sobota vol 2.pdf

8/17/2019 sobota vol 2.pdf

1/405

AtLas f

Human

Anatomy

Edited

y

R.Putz

and

R.

Pabst

ln collaboration

ith

Renate

utz

Transtat ionyS.Bedoui

Volume

2

Trurk, Viscera, owerLimb

14th d i t ion,

ewty d i ted

704 otour

tates

i th

914 igures

URBAN

FISCHER

Mtinchen

Jena


2/405

Atlas f

Human

natomy

Volume

Trunk,

Viscera,'

ower

Limb


3/405

Correspondence

nd feedback

should

be addressed o:

Elsevier

mbH,Urban

& Fischer

er lag,Department

or MedrcaI

tudent nformation,

lexander attnarzik, ar lstraBe 5,

80333Munich,Germany

e - ma i t :me d i z i n s tu d i u m@ e ts e v i e r d e

Addresses

f the

edi tors:

Professor

r.

med Reinhard

ut z

Vorstand

es Anatomischen

nst i tuts

d e r L u d w i g - Ma x i m i t i an s - U n i v e r s i t d t

PettenkoferstraBe

1

80336Mi inchen

G e r ma n y

e - ma i [ : e i n h a r d u t z @ me d

n i - mu e n c h e n

e

Professor

r.med

Reinhard abst

Lei terder Abtei lung

Funkt ionel te

nd Angewandte

natomie

Me d i z i n i s c h e

o c h s c h u [e

a n n o v e r

C a r t - N e u b e r g - S t r a Be

30625Hannover

Germa y

e - ma i [ :

a b s t

e i n h a r d @ mh - h a n n o v e r .d e

Bibt iographic

nformation

ubtished

y DieDeutsche

ib l iothek

Die

D e u ts c h e

i b t i o th e ki s t s

h i s

p u b t i c a t i o n

n t h e D e u ts c h e

a t i o n a t -

b ibt iograf ie;

eta i ted

bibt iographic

ata is

avai tabten the Internet

at

http:/ /dnb

db de

Att rights

reserved

1 4 th

d i t i o n 0 0 6

02006

E ts e v i e r

mb H ,Mu n i c h

Urban

& Fischer ert ag

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of Elsevier

mb H

0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9

5 4 3 2 1

Att

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re reserved

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part

of th is

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may

be reproduced,

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in a retr ievaI

system, or transmi tted

n

any other orm

or by

any means,

electronic,mechanica[, hotocopying,

recording,

or

otherwise

wi thout the

pr ior

wr i t ten

permission

of the

p

ubl ishe

.

The 14th

di t ion

f he Sobotta

ttasconsists

f wo volumes

no a

booklet onta in ing

ables

enctosed

n Vo[ume

;

Vo tu me :

H e a d , e c k ,

U p p e r

i mb

Votume :

Trunk,Viscera,

ower

Limb

TransLation:

r.med

Sammy

Bedoui ,Hannover

Edi tor iat taffat Elsevier: r.med Dorothea ennessen

Atexander

attnarzik

Dr.

er.nat Andrea

Richarz

l t t u s t r a to r s :

t r i k e r u g g e r ,

u n i c h ;

i j d ige r

i mme th a n , e i d e L b e r g ;

H o r s t

R u B ,Mu n i c h ;

e n r i e t t e

i n te l e n ,e tb e r n

Bo o k r o d u c t i o n :

e n a te

a u s d o r f ,

u n i c h

Composed

y:Typodata,

unich

P r i n te d n d

b o u n d y :

Ap p t ,W e md i n g

C o v e r

e s i g n :

a r s te n s c h i r n e r ,

u n i c h

P r l n te d

n

N o p a c o a t

1 5

g

Pr i n te dn

G e r ma n y

lsB

N- 13 978-0-

443- 031+9

0

lsBN-1

: 0- /+43-10349

6

This

attaswas ounded yJohannes

obottat,

ormer

Professor f Anatomy

andDirector f heAnatomical

nst i tute f he Universi ty

f

Bonn,

Germany.

German Editions:

lstEdi t ion:

904-1907 . F .Lehmanns er[ag,

Munich

2nd-11rhdi t ion: 913-191,1,. F .

Lehmanns ertag,Munich

12rh-20rh

di t ion

1

48-1 93U ban& Schwarzenberg,

unich

1 3 th d i t i o n : 9 5 3 ,

d i t o rH . Be c h e r

1 4 th

d i t i o n :

9 5 6 ,

d i t o rH Be c h e r

1 S th d i t i o n : 9 5 7 , d i t o rH

Be c h e r

1 6 th d i t i o n : 9 6 7 ,

d i t o rH Be c h e r

1

" Edi t ion: 972, d i torsH Ferner

nd J Staubesand

1 8 ' 'Ed i t i o n : 9 8 2 ,

d i t o r s F e r n e r n dJ S ta u b e s a n d

1 th d i t i o n :

8 8 , d i t o r S ta u o e s a n o

2 0 r h d i t io n : 9 9 3 , d i t o r s Pu tz

n dR Pa b s t

2 1 ' tEd i t i o n :2 0 0 0 ,

d i t o r sR Pu tz n d R Pa b s t ,

r b a n& F i s c h e r e r t a g ,

Mu n i c h

2 2 " d d i t i o n : 0 0 6 ,

d i t o r s Pu tz n dR Pa b s t ,

t s e v i e r mb H ,Mu n i c h

Foreign

Editions:

A r a b i c d i t i o n

ModernTechnicaI enter,Damascus

C h i n e s e d i t i o n

c o mp te x

h a r a c te r s l

H o - C h i o o kPu b t i s h i n go ,T a i w a n

C h i n e s e d i t i o n

s i mp t i f i e d

h i n e s e d i t i o n l

Elsevier, eatthSciences sia,Singapore

Croatian d i t ion

Naklada

Stap, astrebarsko

D u tc hEd i t i o n

BohnStafteu an

Loghum,Houten

En g t i s h

d i t i o n

w i th

n o me n c l a tu r e

n En g t i s h )

Atlasof HumanAnatomy

L i p p i n c o t t i t t i a ms W i t k i n s

EngtishEdi t ion

wi th

nomencLaturen Latrn l

At lasof HumanAnatomy

E l s e v i e r mb H, r b a n

& F i s c h e r

F r e n c h d i t i o n

A t ta s An a to m i e u ma i n e

Tec

&

Doc

Lavoisier , ar is

G r e e k d i t i o n

w i th

o me n c ta tu r e

n G r e e k l

Ma r i aG Pa r i s s i a n o s ,

t h e n s

GreekEdi t ion

wi th

nomenctaturen Lat in l

MariaG Parrssranos,

thens

H u n g a r i a n

d i t i o n

a ze mb e r n a t6 m i 5 j 5 n a k

t t a s z a

A t t i t e r i a d 5 i , u d ap e s t

I n d o n e s i a n

d i t i o n

A t ta s n a to m iMa n u s i a

Pe n e r b i t

u k uKe d o k te r a nG C , a k a r ta

I t a t i a n d i t i o n

A t ta n te i An a to m i a

ma n a

UTET, or ino

l r n r n o c o t r r l i t i n n

lgakuShoin

Ltd.,Tokyo

Korean

Edi t ion

Sh i n g H e u n g e d Sc i e n c e ,e o u l

Po t i s h

d i t i o n

Attasanatomi i ztowieka

Urban& Partner,Wroctaw

Portuguese di t ion

wi th

nomenclaturen

Engtish]

A t t a s eAn a to m i a

u ma n a

Ed i t o r a u a n a b a r ao o g a n ,

iodeJ a n e i r o

Po r tu g u e s ed i t i o n

w i th

n o me n c ta tu r en

L a t i n l

A t [ a s eAn a to m i a

u ma n a

Ed i t o r a u a n a b a r ao o g a n ,

iod eJ a n e i r o

Sp a n i s h

d i t i o n

A t l a s eAn a to m i a u ma n a

Ed i t o r i a Le d i c a

a n a me r i c a n a ,u e n o s

i r e s /Ma d r i d

T u r k i s h

d i t i o n

In s a n

n a to m i s i t l a s i

BetaBasimYayimDagi t im,

stanbul

Current nformation

ywww

etsevier.com

nd www elsevier.de


4/405

Preface

Back

Sur face na tomy

1

Vertebral otumn,

Cotumna ertebratis 2-25

MuscLesf he back ,Muscu t i

o rs i , ubocc ip i taL

musc tes ,Muscu t i ubocc ip i ta tes,

nd musc les

of

the neck,

MusculicoLl. i . . 26-34

Computedomograph ic

ec t ionshrough he ve r teb ra I

c o l u mn

3 5

Vessets nd nerves

f he backand he occ ip i taL

reg ron

.

36 -40

Vessets

nd ne rves f he ve r teb ra l

ana l 41 -1+5

1,6-73

Surface

natomy 46

Ribs, ostae,horacic

.u i ,u , .u . . t f 'o r . . i , . . . . .

1+7-49

Sternum,ternum

50-51

MuscLes

f he ho rax ,MuscuL iho rac is ,

nd

abdomina I usc tes ,

Muscu [ i bdomin is

I n g u in a Ia n a [

.

D ia p h ra g m, i a p h ra g ma

B re a s t , a mma . .

