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EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROSTAT Directorate F: Social statistics Unit F-5: Education, health and social protection

Luxembourg, 14 April 2016

DOC SP-2016-07-Annex 7

https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/70400e55-173f-433f-93ad-

c8315904a11e

ESSPROS Expert Group (1486):

https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/96adef83-8ee4-4c76-8c37-83502f932ec9

Working Group

“Social Protection”

27-28 April 2016

Comparing ESSPROS and MISSOC qualitative data

Item 7 of the Agenda

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Comparing ESSPROS and MISSOC qualitative data

1. Introduction The ESSPROS qualitative information (referred to as QI in this document) is collected annually by

regulation1 according to the specifications laid out in Appendix II of the ESSPROS manual and user

guidelines2. As noted in §1 of Appendix II, the QI is intended to provide:

1. in-depth information on social protection schemes 2. the means to evaluate the classification of schemes and benefits applied 3. a clear basis for footnotes in publications and for the ESSPROS datasets in the Eurostat

database 4. a means to respond to questions from users on the data by scheme 5. the basis for the validation of ESSPROS data (Core System and modules on pension

beneficiaries and net social protection benefits)

The importance of the QI is reinforced by the recent agreement to openly publish data by scheme,

which can only be understood through reference to the detailed descriptive information available in

the QI. It is therefore crucial that the QI is clear, comprehensive and of consistent quality. However,

at the current time the information provided by countries varies in quality and there are no

mechanisms in place to conduct a meaningful validation of the QI.

The Task Force meeting held in November 2015 acknowledged that the qualitative information

needs to be improved but noted that this implies a major burden on the providers who are mainly

statisticians unfamiliar with legislation and thus find it difficult to compile the required information.

The Task Force also recommended efforts to consolidate information from similar data collections

such as MISSOC in order to avoid duplication of effort.

The ‘Mutual Information System on Social Protection’ (MISSOC) database collects detailed

qualitative information about national social protection systems and the benefits they provide.

Although the objectives of ESSPROS and MISSOC differ, there are significant overlaps between the

qualitative information collected in both. The database is managed by the MISSOC-Secretariat on

behalf of DG EMPL and comprises data collected from official representatives in either national

ministries or other institutions responsible for social protection.

Establishing links between ESSPROS and MISSOC could have several benefits. In the short-term,

MISSOC could be used as a source for validating and complementing the ESSPROS qualitative

information. In the longer-term, the possibility of a joint exercise with MISSOC could be investigated

in order to avoid duplication of effort and reduce the burden on data providers.

In order to understand how these two databases relate, it is essential to first identify their

similarities and differences. This document presents a general overview of the qualitative

information in ESSPROS and MISSOC in order to identify the broad links between the two. This

represents a first step towards a more in-depth assessment focusing on the family/children function,

and possibly the housing function, that will be conducted and presented to the ESSPROS Task Force

later in the year. This more detailed exercise will complement ongoing work to improve the

1 Regulation (EC) No 458/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1417170413043&uri=CELEX:32007R0458) and Commission regulation (EC) No 1322/2007 (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1459947580539&uri=CELEX:32007R1322) 2 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/KS-RA-12-014

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dissemination of ESSPROS data, including the development of a Statistics Explained article on the

family/children function (see DOC SP-2016-08-Annex).

2. Qualitative information in ESSPROS and MISSOC The general comparison of ESSPROS and MISSOC reviewed the following characteristics of each

dataset:

- Geographical coverage

- Scope of social protection covered

- Structure and content of the data on social protection

- Reference period and update schedule

Analysis is based on the 2012 ESSPROS Manual and user guidelines2, MISSOC Correspondents’

Guide3 and the cross-cutting introductions4 (published by the MISSOC-Secretariat) which are all

publicly available.

2.1 Geographical coverage ESSPROS covers a total of 33 countries: the 28 EU Member States plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland,

Serbia and Turkey. The MISSOC database covers all of these except Serbia and Turkey (see Table 1).

However, the MISSCEO database5, managed by the Council of Europe, collects data according to the

MISSOC methodology for a number of countries that are not part of the MISSOC network, including

both Serbia and Turkey. MISSOC/MISSCEO data are therefore available for all countries covered in

ESSPROS.

