Architecture of broadcom SOC (2835) application board of Raspberry Pi.SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Raspberry Pi board (Broadcom BCM 2835), Keyboard, mouse, led, breadboard, SD Card, win32 disk-manager, putty, x-ming.1.SOC DIAGRAM: Raspberry Pi as a microcontroller development board like Arduino, or as a laptop replacement. In fact it is more like the exposed innards of a mobile device, with lots of maker-friendly headers for the various ports and functions. There are a bunch of prepackaged starter kits that have wellvetted parts lists; there are a few caveats and gotchas when fitting out your Raspberry Pi. The stiff cables on all sides make it hard to keep flat, and some of the components like the SD card slot can be mechanically damaged even through normal use. The Pi contains six layers of conductive traces connecting various components, unlike a lot of simple microcontroller PCBs that just have traces on the top and the bottom. There are four layers of thin traces sandwiched in between the top and bottom; if the board gets flexed too much you can break some of those traces in a manner that is impossible to debug.

Figure 1. Components of Broadcom SOC[1]

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM: Figure 2. Block diagram of Broadcom SOC[2]3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:1) System Timer: The System Timer peripheral provides four 32-bit timer channels and a single 64-bit free running counter. Each channel has an output compare register, which is compared against the 32 least significant bits of the free running counter values.

2) The Processor: At the heart of the Raspberry Pi is the same processor you would have found in the iPhone 3G and the Kindle 2, so you can think of the capabilities of the Raspberry Pi as comparable to those powerful little devices. This chip is a 32 bit, 700 MHz System on a Chip, which is built on the ARM11 architecture. ARM chips come in a variety of architectures with different cores configured to provide different capabilities at different price points. The Model B has 512MB of RAM and the Model A has 256 MB. (The first batch of Model Bs had only 256MB of RAM.).

3) Interrupt controller: The interrupt controller can be programmed to interrupt the processor when any of the status bits are set. The GPIO peripheral has three dedicated interrupt lines. Each GPIO bank can generate an independent interrupt. The third line generates a single interrupt whenever any bit is set.

4) General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO): 3.3 volt logic via 26 pin header (NOT 5 volt or short tolerant) Pins can be configured to be input/output. General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior can be controlled by the user at run time. True GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins that you can use to turn LEDs on and off etc. I2C interface pins that allow you to connect hardware modules with just two control pins. SPI interface with SPI devices, a similar concept to I2C but uses a different standard.

5) PCM / I2S Audio: The PCM audio interface is an APB peripheral providing input and output of telephony or high quality serial audio streams. It supports many classic PCM formats including I2S. The PCM audio interface has 4 interface signals; PCM_CLK - bit clock. PCM_FS - frame sync signal. PCM_DIN - serial data input. PCM_DOUT - serial data output. PCM is a serial format with a single bit data_in and out.

6) DMA Controller: The BCM2835 DMA Controller provides a total of 16 DMA channels. Each channel operates independently from the others and is internally arbitrated onto one of the 3 system busses

7) UART: The BCM2835 device has two UARTS. On mini UART and and PL011 UART. The PL011 UART is a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. This is the ARM UART (PL011) implementation. The UART performs serial-to-parallel conversion on data characters received from an external peripheral device or modem, and parallel-to-serial conversion on data characters received from the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB).

8) Pulse Width Modulator: PWM controller incorporates the following features: Two independent output bit-streams, clocked at a fixed frequency. Bit-streams configured individually to output either PWM or a serialised version of a 32-bit word. PWM outputs have variable input and output resolutions. Serialise mode configured to load data to and/or read data from a FIFO storage block, which can store up to eight 32-bit words. Both modes clocked by clk_pwm which is nominally 100MHz, but can be varied by the clock manager.9) CPU ARM 1176JZF-S (armv6k) 700MHz RISC Architecture and low power draw Not compatible with traditional PC software10) MEMORYRAM:- 512MB (Model B rev.2), 256 MB (Model A, Model B rev.1)SD Card:- Youll need at least 4GB, and it should be a Class 4 card. Class 4 cards are capable of transferring at least 4MB/sec. Some of the earlier Raspberry Pi boards had problems with Class 6 or higher cards, which are capable of faster speeds but are less stable. A microSD card in an adapter is perfectly usable as well. Youll notice theres no hard drive on the Pi; everything is stored on an SD Card. One reason youll want some sort of protective case sooner than later is that the solder joints on the SD socket may fail if the SD card is accidentally bent.

11) Two USB 2.0 ports in RPi: Dual USB sockets on RPi model B, single on model A.It can be expandable via regular or powered hubs. On the Model B there are two USB 2.0 ports, but only one on the Model A. Some of the early Raspberry Pi boards were limited in the amount of current that they could provide. Some USB devices can draw up 500mA. The original Pi board supported 100mA or so, but the newer revisions are up to the full USB 2.0 spec.

