÎma Xr{OE -

1. amÁ¶ {ZX}eH$ VËd go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢?

2. ‘{hbm Ed§ ~mb H$ë¶mU ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ Zo amÁ¶m| H$mo$ ³¶m {ZX}e {X¶m

h¢?

3. g^r H$mo g‘mZ H$mZyZ H$r Adí¶H$Vm Ho$ ~mao ‘| {b{IE&

4. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$mo Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE amÁ¶ H$mo {ZX}e ³¶m| {XE JE h¢?

MMm© H$s{OE -

1. Xþ~©bm| Ho$ {bE gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ &

2. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY&

3. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$ ajm&

4. ~mb {ejm A{YH$ma H$mo Am¡a A{YH$ à^md embr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ³¶m {H$¶m Om

gH$Vm h¡?

92

{H«$¶m H$bmn -

1. AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ g‘wXm¶ ‘| XoIo OmZo dmbo gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am[W©H$ én go

Xþ~©b bmoJm| H$mo Xo{IE& do ³¶m| Xþ~©b h¢? BgHo$ ~mao ‘| ghnm{R>¶m| Ho$ gmW {d‘em©

H$s{OE&

2. ‘ÚnmZ godZ VWm ‘mXH$ nmXmWm] H$m Cn¶moJ h‘mao ¶wdm dJ© na H$m¡Zgm

Xþîn[aUm‘ S>mbVo h¢? Bg Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| EH$ {dMma Jmoð>r H$m Am¶moOZ H$a

A{^àm¶ g§J«h H$s{OE&

3. ~mb A{YH$ma, ~mbH$ Ho$ gd©Vmo‘wIr {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$ h¡& BZH$m C„§KZ

hmoZo na Mm§BëS> bmBZ 1098 Zm‘H$ gmhm¶H$ dmUr g§»¶m na H$m°b H$a gH$Vo h¢¡,

¶h Amn OmZVo h¢& Bg g§X^© ‘| MMm© H$a A{Yàm¶ g§J«h H$s{OE&

93

nmR>12 CÎmar A_o[aH$m

nmR> n[aM`{nN>br H$jm _| AmnZo E{e`m, `yamon Am¡a Am{\«$H$m Xoem| Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$

bjU Am¡a CZH$s à_wIVm Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡ & Bg H$jm _| Amn CÎmar A_o[aH$m, X[jU A_o[aH$m, AmñQ´>o{b`m Am¡a A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ mJm| H$s AË`{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo &

Bg nmR> _| CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m ñWmZ, {dñVma ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe, àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJ, Obdm`w VWm àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V, ì`dgm`, à_wI I{ZO Am¡a CÚmo-JXÝYm|, OZg§»`m - {dH$mg, {dVaU Am¡a KZËd H$m n[aM` àmá H$a|Jo &gm_Ï`© (H$m¡eb)1 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m ñWmZ, {dñVma Am¡a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[adoe H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|Jo &2 CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJ Am¡a CZH$s {d{dYVm H$s VwbZm H$aVo

hþE OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo &3 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s Z{X`m| Am¡a _hmgamodam| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo &4 CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ {d{dYVm `wº$ Obdm`w H$m àmH¥$[VH$ dZñn{V Am¡a

àm{UdJ© na nS>Zo dmbo à^md H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo &5 CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ ì`mdgm{`H$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| OmZ|Jo &6 à_wI I{ZOm| H$s ~hþbVm H$m Cn`moJ H$a CÎmar A_o[aH$m CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$m

{dH$mg {H$g àH$ma H$a ahm h¡, OmZ|Jo &7 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s OZg§»`m H$m _yb, KZËd Am¡a {dVaU H$s OmZH$mar

àmá H$a|Jo &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m hmb hr _| kmV hþAm ^y-^mJ h¡ & B©gm nyd© 1501 _| BQ>br H$m Zm{dH$ A_o[aJmo doñnw{g y AQ>bmpÊQ>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ nydu g_wÐr VQ> na àW_ ~ma nh±þMm & Bg{bE CZHo$ Zm_ Ho$ AmYma na A_o[aJmo H$mo "A_o[aH$m" Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$mam J`m & Bg ^y ^mJ _| AZoH$ {Zdmgr `yamonr` Am¡a AÝ` Xoem| go ñWmZm§V[aV hmoH$a AmE h¢ & CZ_| ñnoZ dm{g`m| Zo _opŠgH$mo Ho$ ñdU© H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Vmo \«$m§g dm{g`m| Zo Ho$ZS>m _| D$Z H$m ì`mnma H$a g_¥{Õ nm`r & {~«{Q>e (A§Jo«Om|) Zo Ho$ZS>m Ho$ AQ>bmpÊQ>H$ Am¡a Ý`y B§½b¡ÊS> _| _Ëñ` CÚmoJ Ho$ gmW gmW dhm± Ho$ dZàXoem| H$mo byQ>{b`m &

^yJmob {dkmZ

94

CÎmar A_o[aH$m (amOZ¡{VH$)

CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ g_¥Õ g§gmYZ dhm± Ho$ {dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AmYma ah| h¢ & {dñV¥V ñWmZr` ~mOma, AÝVam©ï´>r` ì`mnm[aH$ g§~§Y, CÎm_ `mVm`mV Am{X Ho$ H$maU CÎmar A_o[aH$m {díd Ho$ AË`§V {dH${gV àXoem| _| go

~o[a¨Jg_wÐ

Eog ë`m§S>J«rZ ë`m§S>

Am{H©${Q

>H$ d¥Îm

hS>gZ Obg§{Y

\o${g{\$H$gmJa

J«oQ> gmëQ> boH$

A{_[aH$m g§`wº$ g§ñWmZdmqgJQ>Z

CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$ gmJa

gmaJmogm

g_wÐ

~h_g

doñQ> B§S>rOO_¡H$m

Ho$ao{~`Z g_wÐ

X[jU A_o[aH$m

½dm§Q>o_mb

{~{b{O

H$moñQ>[a`m

nZm_m

_opŠgH$mo

_opŠgH$moObg§{Y

CÎmar A_o[aH$m

\o${g{\$H$ gmJa

H$H$m©Q>H$ g§H«$m§{V d¥Îm

{d{ZnoJ Prb

AbmñH

$m

(`w.Eg

.E)

ñbmd Prb

~ra Prb

hÿamZ AmQ>mo[a`mo

{_{MJZ

B©[a

{dH$mamJmdm

95

EH$ h¡ & Bgr H$maU CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ amï´> g_¥Õ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ê$n go ~bembr ^mJm| _| {JZo OmVo h¢ & AV… Bg ^y - ^mJ H$mo AmXe© ê$n _| AÝ` ^y-^mJm| go VwbZm H$a g_PZm Amdí`H$ h¡ &

1. pñW{V, ñWmZ Ed§ {dñVma

CÎmar A_o[aH$m nyU©V… ^y_Ü` aoIm Ho$ CÎmar ^mJ _| pñWV h¡ & `h 70 CÎmar Ajm§e go 840 Ajm§e aoIm VH$ \o$bm hþAm h¡& H$H©$ aoIm (23