Table 1 Geographical coverage of databases

Countries ESSPROS MISSOC MISSCEO

EU Member States EFTA countries: IS, NO and CH Candidate countries: RS and TR

2.2 Scope of social protection covered The scope of ESSPROS is broadly delimited by the definition of social protection given in §16 of part

1 of the ESSPROS manual2: “all interventions from public or private bodies intended to relieve

households and individuals of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs, provided that there is

neither a simultaneous reciprocal nor an individual arrangement involved.”

The risks or needs that may give rise to social protection are referred to in ESSPROS as functions and

are listed in §16 as sickness/health care, disability, old age, survivors, family/children,

unemployment, housing, and social exclusion not elsewhere classified. These functions are defined

in detail in part 2 of the ESSPROS manual which outlines the types of benefits that can be included

under each function.

MISSOC does not provide an explicit definition of social protection so that its scope is implicitly

delimited by the different types of social protection covered by eleven of the twelve comparative

3 http://missoc.org/MISSOC/INFORMATIONBASE/COMPARATIVETABLES/CorrespondentsGuide_EN.pdf

4 http://missoc.org/MISSOC/INFORMATIONBASE/COMPARATIVETABLES/CROSSCUTTINGINTRO/introduction.htm

5 http://www.missceo.coe.int/

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tables6 that form the basis for the MISSOC data. The final table describes the financing of social

protection in each country. The broad types of social protection covered by MISSOC are health care,

sickness – cash benefits, maternity/paternity, invalidity, old-age, survivors, accidents at work and

occupational diseases, family benefits, unemployment, guaranteed minimum resources and long-

term care. The MISSOC Correspondents’ Guide provides detailed guidance on the types of benefits

to be included in each table.

The scope of social protection covered in both data collections can thus be compared by establishing

a correspondence between the comparative tables in MISSOC and the ESSPROS functions (see Table

2 with further details in Annex 1).

Table 2 Correspondence between ESSPROS functions and MISSOC comparative tables

ESSPROS Function MISSOC Comparative table

Sickness/Health care

Sickness – Cash benefits

Health Care

Long-term care

Accidents at work and occupational diseases

Disability Invalidity

Old age Old age

Survivors Survivors

Family/children Family Benefits

Maternity/paternity

Unemployment Unemployment

Housing Guaranteed minimum resources

Social exclusion not elsewhere classified

Overall, the mapping shows that there are no major differences in the overall scope of social

protection covered by ESSPROS and MISSOC. However, this is only a first level mapping and in-depth

comparisons of specific tables and functions are required in order to identify possible differences at

a more detailed level (i.e. whether specific types of social protection are covered in one but not in

the other).

2.3 Structure and content of data on social protection The qualitative information in ESSPROS is organised in a two dimensional system which breaks the

information down by scheme and by type of information (about the scheme or the benefits it

provides). The specifications of the information required are laid out in Appendix II of the ESSPROS

manual. Ten items of information are collected about each scheme and five for each benefit

provided by each scheme. There is one set of information per scheme with the information on each

benefit reported according to the classification used in the Core system. Further, as in the ESSPROS

quantitative data, if a scheme provides two separate benefits of the same type then the qualitative

information for both is reported together under the same classification.

The following information is required for each benefit:

1. English and original name of benefit

2. Year of introducing or abolishing the benefit 6 http://missoc.org/MISSOC/INFORMATIONBASE/COMPARATIVETABLES/MISSOCDATABASE/comparativeTableSearch.jsp

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3. General conditions for granting the benefit

4. The categories of beneficiaries

5. Taxation of benefit

As this information is all reported together in a single cell of the data collection template it is difficult

to automatically check that all items have been completed and manual validation is not undertaken

sistematically. At the same time, it is recognised that in some countries it is not feasible to provide

all this information for all benefits. Consequently, the completeness and quality of the information

varies between benefits and between countries.

In contrast, the qualitative information in MISSOC are organised according to a one dimensional

system which breaks the information down by type of information but not by scheme. Each

comparative table has a number of chapters, which may be further divided into different topics (see

Figure 1). Although there are some elements common to most tables, the subjects of the chapters

and topics are table specific and tailored to the type of social protection covered. Further, these may

cover either general information pertaining to a particular type of social protection or information

on specific benefits.