12) Ethernet port: The model B has a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. The Model A does not, but can be connected to a wired network by a USB Ethernet adapter (the port on the Model B is actually an onboard USB to Ethernet adapter). WiFi connectivity via a USB dongle is another option.

13) HDMI connector: The HDMI port provides digital video and audio output. 14different video resolutions are supported, and the HDMI signal can be converted to DVI (used by many monitors), composite (analog video signal usually carried over a yellow RCA connector), or SCART (a European standard for connecting audio-visual equipment) with external adapters.

14) Video: HDMI or (digital) DVI via cheap adaptor/cable Composite NTSC/PAL via RCA Wide range of resolutions NO VGA without an add-on, nontrivial converter (Adafruit)

15) Audio: Via HDMI or from stereo jack Output only Support Maturity appears to be lagging

16) Networking 10/100mbps via RJ45 on model B Wireless via USB add-on supported

17) Speaking of Power: On of the first things youll realize is that there is no power switch on the Pi. This microUSB connector is used to supply power (this isnt an additional USB port; its only for power). MicroUSB was selected because the connector is cheap USB power supplies are easy to find. Primary power via microUSB plug: a one amp cell charger works well, but you'll need two amps with a USB hard drive Model A about a quarter amp less PC USB port does not workREFERENCE:[1]. http://www.raspberrypi.org/[2].http://elinux.org/RaspberryPiBoard/

Write a program in python for RASPBERRY PI to display your name.SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Raspberry Pi board (Broadcom BCM 2835), Keyboard, mouse, led, breadboard, SD Card, win32 disk-manager, putty, xming.PROCEDURE: Step1: Interface the Raspberry Pi board to the mouse and keyboard.Step2: Plug in the board to the power supply adapter.Step3: Wait for a few seconds for Raspberry Pi to finish the booting process. Then you will be asked to log into the Raspberry Pi, please enter pi for the login: and password: as pi and press enter.Step4: Once you have logged in, pi@raspberrypi:-$ will be displayed with a flashing cursor afterwards, this is where you enter your commands.Type startx and press enter; this command will load the graphical user interface session.Step5: Window manager will open up LXDE desktop.Step6: Click on Start icon and then go to Accessories->Leafpad. Leafpad is the text editor. A new window will open. Now write the program coding as shown below and save the program as firstprogram.py onto your desktop.Step7: Go to Start->Accessorioes->LXTerminal.When LXTerminal has started, your cursor will appear next to a $ sign.Now write the commnad as sudo python firstprogram.py.Step8: The output will be displayed.INPUT AND OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS: Fig.1 : Login Screen

Fig.2 : Main Screen Fig.3: Output Screen.

Study the architecture of OMAP4 Panda board.SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Pandaboard ES kit (1 Pandaboard ES, Board packing material,1 Shipping Box), USB Cable (mini-AB to Type A), HDMI Cable (Type A), DB-9 Male-to-female cable (straight-through), HDMI-A Male to DVI-D Cable, DC wall supply (+5Vdc, 2.0mm center pin diameter/6.5mm outer hole diameter jack).

SOC DIAGRAM: PandaBoard is mobile application development Board that is widely used. It also provides various peripherals interfacing slots in form of expansion header. PandaBoard is preferred generally because of its varied features and low cost, also its low power consumption. It also provides all that is needed in the development process by researchers and embedded developers in such a low cost. It provides very good platform for developing embedded products as it can be interfaced with large number of sensors. This Board also allows user to develop software to utilize the features of the powerful OMAP4460 System-On-chip (SOC). In addition, by providing expandability via onboard connectors like U.S.B slot, HDMI slot, SD card slot and many more. ThePandaBoardis low power and low cost single-board mobile application development platform manufactured by Texas instrument.

Fig.1: Components of OMAP Panda Board SOC[1]BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.2: Block Diagram of OMAP4460 Panda Board[1]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:1) System Clock Distribution: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES implements a 38.4 MHz 1.8V CMOS square-wave oscillator thatdirectly drives the FREF_SLICER_IN input (ball AG8) of the OMAP4460 processor and the MCLKinput to the TWL6040 Audio Companion IC. This clock is used as an input to the PLLs within theOMAP4460 processor so that it can generate all the internal clock frequencies required for system operation.

2) OMAP4460 Processor: The heart of Pandaboard ES is the OMAP4460 processor. The OMAP4460 high-performancemultimedia application device is based on enhanced OMAP architecture and uses 45-nm technology.

3) External Power Supply: The VDD_MPU balls on the OMAP4460 processor that power the ARM cores are supplied by an external switch mode supply at U25.

