social entrepreneurship impact on human development

8/13/2019 Social Entrepreneurship Impact on Human Development

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/social-entrepreneurship-impact-on-human-development 1/14

University of Asia & the Pacific

School of Economics

The Impact of Social Entrepreneurship in Human Development

Social Economics

Submitted by:

Diana ueda

Submitted to:

!s" #ovi Dacanay

$ April %$%

I" Introduction

1



1890, in the Principle of Economics, Alfred Marshall said that there are not just three, but

four necessities in production: land, labor, capital and organizations hich dri!ing factors are the

entrepreneurs" And he as right#entrepreneurs are the inno!ators and creators that stimulateeconomic groth"

$orrelating entrepreneurship as a factor of economic groth is not hard to deduce sinceacti!ities made under certain economic opportunities are the core of entrepreneurship" %efined as

the impro!ements in economic acti!ities through inno!ation and change, entrepreneurship is an

agent in production, distribution and groth theories made possible through economicopportunities" &oe!er, being often associated ith profit and capital, entrepreneurs are ala's

connected ith greed and selfishness"

&oe!er, as the orld turned to be more aare of the social problems it faces andinstitutions seem to fall short in aiding these problems, entrepreneurs started organizing

enterprises that ha!e social dimensions" &ence, it as the start of social entrepreneurship"

(ocial entrepreneurship rests from the idea that apart from earning profits, there aresociall' dri!en aspects that also need to be addressed" )n the Philippines, there are a number of

social entrepreneurs"

*he researcher, therefore, ould li+e to stud' hat social entrepreneurship trul' is and

ho such helps in de!elopment" A $ase stud' of $hito Madrigal oundation-s Pa'atasresettlement program ould be used b' the researcher"

*his foundation resettled hundreds of families from Pa'atas %umpsite to a more safe and

secures area on .00/" ith famil' earnings coming from trash collecting in the dumpsite, thesefamilies need decent emplo'ment or li!elihood" *he foundation has been conducting li!elihood

trainings since .00/" ne of hich is the bac+'ard planting of nutritious !egetables that

impro!ed health of the families" n .010, the foundation started a culinar' training for mothersand 'oung omen" (uch training in!ol!es ba+ing and coo+ing lessons"

'ac()round of the Study

)n the Philippines, there are a number of social entrepreneurs" *here are some in the

housing projects, li!elihood acti!ities, and others in financing" &oe!er, social entrepreneurs inthe li!elihood acti!ities are the most common" *hese enterprises often support communit'

organizations that create different products depending on the a!ailable resources of the

communit'" &oe!er, most of the time, there are no delineated mar+ets for these products"

&ence, social entrepreneurs organize suppl' chain in order to secure sustainabilit'" Most often,the' scheme mar+eting strategies, refining the products and suggesting ne designs"1

*herefore, it could be noticed that in the case of de!eloping countries li+e the Philippines

here po!ert' is still persistent, social entrepreneurs are geared toards lessening po!ert'"

&oe!er, be'ond the borders of the countr', social entrepreneurship could also mean more than

1 Echodesignlab: %esigning for %e!elopment, http:22"echosi"org"ph2programs3echodesignlab"asp 4accessed 5

ebruar' .01.6"

2

http://www.echosi.org.ph/programs-echodesignlab.asp




such" 7(ocial encompasses !ar'ing definition, depending on one-s cultural bac+ground"

*herefore, around the globe, social enterprises ma' range from health, gender, justice to po!ert'"

Si)nificance of the Study

*hroughout histor', po!ert' could be defined as more than one-s lac+ of mone'" Amart'a

(en defined po!ert' as the lac+ of instrumental freedoms of a person#freedoms that range from

economic freedoms, political freedoms, social opportunities, transparenc' guarantees and protecti!e opportunities" (en further suggested that the opposite of freedom is po!ert'" &ence,

epanding the fi!e instrumental freedoms means epanding human capabilities of a person that

ould gi!e him opportunities to direct and mold his on life means#uplifting the person-s

standard and li!ing conditions".