Vesse ts ndnerves f he

horac ic ndabdominaI aLt

Segmenta I ensorynnerva t ion

Lumbosac raL

texus ,

lexus umbosac ra I i s

An te r io r bdomina l a t [

. .

Sec t ionshrough he abdomina I

a t [ .

.

. 71-127

Heart,Cor

74-89

Trachea , rachea

90-91

L u n g s , u L m o n e s

. .

Shaoe f

he

hear t

Bronchoscopy

Pro jec t ion f rachea ,ungs

nd

p [eu ra I

o rde rs . . . .

0esophagus, esophagus

Thymus, hymus

P[eura I av i ty , av i tas

[eu ra t i s ,

nd med ias t inum,

Me d ia s t i n u m

Aorta,Aorta

Pos te r io rmed ias t inum

A u to n o mo u se rv o u s y s te m, a r s a u to n o m ic a

. . . . .

Ph ren ic e rve ,Neryus h ren icus

Sec t ionshrouqh he ho rax

Contents

Abdominat

viscera

128-181

1 - 1 . 5

S t o m a c h , G a s t e r .

. . . 1 2 8 - 1 3 3

Smatl.

ntestine,

ntestinum

enue .

.

.

134-137

Large n tes t ine ,

n tes t inum

rassum

138-141

L ive r ,Hepar ,

a t t

b tadder ,

es ica i t ia r i s ,

a n db i t e

u c t y s te m

. . . . . 1 4 2 -1 5 1

Pancreas,

ancreas

152-155

Sp leen ,

p ten

L ienJ

156

Per i tonea I

av i ty ,

av i tas

e r i tonea t is ,eve topment

.

157

Loca t ion f

he abdomina I

isce ra , i tus

isce rum

. . . 158-167

Abdomina l r te r ies ,

ve rv iew

168

Abdomina l

e ins , ve rv iew

169

Coet iac

runcand

super io r s

we [ [as n fe r io r

mesen te r ic

r te r ies nd

ve ins , runcus

oe [ iacus ,

Ar te r iae t

Venaemesen te r icae

uper io r

t n fe r io r

Vessets nd nervesof the retroperitoneal pace . . . .

hepa t is

Pelvic iscera

nd etroperitoneaI

pace

182-251

K i d n e y ,

e n

N e p h r o s l

. . . . . .

1 8 2 - 1 B B

S u p ra re n a Ig l . a n d ,

L a n d u i .r p . " r " n . i i r

. . . : : : : : . . .

1 8 9

U r i n a r y b t a d d e r , V e s i c a u r i n a r i a

. . . . . 1 5 0 - 1 9 1

M a L e u r i n a r y a n d g e n i t a l o r g a n s .

. . . . 1 9 2 - 1 9 9

Femaleurinary

and

genitalorgans

. . 200-209

Rec tum,

ec tum

. . 210-215

Rena la r te ry ,

r te r ia ena t is

216

Organs f

he re t roper i tonea l

pace

217

Vessets nd

nervesof

the retroperitoneaI

pace . .

. . . 218-221

lnnerva t ion

f ma te

gen i ta t ia

222

lnnerva t ion

f

emale

en i ta t ia

223

ln te rn a l

e t v i c r t e r i e s . . . . . 2 2 4 -2 2 5

P e t v i c v i s c e r a

. . . . . 2 2 6 - 2 2 9

PeLv ic

iaphragm nd

per ineum,maLe nd emate

ex te rna l

en i ta t ia

230-2 /+1

Sec t ions

hrough bdomen

nd

pe tv is 242-261

vl

170-178

179

1 8 0 - 1 8 1

52-59

60-6

62-63

64-65

66

67

6B

69-71

72-73

92-100

1 0 1

102

1 0 3

104-109

1 1 0 - 1 1 1

112-113

11/+

1 1 s - 1 1 6

117

1 1 8

119

127

L o w e r t i m b . .

. . . . . 2 6 2 - 3 8 1

Sur face na tomy

Bones ,

o in ts ,

tgaments

Musctes

f he Lower

imb . .

Vessets

nd nerves

tn o e x

262

263-305

306-343

344-379

380-384

Appendix 385-399

. . . 385 -399

Thoracic nd abdominaI a[[


5/405

Preface

I t was

us t

overa

hundred

ears

ago ha t

Johannes obott a et

ou t to pub t ish he f i rs t ed i t ion f h isA t [asof HumanAna tomy .

S ince

hen , h is

p iece

f

work has evo lved

tepby s tep

as a

re -

suLt f he

cons tan t

n te rac t ion

e tween tuden ts ,

ec tu re rs nd

ed i to rs .t has

no ton ty

been he mos t

modernbas is o r

he com-

p tex

ub jec t

f mac roscop ic

na tomy

hroughou tmanygenera -

t ions

o f doc to rs ,

ut has

aLso evetoped

nto a Last ing

ork o f

re fe rence

or

bo thc t in ica I

ra in ing

ndadvanced edicaL

duca-

t ion .

A tL n aL l . ,

t has become

book o r

a medicaI oct or 's

i fe .

0nce

aga in , n th is

new ed i t ion

he add i t iona I

igu reshavebeen

drawn t r i c t ty

n he

bas is f o r ig inaIspec imens

The 14 th

d i t ion

as been

par t i cu ta r l .y

es igned

o mee t he

de-

mandso f

a re fo rmed

med ica I

u r r i cu tum, mphas iz ing

he n te -

g ra t ion

f

cL in ica I ed ic ine

n to

he

precL in icaL

ur r i cuLum. o r

th is

pu rpose ,

he new

ed i t ion as

beenex tendedo inc lude

he

fo l tow ing

ea tu res :

- Sur faceana tomy nc lud ing p ro jec t ionof in te rna I o rgans

[45

coLour

ho tos ]

-

A n a to m ic a Id i a g ra ms

e x t o ma g in g

ig u re s

-

In teg ra t ion

f imag ing

echniques

o a

g rea te r

ex ten t

u [ t ra -

sound ,

- ray ,

CT,MRI ;

119 gu res l

-

Endoscop ic ,

n t raopera t ive

o [ou r mages

and igu resexem-

pL i fy ing

echniques

f

punc tu re

ndexamina t ion

54

igu res l

-

lmages

f

pa t ien ts

resen t ing

i th yp ica l .

a [s ies

-

D iag rams

f he

mos t mpor tan t

r te r ia l a r ia t ions

93

igu res l

-

F requen t

a r ia t ions

n the

[oca t ion f in te rnaL

rgans

21*

ig-

u res l

-

In teg ra t ion

f h is toLogy

t low magn i f i ca t ion

f impor tan t

n-

te rna I

o rgans

in tes t ine ,

i ve r , idney ,

tc . )

ln

o rde r o improve

he

presen ta t ion

f the knowtedge ,

he foL -

low ing

ea tu res

avebeen

n t roduced :

-

CLear -cu tr rangement f he chap te rs ccord ingo he d i f fe r -

en t

reg ions

f he body

-

Themat ica t ty

o r respond ing

igu res

resen ted

n doubLe

ages

-

A conc ise ,

epara te

ook te t

inc tuded

n Vo tume1l

con ta ins

tab tes

o f musc tes ,

o in ts

and ne rves ,

nab I ing he reader

o

p tace

t

nex t o

any igu re n the

a t [as

0ne

par t i cu ta r

im o f the

new ed i t ion

s to fac i t i ta teind ing

of

spec i f i c

t ruc tu res .

heS0B0TTA

ep ic ts

na tomica I t ruc tu res

prec ise ty

i thou t he

readerLoos ing

he

grea te r rc tu re .

he re -

fo re , pec i f i c

idac t i c

ooLs ave

een mproved

nd

new

aspec ts

i n c [u d e d :

-

Each

hap te r as

been

a t loca tedo a

par t i cuLar

o tou r

-

A

"menu

bar"

on each

doub te

age

ensures

rec ise

r ien ta -

t ionwi th in

a

given

hap te r

-

Thenumber

o f ou t t ines

ep ic t ing

pa t ia I r ien ta t ion

asbeen

s ign i f i can t ty

nc reased

270

igu res l

-

Overv iews

f o ta I

body eg ions

nsure

enera I

r ien ta t ion

-

New

d iag rams

f

par t i cu [a r

musc tes

ta r i fy he i r Loca t ion

nd

course

21+

iqu res l

-

Con fus ions kep t o a min imum

byon tydep ic t ingimbsof he

r igh ts ideof he body

-

"Compass

roses "

po in t

o ad jacen t igures , hus fac iL i ta t ing

fotlowing

given

structureover

severaI

ages

-

Con t inuouseader ines ac iL i ta teind ing

f s t ruc tu res

-

CoLouredo ts a t the end o f leader ines n

topograph ic ia -

g rams

mark a r te r ies , e ins , e rves ,

nd

musc tes

-

The igu res n

the book te t e la ted i rec t [yo the f igures

n the

a t tas

-

The a rge r imens ions

f

he

book mprove [a r i ty

Wi th he

excep t ion f d iscuss ionsbou t he

genera l

oncep t f

the a t tasand mutua I

o r rec t ion ,he ed i to rs aveworked

sepa-

ra te ty

n nd iv idua tchapte rs ,

i th hework d iv ided s o t tows :

R. Pu tz :

Genera I na tomy , pper imb ,

b ra in ,eye ,ea r , back ,

lower

imb ;

R. Pabs t : Head ,neck ,

ho rac ic nd abdomina I a t l s ,

ho rac ic ,

abdomina I nd peLv icisce ra .

