social development and urban: world bank experience in brazil

Social Development and Urban: World Bank Experience in Brazil

Ivo ImparatoSenior Urban Specialist, LCSUW

Social Development Sector Days, 23 February 2009

LAC presents complex urban challengesHigh and Rapid Urbanization in LAC• From 65% urbanization rate in 1980 to 78% in 2006; estimated to be 82% by 2025• From rural-urban migration to urban-urban migration & recent cases of more

complex mobility patterns: sprawl, spatial segregation, and metropolitan regions

Many problems associated with high and rapid urbanization• Lower poverty rates in urban areas but larger share (almost 60% of poor are in

urban areas in 2000); if unchanged, 2/3 of poor will be in cities by 2015• City growth patterns result in congestion (e.g. Central city slum of Santo Domingo -

11% of city population in 1.6% of city territory) and limited access to basic services• Informal tenure accounts for 1/3 of families; only half of poor have formal titles• 1/3 or more of working population is self-employed (proxy for informality), 3 times

more than OECD countries (rise in informal employment associated with poverty)• Widespread violence in Latin American barrios/slums (worldwide homicide rate is

5.1 per 100,000 inhabitants; 27.5 per 100,000 in LAC in 2000)• 20 largest cities in Latin America are in areas with steep terrain, swamps, flood-

prone land, or seismic activity; LAC plagued by 90 disasters over the past three decades; 7,500 fatalities/year

• Rapid population growth leading to larger and denser human settlements, combined with environmental degradation; poor people live in more hazardous locations and in low quality dwellings

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Complex urban problems need comprehensive interventions

• Typical urban development looks at sectors in isolation, but complex settings require a comprehensive approach – i.e. need to combine urban infrastructure & services with environment and social development activities

• Comprehensive interventions require sophisticated technical, institutional and financial arrangementsTechnical challenges: various interventions in a single package - e.g. road construction, drainage/flood control, water supply and sanitation, complex water resource management solutions, pollution control, slum upgrading, resettlement housingFinancial complexity: High cost; programs combine financing sourcesInstitutional arrangements: many sectoral players that often don’t interact

Urban Dev’t

Roads

Drainage

WRM

Water and

Sanitation

LED Housing

Institutional Mechanism

Financial Arrangement

Slum Upg.

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How does the World Bank engage?

• Not just a provider of financial assistance• World Bank as a convener, catalyzing

specific arrangements to deal with complex urban situations

• World Bank as technical resource and honest broker, dealing with several technical and institutional constituencies and forging a consensus

• World Bank as amalgamator of a set of projects that are more sectoral in nature

• Long term engagement, and a program approach

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Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil)

PERMITTED LAND USE UNAUTHORIZED LAND USE

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• Guarapiranga River Basin is an important metropolitan resource (water source & recreational area)

• Threatened by environmental degradation due to unauthorized land uses stemming from urban poverty

irregular land subdivisions (140,000 residents) and squatter settlements (110,000 residents)

• World Bank-financed program: services for the poor, recovery of water quality & basin management

– Strategies• Implementation of trunk infrastructure for wastewater collection and

treatment• Upgrading slums and irregular subdivisions: extending basic service

coverage for the poor, with direct quality of life, public health and water quality benefits

• Emphasis on slums alongside reservoir’s direct or indirect tributaries• Establishment of institutional framework for basin management

• Financing• World Bank ($119 M)• Local Counterparts ($218 M): state, municipality, water utility, state

housing company

Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil)Guarapiranga River Basin Environmental Sanitation Project

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The City of São Paulo Guarapiranga Basin

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Component Amount Specific Activities

Water Supply &Sanitation

$94.3 M • Expansion of the wastewater collection system;• Increased number of domestic connections;• Building of interceptors and main collectors;• Construction of pumping stations;• Construction of wastewater treatment plants.

Solid Waste Collection

$5.7 M •Expansion of solid waste collection in the cities of Embu, Itapecerica da Serra and Embu-Guaçu

•Recovery and improvements to refuse disposal areas in the cities of Embu and Itapecerica da Serra

Slum Upgrading

$ 187.1 M • Provision of urban infrastructure in informal areas;• Improvements in trunk infrastructure;• Construction of housing units for resettled families.

Environmental Protection

$27.7 M • Implementation of parks and protected areas, support for inspection procedures and environmental studies.

River Basin Management

$ 22.4 M • Installation of the Basin Management Committee;•Studies to support basin management and provide it with the most effective instruments.

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WORLD BANK

SABESPState Water & Sanitation

Company

SMAState Environmental

Secretariat

CDHUHousing & Urban

Development Company

PMSPMunicipality of São

Paulo

STATE SANITATION & WATERRESOURCES SECRETARIAT

SÃO PAULO STATE BANK

COTIA-GUARAPIRANGA SUBCOMMITTEE

UGP - PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT UNIT

Executing agencies

HIGHER-TIETÊ BASIN COMMITTEE

CONSULTATIVECOUNCIL

Guarapiranga River Basin Environmental Sanitation Project

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BEFORE INTERVENTION

AFTER INTERVENTION

Guarapiranga River Basin Environmental Sanitation Project

Results•340 areas with improved basic services and public spaces and new housing units (250,000 beneficiaries)•Improved water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities for the whole basin

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Key Lessons

• A program approach, with long-term engagement• A comprehensive approach, with innovative technical

solutions appropriate to local needs• Institutional integration among the various sectors and

levels of government - a new culture in the public sector• Actions based on consensus among various participants -

government, local communities, civil society organizations• Participation of the residents in all stages of the process


