Social NetworkAnalysis

Interdisciplinary Approaches and Case Studies

Social NetworkAnalysis

Interdisciplinary Approaches and Case Studies

Edited by

Xiaoming Fu • Jar-Der Luo • Margarete Boos

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v

Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................viiPreface ................................................................................................................ixEditors ................................................................................................................xiContributors .....................................................................................................xiii

PART I METHODOLOGIES FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY

SOCIAL NETWORK RESEARCH

1 Methods for Interdisciplinary Social Network Studies ..........................3XIAOMING FU, JAR-DER LUO, AND MARGARETE BOOS

2 Towards Transdisciplinary Collaboration between Computer and Social Scientists: Initial Experiences and Re"ections ..........................21DMYTRO KARAMSHUK, MLADEN PUPAVAC, FRANCES SHAW,

JULIE BROWNLIE, VANESSA PUPAVAC, AND NISHANTH SASTRY

3 How Much Sharing Is Enough? Cognitive Patterns in Building Interdisciplinary Collaborations ..........................................................41LIANGHAO DAI AND MARGARETE BOOS

PART II SOCIAL NETWORK STRUCTURE

4 Measurement of Guanxi Circles: Using Qualitative Study to Modify Quantitative Measurement ......................................................73JAR-DER LUO, XIAO HAN, RONALD BURT, CHAOWEN ZHOU,

MENG-YU CHENG, AND XIAOMING FU

5 Analysis and Prediction of Triadic Closure in Online Social Networks ............................................................................................105HONG HUANG, JIE TANG, LU LIU, JAR-DER LUO, AND XIAOMING FU

6 Prediction of Venture Capital Coinvestment Based on Structural Balance #eory ...................................................................................137YUN ZHOU, ZHIYUAN WANG, JIE TANG, AND JAR-DER LUO

vi ◾ Contents

7 Repeated Cooperation Matters: An Analysis of Syndication in the Chinese VC Industry by ERGM .........................................................177JAR-DER LUO, RUIQI LI, FANGDA FAN, AND JIE TANG

PART III SOCIAL NETWORK BEHAVIORS

8 Patterns of Group Movement on a Virtual Play!eld: Empirical and Simulation Approaches ................................................................197MARGARETE BOOS, WENZHONG LI, AND JOHANNES PRITZ

9 Social Spammer and Spam Message Detection in an Online Social Network: A Codetection Approach ..........................................225FANGZHAO WU AND YONGFENG HUANG

PART IV SOCIAL NETWORKS AS COMPLEX

SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

10 Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia ....................245PETER A. GLOOR, JOAO MARCOS, PATRICK M. DE BOER, HAUKE

FUEHRES, WEI LO, AND KEIICHI NEMOTO

11 From Social Networks to Time Series: Methods and Applications .......269TONGFENG WENG, YAOFENG ZHANG, AND PAN HUI

12 Population Growth in Online Social Networks .................................285KONGLIN ZHU, XIAOMING FU, WENZHONG LI, SANGLU LU, AND

JAN NAGLER

PART V COLLABORATION AND INFORMATION

DISSEMINATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

13 Information Dissemination in Social-Featured Opportunistic Networks ............................................................................................309WENZHONG LI, SANGLU LU, KONGLIN ZHU, XIAO CHEN,

JAN NAGLER AND XIAOMING FU

14 Information Flows in Patient-Oriented Online Media and Scienti!c Research ............................................................................. 343PHILIP MAKEDONSKI, TIM FRIEDE, JENS GRABOWSKI,

JANKA KOSCHACK, AND WOLFGANG HIMMEL

15 Mining Big Data for Analyzing and Simulating Collaboration Factors In"uencing Software Development Decisions .......................367PHILIP MAKEDONSKI, VERENA HERBOLD, STEFFEN HERBOLD,