12

0 CÎmar Ajm§e) Bg ^y-^mJ Ho$ X[jUr ^mJ g| Am¡a _H$a aoIm (66 1

20 CÎmar AmH©${Q>H$ d¥Îm)

CÎmar ^mJ go hmoH$a JwOaVr h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m nyd© _| AQ>bmpÊQ>H$ _hmgmJa, npíM_ _| no{g{\$H$ _hgmJa Am¡a CÎma _| AmH©${Q>H$ (CÎmar erV) gmJa go {Kam hþAm h¡ & ~o[a¨J ObS>_ê$_Ü` Bgo E{e`m _hmÛrn go AbJ H$aVm h¡& nZm_m Zha Ho$ Ûmam `h X{jU A_o[aH$m go ^ygånH©$ ~ZmE hþE h¡ & AZoH$ N>moQ>o - N>moQ>o Ob ^mJ `hm± XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ & CXmhaU Ho$ {bE - _opŠgH$mo H$s ImS>r, hS>gZ H$s ImS>r, AbmñH$m ImS>r, H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m H$s ImS>r Am{X & doñQ> BÝS>rO Am¡a Š`y~m Ûrn Ho$ao{~`Z gmJa _| pñWV h¢ & H$ZmS>m Ho$ nydu VQ> na Ý`y\$mCÝS>b¡ÊS> àXoe h¡& AmH©${Q>H$ _hmgmJa _| Ag§»` Ûrn h¢ {OZ_| J«rZb¡ÊS> g~go ~S>m h¡ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ X[jUr N>moa na pñWV ^y-^mJ _Ü` A_o[aH$m H$hbmVm h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ ^y ^mJ H$m {dñVma (16.46% E{e`m Am¡a Am{\«$H$m Ho$ ~mX Vrgao AË`§V {demb ^y ^mJ Ho$ ê$n _| àM{bV h¡ & `h ^maV go bJ^J gmV JwZm (24.24 Xg bmI {H$._r. joÌ\$b) ~S>m h¡ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| 24 amÁ` h¢ & H$ZmS>m, A_o[aH$m, g§`wº$ amÁ` Am¡a _opŠgH$mo, `o VrZm| amÁ` AmH$ma _| {demb h¢ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ ^m¡{VH$ ê$naoIm _| Ho$ao{~`Z Ûrnm| H$mo ^r em{_b {H$`m J`m h¡ &

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢ ?Xoe {deofVm_opŠgH$mo Q´>m§g Ho$Zo{S>`Z aobdo &H$ZmS>m ~\©$ ({h_) hm°H$s, ~\©$ ({h_) ^mby`y.Eg.E. J¡«§S> Ho$ZZ, hmoåg, ~ma[a¨Ja H«o$Q>a, dmëHo$Zmo (Ádmbm_wIr)doñQ> B§S>rg MrZr, {H«$Ho$Q> Ûrn

96

2. àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJ

CÎmar A_o[aH$m ^y-^mJ H$mo Mma à_wI àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJm| _| ~m°Q>m J`m h¡ &

1 npíM_r nd©Vlo{U`m± AWdm am°H$s nd©V2 Ho$ÝÐr` AWdm _hm _¡XmZ3 Anbo{e`Z CÞVàXoe (nR>ma) (Ho$Zo{S>`Z àXoe)

4 VQ>r` _¡XmZ

Eog ë`m§S>

bm~«S>ma g_wÐ

~_©S>m

Ý`y \$m¢S> ë`m§S>

J«rZ ë`m§S>

Am{H©${Q

>H$ d¥Îm

{d{ZnoJ Prb

Anbo{O`Z nd©V

ë`ma|{Q>`Z_¡XmZ

hS>gZ Obg§{Y

ñbmd Prb

Ho$ao{~`Z Prb

{_{MJZ

~ra Prb

~o[a¨Jg_wÐ

E{e`mAH$m©{Q>H$ gmJa

~«yŠg loUr

AbmñH$m loUr

CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$

gmJa

gmaJmogm

g_wÐ

~h_g

doñQ> B§S>rOHo$ao{~`Z g_wÐ

X[jU A_o[aH$mnZm_m Zha

_opŠgH$moObg§{Y

_opŠgH$mo_¡XmZ

H$mobamS>mo_¡XmZ

amIr nd©V loU

r

_hm _¡XmZ

hÿamZ AmQ>mo[a`mo

B©[a

CÎma A_o[aH$m D$nar bjU (D±$MmB© _rQ>a _| go)

1000 go Á`mXm500 - 1000200 - 500200 go H$_

CÎmar A_o[aH$m (àmH¥${VH$)

97

1. npíM_r nd©V lo{U`m±

ò nd©V lo{U`m± maV Ho$ {h_mb` nd©V Ho$ g_mZ hr naVXma nd©V lo{U`m± h¢& npíM_ Ho$ ò nd©V CÎmar ^mJ _| AbamñH$m go X[jU _| nZm_m VH$ {dñV¥V h¢& ò nR>mar ^y - ^mJ go `wº$ h¢ & CXmhaU - H$moboaoS>mo, _opŠgH$mo, `moH$Q>Z, nR>ma Am¡a bJmVma g_mZmÝVa ê$n go {dñV¥V naVXma nd©V lo{U`m| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡ &

am°H$s nd©V loUr AbmñH$m nd©V loUr

_opŠgH$mo Ho$ nd©V (_o{H$Ýbo)

npíM_ H$s nd©V lo{U`m| _| am°H$s nd©V AË`§V à_wI h¡ & ò nd©V lo{U`m± AmbmñH$m (~«yŠg) H$s Amoa H$_ D±$Mr h¡ Vmo _opŠgH$mo H$s Amoa OmVo OmVo A{YH$ D±$Mr hmoVr OmVr h¢ & Bg àXoe _| _mC§Q> _o{H$Ýbo (6194 _rQ>a) AË`§V D±$Mm {eIa h¡ & _¥VgmJa (KmQ>r) (g_wÐVb go 86 _rQ>a {ZåZ ^y-^mJ) AË`§V {ZåZ `m T>bmD$ ^mJ dmbm joÌ h¡ & Ho${b\$mo{Z©`m H$m d¡Q²>Zo nd©V VWm ídoV nd©V AnZr

98

AØþV D$~S>-Im~S> ^y{_ go `wº$ bjUm| d àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ {bE à»`mV h¡ BZ nR>mar àXoe Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> AÝVand©Vr` nR>mam| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & H$mobpå~`m, H$moboaoS>mo VWm _opŠgH$mo Ho$ nR>ma BZ_| à_wI h¢ & H$moboaoS>mo ZXr AnZo nR>mar àXoe Ho$ Anma {Kgmd go ""_hmJw\$m H§$Xam'' (J«¡ÊS> Ho$ZZ) Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡ &

AmoëS> \o$W\w$b Jrga {díd Ho$

à{gÕ Jrga (J^© Ob H$m òmoV)

h¡ & ò A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ amÁ`

Ho$ `„moñQ>moZ (nrbmàñVa) amï´>r` CÚmZ dZ _| h¡ &

àmMrZ {dídgZr` Jrga

2.Ho$ÝÐr` AWdm _hm _¡XmZ

_hm _¡XmZm| H$mo ""àoarg H$m _¡XmZ'' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & ò nydu ^mJ _| Anbo{e`Z Am¡a npíM_ _| nd©Vlo{U`m| Ho$ ~rM nmE OmVo h¢ & ò _¡XmZr àXoe AË §V {dñV¥V, (CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ Hw$b y-^mJ H$s 3/5 mJ) gnmQ>, EH$ g_mZ bjU dmbo hmoH$a T>bdm± àXoem| _| ^r \¡$bo hþE h¢ & ò _¡XmZr ^mJ {_gr{gnr Am¡a {_gm¡ar Z{X`m| VWm CZH$s CnZ{X`m| Ûmam {Z{_©V h¢ & ò {díd Ho$ AË`§V CnOmD$ _¡XmZm| _| go EH$ h¢ & CÎm_ H¥${f àXoedmbo h¢ & Bg àXoe H$m CÎmar ^mJ {h_ZXr (~\$s©br Z{X`m|) go ^yZ¾ àXoe hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `hm± Ag§»` ObànmVr IÈ>o {Z{_©V hmo JE h¡§& ò IÈ>m| gamoda (g_wÐ) `wº$ h¢ &

Yyb H$m H$Q>moam (Dust Bowl) - `h Ywb go `wº$ ñWmZr` Am±Yr go {Z{_©V hþAm h¡ & A_o[aH$m Am¡a H$ZmS>m Ho$ àoare àXoem| _| `h H¥${f Ho$ {bE ZwH$gmZ (hmZr) nhþ±MmVm h¡ &