*herefore, the state and the societ' are !igilant in protecting and epanding human

capabilities" (uch importance to the state could actuall' be !erified ithin the $onstitution as itdoes not onl' promote prosperit' and independence, but also ould ant to 7free the people

from po!ert'"; &oe!er, go!ernment could onl' do so much ithout the collaboration of its

citizens" &ence, participation of the pri!ate sector is !er' essential"

ne a' herein the pri!ate sector can participate is through social entrepreneurship"

(ocial entrepreneurship is a relati!el' ne flourishing concept that di!erts from the t'pical profitma+ing entrepreneurship to the philanthropic3li+e entrepreneurship that addresses social needs

hich contribute to de!elopment" &ence, stud' in this field is important"

*b+ectives and Statement of the Problem

*he researcher ould li+e to e!aluate the role of social entrepreneurship in de!elopment"

&ence, the folloing are the researcher-s objecti!es:

1" *o define social entrepreneurship as not just an ethical entrepreneurial acti!it', but as

an economic acti!it' that addresses social needs"

." *o e!aluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in human de!elopment

<i!en such, the researcher ould li+e to del!e on the folloing =uestions:

1" hat is social entrepreneurship> $an a foundation =ualif' as a social

enterprise>." hat is human de!elopment>

" &o does social entrepreneurship affect human de!elopment>

Scope of the Study

2 Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as reedom, 4?andom &ouse, @:19996, 83;0"3 )bid"4 198B $onstitution, Article )), (ection 9"

3



*he researcher ill e!aluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in human de!elopment

using four missing data studied in multidimensional po!ert' approach such as economic

ellbeing, bodil' ellbeing, ps'chological ellbeing and empoerment"/ Moreo!er, a casestud' of $hito Madrigal oundation-s 4$M6 Pa'atas li!elihood program ould be used b' the

researcher"

II" evie, of elated -iterature

Social Entrepreneurship

Coseph (chumpeter defined entrepreneurs as agents ho stir groth in the econom' b'

creating ne products, or method of production, and b' putting up ne mar+ets or industries"%eemed important in economic groth, entrepreneurs pro!ide stabilit' in the econom'"

&oe!er, being profit oriented, often, entrepreneurs are associated ith greed"

&oe!er, as the orld turned to be more aare of the social problems it faced and

institutions seem to fall short in aiding these problems, entrepreneurs started organizingenterprises that ha!e social dimensions#and it as the start of social entrepreneurship"

*he ord Dsocial entrepreneurship- ma'be a nel' coined ord, hoe!er, such concept

is far from being ne to the orld" )n fact, e!en at the late .0 th centur', there ere someinstitutions hich practiced the concept of social entrepreneurship" )n the late 1900s, theor' of

hospital conditions as de!eloped b' lorence @ightingale"5

&oe!er, the ord social entrepreneurship as onl' coined on 19B. b' an+s hichtoo+ notice that social problems could also be aided b' managerial practices" &ence, on 19B0s

and 1980s, there as some increasing rele!ant researchers in social entrepreneurship" &oe!er,

it as onl' on 1990s hen the subject became more popular and !arious too+ interest on it"B

*herefore, for the past ten 'ears, attention toards social entrepreneurship has been

groing" Farious !entures ere formed, support group institutions ere built, and academicresearch ere ritten" &oe!er, e!en ith the increasing attention toards social

entrepreneurship, still, there is no unif'ing definition of hat trul' is social entrepreneurship"

According to some, social entrepreneurship is an initiati!e of non3profit organizationshich are in need of additional re!enues in order to fill the gaps due to the lac+ of go!ernment,

indi!idual and other pri!ate funding" Also, others see social entrepreneurship as initiati!es of

indi!iduals in order to help in a certain social problem" Moreo!er, some researchers !ie it as

enterprises that are sociall' responsible in the practice of commercial businesses"

8

5 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, P&) or+ing Paper @o" 00 4Ma'

.00B6: 8"6 rigett &oogendoorn, et" al" hat %o e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of Empirical

?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B."7 )bid"8 )bid"

4



<eorge %ees, +non to be the father of social entrepreneurship, offers a definition that is

rooted in the notion of entrepreneurship b' Coseph (chumpeter" &e defined social

entrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ansers societies- problems through 7combination ofresources and persons"9 Moreo!er, he further eplained that social entrepreneurship put 7public

!alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt, act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t

control, and ehibit a strong sense of accountabilit'"10

&ence, social enterprise is not just confined in enterprise hich earns profit through

philanthropic acti!ities" <i!en the definition of %ees, social entrepreneurs could also include!arious entities and indi!iduals hich bring positi!e solution to a communit', imparting !alues

and responsibilit', through an enterprise that do not see+ profit"