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Other Significant World Bank-financedUrban Programs in Brazil

Project/Board Date Amount Features

Integrated Municipal Project: Betim Municipality (Jul 2004)

$49.1 M • Resettlement, physical improvements in poor communities, urban environmental infrastructure for river basin

Brasilia Environmentally Sustainable Proj. (Aug 2005)

$159 M • Poverty reduction &social inclusion, water resource pollution loads, environmental rehabilitation, solid waste disposal

Bahia Poor Urban Areas Integrated Dev’t (Dec 2005)

$82.2 M • Upgrading of informal settlements (drainage, roads, water supply & sewage, solid waste mgmt., housing), social services delivery

Recife Urban Upgrading Project (Jul 2006)

$84 M • Slum upgrading, water & sanitation systems, parks, urban mobility, job generation, environment & sanitary education

Uberaba Água Viva Project (Mar 2007)

$28.8 M • Waste water treatment, drainage, water supply, public recreational facilities, municipal planning and management

Integrated Water Mgmt in Sao Paulo (Jul 2007)

$281.8 M • Slum upgrading, resettlement, housing, recovery of natural habitats, integrated water & sanitation

Rio Grande do Sul Integrated Municipal Devt (Jan 2008)

$31.5 M • Strengthen municipal capacity, LED investments, improve quality of jobs, territorial improvements

Teresina Enhancing Municipal Governance and Quality of Life (Mar 2008)

$44.5 M • Water supply, wastewater treatment, urban upgrading, rehabilitation of leisure spaces, road improvements, resettlement & housing improvements, social services

Sao Luis Enhancing Municipal Governance & Quality of Life (Jul 2008)

$59.4 M • LED, sanitation & water improvement, solid waste management, upgrading, resettlement, dam rehabilitation, environment mgmt.

Municipality of Cubatão - Guará Vermelho Project

$24.4 M • Competitiveness, addressing urban informality, resettlement, environmental management (mangrove habitat)

Santos Municipality Project $80.4 M • Municipal infrastructure modernization, resettlement, housing

Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground

• This year’s theme is From Principles to Practice: Operationalizing Social Development

• Social Development shaping Bank operations more than in the past

• Needs and Scope in Urban are huge


• Social Development in tune with operational requirements

• Nexus between Social Development and social safeguards compliance

• Opportunity to move beyond compliance

• Experience in LAC may help show the way


• Large scale slum upgrading in Brazil: search for operational answers

• Need to organize participation and consultation within a project framework

• Bank-financed projects have provided the venue: Guarapiranga in São Paulo, Alagados in Salvador

Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil

• Projects provide resources and an organizing framework for participation to produce results

• Need to organize participatory processes has generated a market for professional entities – at first organized as NGOs, now mostly as consultancy firms with planning, engineering and social staff


• Experience of consultancy firms provides an illuminating example

• Engineers and planners involved in slum upgrading came to appreciate the key role of social scientists and professionals in organizing the interaction between projects and local residents

• Beginning in mid-1980s, a paradigm shift


• From mid-1990s, a critical mass of professionals with operational capabilities in supporting participatory urban development

• Articulated by projects with varying levels of consultation and participation

• Approach is very operational and hands-on


• Analogy to the work of the Bank: these firms and their teams work for governments

• We too work with governments, and the point of view of TTLs and Bank teams is shaped by that

• Some clashes with social scientists who would rather work with NGOs and CBOs


• Not all governments are crazy about participation

• Sometimes the most a Bank team can do is ensure safeguards compliance

• There is often an opportunity to go much beyond that

• Example of Alagados: direct support to local organizations and their work


• Some governments are very good at promoting participatory development, but many lack the political will or the skill set

• Bank can work with client governments to help them deal with participation in a constructive way

• Safeguards compliance an opportunity, not just one more hurdle


• To comply with safeguard policies, governments need to build capacity, hire specialists, promote consultations

• Safeguards compliance may open the door to a new way of doing business

• Case of Alagados a clear example

• Successful cases are real, but there are many obstacles

Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil and in LAC

• Plenty of pitfalls along the way: many participatory processes are manipulated, or fall prey to political capture

• Issue of representation is always at core: cases of People’s Participation Law in Bolivia, participatory budgeting in Mexico and Brazil

• Who speaks for the stakeholders? Are vulnerable groups represented?

Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil and in LAC

• Crucial role of social development professionals, helping TTLs and teams understand motivations and incentives of local stakeholders & shape projects

• Projects must be built around an understanding of local dynamics, which teams often ignore at their peril

• Payoff is huge in impact and sustainability


• How do we mainstream Social Development in Bank operations?

• A two-way street: TTLs need to understand the importance of social dev., and social dev. professionals need to understand requirements of working with governments to prepare and supervise operations


• This is about all of us finding common ground, in an imperfect world

• My experience in Brazil, in a consultancy firm, showed me that it can be done

• This was confirmed by my experience as a Bank TTL in Urban

• There is still a long road ahead, but each successful project takes us further along

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Thank you

Ivo ImparatoSr. Urban Specialist, LCSUW

The World Bank

(202) [email protected]

social development and urban: world bank experience in brazil

Documents

urban areas

complex urban problems

complex urban challengeshigh

urban infrastructure

ruralurban migration

complex settings

residentsworld bank

consensusworld bank