The ncLus ionf a [a rgenumber

o f new igu res s the resu [ t

o f

the

ex t rao rd ina ryapab i l . i t yf he o t low ing

ed ica IL lus t ra to rs :

ULr ikeBrugger ,

R i . id ige r imme lhan

and

Hors t

RuB. t i s to

the i r c red i t ha t he

c tass ic

S0B0TTA

s ty l .e " as

been eta ined.

SeveraLf the d iag rams ave

been

genera ted

n the

computer

by Henr ie t te

in teLen . ea lso

gra te fu t l y

cknowledgeur c t in i -

ca I co tLeaguesor mak ing

c t in ica I t lus t ra t ions

va iLab [eo us

lsee

p ic tu re

c red i ts l We

owe a deb t o f

g ra t i tude

o ou r co [ -

Leaguesrom the ins t i tu tesor

the i r unders tand ing

nd he l .p fu l .

sugges t ions. r .N . SokoLov

nd A. Buchhorn ave

pu t

met icu -

louse f fo r ts n togenera t ing

he spec imen

repara t ions .

. F ryk

andG.Hoppmann ave

uppor ted s n ex t

p rocess ing .

The

s ta f fo f he ed i to r ia I f f i ce f Etsev ie r

ubL ishers ,

n

par t i cu -

[a r Dr .D . Hennessen ndA. Ga t tna rz ik ,asour s ince re hanks .

Some

of he c rea t ive eveLopment

f

the

work s a resu t t

f

ve ry

f ru i t fu I i scuss ions .

ewou Ida tsoL ikeo thank

R. Hausdor for

t remendous

f fo r ts n the

oroduc t ion

f the a t tas .R.

Pu tz o -

ge the r

w i th

G.Me ie rwere espons ib le

o r the

proo f

ead ing

nd

s impt i f i ca t ionf

page

designand legends 0u r

spec ia [ hanks

go

to Dr .

U .Os te rkamp-Baus to r

genera t ing

he index,

nd a t [

o the rs nvo tved

n the co r rec t ions

Wi th ou r

jo in t

e f fo r ts ,

he

S0B0TTA as

beenoncemoremodern ized

o th n con ten ts

nd

de s rg .

We have

nc tudedmany o f the

he tp fu t ugges t ions

ade over

the

years

by s tuden ts nd co t leagues ,

ndwouLd here fo re

sk

a IL

eaders

f th is ed i t ion o

pass

on to us anyc r i t i c i sm

r sug-

ges t ions

n

he

new o rmato f h is

a t tas .

Mun ich

nd Hannover , ep tember

005

R. Pu tzand R.Pabs t


6/405

Univ.-Prof .r .

Univ. -Prof .

r .

med.Reinhard

utz

Born n

Innsbruck /Aus t r ia

1962-1968 S tud iedmed ic ine t the LeopoLd-Franzens -Un ive rs i tyf Innsbruck

1 68

Received doctorate

1968-1982 Universi tyss is tant

t he

nst i tu te

fAnatomy

t

heUnivers i ty

f

nnsbruck

1978

1979

Lec tu re r

n ana tomy

Consu t tan t

o r ana tomy

Un ive rs i ty

eg ree nd

doc to ra te

Reg is t ra t iono

prac t ise

med ic ine

Sc ien t i f i c ssoc ia te

n he

Depar tmen t

f

C [ in ica I

hys io togy ,

n ive rs i ty

f U tm

Lec tu re r

o r CL in ica l .hys io togy ,

n ive rs i ty

f U tm,

and

new ec tu resh ip

t

the

Hannover ed icaI chooL

Sen io r ss is tan t

n he Department

f Func t iona I

nd

App t ied

na tomy ,

Hannover

ed ica t choo I

Ex tens ion

f he Ven ia

egend i

o nctude

na tomy

Head f he Depar tmen t

f

Topographic

na tomy

nd

Biomechan ics

Head f he Depar tmen t

f

Func t iona t

nd

App t ied

na tomy ,

annover

ed ica l

choo l

Pro rec to ro r s tud ies

ndeduca t ion ,

annover

ed ica I

chooI

Dean f he

Hannover ed ica I

choo l

Cha i rman f

heAna tomica I

oc ie ty

Pro rec to r

f Research f

he Hannover

ed ica l

choot

Member f he Akademie er Na tu r fo rscherndArz te Leopo td ina l

1982-1989 Cha i r f

he Ana tomica t

ns t i tu te

t the

A[ber t -Ludwigs -Un ive rs i ty

f F re ibu rg

s ince1989 Cha i rof

he Ana tomica l .

ns t i tu te

t the

Ludwig -Max imi t ians -Un ive rs i ty

f Mun ich

1992-1994 Pres iden t

f he Eurooean

ssoc ia t ion

f

Ct in ica t

na tomis ts

1993

Reg is t ra t iono

prac t isemed ic ine

1998-1999 Cha i rman f

he Ana tomrca I

oc ie ty

Member f heAkademie

er Na tu r fo rscher

nd

Arz te

Leopo [d ina )

Dr .h .c .o f he Un ive rs i ty

f

Cons tan ta ,

oman ia

Pro rec to r o f

he Ludwig -Max imi t ians -Un ive rs i ty

f Mun ich

Researchand

fiel.dsof interest

-

Func t iona Ina tomy f he

pass ive

ocomoto r

ys tem

-

Evo tu t ionnd unc t iona I na tomy

f

he ve r teb ra I

o tumn

-

Form- func t ion - re ta t ions

f

o in ts

-

App l . iedna tomy

ana tomica I

as ics

f o r thopaed ics ,

u rge ry ,

ad io l 'ogyJ

-

Ques t ions

bou t he con ten ts nd

organ isa t ion

f

he

med icaLur r i cu tum

-

Deve topmentf d idac t ic

ra in ing

rog rammes t

un ive rs i t ies

med.Reinhard

abst

Born n Posen ,

rown

up

n L i . ineburg

1965-1970 S tud ied

med ic ine t

he Hannover

ed ica l

choo t ,

nd

n Glasgow/Sco t land

1999

2002

2003

1970

197

1971-76

197

197 -80

1978

1980-1992

s ince 992

1986-1990

1993-1997

1997-1998

1999-2003

2001

Research nd ietds of

interest

-

Func t iona Iana tomyf

ympha t ic rgans

-

Pro l i fe ra t ionnd

mig ra t ion f

ymphocy tes

-

DeveLopment

f he n tes t ina t

mmune

ys tem

-

Func t ion

f he

pu Imonarymmune ys tem

-

Ques t ions

f a c l . in ica t l . y

r ien ta ted na tomy

n he

med ica I

u r r i cu tum

-

Eva tua t ionf each ing


7/405

Picture

The

ed i to rs

ince re ty

hank

a t IcL in ica t

oL teagues

ha t

made

u[ -

t rasound , omputedomograph icnd magne t rcesonancema-

ges

aswetL

s

endoscopic

nd n t raopera t ive

ic tu res

va i tab [e :

Pro f .

t ta ras ,

en t re

or

Rad ioLogy ,

n ive rs i ty

f G ieBen

I F i g . 1 0 0 9 , 1 0 3 1 , 1 0 3 2 ]

Dr .Baume is te r ,

epar tmen t

f Rad io [ogy ,

n ive rs i tyf

F re ibu rg

tF is .

57)

PD

Dr.Burgkard t ,

r thopaed ic

I in ic ,

echn icaL

n ive rs i ty

f

Mu n i c h

F ig .

4 3 1 1

Pro f .

Br i i ckmann

Dr .

L inn ,

Neuro rad io togy ,

ns t i tu te

or

D iagnos t ic

adioLogy,

n ive rs i ty

f Mun ich

F ig .662 ,726

,b,

7 2 7

, 6 l

Pro f .

Dan ie t ,

epar tmen t

f Card io togy ,

n ive rs i tyf

Er tangen

tF i s .

9 9 , 0 0 ,

0 1 ,

7 3 1

P r o f

D e g e n h a rd t ,

i e t e fe td

F ig .

1 3 3 ,

1 3 5 )

Pro f .

Ga [ansk i

Dr .K i rchho f f ,

epar tmen t

f D iagnos t ic

ad io t -

ogy ,Hannover ed ica I choo t F ig . 62 ,964 , 212 ,

2 j3)

Pro f .

Ga lansk i

Dr .Schd fe r ,

epar tmen t

f D iagnos t ic

adioL-

o g y ,

H a n n o v e r

e d i c a L

c h o o L

F i g .

7 1

, b ,9 2 7 ,9 7 1 ,9 9 1 ,

1194 ,

204 ,1207 ,12091

Pro f .

Gebe t ,

epar tmen t

f Gas t roen te roLogy ,

epatoLogy

nd

E n d o c r i n o to g y ,

a n n o v e r

e d i c a t

c h o o l

F i g .

4 2 ,1 0 j1 ,

1026,

027,1

038,1

039,107

, 1092)

Dr .

Goe i ,

Rad ioLogy ,

ee r len ,

he

Nether lands

F ig .

150 ,

1511

(w i th

permiss ion

rom

Rad io l .ogy

73 ;137-141 :

g}g l

Dr .