*hose ho handle and on @on3<o!ernment rganizations 4@<6 hich offers thesame sentiments could also be classified as social entrepreneurs" @<s are institutions of

different interests that operate outside the base of the go!ernment" More famous eamples of this

are partnerships, !entures cooperati!es, and corporations that could further be di!ided to profit

and non3profit"

Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines

Cust as hat has been mentioned earlier, in the Philippines, social enterprises are more

associated ith enterprises hich acti!ities center social dimensions along profit objecti!es" neof the more famous social enterprises is Rags2Riches 4?ags to ?iches6" )t is a business enterprise

started b' students from Ateneo de Manila Hni!ersit' and some alumni from %e Ia (alle

Hni!ersit'" )t is composed of a fe omen from Pa'atas ho used to sell rags hich the'

regularl' sca!enge from the dumpsite" efore joining Rags2Riches, these omen onl' earn P 1 per rag" Moreo!er, there ere moments that middlemen ould not pa' their rags ith a lot of

ecuses" (ince the' do not ha!e an' other choice, the' still let the middlemen sell their rugs"

Hpon joining Rags2Riches, these omen no ea!e at least eight rugs or bags per da' earningP 1,000 per ee+"11

Aside from such, Hapinoy is another eample" )t has been one of the most aarded socialenterprises in the countr'" According to one of its oners, Mr" am A=uino, hat seperates

Hapinoy from other social enterprises is b' tapping one of the uni=ue features of ilipino culture"

)t is a social enterprise that sets up or etends a sari3sari store#a retail poer ith mar+et share

of B0J" Micro Fenture )nc" 4MF)6, a microfinance corporation hich ons Hapinoy, pro!idesthe capital" Each sari3sari store is able to earn through cheaper access of goods pro!ided b' the

compan'-s $ommunit' (tore that acts li+e a distributor"1.

9 %a!id ornstein K (usan %a!is, (ocial Entrepreneurship: hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno, 4ford Hni!ersit'

Press, @e or+:.0106, 1"10 )bid"11 *ina Arceo3%umlao, Pa'atas3based ?ags.?iches ins H( enterprise aard, Philippine %ail' )n=uirer,

http:22nesinfo"in=uirer"net2in=uirerheadlines2nation2!ie2.0080/031;./.2Pa'atas3based3?ags.?iches3ins3H(3

enterprise3aard 4accessed April 1, .01.6"12 A (ari3sari (tore crusade, Manila *imes, http:22"manilatimes"net2inde"php2sunda'3times2the3sunda'3times3

magazines2;/53bam3a=uinos3hapino' 4accessed April 1, .01.6"

5

http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080503-134252/Payatas-based-Rags2Riches-wins-US-enterprise-award



http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sunday-times/the-sunday-times-magazines/4536-bam-aquinos-hapinoy









<aad Galinga 4<G6, on the other hand, has been defined as a social enterprise e!en if,

initiall', its goal is ithout profit objecti!es" riginall', its program started from building houses

for the beneficiaries ithout an' monetar' return" @e!ertheless, the program remains self3sustaining that made it =ualif' as a social enterprise"

*he houses are built in partnership ith them b' ma+ing sure that the' ill ha!e a sharein building such houses" *oda', <G also ma+es sure that the communities are self3sustaining

through its <Gnomics program" )t ensures that families ill ha!e sources of li!ing b' either eas'

access to dignified emplo'ment or b' li!elihood programs in the communit'"

Human Development Approach

(ocial entrepreneurship, e!en ith !ar'ing definitions, cannot be mista+en that its maingoal is human de!elopment" *he concept of human de!elopment as introduced b' Mahbub ul

&a=, a Pa+istani economist" )t as conceptualized b' ul &a= ith big influence from the or+s

of Amart'a (en"

)n %e!elopment as reedom, (en eplained that de!elopment is deeper than the increase

of per capita income or <ross %omestic Product 4<%P6" According to him, de!elopment is the7epanding of the freedom of a person"1 (ince po!ert' is defined as the unfreedom that sla!es a

person, therefore, de!elopment is the process to unsla!e the person from po!ert'" Moreo!er,

according to (en, freedom is the abilit' of a person to lead his on life to the +ind of life he!alues"1;