DANIEL HONSEL, JENS GRABOWSKI, AND STEPHAN WAACK

Index ...........................................................................................................387

vii

Foreword

Social network analysis has had a rich history as an intellectual enterprise. Since its inception in the 1930s and 1940s, it has made signi�cant methodological and theoretical contributions to the analysis of social relations from microscopic rela-tions to macroscopic systems of social networks. Initially employed to study dyadic relations and small social groups and communities, the scope of analysis and the participation of scholars have expanded signi�cantly since the 1960s and 1970s as computers emerged as tools for analyzing larger social systems. Now, participating scholars come from a variety of disciplines, ranging from sociology, social psy-chology, anthropology, political science, business and management sciences, and other social and behavioral sciences to computer science, complex systems, sta-tistics, and information and communication sciences. Interdisciplinary exchanges have become possible in many national, regional, and international meetings (e.g., most notably the annual meetings of the International Network for Social Network Analysis) and in the publications in journals (e.g., Social Networks) and in books and monographs.

Yet, most of the presentations, papers, and books have continued to be authored by scholars in a single discipline or at most two to three allied disciplines (e.g., soci-ology, management science, and social psychology). What have been lacking are truly collaborative e!orts where skills and knowledge across disciplines, especially crossing the social science–computer science boundary, are brought together in advancing the methodology and theory.

"e impetus for such collaborations gains momentum with the recent develop-ment and availability of Big Data, which begin to yield relationships in the cyber-space, hitherto undetected. As more computer scientists join in to mine such data, the realization of the need for substantive and strategic analyses propels more inter-est in dialogues between computer scientists and social and behavioral scientists. Such collaborations go beyond disciplinary boundaries, as typically scholars are bounded in their normative communities and media of presentation and publica-tions. It would require extraordinary e!orts on the part of scientists to cross such boundaries to bring such collaborations to fruition. It would also require the par-ticipation of outstanding scholars from their respective �elds to advance knowledge in such collaborations.

viii ◾ Foreword

It is, therefore, truly extraordinary to see such e�orts and opportunities to have taken place when computer scientist, Xiaoming Fu, who has developed his distin-guished career cross and beyond national boundaries of China and Germany, has sought and found collaborators in social sciences in China, Jar-der Luo, a sociolo-gist, and in Germany, Margarete Boos, a social psychologist. �ey have brought their distinguished scholarships together, along with their colleagues, to create a book that demonstrates the utility of such collaborations in advancing the meth-odologies and in bringing about a deeper understanding of social structures, net-work behaviors, networks as complex systems, and collaborations and information dissemination in social networks. �e book illustrates exemplary e�orts and frui-tion in truly integrative collaborations between computer scientists and social and behavioral scientists. It has set a high benchmark for all such cross-disciplinary collaborations to come and has brought social network analysis to new heights.

Nan LinProfessor of Sociology

Duke University Durham, North Carolina

ix

Preface

�e roots of this book depict the genesis of a successful interdisciplinary, East–West academia cooperation. �e book project sprung from an ongoing e�ort among a handful of scientists in China and Germany, following leaders of Nanjing University and the University of Göttingen having visited their respective cities in 2009. One of the originating authors, who had been involved in these visits and was shortly later appointed as a visiting chair professor at Tsinghua University, had the idea of an interdisciplinary collaboration on social network analysis between the countries’ universities. To �nd the right sociologist in China interested in social network anal-ysis, the coauthor phoned the university president’s o�ce of Tsinghua University and then Tsinghua University’s research department head, dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, and chair of the Sociology Department—who organized an introduction to an interested sociologist and eventually a contrib-uting author to this book. At that time, yet another of the book’s collaborators, who was from Nanjing University’s Computer Science Department, was visiting the originating author’s group at the University of Göttingen for a collaboration on the topic of mobile social networks with researchers within the university’s Department of Social and Communication Psychology. As a result, the head of the said department, together with other scientists and leaders at the University of Göttingen, Nanjing University, and Tsinghua University, entered into discussions that developed into an organized Sino–German interdisciplinary collaboration on the broader domain of social networks. �is intercultural, interdisciplinary collab-oration took the form of several lectures, seminars, and annual workshops as well as several jointly supervised bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and PhD students at Tsinghua University, Nanjing University, and the University of Göttingen.