Greeven ,

t . -E l . i zabe th -Hosp i taL ,

euwied

F ig

150 ,

23g1

Pro f

Ho f fmann

PD

Dr.Bek tas ,

L in ico r

Abdominar

no

Transp tan ta t ion

urgery ,

annover

ed icaL

choo l .

F ig .

1

028,

101*01

Pro f .

HohL feLd ,

[ in ic o r

Pneumo logy ,

annover

edicaLSchooL

( F i 9 . 9 2 9 , 9 3 0 1

Pro f

Jonas ,

Uro togy ,

annover

ed icaL

chool

F ig .

1102

, b,

1 1 0 3 1

Pro f .

Kamp ik

&

Pro f .

Mi iL te r ,

ph tha tmotogy ,

n ive rs i ty

f

Mu n i c h

F ig .6 5 7 )

Dr .K i rchho f f

Dr .

We idemann ,

epar tmen t

f D iaqnos t ic

Rad io l .ogy ,

annover

ed ica t

chool

F ig .

1O4 i , 093 ,

102,

1196,

1198,

200,

202. 2051

Pro f .

Kremers ,

epar tmen t

or

Res to ra t i ve

en t is t ry

no

Per iodon to togy ,

n ive rs i ty

f Mun ich

F ig .

169)

Pro f .

Kunze ,

on

Haunersches

h iLd ren ' s

osp i ta l . ,

n ive rs i ty

f

Mu n i c h

F ig .3 2 7 -3 3 0 )

Dr .Meyer ,

epar tmen t

f

Gas t roen te roLogy ,

epa to l .ogy

nd

E n d o c r i n o to g y ,

a n n o v e r

e d i c a L

c h o o L

F ig .

4 4 ,9 8 7

a ,b ,

992 ,1145 ,111+61

Pro f .

Mi j t le r -VahL ,

eu ro togy ,

annover

ed ica t

chooL

(F ig .

2 8

, b )

Pro f .P fe i fe r ,

ad ioLogy ,

ns t i tu te

o r

D iagnos t ic

ad ioLogy ,

Un ive rs i ty

f Mun ich

F ig

293 ,294 ,310 ,312 ,

49 ,

+51

,

769-772 , 07 -810 , 255 , 286 , 287 , 317 , 3181

PD

Dr.

Rau ,Depar tmen t

f

Rad ioLogy ,

n ive rs i ty

f F re ibu rg

lFis.

912,

925,9261

c ed

ts

Pro f .Rave I t i

, fo rmer [y

ns t i tu te

f Ana tomy , n ive rs i ty

f

lnnsbruckF ig .767)

PD Dr .R ieger ,

ad ioLogy ,ns t i tu te

o r D iagnos t ic

ad io l .ogy ,

Un ive rs i ty f Mun ich

F ig .

13951

Pro f .

Re ich , ro fac iaLSurgery ,

n ive rs i tyf Bonn

F ig .

113

a, b ]

Pro f .Re ise r

Dr .Wagner ,

ns t i tu te

o r D iagnos t ic

ad io togy ,

Un ive rs i ty

f Munrch

F ig .

436 , 49 ,

51 453 ,571 ,572,573 ,

57 , 577

7921

Pro f .

Rudzk i -Janson ,

epar tmen t

f 0 r thodon t ics ,

n ive rs i ty

f

Mu n i c h

F i9 .7 2 ,7 3 )

Dr .Sche ibe ,

epar tmen t

f Surgery ,

osmanHosp i ta t ,

re isach

(F ig .

2 8 9 - c )

Pro f .

Scheumann ,

[ in ic o r

Abdomina I

ndTransp lan ta t ion

Surgery ,

annover

ed icaL

choo l

F ig .

1+3 ,

44 ,2451

Pro f .

Sch i t l . inge r ,epar tmen t

f

Gynaeco togy ,

n ive rs i ty

f

F re i b u rg

F i9 .

1 3 4 i

Prof Schl. iepha

e, 0 rofac

a Su ge y,

Gcitt i

g

en

tF i g . 5 2 , 9 6 ,1 9 7 1

Pro f .

Sch lc jsse r ,

en t re o r Gynaeco [ogy ,

annover

ed icaL

Schoo t

F ig .

132a ,

, 1140 ,

141,1178 ]

Pro f Schumacher ,

eu ro rad io togy ,

epar tmen t

f Rad io togy ,

Un ive rs i tyf

F re ibu rg

F ig .

61a , b )

Dr .

Sommer& PD

Dr.Bauer ,

Rad io [og is ts ,

un ich

lF i7 .

662 ,1290-1292)

Prof.

Stotz,Paediatrics,

niversity f Munich

Fig.

1239,

1240lt

PD

Dr .VogL , ad io togy ,

n ive rs i tyf Mun ich

F i9

436 ,

53 ,

644,645)

Pro f . o [ [ ra th ,

a r -

Nose-Throa t

epar tmen t ,

i incheng tadbach

lF is

229 ,230 ,2311

Pro f Wagner

, D iagnos t ic

ad io togy

l , Hannover

edicaL

SchooL

F ig .

52 ,1061* ,1

55,1069 ,1072 ,

152)

Pro f .

Wenz , o rmer ty

Depar tmen t

f Rad ioLogy ,

n ive rs i ty

f

F re i b u rg

F ig .7 6 8 l

Pro f Wi t t ,Depar tmen t f Neurosurgery ,n ive rs i tyf Mun ich

tF is.

05)

Dr.

WiLt f i jh r ,ormerty

I in ic

orAbdominaI

ndTranspl.antat ion

Surgery,

annover

edical

choot

Fig .

51

PD

Dr.Wimmer,

epar tment

f RadioLogy,

n ivers i ty

f

Freiburg

Fig

7991

fj.Ol,j:..,

iLtustrations

ere

obtainedrom

he otl.owinq

ext-

Benn ingho f f -Drenckhahn :

na tomie ,

and

Drenckhahn

. ,

Hrsg

,

16 . u f t . ,

r ban F i sche r ,

i i nchen

003

F ig .823 ,

824, /+8,849,

501

Wetsch,

. :Lehrbuch

istoLogie ,

rban

Fischer ,

i jnchen

2003

Fis.

22, 020,

097, 122,

1231

WeLsch,

.

Hrsg. l :

obot ta ,

t l .as

is to tog ie ,6 .

u f l . ,

Urban Fischer,

r inchen

002

Fig .

37,

85, 1 5

a,b)

Wicke, . :Atlas erRdntgenanatomie,.AufL.,

Urban Schwarzenberq,

t inchen-Wien-BaLtimore

985

(Fiq

943 l


8/405


9/405

>

Back

Skeleton

f the

runk

Muscles

Angulus

uperior

Spina

liaca

posterior

inferior

Columna

ertebralis

(Pars

cervicalis)

Columna ertebralis

(Pars

horacica)

Columna ertebralis

(Parsumbalis)

Os sacrum

lvertebrae

acrales -V]

Os coccvois

[Vertebra6

occygeae-lVl

Fig.

30 Skel.etal.

ystem,

ystemakeleta[e,

o f he runk.


10/405

Skeleton

Canalisvertebralis

Clavicula

Vertebra cervicalis

Vll

Iprominens]

Vertebra

thoracica

Scapula

costa

xl l

Vertebraumbalis

Os

coccygrs

Tuber schiadicum

Fig,732

VertebraI

o[umn,Cotumna

ertebra[is;

pec to ra I

i rd l .e ,

inguLum

ec to ra te ,nd

pe [v ic

i rd [e ,

C ingu [um

e lv icum;

med ian ec t ion

hrough

hever teb ra I

o tumn;

viewed

rom

the teft.

Clavicula,

Extremitas

sternalis

HUmerus

Costa

xl

Manubr ium

sterni

Corpus

stern

Arcus ostalis

Costa

xl

Costa

ll

Vertebra umbalis ll

Spina liaca

anterior superior

Promontorium

Faciessymphysialis

Os

sacrum

;,

Sp ina

ischiadica

Tuber schiadicum

F ig .731 Ver teb ra I o tumn,Co lumna e r teb raL is ;

pec to ra I i rd te ,

ingu tum

ec to ra te ,

nd

pe [v ic i rd te ,

C in g u [u m

e l v i c u m;

med ian ec t ion h rough he ve r teb ra tco lumn;

me d ia L v i e w .


11/405

Vertebrae

cefvicales

t-vtl

Vertebrae

lumbales

Os

sacrum

Os

coccygis

>

Back

VertebraL

olumn

Disci

intervertebrales

Muscles

Promontorium

Fig .

33 VertebraI

otumn,

Co[umnaer tebra[ is ;

ventra Iv iew.

Fig.73l,

VertebraL

oLumn,

Co lumna

er teb ra t i s ;

dorsaI iew.

Fig. 35 VertebraI

otumn,

Co[umnaer tebrat is ;

viewedrom

he eft.


12/405

Ve

teb a colLt

n,

d

eveo

p

ment

F ig .736

a-e Reg iona l

ha rac te r is t i cs

f hever teb rae .

0n ty

n he ho rac ic

eg ion f he ve r teb ra I

o lumn o

the a te ra I

a r ts

tabe t ted

n red ] ema in epara ted

nd

fo rm r ibs .

