social cognitive views of learning. observational learning learning by observing the behavior of...
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Observational LearningLearning by observing the behavior of others and
the consequences of that behavior. Often involves imitation
Modeling Another name for observational learning. Improved learning when several sessions of
observation precede attempts to perform the behavior
and when repeated in the early stages of practicing it.
Model A person who demonstrates a behavior or
whose behavior is imitated Modeling Effect
Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses.
Teachers showing how to solve math problems on the board then followed step-by-step until accomplished.
Observational Learning
Elicitation Effect Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by
a model in an unfamiliar situation Watching someone use appropriate
silverware at an elaborate state dinner so you too act correctly.
Observational Learning
Disinhibitory Effect Displaying a previously suppressed
behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment.
Not belching in public Copying drinking or drug use
seen in movies or TV shows.
Observational Learning
Inhibitory Effect Suppressing a behavior because a model
is punished for displaying the behavior. Slowing down when seeing others receive
speeding ticket A mother’s fear of snakes can be passed on
to toddlers
Bandura and Observed Violence
Demonstrated how children are influenced by aggressive models.
“Bobo Doll” and later studies confirmed exposure to humans on film portraying aggression was the most influential in eliciting and shaping aggressive behavior.
Violent video games increase aggressive behavior Violence in music, music videos, advertising, and on the
Internet also influence behavior Observing consequences for aggressive acts help
preschoolers learn violence is morally unacceptable
Bandura School age children judge rightness or
wrongness of violence based on provocation Retaliation believed morally acceptable even if
punished by authority figures
Individuals who watch the most violence as children were more likely to engage in acts of violence as adults.
Children will also imitate prosocial or helping behavior
Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood and Sesame Street
Social Processes in Learning
Different meanings for different students
Learning is a social process Observation, dialogue, culture affect
learning
© Allyn & Bacon 2007
Elements of Reciprocal Determinism
Environment:-consequences-physical setting
-resources
Environment:-consequences-physical setting
-resources
Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes
Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes
Behavior: -verbal statements
-choices-actions
Behavior: -verbal statements
-choices-actions
Bandura
Social Learning Theory - 1960sObservationModelingVicarious Reinforcement
Social Cognitive Theory - CurrentExpectationsBeliefs
Predictors of Success
Self-Efficacy – Future – Specific Expertise
↑
Self-Concept – Present – General Thought
↑
Self-Esteem – Immediate – Feeling
Factors That Influence Observational Learning
Developmental level of learner Status and prestige of the model Similarity of models Vicarious consequences Outcome expectations Value of the goal Self-efficacy
Self-Regulated Learning
Set Goals & Devise Plans
Apply Strategies &
Regulate Learning
Analyze the Task
Self-Regulating Students
Know themselves: Know their learning styles, strengths, interests, & distractions
Know and apply successful strategies:
Skimming – mnemonic devices Recognize & Differentiate contexts:
Connect present goals to future contexts Manage their own volition: Protect
opportunities to reach their own goals
Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation
Have students set short term goals Teach strategies – outlining/note-
taking Reward achievement not simply
engagement Share the locus of control – offer
choice
Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation
Teach problem-solving transfer
Employ complex or thematic learning units
Formal and informal self-evaluation
Collaborative work structures
Diversity Social cognitive theory rests on the
power of diversity Reciprocal interactions between
personal environmental & behavioral factors reflect diversity
Social context, culture, personal history, ethnicity, language, & racial identity shape knowledge, beliefs & environmental features for each student differently