99

3. Ho$Zo{S>`Z ^ynQ>b (bmao{e`Z nR>ma H$m ^mJ) -

Ho$Zo{S>`Z ^ynQ>b CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ CÎmar ^mJ _| h¡, Omo hS>gZ H$s ImS>r Ho$ Mmam| Amoa \¡$bm hþAm h¡ & `h ^maV Ho$ X¸$Z Ho$ nR>ma Ho$ g_mZ {díd Ho$ A{V àmMrZ {ebm IÊS>m| go {Z{_©V hþAm h¡ &

nyd© Ho$ CÞVàXoe (Anbo{e`Z)

nydu CÞV àXoem| H$mo "Anbo{e`Z' Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡ & `o ^y-^mJ Ho$ nydu {H$Zmam| na `y\$mCÝT> b¡ÊS> àXoe go Abm~m_m VH$ {dñÎm¥V h¢ & Anbo{e`Z

àmMrZ naVXma nd©V aho h¢ Omo y-Z¾rH$aU Ho$ H$maU dV©_mZ D±$MmB© _| {XIVo h¢&

Anbo{e`Z

Anbo{e`Z nd©V loUr Ho$ nydu mJ VQ>r` nR>ma Am¡a AmQ>bmpÊQ>H$ VQ>r` mJm|

_| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ & g|Q> bma|g KmQ>r Am¡a bo~«oS>moa nR>ma Anbo{e`Z loUr Ûmam

AbJ hmoVo h¢ & o H$mo`bm, grgm, OñVm, bm¡h O{ZV, Vm±~m, Obe{º$ Am¡a O§Jbr

noS>m| O¡go g§gmYZm| go g_¥Õ h¢ & `o àXoe {dñ_`H$mar ê$n go AË`{YH$ OZg§»`m

dmbm h¡& Omo CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s Am{W©H$Vm H$m à_wI ^mJ h¡ &

100

Z{X`m± Am¡a {demb gamoda (Prb)

CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| Hw$N> ~S>r Vmo Hw$N> N>moQ>r Z{X`m± h¢ & Bg ^mJ Ho$ Ho$Zo{S>`Z ^ynQ>b _| EH$ hr àH$ma Ho$ ^m¡{VH$ bjUdmbo AZoH$ gamoda {Z{_©V hþE h¢ & Omo {h_Z{X`m| Ho$ \$bñdê$n {Z{_©V h¢ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s Z{X`m°.

J«rZ ë`m§S>

Eog ë`m§S>

hS>gZ Obg§{Y

AH$m©{Q>H$ gmJa

~o[a¨Jg_wÐ

\o${g{\$H$ gmJa

X[jU A_o[aH$m

gmJm}gmg_wÐ

doñQ> B§S>rO

~h_g

hÿamZ AmQ>mo[a`mo

~ra Prbñbmd Prb

{d{ÞnoJ Prb

AH$m©{Q>H$ d¥Îm

gwno[a`a

{_{MJZ

Q>oZopñg

{_{g{gpßnB©[a

CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$

gmJa

_opŠgH$mo Obg§{Y

H$mob§{~`

H$moboamS>mo

[a`moJ«mZ²S>

AH©$Zmg²

nmQ>o

Ý`y \$m¢S>ë`m§S>

bm~«S>mag_wÐ

ZXr

Prb

101

Z{X`m± : {_gr{gnr Am¡a {_gm¡ar Z{X`m± CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s AË`§V ~S>r Z{X`m±

h¢& `o Bg ^y{_ Ho$ Hw$b 2/3 ^mJ _| ~hVr h¡ & {_gr{gnr AË`§V ~S>r ZXr h¡

Omo _opŠgH$mo H$s ImS>r _o§ OmH$a {_bVr h¡ &

{_gr{gnr {_gm¡ar

H$moboaoS>mo ZXr H$moboaoS>mo nR>ma Ho$ gmW gmW ~hVr hþ`r _hmH$ÝXa (_hmJw\$m) H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡ & Omo àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`© Am¡a n`©Q>Z (àdmg CÚ_) H$m Ho$ÝÐ ~Z J`m h¡ & _hmH$ÝXa H$mo ""{díd H$m àmH¥${VH$ {dñ_`'' H$hm OmVm h¡ &

_hmH§$Xa - (A[aOmoZm, `y.Eg.E.)

JhamB© - bJ^J 1800 _rQ>a

Mm¡S>mB© - 3 go 29 {H$._r.

J«¢S> Ho${Z`Z

102

g|Q> bmaoÝg A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ amÁ` Am¡a H$ZmS>m Ho$ AË`§V à_wI ZXr h¡ &

`h _hmgamodam| Ûmam ~hVr h¡ & EH$ df© H$s Ad{Y _o§ `h VrZ _hrZo VH$ {h_

(~\©$) Ho$ ê$n _| hr ahVr h¡ &

gamoda (Prb) :

CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m\$s g§»`m _| _rR>o Ob Am¡a Imao Ob H$s Prb go `wº$

h¡& CZ_| Ho$Z{S>`Z ^ynQ>b Ho$ X[jUr gr_m na pñWV øyaZ, Am|Q>m[a`mo, {_MrJZ

({_erJZ) AmBar, Am¡a gwnr[aà à_wI Prb h¢&

gwnr[aà Prb

Hw$b {_bmH$a CÝh| "hmoåg' H$hm OmVm h¡ & gwnr[aà Prb _hmZ² Prbm| _|

g~go ~S>r Prb h¡ Am¡a {díd Ho$ AË`§V ~S>r, _rR>o Ob H$s Prb h¡ & {eH$mJmo

Am¡a S>oQ´>mEQ> ZJa {_erZJ Prb Ho$ VQ> na pñWV h¡ & {dqMJ Zm_H$ Prb H$ZmS>m

H$s AË`§V à_wI Prb h¡ & ò g^r Prb| à_wI Ob_mJ© CnbãY H$amVr h¢ &

103

3 Obdm`w Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V

Obdm`w : CÎmar A_o[aH$m AË`§V {dñV¥V, {d{^ÞgVhr bjUm| dmbm àXoe h¡&

Omo AbJ Obdm`w go `wº$ h¡ & AbmñH$m Am¡a J«rZb¡ÊS> O_ OmZo dmbr Obdm`w go

`wº$ (Qw>§S´>màXoe) h¢ & A_o[aH$m H$mo g§`wº$ amÁ` X[jU npíM_r ^mJ _| _éñWb Ho$

gmW CîUVm `wº$ h¡ & Šbmo[aS>m H$m Am¾o` ^mJ, Ho$ao{~`Z Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` A_o[aH$m

H$m ^mJ CîU joÌ h¡ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ nydu ^mJ _| AmYm ^mJ A{YH$Va

AmÐ©VmnyU© h¡ & Bg ^mJ H$m Ho$ÝÐ VWm X[jUr àXoe h[aHo$Z Am¡a Q>moZ}S>mo O¡go Vrd«

Am±Yr dmbo àXoe h¡§ &

{Q‰>ñQ>a

h[aHo$ZQ>moZ}S>mo

104

CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V`m±

Eog ë`m§S>

bm~«S>ma g_wÐ

V§S´>m

~_©S>m

J«rZ ë`m§S>

hS>gZ Obg§{Y

ñbmd Prb

~ra Prb

~o[a¨Jg_wÐ

\o${g{\$H$ gmJa

AH$m©{Q>H$ gmJa

CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$

gmJa

gmaJmogm

g_wÐ

doñQ> B§S>rO

Ho$ao{~`Z g_wÐ

X[jU A_o[aH$m

hÿamZ AmQ>mo[a`mo

g_erVmoîU{_l O§Jb

gy{MnU© O§Jb

_o{S>Q>ao{Z`ZO§Jb

g_erVmoîUKmg _¡XmZ

CîU Am¡a AmYm

_é^y{_

Ja_ joÌ dfm© O§Jb

gwno[a`a

Q>§S´>m

gy{MnU© O§Jb

g_erVmoîU {_l O§Jb

_o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z O§JbCîU Am¡a AmYm _é^y_rCîU joÌ ~m[ae O§Jb