First cervicaL

ertebra,At[as

Fourth

cervicaI ertebra,

Vertebra

ervicalis V

F i rs t ho rac ic e r teb ra ,

e r teb rahorac ica

, w i th

co r respond ing

ibs ,Cos tae ,

nds te rnum,

te rnum

Th i rd umbar

e r teb ra , e r teb ra

umba l . i s

l l

Sac rum,

s sacrum

a

b

c

d

e

Epiphysis

anularis*

Proc.articularis

Zygapophysis]

supenor

Fig.737 VertebraI

evetopment.

Demons t ra t ion

f

he

appearancef

p r imary

ss i f i ca t ion

cen t res

n

a

[umbar

e r teb ra

ped ic le :

econd oe ta lmon th ;

co rpus : h i rd o s ix th oe taL on thJ

Synos tos isf he

oss i f i ca t ionen t res f hever teb ra I rch

wi th hoseo f he co rous

ccurs e tween

he h i rd

and

he

s ix th

ear

o f [ i fe .

Proc.

sprnosus

Epiphysisnularis'

Proc

costalis

Proc accessorius

Fig.

738 VertebraI

eve[opment

C i rcu ta r

ss i fca t ion

en t res

=

r ims* ]appear

n he

epiphyses

f hever teb rae

ur ing he e igh th

ear

o f

i fe

and

fusewi th he

ver teb ra l od ies

n t i I he e ighteen th

ear

o f

Life.

The

cen t ra I

o r t ions

f he epiphyses

ema in

s hyaLine

car t i tag inous

aminae

*

th roughou t

i fe .

Secondary

ss i f i ca t ion

en t res

apophyses )

eve top

t he

orocesses.


13/405

>

Back

Atlas

nd axis

Tuberculumnterius

Facies

rticularis

supeflor

Arcus nterior tlantis

Foramen vertebrale

l\4assa ateralis atlantis

Arcus

Dosteriortlantis

lvlassaateralis

atlantis

Foramen

magnum

occipitalis

externa)

Tuberculum

nterius

Fovea

entis

Arcus

nterior tlantis

atlantis

Facies

rticularisnferior

Massa

ateralis

F ig .739

Occ ip i ta I

one , s occ ipi ta le ;

sec t ion t lus t ra t ing

he o ramen

magnum nd he

ar t i cu [a r urfaces f he a t tan to -occ ip i ta Io in t ;

in fe r io r

iew

Sulcus

arteriae

vertebralis

Arcus

posterior

tlantls

Fig.710

First cervicaI ertebra,At[as;

supenor rew.

Thesuper io r r t i cu ta r u r faces f he a t lasare

f requen t [y

iv ided .

*

Canatisrteriaeertebratissa variation

Dens

axis

Facies

rticularisuperior

Foramen

Iransversanum

Proc,

Iransversus

Facies

articularis

anterior

Fovea

dentis

Corpus

vertebrae

Foramen

transversarium

Foramen

vertebrale

Proc articularis

supeflor

Proc

sprnosus

Foramen

transversarium

Arcusvertebrae

Proc articularis nferiol

Corpus ertebrae

Tuberculum

osterius

Arcus

osterior

tlantis

Fig.711 First

cervicaI ertebra,

Attas;

in fe r io r

iew.

Apex

entis

Dens xis

Facies

rticularis

anterior

Proc

articularis

supenor

Foramen

transversarium

Proc

articularis

supenor

Proc

Iransversus

Fig.712 First nd

second ervicaIertebrae,

Atlas

t Axis;

medianect ion.

Apexdentis

Facies

rticularisosterior

Foramen

transversarium

Proc

articularis

inferior

Tuberculum

posterius

Proc,

rticularis

inferior

Arcusvertebrae

Proc

spinosus

Fig.711

Second ervicaI ertebra,

Axis;

do rsosuoer io riew.

Corpus

vertebrae

Arcusvertebrae

Proc.

pinosus

F ig .713

Second erv icaLer teb ra ,

x is ;

ventraI iew.

Tuberculum

osterius


14/405

Cervical

ertebrae

Uncus orporis

IProc.

ncinatus]

Corpus

ertebrae,

Faciesntervertebralis

Unci

orporis

lProcc

uncinati]

orpus

ertebrae,

Epiphysisnularis

Tuberculum

anterius

tsoramen

ransversaflum

Sulcus

nerut

spinalis

Unci orporis

IProcc

uncinati]

Foramen

transversaflum

Tuberculum

poslerius

Proc

Proc

transversus

articularis

supenor

Proc,

articularis

supenor

Pediculusrcus

vertebrae

Arcus

vertebrae

Foramenvertebrale

Proc

spinosus

F ig ,715

F i f th e rv ica Ive r teb ra ,

e r teb ra

e rv icaL is;

supenor rew.

The ipso f he

spinous

rocesses

f he ce rv icaL

ver teb rae

l -V la re requen t ty

iv ided .

Arcus ertebrae

Proc spinosus

Fig.746 Seventh

ervicaI

ertebra, ertebra ervicatis

ll ;

supe f lo r rew

In

genera I he seventh e rv ica I

e r teb ra anbe

easiLy

iden t i f ied

y ts

p ro t rud ing

pinous

rocess

nd

s

re fe r red

o

as

ver teb ra

rominens .n ac t , he sp inous

process

f

the first thoracic

ertebraoften

protrudes

even

urther.

Fig,718

First o seventh ervicaL

ertebrae,

Vertebrae

ervicaLes-Vl

do rso [a te raLv iew.

Proc

transversus

f

Tuberculum

I

anrenus

'I

I

Tuberculum

\

poslenus

Corpus ertebrae

Foramen

transversarium

Sulcus ervi

spinalis

F ig .7 t7 Secondo

seven th

Ver teb rae e rv ica tesl -V l l '

ventraI iew.

ce rv ica I e r teb rae ,


15/405

t t

Thoracic

nd umbarvertebrae

Epiphysis

anularis

Fovea

costalis

supenor

Corpus ertebrae,

Faciesntervertebralis

Articulatioapitis

costae

Caput ostae

Collum ostae

Foramen

costotransversarium

Costa

Fovea

ostalisuperior

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae

Foramen

vertebrale

Proc

adicularis

lZygapophysisl

supenor

Fovea

costalis

processus

transversi

Corpus

verlebrae

Proc transversus

Fovea

costalis

processus

transversl

Corpus

vertebrae

Proc

transversus

Lamrna

rcus

vertebrae

Tuberculum

costae

Articulatio

costotransversaria

Proc

spinosus

Fig.719

Vertebra,

ertebra;

typ ica I t ruc tu ra I

ea tu res xempt i f

edby he

f f th ho rac ic

e r teb ra

supenor

tew.

+

Atso: im

ofvertebraIod y

F ig ,751 Tenth

horac ic e r teb ra ,

e r teb rahorac ica ;

ventraL iew.

Corpus ertebrae

Fovea costalis nferior

lncisura ertebralisnferior

Proc

articularisinterior

Proc

spinosus

F ig .750 S ix th ho rac ic e r teb ra , er teb rahorac ica

l ;

viewed rom the

teft.

Proc.

rticularis

supenor

Arcus ertebrae

Proc mamillaris

Proc accessorius

Proc

sptnosus

Fovea costalis

Proc articularis

inferior

F ig.752 Twetfth thoracic vertebra, Vertebra

thoracica

viewed f rom the Left .

*

Region f he vertebraI

rch between he super ior nd

infer ior r t icu[ar

processes

( " i s t h mu s "

i n te r a r t i c u L a r

o r t i o n l

Xil;

F ig .753 Th i rd umbar e r teb ra ,

e r teb ra

umbaLis

l l ;

me d ia n e c t i o n ;p e c ime n

f a n o L d e rn d i v i d u a [ .

*

Oss i f i ca t ionf he iqamentous

nser t ions


16/405

;:ili'::.

Thoracic

nd umbar

vertebrae

Proc

articularis

supeflor

Fovea costalis

supenor

Fovea

ostalis

rocessus

transversi

Corpus

ertebrae,

Facies

intervertebralis

Pediculusrcus

vedebrae

Foramen ertebrale

Proc

sprnosus

Proc

costalis

Proc

costalis

Proc accessorius

Proc

articularisnferior

Fig.751

Tenth o tweLfth horacic ertebrae,

Ver teb raehorac icae -X l l ,

nd

i rs t o second umbar e r teb rae ,

Ver teb raeumbaLes- l l

do rsa I iew rom he e f t .

Pediculus

rcus

ertebrae

Epiphysis

nularis

Fig.757

Fifth

umbar ertebra, ertebraumbatis ;

median ection.

Note he characteristicedge-shapef he body f he

f fth umbar ertebra.

Proc

articularis

superlor

Lamina rcusvertebrae

Proc spinosus

F ig .755

Four th umbar

e r teb ra ,

e r teb ra umbat is

V ;

supenor

rew

Proc, rticularis

supenor

Proc costalis

Corpus

ertebrae

Facies rticularis

nferior

Proc articularis

inferior

F ig .756

Four th umbar

e r teb ra ,

e r teb raumbaL is

V;

ventraI iew

Proc articularisuperior

Proc. pinosus

Lamina rcus

vertebrae

Proc articularisinteri or

+

Region

f he

vertebraI rchbetween

he super ior

nd nfer ior r t icu[ar

process.

ere

n the ifth and

Lessrequently n

he ourth umbarvertebra

a

cteft,bridged

y connective

issue

spondylolysisl

an be ormed.

This s

probabty

aused

y ocatbending

tress.