Figure 1 Structure of the MISSOC data

Note: See http://missoc.org/MISSOC/INFORMATIONBASE/COMPARATIVETABLES/MISSOCDATABASE/comparativeTableSearch.jsp

Table 3 lists the 33 different chapters used across the eleven comparative tables focusing on specific

forms of social protection. “Applicable statutory basis” is the only chapter to be used across all

tables and there are only five others that are used in more than two thirds of tables: “Basic

principles”, “Taxation and social contributions/Taxation” (used in 10 tables), “Conditions”, “Field of

Application” (used in 9 tables) and “Benefits” (used in 8 tables). Note, however, that in some cases

differences arise only because of the level at which information is collected. For example, nine

comparative tables include the chapter “Conditions” in the table on unemployment, “Conditions”

appears as topic under the separate chapters on “Total unemployment”, “Partial/temporary

unemployment” and “Benefits for older unemployed”.

Comparative

tables

Chapters

Topics

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Table 3 Use of chapters in MISSOC comparative tables

Ch

apte

r

Sick

ne

ss –

Cas

h

be

ne

fits

He

alth

Car

e

Lon

g-te

rm c

are

Acc

ide

nts

at

wo

rk a

nd

occ

up

atio

nal

dis

eas

es

Inva

lidit

y

Old

age

Surv

ivo

rs

Fam

ily B

en

efi

ts

Mat

ern

ity/

Pat

ern

ity

Un

em

plo

yme

nt

Gu

aran

tee

d m

inim

um

reso

urc

es

Tota

l

1 Applicable statutory basis x x x x x x x x x x x 11

2 Assessment of claims x 1

3 Basic principles x x x x x x x x x x 10

4 Benefits x x x x x x x x 8

5 Benefits for informal carers x 1

6 Benefits for older unemployed

x 1

7 Benefits for young unemployed

x 1

8 Benefits promoting labour market integration

x 1

9 Cash benefits x 1

10 Child benefit x 1

11 Child care allowances x 1

12 Child-raising allowances x 1

13 Conditions x x x x x x x x x 9

14 Cumulation with earnings from work

x x x x 4

15 Cumulation with other social security benefits

x x x 3

16 Entitled persons x 1

17 Entitled persons / beneficiaries

x 1

18 Exemptions from compulsory insurance

x x x 3

19 Field of application x x x x x x x x x 9

20 Housing and heating allowances

x 1

21 Indexation x x x x x x 6

22 Organisation x x 2

23 Other benefits x 1

24 Partial retirement x 1

25 Partial/temporary unemployment

x 1

26 Recovery of benefits x 1

27 Return to active life x 1

28 Risk covered x x x 3

29 Sanctions x 1

30 Special rights in health care x 1

31 Taxation and social contributions / Taxation

x x x x x x x x x x 10

32 Total unemployment x 1

33 Waiting period x 1

Total 7 6 12 8 12 10 8 7 6 13 10 99

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The MISSOC structure means that information about different benefits of a particular type should

always appear in the same comparative table. In ESSPROS, however, the information could be split

between schemes.

The differences in the structure of the qualitative data collected in ESSPROS and MISSOC mean that

a universal correspondence between the different items of information collected for all benefits

cannot be established. It should, however, be possible, on a case by case basis, to map each

ESSPROS detailed benefit type to a MISSOC comparative table and then identify a correspondence

between the information available for that benefit in both datasets.

Nevertheless, comparing the items of information that the ESSPROS manual requires to describe

each benefit with the most commonly used chapters in the MISSOC comparative tables (identified in

Table 3) suggests that all the information collected in ESSPROS should also be available in MISSOC

(see Table 4). Further, MISSOC includes more information about specific benefits (amounts,

calculation methods, etc.) than the ESSPROS QI.

Table 4 – Comparison of benefit-specific information required in ESSPROS QI and the most commonly used chapters in MISSOC

ESSPROS - Information in description of benefit MISSOC - Commonly used chapters

English and original name of benefit (Names of benefits are reported in several different

chapters whenever they refer to a specific benefit)

Year of introducing or abolishing the benefit (Date of introduction/abolition may be identified

using the time series of MISSOC data)

General conditions for granting the benefit Conditions

The categories of beneficiaries Field of Application

Taxation of benefit Taxation and social contributions/Taxation

(Only requested for the scheme) Basic principles

(Not requested) Benefits (amounts, calculation methods, etc.)