g_erVmoîU Kmg _¡Xm

ñdm^m{dH$ gñ`dJ©

105

àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V : àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V Am¡a àmUrdJ© H$m OrdZ A{YH$Va dhm± H$s Obdm`w {_Å>r Am¡a ^y ñdê$n d bjUmo§ na Adb§{~V hmoVm h¡ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s Obdm`w Am¡a ^y{_ H$m ñdê$n {d{dYVm nyU© h¡ & `h A{YH$ _mÌm _| {d{dYVm nyU© AY©ewîH$ dZñn{V go `wº$ h¡ &

o dZñn{V _w»`V… Obdm w àXoem| Ho$ AZwê$n

e§Hw$Ymar dZ

dZñnVr h¡ & CZ_| Qw>§S´>m, AmXe©àH$ma H$s dZñn{V h¡ Omo CÎma Ho$ _oé nd©V (AmH©${Q>H$ d¥Îm) na XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ & BZ_| ^r _w»` ê$n go H$ZmS>m, AbmñH$m Am¡a J«rZb¡ÊS> _| `h XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& erV F$Vw XrK© H$mb VH$ Am¡a O_ OmZo VH$ VWm J«rî_ F$Vw AË`§V H$_ Ad{Y VH$ hmoVr h¡ & `hm± nm`r OmZodmbr dZñn{V`m| _| H$mB© Am¡a e¡dmb (godma) _mÌ h¢ & J«rî_ F$Vw _| H$ht H$ht gwJ§Y VWm Ðì` go g§~§{YV \y$b dmbr dZñn{V`m± CJVr h¢ & Eogo H$ï>H$a Am¡a H${R>Z n[apñW{V _| Or{dV ahZo dmbo àmUr`m| _| {h_ {haZ, H$m[a~mo Am¡a emH$mhmar {h_^mby à_wI h¢ &

e§Hw$YmardZ Q>§wS´>m joÌ _| X[jU H$s Amoa R>§S>r g_erVmoîU àH$ma H$s Obdm`w hmoVr h¡ & `hm± erV àXoe Ho$ AZwHy$b àmUr bmo_S>r XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ & dmñVd _| `h e§Hw$Ymar dZm| H$m àXoe hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ""Q>oJm'' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& e§Hw$Ymar dZ gXm hao ^ao hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg dJ© _| MrS> g_ya (\$a) gOmdQ>r noS>, XodXmé, Am{X noS>m| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & D$Zr (\$a) ~mbm| dmbo àmUr Bg àXoe _| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ & CXmhaU - b¡ZmŠg, gm~b, {gëda \$mŠg Am{X &

~rda H$mbm ^mby

106

^mby {õ`m

gmBàg emh~byV H$s bH$S>r (MogZQ>)

nU©nmVr dZm| H$mo g|Q> bma|g Am¡a ~S>r grbm| Ho$ nydu ^mJ _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & Bg àmÝV H$m CÎmar ^mJ erV Am¡a X[jUr ^mJ J_u Ho$ JwUm| dmbm h¡ & OmS>o H$s F$Vw R>§S> hmoVr h¡ Vmo J«rî_ F$Vw _| J_u A{YH$ Am¡a gm_mÝ` dfm© dmbm àXoe h¡ & `hm± nm`o OmZo dmbo d¥j {Z{X©ï> Ad{Y _| AnZo nÎmo P‹S> boVo h¢ & CXmhaU Ho$ {bE gmBàg, AmH$, AmoH$, Am¡a eh~byV Ho$ d¥j & `hm± nm`o OmZo dmbo àm{U`m| _| - ~rda, H$mbm ^mby, {h_Myhm Am¡a nmoHw©$nmBZ (O§Jbr Myhm) à_wI h¡ &

R> §S> o g_erVmoîU joÌ H$mo dZñn{V`m| VWm Obdm`w H$mo A_o[aH$m Ho$ g §` wº$ amÁ` H o $ ^mJm | _ | X oIm Om gH$Vm h ¡ & am °H $ s nd ©V VWm {_gr{gnr - {_gm¡ar _hmZ{X`m| H$s _wIO ^y{_ Ho$ ~rM {demb Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZr àXoe h¢ & BÝh| ""àoarg'' H$hm OmVm h¡ & `h dmñVd _| d¥j a{hV {demb "Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ' h¢ >& Bg _¡XmZr àXoe _| Johÿ± H$s CnO VWm newnmbZ à{gÕ h¡ & Bgo {díd H$m à{gÕ ""Johÿ H$s H$mR> H$s Imobr (ñWmZ)'' AWdm ""amoQ>r H$s Q>moH$ar'' H$hm OmVm h¡ &

107

"àarg" Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ

e§Hw$Ymar noS> VWm nU©nmVr dZm| Ho$ noS> g_erVmoîU {_ldZm| _o XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ & H$ZmS>m Am¡a CÎmar H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m Eogo dZàXoer go `wº$ h¢ & BZ dZ àXoem| _| nmE OmZodmbo d¥j ~M©, ~rM, _onb. AmoH$ Am{X à_wI h¢ &

bmb d¥j _onb

H$ZmS>m - Prbm| go `wº$ Xoe h¡ & H$_ OZg§»`m Am¡ma AË`{YH$ Q>¡Jm àH$ma Ho$ dZm| dmbm àXoe h¡ {díd H$m AË`{YH$ bH$S>r {Z`m©V `hm± go hr hmoVm h¡ &

_opŠgH$mo H$m X[jUr ^mJ VWm doñQ>B§S>rO àXoe CîU joÌ Ho$ dZm| Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡ & `hm± _O~yV bH$S>r dmbo noS>m| H$mo$ O¡go _hmoJZr VWm bhR>o H$s bH$S>r dmbo d¥jm| Ho$ {_l dZm| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ &

108

H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m H$m npíM_r g_wÐr VQ> _o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z (^y_Ü`gmJar`) mJ {d{dY

àH$ma H$s Obdm`w dmbm h¡ & AË`{YH$ bå~r J«rî_ F$Vw dmbm `h àXoe {d{dY

àH$ma Ho$ AH$m{bH$ Am{bìg (O¡VyZ), AmoH$, H$mH©$ Am{X dZñn{V`m| go wº$ h¡ & Bg

àXoe _| IÅ>o \$bm| Ho$ {bE (g§Vam) ^r à{gÕ h¡ & X[jUr H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m, _opŠgH$mo

VWm Am[aOmoZm ñWmZm| _o Bg Ho$ nmpíM_r ^mJ _éñWb O¡gm ewîH$ dmVmdaU ^r

XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & {d{dY àH$ma H$m ZmJ\$Zr Am¡a H$m±Q>oXma Pm{S>`m± `hm± gm_mÝ`

ê$n _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢ & `hm± ZmJ\$Zr H$m CÎm_ CXmhaU "OmoewAm' h¡ & `hm±

_éñWb àXoe _| amV H$mo _éñWb Ho$ OmS>o Ho$ F$Vw H$hm OmVm h¡ &

_éñWb H$s dZñn{V`m± {d{dY àH$ma H$s ZmJ\${Z`m§°

109

4 H¥${f "H¥${f' CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m EH$ à_wI ì`dgm` h¡ & Bg ^mJ Ho$ Ho$ÝÐr` T>bmD$

àXoe, {deofH$a H$ZmS>m Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ amÁ` _| AË`{YH$ H¥${f CËnÞ amï´> h¢ & CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ Hw$b y-^mJ _| bJ^J 10 à{VeV àXoe_mÌ H¥${f Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ h¡ & qH$Vw CZ H¥${f joÌm| go àmá CËnmXZ (CnO) H$s _mÌm H$m\$s hmoVr h¡& Š`m| {H$ {dñV¥V H¥${f joÌ, CnOmD$ {_Å>r, Amdí`H$ qgMmB©, §Ìmo H$s ghm`Vm go CËnmXZ Am¡a AÝ` gw{dYmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW _mZd H$m gånyU© l_ àmá hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$mo {díd H$m g~go ~S>m H¥${f àXoe H$hZm C{MV hmoJm &