As a consequence,

he superlor

vertebra

maystip

otisthesisl

nto he

nferior ertebra

spondylotisthesis).

Proc accessorius

Proc

mamillaris


17/405

>

Back

Sacrum

Proc

articularis

uperior

Canalis

acralis

Facies

uricularis

Cristasacralismediana

Hiatus acralis

F ig .758

Sacrum,

s sacrum;

dorsa I iew

Promontorium

Lineaeransversae

F ig ,

759 Sac rum,

s sac rum;

ven t ro in fe r io r

iew.

Pars ateralis

F ig .760

Sacrum,

s sacrum;

the bonehas

been ec t ioned

t the

[eve [ f he

second

ac raL e r teb ra :

suDenor tew

Tuberositas ssissacri

Crista acralisateralis

Crista acralis edialis

Foramina

acralia

osteriora

Cornu acrale

Apex

ossissacri

Apex

ssis acri

Proc

articularis

supeflor

Pars

ateralis

Foramina

acralia nteriora

Alaossis acri

Basis ssis

acri

Promontorium

Proc

articularisuperior

Crista sacralismedialis

Muscles

Canalissacralis

Crista acralis ediana


18/405

Proc articularis uperior

-----:r

Canalis

acralis

Foraminaacralia

posteriora

Pars ateralis

Basis ssis

acri

Promontorium

Crista acralis

medlana

Cornu

acrale

Cornu

coccygeum

Os coccygis

Crista

acralis

medtana

Hiatus acralis

Facies

pelvica

Apexossissacri

F ig .762 Sac rum,

Ossac rum;

med ian

ec t ion .

*

Remnants

f ntervertebraI

isc

issue

persist

venn headutt.

F ig .76 I ,

Sac rum,

s sac rum;

oender

i f fe rences .

Fig.761 Sacrum,

ssacrum;

v iewedrom he

ight .

F ig .763

Sacrum,ssacrum;

gender

i f fe rences.

Cornu occygeum

Cornu

coccygeum

Vertebra

coccygea

Vertebra

coccygea l

Vertebrae

coccygeaell-V

F ig .765

Coccyx ,

s coccygis ;

ven t rosuoer io riew.

Fig.765

Coccyx, s coccygis;

do rso in fe r io r

iew.

Pars ateralis


19/405

>

Back

Cervical

art

of the vertebraLolumn,

adiography

Ramus

mandibulae

Atlas,

Arcus

anterior

Cavitas nasi,

S inus

maxi l la r is

Palatum

osseum

Axis,

Dens

Axis ,Corpus

vertebrae

Angulus

mandibulae

Ltngua

Vertebra

cerv ica l isl l,

Corpus

vertebrae

Epiglottis

Os hyoideum

Discus nter-

vertebralis

Cartilago

cricoidea,

Lamtna

Facies

nter

vertebrales

Vertebra

cerv ica l is l l ,

Corpus

vertebrae

Proc

mastoideus

Os occipitale

Atlas,Arcus

posterior

Atlas,

Tuberculum

posterius

Axis, Proc

sprnosus

Inctsura

vedebralis

in fe r io r

Inctsura

vertebralis

supenor

Articulatio

zygapophysialis

Proc

articularis

inlerior

Proc

articularis

supeflor

Proc

spinosus

Pediculus

rcus

vene0rae

Foramen

intervertebrale

F ig .767

Cerv icaLer teb rae , e r teb rae

erv ica tes ;

La te ra I

ad iog raph f he

cerv icaL

ar t

o f he ve r teb ra I

oLumn;

upr igh t

os i t ion ;

he cen t ra I

eam s d i rec ted

on to he h i rdce rv ica I

e r teb ra ;

shou tde rs re

puL ted

ownwards .

$\'oturs*{o


20/405

Proc spinosus

Proc

ransversus

Vertebra

ervicalis l,

Corpus ertebrae

Cervical

art

of

the vertebral

olumn, adiography

-

Unci

orporum

[Procc

uncinati]

Fig, 768 CervicaI ertebrae,

ertebrae ervicates;

AP-rad iog raphf he ce rv ica I

a r to f hever teb ra I

o tumn;

upr igh t os i t ion ;he centraL eam sd i rec ted

on to he h i rd

ce rv ica I

e r teb ra .

x

IntervertebraI

isc oaces


21/405

>

Back

Thoracic

ar t

of the vertebral

olumn, adiography

Corpus ertebrae

Facies

ntervertebrales

"

F ig .769 Thorac ic

e r teb rae ,

e r teb raehorac icae;

La te ra I

ad iog raph

f he ho rac ic

a r t

o f he ve r teb raLoLumn;

u p r i g h t o s i t i o n

i t h h e h o r a x n

n s p i ra t i o n ;

the cen t ra I

eam s d i rec ted

n to he s ix th ho rac ic

e r teb ra .

Pediculus

rcus ertebrae

a ^ r ^ , , c v 6 d 6 h r r 6

Costa

Articulatio

ostotransversaria

Proc

transversus

Articulatio

apitiscostae

Caput costae

F ig .77O Thorac ic

e r teb rae ,

e r teb rae

horac icae

AP-rad iog raph

f he

horac ic

a r t

o f he ve r teb raLoLumn;

u p r i g h t o s i t i o n

i t h

h e h o ra x n n s p i ra t i o n ;

the cen t raL

eam s d i rec ted

n to he s ix th

horac ic e r teb ra

+

In te r v e r te b r a Ii s c p a c e

* *

C L i n i c a Le r m:e n d - p L a te s

Foramenntervertebrale

Procspinosus

Pediculus

rcus ertebrae

Facies ntervertebralis

*

I n te r v e r te b r a Ii s c p a c e


22/405

Lumbar

art

of thevertebral

olumn,

adiography

F ig .771 Lumbar e r teb rae , e r teb rae umbates ;

la te ra I ad iog raph f he umbar

par t

o f thever teb ra I o lumn;

upr igh t

os i t ion ;

the cen t ra t eam s d i rec ted

n to

he second umbar e r teb ra .

In h is

case,

he

an te r io r dges f

he ower umbar e r teb rae

areobt ique ue o

pa thoLog ica I

l te ra t ions .

Foraminantervertebralia

Arcus ertebrae,

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae

lncisura

ertebralis

nferior

Incisura

ertebralis uperior

Proc. pinosus

Proc.articularis

uperior

Proc articularis

nferior

Articulatio ygapophysialis

Crista

acralis

ediana

*

IntervertebraI

iscspace

**

Region f

the vertebral

rch between

he super ior

and nfer ior

a r t i c u [a r

r o c e s s e s

" i s th mu s '

n te r a r t i c u [a r

o r t i o n l

***The

marks

ndicate

he

posi t ion

f

he twetf th

ib, which s

poorty

vis ib le

n th is copy

of the radiograph.

Vertebra

umbalis,

Corpus ertebrae

Facies ntervertebrales

Os

ilium.

Crista liaca

Basis ssis acri

Promontorium

Os sacrum


23/405

Musc[es

Lumbar

art

of the vertebral

olumn, adiography

costa

Xl l

Vertebra

umbalis,

Corpus ertebrae

Proc.

rticularis

uperior

Articulatio

ygapophysialis

Proc.

rticularisnferior

Pediculus

rcus ertebrae

Facies

ntervertebrales

Proc.

costalis

Foramina

acralia nteriora

Procc. costales

Procc

splnosi

Os coxae;

Os

l ium

Articulatio acroiliaca

F ig ,772 Lumbar

e r teb rae ,

e r teb rae umba les ;

AP-rad iog raph

f he Lumbar

a r t

o f thever teb ra I

and he sac rum;

upr igh t

os i t ion ;

he cen t ra I

eam

s

d i rec ted n to

Lumbar e r teb ra .

+

IntervertebraI

isc pace

co tumn

the

second


24/405

Os occioitale.

ars

basilaris

Os occioitale. ars ateralis

Articulatio

tlantooccioitalis

Articulatio tlantoaxialisateralis

Axis

Vertebra

ervicalis

ll

Membrana tlantooccioitalis

nterior

Os occiDitale.

ars ateralis

Capsula

rticularis

Lig longitudinaleanterius

Discusntervertebralis

Lig atlantooccipitale

laterale

Tuberculum osterius

Articulalio tlantoaxialis

ateralis,

Caosula rticularis

Vertebra

cervicalis

lll,

Corpus

vertebrae

Fig.773 CraniocervicaI

unct ions

nd

heupper

ervicaI

art

o f hevertebral to[umn;

ventrat tew.

Os occipitale

Membrana tlantooccipitalis

osterior

Atlas,Massa ateralis

Sulcusarteriae

ertebralis

Articulatio

tlantoaxialis

lateralis

Axis, Arcus vertebrae

Fig.771

CraniocervicaI

unctions;

dorsaI iew.

C

anioce

vica u

nctions


25/405

Back

C an

oce vi

ca uncti

ons

Sulcus

srnus

sigmoidei

Articulatio

atlantooccipitalis,

Capsula rticularis

Articulatio

atlantoaxialis

ateralis,

Capsula

articularis

F ig .

775 Cran ioce rv ica I

unc t rons ,

d c o n l i n e m o n f c .

dorsaLv iew.