(Only requested for the scheme) Applicable statutory basis

While MISSOC does not specifically collect information about each scheme, which is a concept

unique to ESSPROS, some information of similar nature is collected. For example, information

collected in the MISSOC chapter on “Basic principles” includes elements covered by the items on

“Classifications of schemes” and “Scope” in ESSPROS. If correspondence with MISSOC can be

established for all the benefits provided by a scheme in ESSPROS then it should be possible to

compare some of the scheme level information. Also relevant here is the separate MISSOC table on

financing.

There is clearly a considerable overlap in the content of the information collected in relation to

social protection. MISSOC (in theory) contains all the information about specific benefits that is

collected in ESSPROS. Information about schemes that is gathered in ESSPROS is partially available in

MISSOC but in a way that is not directly linked to the scheme concept used in ESSPROS. Part of this is

collected at the general level (e.g. information on financing is collected in a separate comparative

table) and part of it is collected at the level of specific types of social protection (e.g. information on

basic principles and applicable statutory basis). This is liable to complicate, but not exclude,

comparison of this data.

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2.4 Reference period and update schedule The ESSPROS QI is updated annually and disseminated with a 22-month delay while the MISSOC data

are updated biannually with a 6-month delay and the MISSCEO data are updated annually with a 12-

month delay (see Table 5). This means that the MISSOC/MISSCEO data are always available before

the QI. Indeed, they are available before the transmission deadline for QI (30 June of the year N + 2)

so they can potentially be used as a means to validate ESSPROS data before release.

Table 5 Database update schedule

Database Latest Data Update Frequency Delay

ESSPROS QI 2013 Annual 22 months

MISSOC 1 July 2015 Biannual 6 months

MISSCEO 1 January 2015 Annual 12 months

Note: Delay refers to the time between the reference period and the dissemination of the data.

However, there is one very important difference between ESSPROS and MISSOC/MISSCEO: the

reference period.

ESSPROS only publishes one set of QI per country which covers a number of reference years

(specified in the introduction page of the qualitative questionnaire) that may vary between

countries. Item 9 of the general description of each scheme should provide information on the

history of the scheme (i.e. changes through time) but this is not always completed with any detail.

MISSOC/MISSCEO data, on the other hand, provide a snapshot of the social protection system at a

specific point of time and a full time series of biannual data from 2004 to 2015 is available online7.

Note that the structure of the MISSOC data does vary over time and could impact the possibility to

compare historical data.

A decision would therefore have to be made in relation to which reference period in MISSOC will be

used when making a comparison (either referring to the 1 January or 1 July). This issue does not

extend to the MISSCEO database (containing data for Serbia and Turkey) as it is updated on an

annual rather than biannual basis. Another implication of this is that the ability to compare MISSOC

with ESSPROS will be dependent on whether information on when benefits were introduced and

abolished has been provided in the description of benefits in ESSPROS.

3. Issues for consideration This section focuses on issues specific to family/children and housing benefits that will need to be

considered when attempting to compare data between ESSPROS and MISSOC.

3.1 Family/children benefits There are two key issues specific to family/children benefits. The first, as mentioned in section 2.2, is

that while ESSPROS reports all such benefits under one function, MISSOC reports them in two

separate comparative tables. The ESSPROS Manual defines the family/children function under §52 in

part 2 of the ESSPROS manual as one that “includes benefits that:

provide financial support to households for bringing up children;

provide financial assistance to people who support relatives other than children;

7 Note that data for 2004 and 2005 are only available for one reference point in the year and this point may

deviate from those available in other years.

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provide social services specifically designed to assist and protect the family, particularly

children.”

In MISSOC family/child benefits are split between two comparative tables. One on family benefits

and another on maternity/paternity (see Annex 1). That on family benefits includes:

Child benefits: benefits provided to meet the additional expenses incurred by households

bringing up children

Paid parental leave or child-raising allowances: paid parental leave or child-raising allowances

provided as a replacement of the income for parents who take time off work to care for their

children – these benefits start after maternity/paternity entitlements end.

Child-care allowances: provided to cover the cost of childcare (i.e. paid to working parents

whose children are care for while they are at work).