{deof \$gbm| Ho$ CËnmXZ _| {deofVm`wº$ àm§Vmo H$mo ""\$gbVm{bH$m (gyMr)'', H$hm OmVm h¡ & CXmhaU Ho$ {bE - H$mZ©nÅ>r _¸$m gyMr, Johÿ± gyMr, H$nmg gyMr, V§~mHy$gyMr Am{X &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m, {deofH$a hm± H$ZmS>m Am¡a g§`wº$amÁ` _| Johÿ± EH$ à_wI ImÚ Ho$ ê$n _| CJm`m OmVm h¡ & àoarg àXoe Johÿ± CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE Cn`wº${_Å>r H$mo CnbãY H$amVm h¡ & `hm± H$s OZg§»`m H$_ h¡ Am¡a H$m\$s _mÌm _| \$gb CËnmXZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo {Z`m©V {H$`m OmVm h¡ & _¸$m `hm± "H$mZ©' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡& Bgo g§`wº$ amÁ` VWm _opŠgH$mo Ho$ {demb àXoe _| CJm`m OmVm h¡ & "_¸$m' H$s H$m\$s _mÌm H$mo `hm± newAm| Am¡a gwAam| Ho$ Mmao Ho$ ê$n _| Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & BÝho _opŠgH$mo _| _m§g Ho$ {bE nmbm OmVm h¡ & (_¸$m) `h EH$ ImÚ nXmW© h¡ & {H$ÝVw AmO _¸$m BªYZ H$s \$gb H|$ ê$n _| CJm`m OmVm h¡ &

Johÿ§ _¸$m

AÝ` àYmZ \$gbm| _o§ ~mbu, AmoQ²>g Am¡a Amb² CJm`m OmVm h¡ & ~mbu, {~`a² (no` nXmW©) V¡`ma H$aZo _| Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & AmoQ²>g newAm| Ho$ Mmao Ho$

110

ê$n _| Cn`moJr h¡ & Bg ^mJ _| Amby H$mo ^r CJm`m OmVm h¡ Omo ImÚ nXmW© Ho$ ê$n _| à_wIVm aIVm h¡ &

Bg ^mJ _| H$nmg Am¡a V§~mHy$ H$mo dm{UÁ` CnO Ho$ ê$n _| X[jU _| CJm`m OmVm h¡ & {_gr{gnr ZXr KmQ>r àXoe _| H$nmg H$s CnO XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ & A_o[aH$m V§~mHy$ CËnmXZ Ho$ {Eb {díd à{gÕ amï´>m| _| EH$ h¡ & MrZ Ho$ ~mX g§`wº$ amÁ` A_o[aH$m H$m Bg CËnmXZ _| Xÿgam ñWmZ h¡ &

"JÞm' `hm°§ H$s EH$ Am¡a _w»` CnO h¡ & "Š`y~m' MrZr CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE {díd _| Vrgam ñWmZ Vmo aIVm hr h¡ gmW hr Bgo "{díd H$m MrZr H$m H$Q>moam' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ &

go~ Ho$ noS> A§Jya

H$hdm (H$m°\$s) Am¡a H$moH$ CîU joÌ Ho$ ~mJmZmo§ H$s CnO h¡ & Bgo Ho$ÝÐr` A_o[aH$m Ho$ mJm| VWm doñQ> B§S>rO joÌm| _o CJm`m OmVm h¡ & H¡${b\$mo{Z© m, âbmo[aS>m, Ý`yOgu Am¡a ZJa H|$Ðm| Ho$ Amg-nmg Ho$ àXoem| _| A§Jya, g§Vam, Zt~y, go~, A_ê$X, AmSy> (gVmb²) Am{X \$bm| H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡ & H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m bJ^J 90% à{VeV A§Jya H$m Cn`moJ H$a Ðmjmag (_{Xam) CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡ & Bg H$maU H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m ""Ðmjmag (_{Xam) H$m amÁ`'' H$hbmVm h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ CÎma - nydu ^mJ Ho$ AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ> na J¡«§S> ~¢H$, Ý`y B§½b¢S> H$m OmO©g ~¢H$ Am¡a - Ý`y\$mCÝS>b¢S> Ho$ g_wÐVQ> Ho$ CWbo ^mJm| Ho$ àXoem| _| _N>br nH$S>Zo H$m joÌ H$hm OmVm h¡ &

5 à_wI I{ZO VWm CÚmoJ

CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m\$s _mÌm _| g§gmYZm| go `wº$ Xoe h¡ & CgHo$ àmH¥${VH$

111

g§gmYZmo _| {d{dYVm nyU© {_Å>r {dñV¥V Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ, I{ZO, e{º$ g§gmYZ Am¡a dZ gånXm à_wI h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m ^y-^mJ {d{dY ~hþ_yë` I{ZO Ho$ {Zjonm| go n[anyU© h¡ & `hm± Ho$ ñdU© {Zjon àmMrZ g_` go hr bmoJm| Ho$ AmH$f©U H$m Ho$ÝÐ aho h¢ & BZ_| bm¡hI{ZO, Vm±~m, {Z¸$b, Mm±Xr Am¡a OñVm Am{X à_wI I{ZO {Zjon h¢& Bg ^mJ _| H$m\$s _mÌm _| H$mo`bm, noQ´>mo{b`_² VWm àmH¥${VH$ J¡g| nm`r OmVr h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| gd©nW_ I{ZO H$s ImZ (ñdU©) gmoZo H$s ImZ h¡& H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m Am¡a `yH$mZ² KmQ>r ñdU© ImZm| Ho$ à_wI àXoe h¢ & gwnr[a`a Prb Am¡a CgHo$ Mmam| Am¡a Ho$ àXoe H$m\$s _mÌm _| bm¡h I{ZO {Zjon Ho$ {bE à»`mV h¢ & AË`§V CËH¥$ï> àH$ma (H$mo{Q>) H$m bm¡h I{ZO$ Ho$Zo{S>`Z² ^ynQ>b na VWm CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa Ho$ àXoem| _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & _opŠgH$mo {díd H$m à_wI "Mm±Xr' CËnmXZ amï´> ahm h¡ & A_o[aH$m H$m g§`wº$ amÁ` {díd H$m gdm©{YH$ Vm§~m CËnmXZ amï´> h¡ & H$ZmS>m _| ^r Vm±~o H$s ImZ| h¡§ &

ñdU© bm¡h

BñnmV²H$mo`bm

112

V§m~m {ZH$b

Mm§Xr gVw

CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| `hm± Ho$ Anboer`Z àXoe _| CÎm_ ñVa (H$mo{Q>) Ho$ H$mo`bo H$s ImZ ({Zjon) h¡ & {díd Ho$ Hw$b H$mo`bm CËnmXZ H$m 20% à{VeV H$mo`bm nopÝgbdo{Z`m AHo$bo hr CËnm{XV H$aVm h¡ & A_o[aH$m H$m g§`wº$ amÁ` {díd H$m gdm©{YH$ H$mo`bm {Z`m©V H$aZodmbm Xoe h¡ & no{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ>r` àXoemo§ _| àmH¥${VH$ J¡gm| Ho$ A{YH$ {Zjon h¢ & g§`wº$amÁ` A_o[aH$m noQ´>mo{b`_ CËnmXZ Ho$ `h {díd _| gdm©{YH$ na_mUw e{º$ CËnmXZ H$m Xoe ^r h¡ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ Xoem| _| g§`wº$ amÁ` Am¡a H$ZmS>m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU H$m H|$ÝÐ ahm h¡ & `hm± CnbãY - bm¡h I{ZO, H$mo`bm, Vm§~m, ~mŠgmBQ> O¡go H$ƒo _mb

113

H$m\$s CÚmoJm| _| ghm`H$ h¢ & {dÚwV e{º$, `mVm`mV Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s H$s CnbpãY BgHo$ {dñV¥V CÚmoJ H$m à_wI H$maU h¡ &