Os occipitale,Clivus

Os occipitale

Atlas

Membrana

ectoria

Axis

Vertebra

ceruicalis lll

Canalis

ervi

hypoglossi

Sulcus inus igmoidei

Articulatio

atlantooccipitalis

Atlas,Arcus

posterior

Articulatio

tlantoaxialisateralis

Fasciculi

ongitudinales

Ligg

alaria

Lig cruciformeatlantis

Capsula

rticularis

Lig transversum

tlantis

Fasciculi

ongitudinales

Lig apicis

dentis

Capsulae

rticulares

F ig .776

Cran ioce rv ica I

unc t ions ,

deep

igaments ;

do rsaLv iew.

Dens xis

F ig .777

Cran ioce rv ica I

unc t ions ,

d o o n l i n r m a n i c .

dorsa Iv iew.

TheaLar

igaments

equen t [y

x tend o the a te ra I

masses f he

a t tas .

Muscles


26/405

Os occioitale.

Pars basilaris

l\4embrana tlantooccioitalis nterior

Atlas, rcus nterior

Articulatiotlantoaxialisediana

nterior

Articulatiotlantoaxialis

ediana

osterior

Dens xis

Discus

nteruertebralis

Vertebraervicalis

ll ,

Corpus ertebrae

Atlas,

Arcus nterior,

Fovea entis

Duramater

ranialis

Lig. apicis

dentis

Dura

mater Pinalis

Membrana

ectoria

Nn cervicales,

Badices

F ig .

778 Cran ioce rv icaL

unc t ions ;

me d ia n

e c t i o n

Fasciculilongitudinales

I

Lig.

ransversum

tlantis

Lig

cruciforme

tlantis

-

Fasciculi

ongitudinales

J

C a

n oce vi

ca u

nctio

ns

Squama

occipitalis

Membranaatlantooccipitalis

osterior

Atlas, rcus osteriol

Axis,Proc

spinosus

Articulatio tlantoaxialis

mediana anterior

Dens xis

Os occipitale

Articulatio

tlanto-

occipitalis

Dens xis

Atlas,Arcus

posterior

Atlas,

rcus nterior

Atlas,Massa

ateralis

Articulatio

tlanto-

axialis

ateralis

Axis,Corpus

Axis,Proc spinosus

Articulatio tlantoaxialis

mediana

posterior

Atlas, acies

articularis

supenor

Membrana

atlanto-

occipitalis

posterior

Proc pinosus

F ig ,77 i Cran ioce rv ica I

unc t ions ;

supenor

tew

F ig .

780

Cran ioce rv icaL

unc t tons ;

AP-

ad

og a

ph .


27/405

li..-'-,,.+W

>

Back

Ligaments

f the

vertebral

olumn

Lig

costo-

transversaflum

Discus

intervertebralis

Arcus

vertebrae

Vertebra

thoracica

ll ,

Corpus

vertebrae

Tuberculum

ostae

Lig

costotransversarium

laterale

F ig .781

L igaments

f he

ver teb ra Ico lumn;

exempt i f

ed

by he

Lower

horac ic

a r t

o f

he

v e r te b ra t c o [u mn ;

ven t raLv iew.

Lig capitis

ostae

adiatum

Articulatio

apitis

costae

Lig costotransversarium

Collum

ostae

Discus

intervertebralis

Lig flavum

j o in ts ,

r t i cu la t iones

os tover teb ra [es ;

o f he

Lower a r t

o f the

o in t

a t a head

o f a r ib ;

F ig .782

L igaments

f thever teb ra Ico lumn;

exemp l i f

edby he

ower ho rac ic

nd he

upper umbar

par t

o f he ve r teb ra l

o lumn;

dorsa I iew.

Proc

articularis

uperior

Proc

transversus

F ig .783

Cos tover teb ra I

c ross -sec t ion

t the eve I

supe f lo r

tew.

Muscles

Fovea

ostalis

inferior

Fovea

ostalis

supenor

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae


28/405

Fovea ostalis uperior

Corpus

ertebrae

Lig

longitudinale

nterius

Discusntervertebralis


Lioaments

f

thevertebral

olumn

Proc. rticularis

uperior

F ig .781

L igaments f

he ve r teb raL

o tumn

nd

he

costovertebraI

oi

nts,

Articu atio

es costoverteb

ates;

[a te ra I

a r ts

o f he an te r io r

ong i tud ina [

igament

ave

been emoved ;

viewed om the teft.

Fovea costalis

processus

transversl

Ligg flava

Capsula

articularis

Lamina

rcus

vertebrae

F ig .785 Junc t ions

e tween

he

ver teb ra l

rches ;

ven t ra Iv iew.

Fovea ostalis

rocessus

ransversi

Foramen ostotransversarium


aterale

Lig

costotransversarium

uperius

Lig

intertransversarium

Lig capitis ostae

adiatum

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae


29/405

>

Back

Costovertebral

oints

Lig longitudinale

nterius

Discus

ntervertebralis

Procspinosus

Lamina

rcus ertebrae

Lrg

costotransversarium

uperius

Lig costotransversariumaterale

Lig

intertransversarium

F ig .786

Cos tover teb ra I

o in ts ,

r t i cu [a t iones

costove

tebra es;

ven t raL

iew rom

he ef t .

Arcus ertebrae


Lig

costotransversarium

supenus

Lig

costotransversarium

laterale

Articulatio

apitis ostae

Tuberculum

ostae

Caput

ostae

Ligg ntertransversaria

Lig flavum

Proc

transversus

Proc

articularisnferior

Lig,

upraspinale"

F ig .787

L igaments

f he

ver teb raL

rches nd he

cos tover teb ra I

o i

n ts ,Ar t i cu la t iones

os tover teb ra tes ;

do rsaLv iew.

*

Themed ian o r t ion

f he

horaco tumbar

asc ias e fe r red

to

assuprasp inous

igament

Muscles

Capsula

rticularis


30/405

Ligaments f

the umbar

part

of

the

Pediculus

rcus

ertebrae

Disci ntervertebrales

Lig longitudinale

osterius

Vertebraumbalis

,

Corpus ertebrae

Os sacrum

F ig .788

L igaments

f he umbar

par t


o lumn.

Proc costalis

Proc articularis

nferior

Proc articularisuperior

Lamina rcusvertebrae

Proc spinosus

F ig .789 Ver teb ra l

o in ts

o f he umbar

par t

o f

he ve r teb ra l

co tumn,

r t i cu ta t ionesygapophys ia les

umba les ;

do rsa l

rew rom he r iqh t

Articulatio

ygapophysialis;

ig, ransversum

Lig

flavum

Rein fo rcement

f

he n te ra r t i cu [a r

o in ts

by

s t rong nd

t ransverse

ib res

L igg .

ransversa ]

s res t r i c ted

o the

umbar

par t

o f

hever teb ra I

o lumn.


31/405

>

Back

lntervertebral

iscs

Uncus

orporrs

IProc

uncinatus]

Anulus

ibrosus

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae

Corpus ertebrae

N

spinalis,

Gangl ion

sensoflum

nervi

pinalis

F ig .790a,

b

In te rve r teb ra I

i scs ,D isc i n te rve r teb raLes

a

Cerv ica I

n te rve r teb ra I

i scs ,D isc i

n te rve r teb ra les

cerv icaes;

f ron taL

ec t ion

b Lumbar

n te rve r teb ra l

i sc ,D iscus

n te rve r teb raL is

umbaLis :

me d ia n

e c t i o n

F ig .791

Lumbar

n te rve r teb ra I

i sc ,

Discus

n te rve r teb raL is

umbaI is ;

supen0r

tew

*

H y a t i n e

a r t i [ a g i n o u so v e r i n g

f h e e n d - p L a te s

f h e

v e r te b r a I

o d i e s e f [ e c t i n g

h e n o n - o s s i f i e d

o r t i o n

f

h e

ep

p

hyses

* x

In h e i r s t

d e c a d e f i f e ,

o - c a l t e d n c o v e r te b r a I

l e f t s

deve[op

n he LateraI ones

of the cervicaL

ntervertebraI

d i s c s , h r c h

an

p r o g r e s s

u r th e r

o w a r d she

mi d d l e n

th e o t t o w i n g

e c a d e s

Epiphysis

nularis

Anulusibrosus

Epiphysis

nularis

Nucleus

ulposus

Corpus ertebrae

Fascia horacolumbalis

Vertebra

umbalis ,

Corpus vertebrae

Proc

spinosus

Discus

nteruertebralis

Canalis

edebralis;

Cauda quina

Spatiumpidurale

Vertebraumbalis

,

Corpus ertebrae

Canalis

acralis

F ig .792 Lumbarpar ts

o f he ve r teb raLco lumn;

ma g n e t i c

e s o n a n c e

o mo g ra p h i c

ma g e

M R l ) ;

me d ia n

e c t i o n .

Mr.rsu[e


32/405

Uncus orporis

[Proc

uncinatus]

Facies ntervertebralis

Epiphysis

nularis

Corpus ertebrae

Lig. ongitudinale

nterius

Facies

ntervertebralis

Anulus

fibrosus

Nucleus

pulposus

(Foramen

venae

basivertebralis)

Epiphysisnularis

Fig.793

CervicaImotion

segment;

schemat icmed ian

ec t ion .