Other benefits: birth/adoption grants, allowances for lone parents, special allowances for

children with disabilities, periodic payments in cases where alimony is not paid.

Meanwhile, that on maternity/paternity includes only benefits provided in respect to

maternity/paternity. The two tables are intended to be mutually exclusive.

A second key issue is the way in which family supplements are reported. A wide range of cash

benefits include supplementary payments for beneficiaries with dependants. The treatment of these

is described in §43F, §74D and §85D in part 2 of the ESSPROS manual which note that while

supplements for dependants should, in principle, be separated out, this is difficult in practice so

supplements should be reported along with the main benefit (details are collected as part of the

optional data). The qualitative information for the main benefit should be consistent with the

quantitative data and therefore provide details of any such supplementary payments. However, this

is not always the case and there is no guidance in the ESSPROS manual on this point.

The comparative tables in MISSOC, on the other hand, include dedicated items related to

supplementary payments. Such items can be found in the tables on invalidity, old-age, accidents at

work and occupational diseases, and unemployment. For example, the MISSOC correspondents

guide8 gives the following guidance on the “family supplements” item in the unemployment table:

“It is very important to note that this section refers to ‘supplements’ i.e. additional payments on top

of those mentioned above, granted to unemployed persons with dependants:

If there are no such supplements, please write “No family supplements”.

If there are no separate supplements but the family composition is taken into account in the

main benefit calculation, please write “No family supplements. Family composition taken into

account in “Rates of the benefits”.

If you have separate family supplements, please describe them in full.”

MISSOC could, therefore, be a useful source of information to complement ESSPROS QI in relation to

family supplements.

8 http://missoc.org/MISSOC/INFORMATIONBASE/COMPARATIVETABLES/CorrespondentsGuide_EN.pdf

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3.2 Housing benefits In ESSPROS housing benefits are reported under a dedicated housing function which the ESSPROS

manual defines under §75 in part 2 of the manual as including “interventions by public authorities to

help households meet the cost of housing”. All benefits reported within this function must be means-

tested and are all classified, by convention, as benefits in kind even if they are paid in cash. Further,

housing supplements, paid in cash to top up to other benefits, should, as per §76 in part 2 be

reported separately from the main benefit and recorded in the housing function (i.e. opposite

treatment to that recommended for family supplements described above).

In MISSOC there is no comparative table specifically for housing. The possibility of including a

separate comparative table has been discussed9, but a table has not yet been agreed or added. For

most countries information on housing benefits is reported under the “housing and heating

allowances” chapter of the guaranteed minimum resources table (see Annex 1). Further, unlike

family supplements, MISSOC does not have specific items to collect information on housing

supplements. It is known that some information appears under the tables on invalidity, old age,

survivors, accidents at work and occupational diseases, family benefits, and unemployment but

there does not appear to be any consistent treatment across countries9.

4. Conclusions Comparison of the coverage and organisation of qualitative information in ESSPROS and MISSOC

shows that there are significant overlaps in the data collected by the two databases but also

structural differences that present difficulties for directly comparing their content:

2.1 Geographical coverage: MISSOC data are available for all countries covered by ESSPROS

except Serbia and Turkey, but these two countries are covered by the MISSCEO database which

collects qualitative data on social protection systems according to the MISSOC methodology.

Scope of social protection covered: A mapping of ESSPROS functions and MISSOC comparative

tables suggests no major differences in the scope of social protection covered in both databases.

However, further in-depth analysis is needed in order to identify differences at a more detailed

level.

Structure and content of data on social protection: The way in which data are organised in the

two databases is quite different so that detailed comparison is not straightforward. ESSPROS

uses a two dimensional system which breaks down the information by scheme and by type of

information whilst MISSOC applies a one dimensional system by type of information with no

breakdown by scheme. This means that whilst scheme specific information in ESSPROS may be

available in MISSOC, it may not be possible to link it directly to the scheme concept used in

ESSPROS (which may result in different classifications between countries). On the other hand,

the information collected to describe each benefit in the ESSPROS QI should, in theory, be

available in MISSOC and it is at this level that possible links might be established.