4) USB/Ethernet Power Circuitry: There is a fixed 3.3V LDO (U11) that provides power for the LAN9514 Ethernet/USB Hub device. Thisdevice is a Texas Instruments TPS73633DBVR device which can provide up to 400mA of output current. This device may be controlled via S/W by writing OMAP4460 GPIO_1.

5) Debug UART Interface: A single RS-232 port is provided on the Pandaboard ES via 9-pin D-sub female connector at location P4.It provides access to the UART3 interface of the OMAP4460.

7) SD/MMC Connector: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES supports removable memory storage via onboard SD/MMC card cage.It is an eight-bit card cage that supports 1.8V or 3.0V cards.

8) HDMI Interface: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES provides a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) via anindustry-standard Type A connector at location P2. The interface is provided using the internal HDMImodule provided by the OMAP4460.

9) Display Interface: The Pandaboard ES provides two possible options for the usage of the OMAP4460 parallel displaysignals. The first option is to use the onboard TFP410 DVI transmitter, whose output feeds an onboardDVI-D connector. The second option is to use a Display Board plugged into a pair of 20-pin LCDexpansion connectors (J1 and J4).

10) Bluetooth/WLAN Interfaces: The Pandaboard ES provides a module (LS Research Inc. P/N TiWi-BLE) that provides a Bluetoothinterface, and a 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n interface.

11) Audio Interfaces: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES provides a stacked audio connector, which provides two 3.5mm audiojack connections. The upper jack on this stacked connector (J16A in Figure 13 below), is connected toFM Audio Left and Right inputs of the TWL6040 Audio Companion IC (AFML/AFMR). The lower jackon this stacked connector (J16B in Figure 13 below) is connected to the Headset Right and Left outputs of the TWL6040.

12) USB Interfaces: The Pandaboard ES utilizes two USB interfaces. The first is a DP/DM interface from the internal transceiver within OMAP to the mini-AB connector J18. The second interface utilizes the 12-wire ULPIinterface (USBB1) to an onboard USB phy, whose DP/DM I/Os are interfaced to a Hub IC whichprovides four downstream USB Host ports, and an Ethernet interface.

13) USBOTG Interface: The Pandaboard ES uses the USB OTG transceiver within the OMAP4460 that is connected to anindustry-standard mini-AB connector (J18).

14) JTAG Connector (J8): The Pandaboard ES provides a 14-pin 0.1 (2.54mm) pitch through-hole connector at J8.

REFERENCES:[1]. www.pandaboard.orgARM MBED SYSTEM BOARDmbed NXP LPC11U24To understand the procedure of writing and compiling, C source code for mbed boards.Hardware Requirement: Target board mbed NXP LPC11U24, USB Cable Procedure: 1. Connect mbed ARM board with PC using proper USB cable.2. Upon connection there appear a drive at My Computer of your PC. like MBED (E: ) here.

3. Click on Platform and select mbed LPC11U24.4. You will be able to see all the documents related to this platform there.5. Pin diagram showing mapping of LPC11U24 pins with mbed LPC11U24 board with all functions, is as under.

mThe mbed NXP LPC11U24 Microcontroller in particular is designed for prototyping low cost USB devices, battery powered applications and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 based designs. It is packaged as a small DIP form-factor for prototyping with through-hole PCBs, stripboard and breadboard, and includes a built-in USB FLASH programmer.It is based on the NXP LPC11U24, with a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 core running at 48MHz. It includes 32KB FLASH, 16KB RAM and lots of interfaces including USB Device, SPI, I2C, ADC, and other I/O interfaces. The pinout above shows the commonly used interfaces and their locations. Note that all the numbered pins (p5-p30) can also be used as DigitalIn and DigitalOut interfaces. The mbed Microcontrollers provide experienced embedded developers a powerful and productive platform for building proof-of-concepts. For developers new to 32-bit microcontrollers, mbed provides an accessible prototyping solution to get projects built with the backing of libraries, resources and support shared in the mbed community.Features NXP LPC11U24 MCU Low power ARM Cortex-M0 Core 48MHz, 8KB RAM, 32KB FLASH USB Device, 2xSPI, I2C , UART, 6xADC, GPIO Prototyping form-factor 40-pin 0.1" pitch DIP package, 54x26mm 5V USB, 4.5-9V supply or 2.4-3.3V battery Built-in USB drag 'n' drop FLASH programmer mbed.org Developer Website Lightweight Online Compiler High level C/C++ SDK Cookbook of published libraries and projects The mbed NXP LPC11U24 is one of a range of mbed Microcontrollers packaged as a small 40-pin DIP, 0.1-inch pitch form-factor making it convenient for prototyping with solderless breadboard, stripboard, and through-hole PCBs. It includes a built-in USB programming interface that is as simple as using a USB Flash Drive. Plug it in, drop on an ARM program binary, and its up and running!