&ence, Hnited @ations, defined human de!elopment as 7the process of enlar)in)

people.s choices and enhancin) human capabilities 4the range of things people can be and do6

and freedoms, enabling them to: li!e a long and health' life, ha!e access to +noledge and a

decent standard of li!ing, and participate in the life of their communit' and decisions affecting

their li!es"1/

*he traditional a' of measuring human de!elopment is through the &uman

%e!elopment )nde 4&%)6" )t measures income, life epectanc' and education" &oe!er, it has been further established that human de!elopment is not onl' confined on those three measures"15

Another measure that could be used to assess human de!elopment is the multi3dimensional

po!ert' anal'sis" Ii+e the &%), such is also founded in the ideas of Amart'a (en" &oe!er,

unli+e the &%), it further measures important dimensions in life such as 7mental ellbeing,empoerment, political freedom, social and communit' relations, ine=ualit', or+ conditions,

leisure, political and economic stabilit', and the en!ironment"1B

Moreo!er, these dimensions are also consistent ith Foices of the Poor#a stud'

conducted b' orld an+ 46 on 1999" Foices of the Poor consulted poor people in .

13 Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as reedom, 83;0"14 )bid"15 &uman %e!elopment Approach, &uman %e!elopment ?eports, http:22hdr"undp"org2en2humande!2origins2

4accessed March /, .01.6"16 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, P&) or+ing Paper @o" 00, 1"17 )bid"

6



countries in order to understand their perspecti!e in 7ill3being and ellbeing, problems and

priorities, institutional relationships and gender"18 )t is, then, a or+ that summarized the ties

beteen po!ert' and ill3being" )t is defined as 7ha!ing a bad life"19 )t further includes 7materiallac+ and ant 4of food, housing and shelter, li!elihood, assets and mone'6L hunger, pain and

discomfortL ehaustion and po!ert' of timeL eclusion, rejection, isolation and loneliness, etc" .0

&ence, it has been an issue on ho to diminish such illbeing and epand ellbeing in order toattain dignified standard li!ing and condition"

III" Theoretical /rame,or(

)ndicators of Multi3%imensional Po!ert'.1 hich as deepl' inspired b' the concept ofde!elopment b' Amart'a (en ill be used b' the researcher as a frameor+" )n %e!elopment as

reedom, Amart'a (en, eplained that de!elopment is deeper than the increase of per capita

income or gross domestic product" According to him, de!elopment is the 7epanding of thefreedom of a person".. (ince po!ert' is defined as the unfreedom that sla!es a person, therefore,

human de!elopment is the process to unsla!e the person from po!ert'" (uch process in!ol!es

epanding human capabilities of a person through epanding some instrumental freedomsmentioned earlier". *hese instrumental freedoms could further translated through epanding

some indicators of Multi3%imensional Po!ert' that ranges from material, spiritual, mental and

social ell3being, producti!it', securit' and empoerment".; As in the case of this research,material ell3being, mental ell3being, bodil' ell3being, and empoerment ill be used"

Also, social entrepreneurship defined b' <eorge %ees ill also be folloed in the

research" <eorge %ees, +non to be the father of social entrepreneurship, defined socialentrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ansers societies- problems through 7combination of

resources and persons that in!ol!es public !alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt,

act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t control, and ehibit a strong sense of accountabilit'"./

I0" 1onceptual /rame,or(

18 Garen roc+, 7)t-s @ot nl' ealth that Matters )t-sPpeace of Mind *oo: A ?e!ie of Participator' or+ on

Po!ert' and )llbeing, )nstitute of %e!elopment (tudies, 7)t-s @ot nl' ealth that Matters )t-sPeace of Mind

*oo: A ?e!ie of Participator' or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, orld an+,

http:22siteresources"orldban+"org2)@*PFE?*2?esources2/5;.311.;11/10.9B/21///1993

11.;18B;.102ngore!"pdf 4accessed April 1, .0116"19 )bid"

20 Patrice Engel K Maureen lac+, The Effect of Poverty on 1hild Development and Educational *utcomes2

Annals of the 3e, 4or( Academy of Science2 $2 $$56 7#uly %89:%"21 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, P&) or+ing Paper @o" 00 4Ma'

.00B6: 8"22 Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as reedom, 83;0"23 )bid"24 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 8"25 rigett &oogendoorn, et" al" hat %o e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of Empirical

?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B1311."