AmBar, gwnr[a`a Am¡a {_{eJZ Prbm| Ho$ àXoem| _| bm¡h VWm BñnmV CÚmoJ H$m CÞV {dH$mg XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & BgHo$ {bE `hm± H$s H$ƒm _mb Am¡a Ob `mVm`mV {d{eï> ê$n go ghm`H$ aho h¢ & `hm± Ho$ {nQ²>g~J© ZJa H$mo "BñnmV ZJa' H$hm OmVm h¡ & bm¡h CÚmoJ hr _w»` CÚmoJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h AÝ` CÚmoJm| O¡go AmQ>mo_mo~mBëg, OhmO {Z_m©U, bmoH$mo_mo{Q>ìg, ^mar B§Or{Z`[a¨J, {d_mZ {Z_m©U Am{X CÚmoJm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ h¡ &

BñnmV ZJa (ñQ>rb {gQ>r)

noS>m| H$s N>mb, H$mJO Am¡a g_mMmanÌ H$mo A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ amÁ` Am¡a H$ZmS>m CËnm{XV H$aVm h¡ & _¥Xþ (H$mo_b) bH$S>r H$s N>mb H$mJO, H$mS>© ~moS>© Am¡a g_mMma nÌ H$mo V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & N>mb H$mo H¥${Ì_ aoeo V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & H$mJO, N>mb VWm g_mMma nÌ Ho$ {Z`m©V H$aZo _| H$ZmS>m AË`§V à_wI amï´> h¡ & noS>m| H$mo H$mQ>Zo go g§~§{YV CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| CÎm_ g§KQ>Z H$m`© h¡ & H$ZmS>m _| noS>m| H$mo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ H$m`© na Adb§{~V ({Z^©a) bmoJm| H$mo ""b§~a OmŠg'' H$hm OmVm h¡ & amgm`{ZH$ CÚmoJ H¥${Ì_ a~S>, ßbmpñQ>H$, amgm`{ZH$ ImX, Am¡a Am¡f{Y O¡go {d{^Þ dñVwAm| H$mo

114

CËnm{XV H$aVo h¢ & AmOH$b ßbmpñQ>H$ Ho$ ~Xbo bH$S>r H$m A{YH$ Cn`moJ {H$`m Om ahm h¡ & A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§`wº$ amÁ` Ho$ g^r ^mJm| _| ßbmpñQ>H$ H$mo V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & {eH$mJmo ZJa ßbmpñQ>H$ CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE {d»`mV h¡ &

à_wI CÚmoJ _| _m§g H$mo {S>ã~m| _o§ ^aZm EH$ h¡ Omo H$B© H|$Ðmo _| hmoVm h¡ & BZ_| à_wI ê$n go {eH$mJmo, H$mÝgmg ZJa, Am¡a g|Q> bwBg _| {dñV¥V ê$n go `h CÚmoJ \¡$bm hþAm h¡ & {dÚwV Am¡a BboŠQ´>m{ZŠg dñVwE± ^r A{YH$ _mÌm _| g§`wº$ amÁ` Am¡a H$ZmS>m amï´>m| go {Z`m©V hmoVr h¢ &

{eH$mJmo Ho$ CÚmoJ

6 OZg§»`m

gm_mÝ`V… CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ bmoJ `yamonr`, A_o[aH$s ^maVr` Am¡a A\«$sH$s bmoJ h¢ & CZ_| A{YH$Va bmoJ ñno{Ze (ñnoZr`) A§J«oOr, \o«§$M AWdm A_o[aH$s ^maVr` ^mfm ~mobZo dmbo bmoJ h¢ &

CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ nydu ^mJ _| AË`§V A{YH$ OZKZËd XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & `hm± A{YH$ ZJarH$aU h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE Ý`y`mH©$, dmqeJQ>Z, {eH$mJmo Am{X & {H$ÝVw Bg ^y - ^mJ Ho$ A{YH$Va ^mJm| Ho$ gm_mÝ`V… ~\©$ go T>Ho$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Imbr bjUm| go `wº$ h¢ &

115

J«rZ ë`m§S>

Eog ë`m§S>

hS>gZ Obg§{Y

hÿamZ AmQ>mo[a`mo

CÎma AQ>bm§{Q>H$

gmJa

~_©S>m

B©[a

doñQ> B§S>rO

~h_g

gmJm}gmg_wÐ

X[jU A_o[aH$m

Ho$ao{~`Z g_wÐ

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116

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Aä`mg

I Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE &1 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$mo ""àoarg àXoe'' Š`m| H$hm OmVm h¡?2 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s pñW{V Am¡a {dñVma {b{IE &3 CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ à_wI amï´>m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &4 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$m ""J«¢S> Ho$ZZ'' H¡$go {Z{_©V hþAm ?5 CÎmar A_o[aH$m Ho$ à_wI dZñn{V Am¡a àm{U`m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &6 CÎmar A_o[aH$m H$s à_wI Z{X`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &7 CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| "b§~a OmŠg' Ho$ Zm_ go {H$go nwH$maVo h¢ ?8 CÎmar A_o[aH$m _| nmE OmZo dmbo à_wI OZ Am¡a CZH$s ^mfm Ho$ ~mao

_| {b{IE &

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117

nmR>13 X[jUr A_o[aH$m

nmR> n[aM`

Bg nmR> _| X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s pñW{V, {dñVma Am¡a m¡{VH$ A§e, ZXr Am¡a Prb, Obdm`w, àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V, dÝ`Ord, H¥${f Am¡a new-nmbZ, OZg§»`m {Z`moOZ, OZm§J, {dVaU Am¡a KZËd H$m n[aM` àmá H$a|Jo &

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4 X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s H¥${f Am¡a new-nmbZ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo OmZ|Jo &

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118

X[jUr A_o[aH$m (amOZ¡{VH$)

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119

350 nyd© Xoem§Va go 810 npíM_ Xoem§Va VH$ {dñV¥V h¡ & X[jUr A_o[aH$m npíM_r JmobmY© _| pñWV h¡ &

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120

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121

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122

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123

4 npíM_r VQ>r` _¡XmZ

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124

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125

3 Obdm`w

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126

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qH$Vw npíM_r g_wÐVQ> na MbZodmbr noé{d`Z (h§~moëQ>) erVmoîU Ymam dhm± Ho$ CîUm§e H$mo H$_ H$aHo$ ewîH$ ~ZmVr h¡ & Bg H$maU CÎmar {Mbr Am¡a noé Ho$ X[jUr ^mJ - CîU _éñWb {d{dY Obdm`w `wº$ h¡ & EÊS>rO Ho$ npíM_r^mJ Am¡a {Mbr Ho$ AË`§V X[jUr ^mJ df© nyU© AË`{YH$ dfm© nmVo h¢ & `h dfm© OmS>o H$s $F$Vw _| A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ & `h àXoe g_wÐr` Obdm`w go `wº$ h¡ & CÎma Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` {Mbr Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r`àXoe J_© J«rî_ F$Vw Am¡a g§Vw{bV erV F$Vw dmbo àXoe h¢ & gmW hr erV F$Vw _| dfm© àmá H$aVo h¢ & Bg H$maU `h àXoe ^y_Ü` gmJar` AmXe© Obdm`wdmbo àXoe h¢ &4 àmH¥${VH$ dZñn{V

gXm~hma dZ e¡dmb

A_oOmZ ZXr H$m _¡XmZ - g_^mOH$ d¥Îm (^y_Ü` aoIr`) àXoe KZo VWm J«rî_ joÌ Ho$ dfm© dmbo O§Jbm| H$m h¡ & `h {díd H$m AË`§V A{YH$ dfm© dmbm O§Jb h¡ & `o ñWmZr` ê$n go ""goëdmg'' H$ho OmVo h¡ & _O~yV bH$S>rdmbo gXm~hma dZ KZo VWm N>ÌmH$ma, N>m`mdmbo d¥jm| go `h ^mJ n[anyU© h¡ & _hmoJZr VWm E~moZr d¥j Bg àXoe _| A{YH$ nmE OmVo h¢ & Omo ~hþ_yë` h¢ & `hm± àmá a~S>