A member of CRC Press eventually approached these collaborators for a pos-sible book on some of the Sino–German interdisciplinary collaborations on social network analysis. We were given the freedom to organize the book’s content, style, and format. In addition to solicitations for authoring book chapters from the three universities, a couple of international authors from the United Kingdom and the United States were invited and contributed several interesting chapters.

People are linked in social networks when they interact with their families, friends, colleagues, and other individuals and groups who share common interests

x ◾ Preface

and goals. Links in social networks are based on various reasons, which can range from family ties to the need for technical or business information transfer or other sorts of interdependencies. Today, social networks are highly dynamic entities, as they are fueled by open access to modern information and communication tech-nologies and high geographic mobility, resulting in ever-increasing interpersonal and interdisciplinary interactions and collaborations.

�is book will interest readers looking to learn more about new methods and techniques that are synthesized from the di�erent research disciplines involved in the formation, analysis, and modeling of various traditional and digital social net-works as well as their applications.

We have organized the book chapters into �ve clusters according to the follow-ing aspects:

◾ Methodologies for interdisciplinary social network research (Chapters 1 through 3)

◾ Social network structure (Chapters 4 through 7) ◾ Social network behaviors (Chapters 8 through 10) ◾ Social networks as complex systems and their applications (Chapters 11

and 12) ◾ Collaboration and information dissemination in social networks (Chapters

13 through 15)

We express our gratitude to the leaders of Nanjing University and Tsinghua University and especially to the University of Göttingen for ultimately making the publication of this book possible. We also thank the contributing authors who, as interdisciplinary collaborators often do, added the task of contributing to this collaboration to their already overextended schedule. We extend special thanks to Ruijun He at CRC Press and Taylor & Francis Group for his enduring patience as our editor and to the project coordinator, Amber Donley, in dealing with editorial matters such as layout and graphics, and a hearty thank-you to the support sta� too numerous to mention. Without their help, this book edition would not have been possible.

Xiaoming FuJar-Der Luo

Margarete Boos

xi

Editors

Xiaoming Fu is a full professor of computer science and head of the Computer Networks Group at the Institute of Computer Science, University of Göttingen, Germany. He is also founding director of the Sino–German Institute of Social Computing, University of Göttingen. His research interests include Internet-based systems, protocols, and applications, including social networks. Professor Xiaoming holds a PhD in computer science from Tsinghua University, China. He is an IEEE distinguished lecturer and has served as secretary and then vice chair of the IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on Computer Communications and chair of the Internet Technical Committee, the joint committee of the IEEE Communications Society and the Internet Society.

Jar-Der Luo is a professor at the Sociology Department, Tsinghua University in Beijing, China; he is also president of the Chinese Network for Social Network Studies and director of Tsinghua Social Network Research Center. He received his PhD in sociology from Stony Brook University in New York, supervised by Mark Granovetter. His researches cover numerous topics in social network stud-ies, including social capital, trust, social network in Big Data, self-organization process, and Chinese indigenous management, such as guanxi, guanxi circle, and favor exchange.

Margarete Boos is a full professor of psychology and head of the Department of Social and Communication Psychology at the Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen, Germany. Her research focuses on group psychology, especially coordination and leadership in teams, computer-mediated communication, and distributed teams, as well as methods for interaction and communication analy-sis. She holds a PhD in sociology. She applies her research methods and results to team diagnostics and team training and founded the start-up Malamut Team Catalyst GmbH together with colleagues in 2010. She developed the Göttingen Civil Courage Training and puts it into practice as a train-the-trainer concept in many institutions.

xiii

Margarete BoosInstitute of Psychology

and

Sino-German Institute of Social Computing

University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Julie BrownlieSchool of Social and Political Sciences University of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom

Ronald BurtBooth School of Business

and

Department of SociologyUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois

Xiao ChenDepartment of Computer ScienceTexas State UniversitySan Marcos, Texas

Meng-Yu ChengDepartment of Business

AdministrationFeng-Chia UniversityTaichung, Taiwan, China

Lianghao DaiInstitute of PsychologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Patrick M. De BoerDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of ZurichZürich, Switzerland

Fangda FanDepartment of BiostatisticsUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, Illinois

Tim FriedeDepartment of Medical StatisticsUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Xiaoming FuInstitute of Computer Science

and

Sino-German Institute of Social Computing

University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Hauke FuehresGalaxyadvisors AGAarau, Switzerland

Contributors

xiv ◾ Contributors

Peter A. GloorCenter for Collective IntelligenceSloan School of ManagementMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

Jens GrabowskiInstitute of Computer Science

and

Sino-German Institute of Social Computing

University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Xiao HanBusiness SchoolShanghai University of Finance and

EconomicsShanghai, China

Ste!en HerboldInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Wolfgang HimmelDepartment of General PracticeUniversity Medical CenterUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Daniel HonselInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Verena HerboldInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Hong HuangInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Yongfeng HuangDepartment of Electronic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing, China

Pan HuiDepartment of Computer Science and

EngineeringHong Kong University of Science and

TechnologyClear Water Bay, Hong Kong

Dmytro KaramshukDepartment of InformaticsKing’s College LondonLondon, United Kingdom

Janka KoschackDepartment of General PracticeUniversity Medical CenterUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Ruiqi LiSchool of Systems ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China

Wenzhong LiState Key Laboratory for Novel

Software TechnologyDepartment of Computer Science and

Technology

and

Sino-German Institute of Social Computing

Nanjing UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China

Lu LiuTangoMe Inc.Mountain View, California

Contributors ◾ xv

Wei LoDepartment of Computer ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Sanglu LuState Key Laboratory for Novel

Software TechnologyDepartment of Computer Science and

Technology

and

Sino-German Institutes of Social Computing

Nanjing UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China

Jar-Der LuoDepartment of Sociology

and

Center for Social Network ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijing, China

Philip MakedonskiInstitute of Computer SciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Joao MarcosGalaxyadvisors AGAarau, Switzerland

Jan NaglerComputational Physics for Engineering

Materials, IfBETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland

and

MPI for Dynamics and Self-Organization

Göttingen, Germany

Keiichi NemotoFuji Xerox Co., Ltd.Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan

Johannes PritzCourant Research Centre Evolution of

Social BehaviourUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

Mladen PupavacSchool of Politics and International

RelationsUniversity of NottinghamNottingham, United Kingdom

Vanessa PupavacSchool of Politics and International

RelationsUniversity of NottinghamNottingham, United Kingdom

Nishanth SastryDepartment of InformaticsKing’s College LondonLondon, United Kingdom

Frances ShawSchool of Social and Political SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom

Jie TangDepartment of Computer Science and

Technology

and

Center for Social Network ResearchTsinghua UniversityBeijing, China

Stephan WaackInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany

xvi ◾ Contributors

Zhiyuan WangSchool of ComputerNational University of Defense

TechnologyChangsha, Hunan, China

Tongfeng WengDepartment of Computer Science and

EngineeringHong Kong University of Science and

TechnologyClear Water Bay, Hong Kong

Fangzhao WuDepartment of Electronic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing, China

Yaofeng ZhangDepartment of Computer Science and

EngineeringHong Kong University of Science and

TechnologyClear Water Bay, Hong Kong

Chaowen ZhouDepartment of SociologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing, China

Yun ZhouSchool of ComputerNational University of Defense

TechnologyChangsha, Hunan, China

Konglin ZhuSchool of Information and

Communication EngineeringBeijing University of Posts and

TelecommunicationsBeijing, China

and

Sino-German Institute of Social Computing

University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany