Chapter 4

Man

is a social being. He is born into a group, grows up in a group, socializes with a group, learns many things in a group. For the last time, his own group will follow him to pay their last homage for him.

1.

A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other, guided by a set of norms.

2. A group is a specified number of individuals where each recognizes members as distinct from nonmembers; each has a sense of what others do and think as well as what the purpose of the association or grouping is.

is often used to refer to two or more people coming together. Social group consists of two or more people who interact recurrently in a patterned way and who recognizes that they constitute a distinct social unit. Group

3. Three meanings are always implied by the term group. a. set of individuals with some similar characteristics. b. any number of individuals who meet occasionally or regularly and have a sense of who is present or absent. c. a specific number of individuals where each recognizes members from nonmembers.

Social

category emphasizes the sharing of traits. Social aggregate may refer to people who might be assembled in a certain place waiting for their ride, whether in a bus terminal, along the streets, or in the marketplace. Statistical group which consists of people classified together because they share certain characteristics.

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4. 5. 6.

Permanence beyond meetings and members. Means for indentifying members. Mechanisms for recruiting new members. Goals or purposes. Social statuses and roles Means for controlling members behavior.

Joseph Fichter identified some characteristics of group as the following: 1. The social unit called a group must be identifiable: as such, both by its members and by outside observers. 2. The group has a social structure in the sense that each member, or person, has a position related to other positions. 3. There are individual roles in the group. 4. Reciprocal relations are essential to the group.

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Every group has norms of behavior that influence the way in which the roles are enacted. The members of the group have certain common interests and values. Group activity must be directed towards some social goal or goals. A group must have relative permanence, that is, a measurable duration over a period of time.

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2. 3.

4.

Common ancestry is traditionally the strongest tie that binds human beings in their social relations. Territorial proximity is a good basis for a groups classification. Bodily characteristics is widely used in modern societies, and the listing of groups under this heading would be interminable. Common interests is basis for a great variety of modern social groupings.

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Primary Group - Charles H. Cooley defined this as a group that is characterized by intimate face-to-face relationships and close association, and cooperation. Secondary Group are groups in which relationships are impersonal and widely separate. They are characterized by much less intimacy among the members.

- accdg. to William Graham Sumner, it is a group that members use as a point of reference. Out-group exists in the perceptions of the in-group members and takes on a social reality as a result of behavior by ingroup members who use the out-group as a negative point. In-group

group arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons. Formal groups are groups where the purpose and objectives are explicitly labeled. Informal

Gemeinschaft society the members live together and develop common experiences, interests, memories, and histories. Gesselschaft society social relationships tend to be impersonal and segmented. Verbindungsnetzchaft coined by Richmond, which means social and communication networks. This type of society arises as a result of a recent technological innovations in electronics and jet and rocket propulsion that are rapidly changing the modes of transportation, production and communication of the world.

Social

Facilitation is a situation in which an individual is stimulated by the presence of others. Social inhibition in which the presence of others blocks or retards ones performance. Group pressure- also exerts a powerful influence on the members opinions. Group discussion also pays an important role in shaping ones attitude and behavior.

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Norms develop and conformity occurs because individuals seek others with similar characteristics. Based on Aristotles notion of distributive justice, it can be said that rewards on society are passed our accdg. to what one does. Conformity is seen to be rewarding bec. it confers social acceptance, whereas deviancy is viewed as costly bec. it brings social discomfort and may result in various forms of punishments.

J. L. Moreno earlier in this century was curious about why some adolescent females ran away from homes for girls, while others did not. Sociometry- helps us understand how people interrelate in social relationships in which everyone knows everybody else. Social Networks a persons social networks consist of all those people to whom he/she is directly and indirectly linked.

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It helps people who are interested in the adoption of innovations or the transmission of information to people. Network analysis may be used to understand which people have power in a community. Social networks can provide data about social structure.

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They provide data on peoples interrelationships. Sociologists and anthropologists may utilized knowledge of social networks in order to categorize the societies in which they are found.

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Size Structure Nature of goals Identifiability of members Cohesiveness Leadership styles

Bureaucracy

refers to a formal, rationally, organized and highly organized social structure with clearly defined patterns of activity in which, ideally, every series of actions is fundamentally related to the organizations purpose. Its patterns are found in the government, in school, in corporations, and other big and formal setups.

It 1. 2. 3. 4.

features include: Specialization Merit appointment Impersonality Chain of command to see that orders are faithfully followed. Max Weber, a German sociologist, provided the first detailed study of the nature and origins of bureaucracy.

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6.

A clear-cut division of labor. Hierarchical delegation of power and responsibility. Rules and regulations Impartiality. Employment based on technical qualification. Distinction between public and private spheres.

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Alienation Ritualism Incompetence