127

Ho$ d¥j ë`m{Q>Šg (a~S> H$m XÿY) {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$E OmVo h¢ & ^y_Ü` aoIr` àXoe Ho$ dZm| Ho$ XmoZm| nmíd© ^mJm| _| Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ & BÝh| AmoamoZmoH$mo ZXr Ho$ _¡XmZ _| "ë`mZmg' H$hm OmVm h¡ & ~«mOrb Ho$ Am¾o` g_wÐr VQ> CîU joÌ Ho$ nU©nmVr dZm| go n[anyU© h¡ &

CÎma AQ²>bm§{Q>H$ gmJa

g_^mOH$ d¥Îm

X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$sñdm^m{dH$ gñ`dJ©

X[jU \o${g{\$H$gmJa

g_^mOH$ d¥Îm

g_^mOH$ d¥Îm df© H$m O§Jb (goëdmg)CîU joÌ H$m Kmg _¡XmZ (H$m§nmg)g_erVmoîU joÌ H$m O§Jbg_erVmoîU joÌ H$m Kmg _¡XmZg_erVmoîU joÌ H$m _é^y_rCîU _é^y_r gñ`dJ©_o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z gñ`dJ©R>§S>m g_erVmoîU O§Jb

X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s ñdm^m{dH$ gñ`dJ©

128

X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZr àXoe -

● doZoOwEbm Ho$ bmZmg (Lianos)

● ~«mOrb Ho$ H$ånmg (Compos)

● AO]Q>mBZm Ho$ nånmg (Pampos)

J«mZMmH$mo ({eH$ma Ho$ joÌ) àXoe Ho$

g_erVmoîU joÌ Ho$ Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ

X[jUr ^mJ (AO]Q>mBZm Am¡a `wé½do

AË`§V {dñV¥V g_erVmoîU joÌ dmbo

Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZr àXoe h¡ & BÝh| n§nmg

H$hm OmVm h¡ & EÊS>rO nd©V Ho$ nyd©

H$m ^mJ n|Q>mJmo{Z`m nR>mar ^mJ h¡&

Omo N>moQ>r (ZmQ>o) dZñn{V`m| go `wº$

g_erVmoîU àXoe Ho$ _éñVb dmbm joÌ

h¡ & Ho$ÝÐr` {_lOmVr Ho$ dZm| go

^am h¡ &

5 dÝ` OrdOÝVw -

X[jUr A_o[aH$m {d{dYVm nyU© Ord OÝVwAm|, njr garg¥ndmbm Xoe h¡ & Bg

Xoe H$mo ""n[j`m| H$m Ym_'' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & ""H$m§S>a'' {díd H$m AË`§V ~S>m

njr h¡ & Am{\«$H$m Ho$ AmpñQ´>M (ewVwa_wJ©) Ho$ g_mZ "[a`m' ^r Z CS>Zo dmbm

EH$ ~S>m njr h¡ & CS>Zodmbo ~§Xa, AOJa (AZmH$m|S>m) `hm± Ho$ dfm© `wº$ O§Jb

_| dmg H$aZodmbr AË`§V ~S>o garg¥n h¢ & ß`y_m (ny_m) Am¡a OoJwdma ~S>o àmUr

h¡ & Omo ~§Xa Am¡a AÝ` N>moQ>o - N>moQ>o OrdO§Vw H$mo AnZm Amhma ~ZmVo h¢ & bm_m

Am¡a AbnmH$ D±$Q> O¡go OmZda h¢ & Omo bå~r JX©Z dmbo h¢ & BÝh| ñWmZr` {Zdmgr

AnZo X¡{ZH$ H$m`© Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ & JmëdJmog Ûrn ~S>o AmH$ma Ho$ H$Nw>Am|

Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡ & dhm± H$s _pŠI`m± Am¡a H$sQ> (H$sS>o-_H$moS>o) {ZÐm-hrZVm H$m

129

H$maU hmoVo h¢& A_oOmZ ZXr AnZo d¡{dÜ`_` _N>{b`m| Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡ & CZ_|

pñQ>¨Jao, EbopŠQ´>H$ {\$e Am¡a {namhZ ({díd H$s AË`§V IVaZmH$ _N>br) à_wI

h¢ & BZ Z{X`m| _| _Ja_ÀN> ^r h¡§ &

bm_m OoJwdma

H$m§S>a AZH$m|S>m AbnmH$

ß`y_m H$Nw>Am

130

{namhZ [a`m

H¥${f Am¡a new-nmbZ

X[jUr A_o[aH$m _| H¥${f `mo½` ^y{_ ~hþV H$_ h¡ & `hm§° Ho$db 10 à{VeV IoVr `mo½` ^y{_ _| ì`dgm` g§~§Yr \$gb CJm`m OmVm h¡ & à_wI ê$n go H¥$fr

àXoe AO]Q>mBZm n§nmg Am¡a `wé½do ~«mOrb Ho$ CÞV àXoe Ho$ ^mJ Am¡a _Ü`{Mbr

Ho$ nydu g_wÐ VQ> Ho$ ^mJ h¢ & X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$mo AË`§V à_wI \$gb| _¸$m,

Ádma, Johÿ±, YmZ, H$hdm, H$nmg, JÞm Am{X h¡§ &

H$hdm JÞm

_¸$m X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s Xoer` \$gb h¡ Am¡a `h J_© CîU àXoe _| AË`§V

à_wI ImÚ nXmW© h¡ & AO]Q>mBZm VWm {Mbr Xoem| Ho$ R>§S>o g_erVmoîU àXoe _| Johÿ§°

~mø Xoem| H$mo {Z`m©V hmoVm h¡ & EÊS>rO Ho$ {demb nd©Vr` àXoe _| Amby CJm`m

OmVm h¡ & ~«mOrb Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r` àXoe _| YmZ CJm`m OmVm h¡ &

131

* ~«mOrb H$mo ""{díd H$m H$hdm nmÌ'' H$hm OmVm h¡ & ""H$hdm'' ""H$m\$m''

go {b`m J`m eãX h¡ & A\«$sH$m Ho$ B{W`y{n`m Xoe Ho$ H$m\$s àXoe _| _w»` ê$n

go Bgo H$m\$m AWdm H$m\$s (H$hdm) H$hVo h¡ &

* \$P|ÊS>m ~«mOrb _| AË`§V ~S>m "H$m\$s H$m ~mJmZ' h¡ & `hm± hOmam| H$hdm

Ho$ ~JrMo h¢ &

* [a`mo-{S>-OoZoQ>mo H$mo ""{díd H$m H$hdm ~§XaJmh'' H$hVo h¢ &

ImÚ nXmWm] go {^Þ H$m°\$s (H$hdm) Am¡a H$moH$mo CËnmXZ _| X[jUr A_o[aH$m EH$ à_wI amï´> h¡ & {díd _| gdm©{YH$ H$hdm CËnmXZ ~«mOrb _| hmoVm h¡ & H$mob§{~`m VWm B¹o$S>moa ^r H$hdm CËnmXZ Ho$ AÝ` à_wI àXoe h¡ & ~«mOrb Ho$ g_wÐr` VQ> na H$m\$s _mÌm _| H$moH$mo H$m CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & H$mobpå~`m Am¡a B¹o$S>moa H$moH$mo CËnmXZ Ho$ AÝ` amï´> h¡ &

EÊS>rO àXoe Ho$ ewîH$ T>bmD±$ àXoe _| H$nmg H$m CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & VWm AÝ` amï´>m| H$mo {Z`m©V {H$`m OmVm h¡ & X[jUr A_o[aH$m JÞm CËnmXZ H$m à_wI amï´> h¡ & `h CîU joÌ Ho$ {ZåZ (T>bdm±) àXoe _| BgH$s \$gb CJm`r OmVr h¡& ~«mOrb JÞm CËnmXZ H$m à_wI amï´> h¡, `h {díd H$m Xÿgam à_wI A{YH$ JÞm CËnmXZ H$m amï´> h¡ & JÞm CËnmXZ Ho$ AÝ` amï´>m| _| AO]Q>mBZm,noé, J`mZm VWm

H$mob§{~`m à_wI h¢ &

^|S> nmbZnew nmbZ

132

newnmbZ Ho$ {bE n§nmg Ho$ Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ Cn`wº$ h¢ & new nmbZ _| _w»`V…