Reference period and update schedule: MISSOC/MISSCEO data are always published with a

shorter delay than ESSPROS (6/12-months compared to 22-months) and MISSOC is updated

more regularly (biannually rather than annually) which means that MISSOC data could

9 “What do we know about housing and related benefits in the European Union” Prepared by Jonathan Bradshaw, Professor

of Social Policy University of York and Durham University, with a contribution from Terry Ward, MISSOC Secretariat, and

Stefán Ólafsson, Professor of Sociology at the University of Iceland

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potentially be used to validate ESSPROS data prior to dissemination. However, there is an

important difference in the reference periods used. MISSOC/MISSCEO provides a snapshot a

specific point in time, ESSPROS QI covers a period of time spanning several years.

The next phase of work planned for this exercise will involve a more in-depth comparison of the

qualitative information available in both databases for a specific sub-set of benefits for a selection of

countries. This will focus initially on family/children benefits, and possibly later on housing benefits,

with the aim of providing a more in-depth illustration of how links between the two data sets can be

established and any limitations that may exist (i.e. whether or not both data collections cover the

same detailed benefits). Issues identified in this document will need to be taken into account.

The Working Group is invited to comment on the document and in particular on its conclusions.

Does the WG agree on further work on this comparison with particular reference to the two

functions identified (family/children and housing)?

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Annex 1 Correspondence between ESSPROS functions and MISSOC comparative tables

ESSPROS Manual MISSOC Guide Comments

Function Brief description10

Category Brief description11

Sickness/ Health care

Income maintenance and support in cash in connection with physical or mental illness, excluding disability. Health care intended to maintain, restore or improve the health of the people protected irrespective of the origin of the disorder.

Sickness – Cash benefits

Benefits provided in cash in case of sickness (excluding benefits in case of maternity).

The benefits included under the Sickness/Health care function in ESSPROS are broken down into four tables in MISSOC. Note: The ‘Accidents at work and occupational diseases’ does not apply to countries which do not make a distinction between work non-work related benefits. This table also covers invalidity and death benefits whereas in ESSPROS the corresponding function only covers benefits related to health care and sickness.

Health Care Health care systems (benefits in kind in case of sickness)

Long-term care

Benefits provided (in cash or kind) to people who, as a result of frailty related to old age or mental or physical disability, have a reduced degree of functional capacity and are dependent on help over an extended period of time.

Accidents at work and occupational diseases

Benefits provided in relation to injuries and diseases caused by the employment environment; sickness, invalidity, and death.

Disability

Income maintenance and support in cash or kind (except health care) in connection with the inability of physically or mentally disabled people to engage in economic and social activities.

Invalidity

Invalidity benefits to support those who through long-term sickness or disability are unable to undertake paid employment.

No major differences.

Old age Income maintenance and support in cash or kind (except health care) in connection with old age. Old age

Old-age includes basic first-pillar pension systems (countries to include statutory second pillar or supplementary pension schemes if they are also mandatory).

No major differences.

Survivors Income maintenance and support in cash or kind in connection with the death of a family member. Survivors

Benefit paid by a pension plan/fund to the designated beneficiary of an employee (usually a spouse or partner), upon the death of that employee.

No major differences.

Family/ Children

Support in cash or kind (except health care) in connection with the costs of pregnancy, childbirth and adoption, bringing up children and caring for other family members.

Family Benefits Benefits (in kind or cash) provided to families in connection with raising children.

The benefits included under Family/children function in ESSPROS are divided into two tables in MISSOC. Both tables apply mutually exclusive approach i.e. exclude benefits reported in the other.

Maternity/ Paternity

Social protection systems in respect of maternity/paternity.

Unemployment Income maintenance and support in cash or kind in connection with unemployment.

Unemployment Benefits provided in cash or kind in connection with unemployment.

No major differences.

Housing Help towards the cost of housing. Guaranteed minimum resources

Table includes benefits related to help towards housing costs and other types of benefits relating to social exclusion.

The benefits reported under the two functions in ESSPROS are included in a single table in MISSOC. The table also includes other types of benefits considered as a minimum source i.e. those related to unemployment and old-age.

Social exclusion n.e.c

Benefits in cash or kind (except health care) specifically intended to combat social exclusion where they are not covered by one of the other functions.

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§110 of section 1 in the ESSPROS Manual. 11

Based on information provided in the MISSOC correspondents Guide and cross-cutting introductions on each table.

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