Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development, Part-2 Kazi F. Jalal Ph.D.Harvard University Extension SchoolNov. 10, 2009

Selected issues in social developmentPoverty ReductionParticipatory DevelopmentConsensus BuildingNon-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)Gender and Development_____________________________________6. Involuntary Resettlement7. Indigenous Peoples8. Social Exclusion

6. Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary Resettlement

is a process of resettlement of people who have no option but to give up their assets in favor of a project that serves the interest of a broader community

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement PolicyInvoluntary resettlement should be avoided where possibleWhere population displacement is unavoidable, it should be minimized by exploring all viable project optionsPeople unavoidably displaced should be compensated and assisted, so that their economic and social future would be generally as favorable as it would have been in the absence of the project.Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement PolicyPeople affected should be fully consulted on resettlement and compensation options

Existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used to the greatest extent possible, and resettlers should be integrated economically and socially into host communities.Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement PolicyThe absence of a formal legal title to land by some affected groups should not be a bar to compensation; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples and ethnic minoritiesAs far as possible, involuntary resettlement should be conceived and executed as an integral part of any project.Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy -The full costs of resettlement and compensation should be included in the presentation of project costs and incorporated into the project budget. Such costs include: - resettlement plan preparation; cash compensation; relocation and transfer; income restoration; and administrative costs - An IR Plan should be prepared and implemented whenever there is a significant resettlement involvedSource: ADB, 1998

Resettlement in Different Project TypesSource: ADB, 1998

Sector

Project Components likely to have Resettlement Effects

Transport

Road or rail alignment

Associated stations, terminals, bridges

Airports, seaports, river ports

Power & Energy

Transmission alignment

Power generation plants, transmission stations, substations, and access roads

Hydroelectric power reservoirs

Solid Waste

Transfer stations

Landfill sites

Resettlement in Different Project TypesSource: ADB, 1998

Sector

Project Components likely to have Resettlement Effects

Water Supply & Sanitation

Pipelines

Pumping stations, treatment sites

Reservoirs for water supply

Urban Renewal

Urban infrastructure sites

Health

Sites for hospitals, clinics, teaching facilities

Resettlement Plan OutlineScope of land acquisition and resettlement Socioeconomic informationObjectives, policy frameworks and entitlementsConsultation and grievance redressRelocation of housing and settlementsIncome restoration strategyCosting & financing plan

7.Indigenous Peoples*

* Janet Chernela (2003):The right of IP: International Instruments, American Anthropological Association

Indigenous Peoples (IPs)Cultural minoritiesEthnic minoritiesNativesTribalsAboriginalsFirst peoplesAutochthons

Characteristics Of Indigenous PeoplesDescent from population groups present in given areas before the existence of modern states or territoriesMaintenance of cultural, social identities different from mainstream populationMaintenance of distinct institutional and/or legal frameworkSource: ADB, 1999

Characteristics Of Indigenous PeoplesSelf identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct or ancient, cultural group Linguistic identity different from that of dominant societyUnique ties to traditional habitats and ancestral domainLiving in remote areas

Source: ADB, 1999

International Laws and Agreements Concerning the Rights of Indigenous PeoplesThe United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)ILO Convention (#107) on Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries (1957)ILO Convention(#169) on Indigenous Peoples in Independent Countries (1957)Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations (1992)Convention on Biodiversity (1992)Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993);UN proclaimed 1993 as the Year of IpsUN/ECOSOC(2000) : Established a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

Source: ADB, 1999

Indigenous Peoples (IP) PolicyConsistent with the needs and aspirations of affected indigenous peoplesCompatible in substance and structure with affected IPs and with their culture and socioeconomic institutionsConceived, planned, and implemented with the informed participation of affected communitiesEquitable in terms of development efforts and impactNot imposing the negative effects of development on indigenous peoples without appropriate and acceptable compensation.Source: ADB, 1999

8. Social Exclusion

Social Exclusion: In 1974, French philosopher Rene Lenoir used this term to refer to a tenth of Frances population who were: mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged invalids, abused children, substance abusers, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal, asocial persons, and other social misfits.Source: Amartya Sen(2000): Social Exclusion:Concepts,applications and scrutiny, ADB

Categories of Social ExclusionActivePassiveSource: Sen, 2000

Forms of Social ExclusionRejection of ParticipationCredit Market ExclusionGender ExclusionHealth Care ExclusionPublic Goods ExclusionSource: Sen, 2000

Public Goods ExclusionPublic goods are defined as goods, services or resources that are available for all involving two principles: (1) non- rivalry & (2) non-excludability

If both conditions are fulfilled the goods are called pure.Whenever public goods are impure social exclusion comes into play

Example: A non-toll road is congested during rush hour excludes people from using it;A toll highway where some people are excluded from using it since they can not afford to pay the toll

Aware of the positive impacts of participatory development (PD), the ADB has prepared a framework for mainstreaming PD processes into Bank Operations. The Framework, among others, outlines various mechanisms to facilitate participation, and serves as a guideline in all Bank-financed projects. * Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation 1.Mechanisms for Sharing information translation into local languages and dissemination of written materials using various media; informational seminars, presentations and public meetings 2.Mechanisms for Consultation consultative meetings; field visits and interviews (at various stages of work); town hall meetings; radio call-in shows; 3.Mechanisms for Collaborative Decision Making participatory assessments and evaluations; beneficiary assessment; workshops and retreats to discuss and determine positions, priorities, roles; meetings to help resolve conflicts, seek agreements, engender ownership; (public) reviews of draft documents and subsequent revisions; joint committee or working groups with stakeholders representatives 4.Mechanisms to Facilitate Empowerment decentralizing authority; delegation of authority for decisions to local organizations or groups; capacity building of stakeholder organizations; strengthening the financial and legal status of stakeholder organizations; supervised transfer of responsibility for maintenance and management to stakeholders; support for self help initiatives by stakeholders; creating an enabling policy environment

The first P is Poverty. * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). *The first P is Poverty. * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). * A 1992 Bank policy study suggested that the Bank should adopt four sets of policies to alleviate poverty in the region :(i) policies on special credit programs, guaranteed producer support process, food subsidies and nutrition programs to reduce the dependence of the poor on the natural resource base; (ii) policies on investment in social infrastructures, i.e... education, skill formation and preventive health care to increase labor productivity; (iii) policies that improve the physical linkage of rural communities with market centers and increase mobility of rural poor; and (iv) policies that remove or reduce institutional constraints and market imperfections that prevent/reduce access of the rural poor to productive natural resources (i.e... land reforms, input delivery systems, construction of neighborhood farm centers, etc...). *The first P is Poverty. *