KmoS>o, gwAa, ôS> VWm Jm`, ^¢g OmZda AmVo h¢ & EH$ O_mZo _| Jm` H$m _m§g

A{YH$ _mÌm _| {Z`m©V H$aZo _| AO]Q>mBZm {díd H$m à_wI Xoe Wm & _m§g Ho$

{bE new nmbZ VWm Mmao Ho$ {bE n§nmg CÎm_ Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ h¢ & `h CÎm_ VWm

KZo hao Mmao H$m àXoe h¡ & Xþ½Y CËnmXZ (S>oar CËnmXZ) Ho$ {bE new -nmbZ Ho$

{bE VWm H$_ _mÌm _| Mmao H$m joÌ noÝQ>mJmo{Z`m H$m _¡XmZ VWm nd©Vr` ^mJ

ôS> nmbZ Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ h¢ & Madmhm| H$mo ""Jm¡Mmog'' H$hm OmVm h¡ & do ôS>m|

H$m nmbZ H$aVo h¢ &

EñQ>mpñZ`m - `h nånmg Ho$ AË`§V ~S>o H¥${f joÌ h¢ & {díd Ho$ A{V CÎm_

g§K{Q>V dm{UÁ` Ho$ {bE newnmbZ joÌ h¡ &

no{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ>r` joÌm| _| A{V CÎm_ _Ëñ` nmbZ (nH$S>Zo) H$m

àXoe h¡ & noé Am¡a {Mbr Xoem| Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r` joÌ à_wI _Ëñ` nmbZ Ho$ÝÐ h¢ &

noé Xoe AË`{YH$ _N>br CËnmXZ joÌ hmoZo na ^r AmO BgH$m _hËd H$_ hmo ahm

h¡& Š`m| {H$ _N>{b`m| H$mo amgm`{ZH$ ImX V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m Om

ahm h¡ Bg{bE _N>br A{YH$ _mÌm _| nH$S>Vo h¢ & {Mbr ^r bJ^J H$ZmS>m

H|$ g_mZ _mÌm _| hr _N>br CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡ & {H$ÝVw `hm± H$s _N>{b`m°± ImÚ

H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ _mÌm _| CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$s OmVr h¢ & {Q>{Q>H$mH$m

Prb VWm A_oOmZ ZXr _rR>o nmZr H$s _N>{b`m| H$mo nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¢ &

133

_N>br nH$S>Zm

6 OZg§»`m

X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ {Zdmgr {_l Om{V Ho$ g_yh _| {JZo OmVo h¢ & `yamonr` gmoZo H$s ImoO _| AmE `ht {Zdmg H$aZo bJo, `hm± Ho$ ~mJmZm| _| H$m`© H$aZo Ho$

{bE Am{\«$H$m go Jwbm_ ~wbmE JE & BZ g_yhm| Ho$ ~rM {ddmh g§~§Y ñWm{nV

hþE& {OZHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n {_l OmVr H$m {Z_m©U hþAm &

X[jUr A_o[aH$m {díd Ho$ Hw$b ZJarH$aU 47% go A{YH$ _mÌm _| ZJarH$aU

(80%) dmbm Xoe h¡ & AË`{YH$ OZg§»`m dmbo Xoe `wé½do _| ^r 93% Am¡a H$_

(Aën) OZg§»`m dmbo Xoe J`mZm _| 36% ^r ZJarH$aU A{YH$ h¡ &

KZo O§Jbm|dmbm A_oOmZ joÌ VWm EÊS>rO nd©V, AQ>mH$m`m _éñWb VWm

n|Q>mJmo{Z`m O¡go KZo O§Jbm|dmbo joÌ _| H$_ OZg§»`m XoIr OmVr h¡ & J«mZ MmH$mo

({eH$ma àXoe) Am¡a J`moZm O¡go CÞV àXoem| _| ^r OZg§»`m ~hþV H$_ h¡ &

OZg§»`m H$m AË`{YH$ Ho$ÝÐrH$aU ~¥hV² ZJam| Am¡a ~ÝXaJmh dmbo ã`yZog Am`g©,

[a`mo-{S>-OoZoamo, dmbnoagmo gmdmo nmobmo Am{X ZJam| _| h¡ &

134

CÎma \o${g{\$H$ gmJa g_^mOH$ d¥Îm

X[jU gmJa

A{YH$_Ü`_H$_

X[jU gmJa

X[jU \o${g{\$H$ gmJa

X[jUr A_o[aH$m D$nar bjUD±$MmB© _rQ>am| _|



X[jUr A_o[aH$m - OZg§»`m

135

H$_ gZg§»`m dmbo ^y-^mJ `o h¢ - AË`{YH$ OZ _w»`V… g_wÐ VQ>r` àXoem|

_| {Zdmg H$aVo h¢ & ^y - ^mJ H$m Ho$ÝÐr` ^mJ H$_ OZg§»`m dmbm h¡ & Bg

H$maU `h ^mJ ""ImoIbr ^y{_'' H$hm OmVm h¡ &

X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r` àXoem| _| AË`{YH$ OZg§»`m h¡ & ^y-^mJ

Ho$ _Ü` ^mJ _| H$_ OZg§»`m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo ""Aën OZg§»`m àXoe'' H$hm

OmVm h¡ &

X[jUr A_o[aH$m {díd H$s Hw$b OÝ_ Xa Ho$ g_mZ hr Am±H$S>o> (21/1000)

dmbm Xoe h¡ & qH$Vw _¥Ë`wXa {díd Ho$ Hw$b (9/1000) Xa go H$_ (6/1000)

h¡& Bg H$maU X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s ñdm^m{dH$ OZg§»`m ~T>V ({dH$mg) Xa {díd

Ho$ Hw$b Xa go A{YH$ h¡ &

ZdrZ eãX -

b¡{Q>Z A_o[aH$m, aoS> B§{S>`Z, EÊS>rO, ImoIbr ^y_r, J`mZm, Amo[aZmoH$mo,

A_oOmZ, bmßbmQ>m, J«mZ MmH$mo, JmbnJmog, hmoZm}g, nmamZ, nwamJwdo, `wé½do,

{Q>{Q>H$mH$, CîUmoXH$, erVmoXH$, ^y_Ü`, gmJar`, goëdmg, ë`mQ>oŠg, Jm¡Mmog,

_mopñQ>Pmog, _ybÅ>mog, Pm|~mog, n|Q>mJmo{Z`m, AQ>mH$m_m &

Aä`mg

I Xmo AWdm VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE &

1 X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$mo ""ImoIbr ^y{_"" Ho$ Zm_ go Š`m| nwH$mam OmVm h¡?

2 X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$s$ pñW{V Am¡a {dñVma ~VmBE &

3 X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ AË §V {demb Am¡a AË §V N>moQ>o amï´> H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

136

4 X[jUr A_o[aH$m _| pñWV {díd H$m AË`§V D±$Mm ObànmV H$m¡Z gm h¡

? dh {H$g ZXr Ûmam {Z{_©V h¡ ?

5 X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ à_wI ""Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ" Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

6 X[jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ à_wI dZñn{V Am¡a dÝ`Or{d`m| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE &

7 X[jUr A_o[aH$m _| nmE OmZodmbo à_wI OZm§J (àOm{V) Ho$ ~mao _|

{b{IE&

8 X[jUr A_o[aH$m _| AË`{YH$ OZKZËddmbo à_wI ZJam| H$m Zm_ ~VmBE&

{H«$`m H$bmn -1 X[jUr A_o[aH$m H$m ~mø aoIm {MÌ (ZŠem) ~ZmH$a

EQ>bg H$s ghm`Vm go Xoem| VWm CZH$s amOYmZr, à_wI nd©V, ZXr, Prb, Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZ Am{X H$s gyMr ~ZmH$a ZŠeo _| àX{e©V H$s{OE &

2 X[jUr A_o[aH$m _| nmE OmZo dmbo à_wI dZñn{V, new n[j`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmH$a CZHo$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE &

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