7



0" !ethodolo)y

)n order to +no the participation of social entrepreneurship in bringing in de!elopment,the researcher ill e!aluate $hito Madrigal oundation 4$M6 through its culinar' training

program in Pa'atas, Nuezon $it'" A preliminar' inter!ie as conducted in order to +no thecurrent scenario of the culinar' training program" *he culinar' training program is a one 'ear

program that pro!ides free training in coo+ing, ba+ing and bartending" (uch program aims to

ma+e the trainees read' to ta+e the *E(%A @$3)) assessment in commercial coo+ing and breadand pastr' production"

*his program has nine trainees#B females and . males#ho are recent high school

graduates from Custice $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool located at Mola!e (t", arangga'Pa'atas ", Nuezon $it'" *he preliminar' inter!ie shos that these students are all satisfied

ith the training program the' recei!ed from the foundation" Eight out of nine inter!ieed said

that among the lessons the' learned, the' ere fond most of ba+ing" (ome of the dishes the'ere taught ere Oclair, crme puff, siss roll, coo+ies, etc" n the other hand, se!en ere fond

of coo+ing herein the' ere taught ho to coo+ chic+en lollipop, cordon blue, orange chic+en

etc" *he' ere also taught ho to garnish and four of them ere fond of such lessons" Moreo!er,to ere fond of bartending herein the' ere taught ho to mi different !arieties of juices

and li=uors" (ome of the trainees are no able to help in their parent-s small food businesses b'

coo+ing dishes such as spaghetti and pansit that could be sold to their neighbors and some ere

able to impart hat the' learned to their other famil' members" Moreo!er, most of the traineesould ant to ha!e their respecti!e small businesses in the future so as to help their families"

&ence, ith the researcher-s aim of e!aluating the participation of socialentrepreneurship in de!elopment, the researcher ould li+e to further e!aluate the impact of the

culinar' training program in the li!es of the trainees" )mpact anal'sis ill, then, be used" )mpact

is defined as the change characterized b' the difference from the original problem situation")mpact anal'sis ill be achie!ed through further inter!ies of the trainees" Nuestions are all

geared toards obser!ation of the original situation, changes and increased opportunities

pro!ided b' the training" *hese =uestions are classified in accordance to the indicators of Multi3

%imensional Po!ert' such as material ell3being, bodil' ell3being, mental ell3being and

8

Social

Social needsthrough enterprise

Human

!aterial "ell#$eing

$odil% "ell#$eing

!ental "ell#$eing

Empo&erment

Haing more access to income

Haing more access or haing more

'no&ledge on health% (ood

Haing more harmon%) meaning and

Haing more opportunities to direct o&n



empoerment" *he ansers of the trainees ill be e!aluated if hether or not the training

program brought impact to their li!es" *he folloing are the =uestions:

)ndicator Nuestions

Material ell3being efore the training program, are 'ou able to

help increase famil' income in some a'> )f'es, b' ho much>ith the training program, are 'ou able to help

increase famil' income in some a'> )f 'es, b'

ho much>

odil' ell3being

efore the training program, are 'ou familiar

ith food that are nutritious> %o 'ou usuall'ser!e such +ind of food in 'our famil'> )f 'es,

hat are these>

ith the training program, ha!e 'ou identified

more +ind of nutritious food> %o 'ou noser!e more nutritious food at home> $an 'ou

cite some nutritious dishes 'ou no ser!e athome>

Mental ell3being efore the training program, hat are the

!alues 'ou possessed> %o 'ou thin+ such!alues are assets of a person>

ith the training program, aside from being

able to learn coo+ing, ba+ing and garnishing,did 'ou also learn and gro in more !alues>

&o>

Empoerment efore the training program, hat are the professional possibilities 'ou considered>

%o 'ou thin+ that the training program helped'ou epand 'our opportunities in finding a job

or in creating a li!elihood> &o>

0I" esults and Analysis

<eorge %ees, +non to be the father of social entrepreneurship, offers a definition that is

rooted in the notion of entrepreneurship b' Coseph (chumpeter" &e defined social

entrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ansers societies- problems through 7combination of

resources and persons".5 Moreo!er, he further eplained that social entrepreneurship put 7public

26 %a!id ornstein K (usan %a!is, (ocial Entrepreneurship: hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno, 4ford Hni!ersit'

Press, @e or+:.0106, 1"

9



!alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt, act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t

control, and ehibit a strong sense of accountabilit'".B

&ence, social enterprise is not just confined in enterprise hich earns profit through

philanthropic acti!ities" <i!en the definition of %ees, social entrepreneurs could also include

!arious entities and indi!iduals hich bring positi!e solution to a communit', imparting !aluesand responsibilit', through an enterprise that do not see+ profit"

)n de!eloping countries here po!ert' seems to be a huge problem, social entrepreneursact as third part' that gi!es the needs according to the preferences of the communit' that

contributes to the communit'-s human de!elopment" or the poor, gaining freedom indi!iduall'

is something the' could not accomplish" *he' need collecti!e efforts in order to attain such

freedom" ften, these collecti!e efforts are seen through political organizations, unions, !illegecooperati!es, etc".8 Aside from the need of collecti!e efforts to attain freedom, another instance

that could aid in gaining more freedom is the inter!ention of a third part'" or de!eloped

countries and elfare states, such inter!ention comes from the go!ernment" &oe!er, for

de!eloping countries ith go!ernments that do not ha!e enough resources to aid failing mar+ets,inter!ention comes from the pri!ate sector"

*herefore, those ho handle and on @on3<o!ernment rganizations 4@<6 hich

offers the same sentiments could also be classified as social entrepreneurs" @<s are institutions

of different interests that operate outside the base of the go!ernment" $hito Madrigal oundation4$M6, for instance, is a non3stoc+ and non3profit corporation that pro!ides !arious

philanthropic acti!ities in fe parts in the countr' here po!ert' is soaring" )t pro!ides feeding

programs and li!elihood projects in some parts of icol and Fisa'as"

n .00B, it started constructing the Pa'atas Ii!elihood $enter" Pa'atas, Nuezon $it' is

an infamous dumpsite area here mountains of garbage ha!e alread' accumulated" People

started settling on the area and had li!ed through sca!enging garbage for the past decades" *heobjecti!e of the foundation is to empoer the communit' b' epanding their capabilities through

li!elihood trainings so as not to be constrained to mere garbage sca!enging along the dumpsite"

n .010, a li!elihood program that offers culinar' arts training to fresh high school

graduate from Custice $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool in Pa'atas had commenced" (uch

training en!isions its graduates to ta+e and pass the @$. certificate eam of *E(%A" *he

program in!ol!es culinar' training, !alues formation and English proficienc'" (t" PaulHni!ersit' as tapped to teach coo+ing, ba+ing and bartending hereas !olunteers from P*)

4oundation for Professionals *raining )nc"6 ere tapped to gi!e !alues formation" Also, as part

of the training, the' are assigned to create micro3business that could gi!e them additional incomehile still preparing for the @$. certificate eam" Also, an internship in the hotel and restaurant

industr' is pro!ided before the' finish the training program"

27 )bid"28 Peter E!ans, $ollecti!e $apabilities, $ulture and Amart'a (en-s %e!elopment as reedom, (tudies in

$omparati!e )nternational %e!elopment, B @o" . 4.00.6:/53/B"

10



)n the first batch of the training program, there ere 11 trainees" All of hom had passed

the *E(%A @$. $ertificate Eam" Also, a micro3business set up in Custice $ecilia Munoz

Palma &igh (chool has been set up for them to earn etra income" )n the coming 'ear, thefoundation had ta+en in ;/ ne trainees"

ith the objecti!e of the research to see hether or not the foundation made impact onhuman de!elopment, the researcher had sur!e'ed nine 496 culinar' arts trainees" *he sur!e'

=uestions ere patterned to anser four important dimensions#material ellbeing, bodil'

ellbeing, mental ellbeing and empoerment".9

ut of nine inter!ieed, to ere able to use their s+ills b' earning additional income as

the' help out in their families- small businesses" oth ere able to help b' earning etra income

of P;00 per da' and P1/0 per da' respecti!el'" Material ellbeing is defined as ha!ing enoughincome through or+ in order to pro!ide ade=uate food and assets"0 *o trainees ere able to

utilize the techni=ues and s+ills taught b' the culinar' training" ther students, on the other hand,

had the chance to utilize such as the' started selling food in the canteen of $ecilia Munoz Palma

&igh (chool" ith just a capital of P.0,000 pro!ided b' the foundation, the trainees no sell$hinese snac+s such as siomai and siopao hich the' regularl' bu' from inondo" *he sauce,

hoe!er, are made b' the trainees" Also, for special occasions such as $hristmas and Falentines%a', the trainees ere able to sell coo+ies and bronies ba+ed b' them" *herefore, there as an

increase in material ellbeing for the trainees"

odil' ellbeing is defined as 7a health' and strong bod'"1 Moreo!er, it is a basic need

for it is not just 7a sense of ph'sical ellbeing in itself, but as a precondition for being able to

or+". A communit' near the dumpsite pro!ides an unhealth' en!ironment for the residents"

*herefore, its residents should tr' to guard their health#most that the' can do is to eat health'food" (e!en out of nine families of the trainees ser!e nutritious food e!en before the start of the

culinar' training" Moreo!er, being eposed to such training made them realize the importance of

nutritious food that some of them ere e!en thin+ing of selling such nutritious food in their on business in $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool" *he trainees and their parents, along ith other

residents of Pa'atas, $M, through !olunteers from oundation of Professionals *raining )nc"

4P*)6, the' ere able to learn ho to coo+ cheap but health' dishes that ould suit e!en thetastes of the 'ounger children" &ence, all of them became more aare of the importance of

health' nutritious food that does not need to be epensi!e"

Mental ellbeing, more popularl' +non as ps'chological ellbeing, is the 7intero!enith other dimensions of ellbeing"; )t is epressed as peace, harmon', happiness and freedom

from aniet'"/ )t is also recognized that ps'chological ellbeing, for man', includes spiritual

life and religious obser!ance" *he !alues formation classes gi!en b' !olunteers from P*)

29 )bid"30 %eepa @ara'an, et al", Foices of the Poor: $r'ing ut or $hange, ford Hni!ersit' Press, Iondon:.000, .;"31 )bid, .5"32 )bid"33 )f the famil' members, especiall' the children, do not ant to eat !egetables, !olunteers thought them to mince

the !egetable in order to hide it"34 %eepa @ara'an, et al", Foices of the Poor: $r'ing ut or $hange, ford Hni!ersit' Press, B38"35 )bid"

11



consists of classes on !irtues" And since majorit' of the trainees are $atholic, such classes are

deepl' grounded on the $atholic doctrine" )t, then, ser!ed as a !enue for the trainees to

understand the importance of !irtues that help them li!e peace and freedom from aniet'" Mostof them learned the importance of lo!e for <od, order and being hard or+ing in one-s

profession"

Also, before the culinar' training program ith their respecti!e high school diploma, all

of them ere thin+ing of see+ing immediate emplo'ment either as saleslad' or ser!ice cre in

malls" &oe!er, upon finishing the culinar' training program, their capabilities epanded thatthe' can choose more alternati!es in loo+ing for jobs#more so that jobs in the hotel and

restaurant industr' are the jobs that the the' ha!e been anting to enter" &ence, the culinar'

training program empoered the trainees b' being able to gi!e them brea+ in entering their

chosen industr'"

0II" 1onclusion

<eorge %ees simpl' defined social entrepreneurship as an enterprise that impartsresponsibilit' and !alues through combination of resources and persons in order to anser

problems in the societ'" )t rests from the idea that apart from earning profits, there are sociall'dri!en aspects that also need to be addressed" )ndeed, it is a liberating definition that sets social

entrepreneurship apart from the common percei!ed notion that such is contained onl' to profit3

oriented enterprises using social and ethical acti!ities" *herefore, e!en those ho handle andmanage non3profit @<s li+e $M could be classified as social entrepreneurs as the' help

communities to attain certain basic needs"

H@, adopting the concept of Amart'a (en, defined human de!elopment as the epansion

of person-s choices, human capabilities and freedom in order to uplift li!ing standards and

conditions" *he culinar' arts training program has been an effecti!e a' of increasing humande!elopment in the communit'" Hsing the multi3po!ert' dimension approach, it could be said

that such training program epanded the bodil', mental, and economic ell3being of the trainees"

Moreo!er, it also had empoered them" Economic ell3being increased as the trainees used thes+ills learned in the training program in order to earn income for their families" odil' ell

being, on the other hand, increased as the trainees became more aare of the importance of

nutritious food that are not costl'" Mental ellbeing as increased through the appreciation and

putting into actions the lessons learned from the !alues formation the trainees recei!e ee+l'"*rainees ere, then, empoered more as the' learned ne +noledge and s+ills, and as their

choices of emplo'ment epanded"

0III" ecommendation

&a!ing the training program commenced for just o!er a 'ear, it still has man' to impro!ein order to attain more efficienc'" *he culinar' training program could pattern the preparations it

conducts for the *E(%A @$. Eam to other institutions" P*), a non3profit organization hich

gi!es education to financiall' challenged female students through its !arious technical3!ocational

schools in the Philippines, has high rate of students passing *E(%A assessment eams" *hesetech3!oc schools accept internal and eternal students" )nternal students are students ho li!e

12



ithin the school-s residence and ho or+ in other residences P*) caters" n the other hand,

eternal students are students ho do not li!e ithin the school-s residence"

According to Ms" Mar'anne ?uiz of P*), the students prepare themsel!es in ta+ing an'

*E(%A eams" or internal residents, the students practice three times a ee+ b' putting in the

menu the needed dishes students must be able to coo+ or ba+e during the eam" Eternalstudents, on the other hand, practice the coo+ing or ba+ing of the needed dishes in the school-s

facilities ith materials and ingredients being pro!ided b' the students themsel!es"

&ence, it ould be good for $M to pattern to P)* the a' it prepare students to ta+e

the eam" *he foundation can practice the students thrice a ee+ in coo+ing or ba+ing the

needed dishes in the eam" (ince, self3sustainabilit' is important for social enterprises, the

coo+ed or ba+ed dishes could then be sold" Although it does not ha!e an' partner institution thatould automaticall' bu' the products, it can, first, ad!ertise itself in the internet b' creating an

online shop" An online shop does not necessaril' translate to online transaction beteen the

bu'er and the sellerL rather, it acts li+e a mar+eting tool that ould lead to personal meet up ith

the bu'er"

5

eferences

198B $onstitution, Article )), (ection 9"

A (ari3sari (tore crusade, Manila *imes, http:22"manilatimes"net2inde"php2sunda'3

times2the3sunda'3times3magazines2;/53bam3a=uinos3hapino' 4accessed April 1, .01.6"

Al+ire, (abina *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, P&) or+ing Paper

@o" 00 4Ma' .00B6: 8"

Arceo3%umlao, *ina, Pa'atas3based ?ags.?iches ins H( enterprise aard, Philippine %ail'

)n=uirer, http:22nesinfo"in=uirer"net2in=uirerheadlines2nation2!ie2.0080/03

1;./.2Pa'atas3based3?ags.?iches3ins3H(3enterprise3aard 4accessed April 1, .01.6"

ornstein, %a!id K %a!is, (usan, (ocial Entrepreneurship: hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno,

4ford Hni!ersit' Press, @e or+:.0106, 1"

roc+, Garen, 7)t-s @ot nl' ealth that Matters )t-sPpeace of Mind *oo: A ?e!ie of

Participator' or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, )nstitute of %e!elopment (tudies, 7)t-s @ot

nl' ealth that Matters )t-sPeace of Mind *oo: A ?e!ie of Participator' or+ onPo!ert' and )llbeing, orld an+,

36 *he Philippines: A Ieader in (ocial (truggle ith nline ?etail, Manila ulletin,

http:22"mb"com"ph2articles2//5112the3philippines3a3leader3in3social3struggles3ith3online3retail 4accessed

March 1, .01.6"

13





http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/355611/the-philippines-a-leader-in-social-struggles-with-online-retail









http:22siteresources"orldban+"org2)@*PFE?*2?esources2/5;.3

11.;11/10.9B/21///199311.;18B;.102ngore!"pdf 4accessed April 1, .0116"

Echodesignlab: %esigning for %e!elopment, http:22"echosi"org"ph2programs3

echodesignlab"asp 4accessed 5 ebruar' .01.6"

Engel, Patrice K lac+, Maureen, The Effect of Poverty on 1hild Development and

Educational *utcomes2 Annals of the 3e, 4or( Academy of Science2 $2 $$56 7#uly

%89:%"

E!ans, Peter $ollecti!e $apabilities, $ulture and Amart'a (en-s %e!elopment as reedom,(tudies in $omparati!e )nternational %e!elopment, B @o" . 4.00.6:/53/B"

&oogendoorn, rigett et" al" hat %o e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of

Empirical ?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B."

&uman %e!elopment Approach, &uman %e!elopment ?eports,

http:22hdr"undp"org2en2humande!2origins2 4accessed March /, .01.6"

*he Philippines: A Ieader in (ocial (truggle ith nline ?etail, Manila ulletin,http:22"mb"com"ph2articles2//5112the3philippines3a3leader3in3social3struggles3ith3

online3retail 4accessed March 1, .01.6"

14









social entrepreneurship impact on human development

Documents