social mobility and inequality of opportunity in mexico · educational and household wealth...

Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity

in Mexico

Introduction

Three facts onMexico

Studying socialmobility inMexico

Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Social Mobility and Inequality of Opportunity inMexico

Luis Monroy-Gómez-Franco

GC-CUNY


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Plan of the presentation

Three facts on Mexico relevant for this lecture

A (very) brief history of the study of social mobility in Mexico

The newest data sources and their characteristics

Some recent results on social mobility and inequality ofopportunity for the Mexican case

Some questions still unresolved


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

1a. High Inequality

Figure 1: Distribution by Income Deciles, circa 2012


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

1b. High Inequality

Figure 2: Mexicans in the World Income Distribution, 2008


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

2. High Levels of Poverty

Figure 3: Population in poverty, 1992-2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

3. Slow (and not pro-poor) economic growth

Figure 4: Population in extreme poverty and GDP per capita


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Brief History

1965: focus on the effects of rapid economic growth onoccupational mobility in Monterrey and Mexico City.

1985-1994: focus on the effects of the "Lost Decade" onoccupational mobility in the larger cities of Mexico.

2006: First national representative retrospective survey forthe male population (EMOVI 2006), Allows analysis oneducational and household wealth mobility.

2011: EMOVI 2011 includes information on both female andmale population. Almost the same questionnaire as EMOVI2006.


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

General Characteristics

Due to resource constraints, all the recent surveysdedicated to the study of social mobility are retrospectivecross sectional surveys.

The age of reference for the respondent is 14 years old.This age is a compromise between the intention of capturingthe conditions of the origin household and minimizing therecall bias.

To minimize the recall bias (which generates measurementerror), the surveys do not ask about the income of parents.Instead, ask about household assets.


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

EMOVI 2006

Representative sample of men (household heads) between25-64 years old.

Representative at the national, rural and urban levels.

Basic questionnaire includes retrospective questions onorigin household characteristics, parental educationalattainment and occupational status of the parent. It alsoincludes questions on perceived mobility.

Sample size: 7,288 observations.


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

EMOVI 2011

Representative sample of men and women (householdheads and non household heads) between 25-64 years old.


Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006.

Adds information regarding parental expectations oneducational achievements of the children.



in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

EM-COLMEX 2015

Representative sample of fathers or mothers and childrenwith an age between 12-18 years old who inhabitcommunities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.

Same basic questionnaire as EMOVI 2006 and EMOVI2011.

Adds information regarding preferences, cognitive andsocio-emotional abilities of parents and children.



in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

MMSI 2016



Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006, EMOVI 2011.

Adds information regarding self reported skin tone, using thetone scale developed for the Project on Race and Ethnicityin Latin America.



in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

EMOVI 2017


Representative at the national, rural, urban, and for 5regions of Mexico and Mexico City.

Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006, EMOVI 2011.

Adds detail to the information regarding health and accessto medical/social security facilities and information on skincolor as MMSI 2016.

Sample size: 17, 692 observations.


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Educational mobility, 2011


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Occupational mobility, 2011


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Household wealth mobility, 2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Rank-Rank regression, Total Population 2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Rank-Rank regression, Population by skin color2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Composition of the First Quintile, by Skin Color andQuintile of Origin 2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Composition of the Fifth Quintile, by Skin Color andQuintile of Origin 2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Direction of social mobility, by skin color


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Inequality of opportunity, different circumstancesets 2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Inequality of opportunity, top and bottom quintiles2016


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

Conclusions

Are there any nonlinearities on social mobility/inequality ofopportunity for the Mexican case?

What explains the disassociation betweeneducational/occupational mobility and household wealthmobility?.

To what degree is the original distribution of householdwealth and educational attainment based on skin colorlines?.

What is the political economy behind these results? Whatmakes a low mobility, high inequality and high povertyequilibrium stable?


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

References

Monroy-Gmez-Franco, Luis, Roberto Vélez-Grajales, andGastón Yalonetzky. (2018). "Layers of Inequality: SocialMobility Inequality of Opportunity and Skin Colour inMexico." Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias Documentode trabajo 03.

Reyes, Miguel; Graciela Teruel and Miguel López. (2017).“Measuring true income inequality in Mexico”, LatinAmerican Policy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 127-148.


in Mexico

Introduction



Data sources

Recent Results

Pendingquestions

References

References

Vélez-Grajales, Roberto, Raymundo Campos-Vázquez andJuan E. Huerta-Wong (2014). Report on Social Mobility inMexico: Imagine Your Future. Mexico: The EspinosaYglesias Research Centre (CEEY).

Vélez-Grajales, Roberto and Luis Monroy-Gómez-Franco.(2017). “Movilidad social en México: Hallazgos ypendientes”, Revista de Economía Mexicana. AnuarioUNAM, no. 2, pp. 97-142.

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