Epiphysis

nularis

Motion egments

Proc

articularisuoerior


Articulatio ygapophysialis,apsula

rticularis

Lig flavum

Lig interspinale

Lig.

nuchae

Proc

articularis

inlerior

*

Also: im of

vertebral ody

**

Hyal ine art i laginous

over ing f he end-plate

f the vertebrat ody

reftect ing

he non-ossi f ied

ort ion

of

he

epiphysis

Oi"ara

'

intervertebralis

I


Lig. ongitudinale

osterius

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae

Lamina

arcus

vertebrae

Proc.articularis uoerior

Lig flavum

Lig. nterspinale

Lig longitudinale

nterius

Facies

ntervertebralis

/

I

Anulusibrosus

urscus

intervertebralis

I

Nucleus

ulposus

\

Lig

supraspinale

Fascia

thoracolumbalis

(Foramen

venae

basivertebralis)

Fig,79t, Lumbar

motionsegment;

schemat icmed ian

ec t ion .

Proc.spinosus

Proc articularisnferior

*

A[so: im of vertebrat

od y

**

Hyatine art i laginous

over ing f the end-plate f

the vertebraI ody

reftect ing

he non-ossi f ied

ort ion

of he epiphysis

Lamina rcus

vertebrae Proc soinosus

Pediculus

rcus

vertebrae


33/405

>

Back

Superficialmuscles

f

the

back

M

trapezius

Protuberantia cciDitalis xterna

M sternocleidomastoideus

IVI

plenius apitis

F ig .795 Musc tes f he back ,Mm.dors i ;

super f i c ia I aye r f he runk -a rmand r unk -shou lder

o i rd lemusc tes .

Spina scapulae

Fascia

deltoidea

M infraspinatus,

Fascianfraspinata

M teres

malor

Vertebra

rominens,

roc

spinosus

Scapula, ngulus

nferior

M latissimusorsi

Vertebra

horacica

Xll. Proc.

sDinosus


Cristaliaca

Os sacrum,

Facies

orsalis

M, homboideus

ajor

M obliquus

externusabdominis


34/405

l\4

splenius

apitis

M

spleniuservicis

Superficial uscles f theback

M trapezius

l\4 sternocleidomastoideus

M. rapezius

M. eresmaior

M

rhomboideusajor

M infraspinatus,

Fascianfraspinata

Scapula, ngulus

nferior

M

erector pinae

M latissimusorsi

Fascia horacolumbalis*

M obliquuse)dernusabdominis

Trigonum

umbale

Crista

liaca

Fascia

deltoidea

M serratus

osterior

supenor

M latissimus

orsi

M

obliquus

xternus bdominis

M obliquus

nternus

abdominis

F ig .796

Musc tes f he back ,Mm.dors i ;

deep ayer

of

he runk -a rm

and

runk -shou tde r

g i rd le

musc les.

*

The

o-catledhoracotumbarascia

orms dense

ao0neur0s ts


35/405

i:'

>

Back

Deepmuscles f heback

M semisDinalis aoitis

M

spleniusapitis

l\4 ongissimusapitis

M. spleniuservicis

M levator

capulae

M longissimus

eruicis

M

semispinaliscervicis

M iliocostaliscervicis

t t

a t " t

M spleniusapitis

M sternocleidomastoideus

M

splenius

ervicis

M.scalenus osterior

nuchae

i/ inlraspinatus,

Fascianfraspinata

M trapezius

M teresmajor

M serratus

osterior

uperior

M rhomboideusajor

M lliocostalis horacis

M

latissimus

orsi

M. ongissimus

horacis

M. serratus nterior

M

serratus osterior

nlerior


M

erectorspinae

M

spinalis horacis

M iliocostalishoracis

M longissimushoracis

M iliocostalisumborum

M

obliouus xternus bdominis

M obliquus nternus

abdominis

F ig .797 Musc les f he back ,Mm. do rs i ;

super f i c iaL

ayer

f

he

deep

au toch thonous ]

uscLes .


36/405

Lig longitudinale

anterius

Be n

M

psoas

major

Plexusumbalis

Proc

costalis

M

quadratus

lumborum

Costa ll

M obliquus

xternus

abdominis

lvl atissimus

orsi

Proc

spinosus


Proc articularis

uperiof

Articulatioygapophysialis

Proc

articularisnferior

Proc

spinosus

Fasciahoracolumbalis

F ig .799 Musc les

f he back ,Mm.dors i ;

computed

omograph ic

ross -sec t ion

CT)

t the eve I f the

in te rve r teb ra l

i scbe tweenhe h irdand he ou r th umbar

ve teb a;

inferiorview.

Muscles

f theback,

ections

Cauda

quina

Pediculus

l

arcus

I a,.,,"

vertebrae |

""il"urr"

amrna rcus

I

vertebrae

)

t\4m

transversospinales

"

M. erector pinae

(Lamina

protunda)

Fascia

thoracolumbalis

(Lamina

superficialis)

Corpus

ertebrae

Nucleus

ulposus)

'

I

Discus

f

intervertebralis

Anulusibrosus

/

N

spinalis

M

psoas

major

Cauda

quina

Lig

flavum

M. erector

pinae

Mm transversospinales

*

Catci f icat ion

r ossi f icat ion

requentty

ccursat the si tes

of insert ion

of the

[ igamenta tava,

ven n

younger

ndividuats.

*+

Adipose

issuedeposi ts

F ig .798 Musc tes f he back ,Mm.dors i ;

c ross -sec t iont the eve [

f

he second umbar

e r teb ra :

in fe r io r iew.

The

eep

autochthonousl

usctesf

he back iewithin

nosteofibrous

tube

ormed ydorsat

arts

f hevertebrae

nd hesurrounding

aponeurotichoracoLumbarasciaThemuscLes

redivided

nto ateral

and med ia [

*

t rac t


37/405

Tract

>

Back

Deep

muscles f the

back

LongitudinaI

ystem

M longissimus

-capitis

-cervtcts

-thoracis

M iliocostalls

-cervtcts

-thoracis

-lumborum

M.spinalis

-capitis

-cervtcts

-thoracis

Mm.

nterspinales

-cervrcts

-thoracis

lumborum

Fascia

thoracolumbalis

F ig .800

Deep

au toch thonous )

usc tes

f he back;

d iag ram

f

he

d i f fe ren t

roups

f musc tes .

Thedeep

autochthonousJ

usc tes

f he back

canoe

d iv idedn to

a

tong i tud ina l

ndan ob t ique ys tem,

s

wet l as n to

a med ia l nd

a la te ra l rac t .

+

Spinotransverse

+*

TransversosoinaI

-

>>l

Sur face

lSke te ton l

Musc tes

0btique ystem Tract

M.semispinalis**

-capitis

-cervtcts

M. multifidus"*

-cervtcts

-thoracis

-lumborum

Mm. otatores reves**

-cervrcrs

-thoracis

-lumborum


38/405

l\4

semispinalis apitis

l\4 ectus

apitis

osterior

inor

M rectus

apitis

osterior

ajor

Atlas, uberculum

osterius

Atlas,Proc

ransversus

M

obliquus apitis

nferior

M semispinalis apitis

Mm multilidi

M

semispinaliseruicis

Mm interspinales ervicis

M

spinalis apitis

Mm levatores

ostarum reves

M

semispinalishoracis

lvlm ntercostales

xterni,Fascia

Mm levatoresostarum reves

Mm levatores

ostarum

ongi

lvlm ntertransversarii

horacis

CostaXl l

Fascia

horacolumbalis

M

obliquusnternus bdominis

Mm intertransversariiaterales

Deep

muscles f

theback

M obliquus apitis

uperior

M

splenius

apitis

l\4

ongissimusapitis

M

digastricus,

enter

osterior

l\4m ntertransversarii

osteriores

ervicis

Ligg

intertransversaria

Ligg.nterspinalia;ig supraspinale

Mm rotatoreshoracis reves

Mm intertransversarii

horacis

Mm,

ntercostalesxterni

Mm.

otatoreshoracis

ongi


uperius

Lig intertransversarium

Membranantercostalisnterna

Mm intercostales

nterni

Mm intercostalesexterni

M

quadratus

umborum,

ascia

Mm intertransversariiediales

umborum

M transversusbdominis

Mm interspinaleslumborum

Ligg ntertransversaria

Lig iliolumbale

Spina

liaca

osterior

uperior

Lig

sacrotuberale

tumoorum

Fascia

ransversalis

l\4obliquus

xternus bdominis

Mm multilidi

F ig .801 Musc les f he back,

Mm.dors i ,

andsubocc ip i ta I usc tes ,

Mm. subocc ip i tates .


39/405

muscles f the

back

Lig.costotransversarium

M levator

ostae ongus

M levator

ostaebrevis

Mm rotatores

horacis

Vertebraumbalis

,

Arcus

vertebrae

Ligg.

flava

Mm. ntertransversarii

mediales

umborum

Vertebrae

umbales,

rocc

sDinosi

Vertebraeumbales,

Procc.

ostales

Mm. ntertransversarii

laterales

umborum


(Lamina rofunda)

Mm. multif idi

M

erector spinae

F ig .802

Musc les

f

he

back ,Mm.dors i ;

deepestayer

n he reg ion

f he ower ho racic

nd he umbar

part

of the

vertebraI olumn.

t t

Lig.

ntertransversarium

Costa

x

Mm.multifidi

Lig intertransversarium

CostaXl l


40/405

M

spleniusapitis

M

spleniuservicis

M longissimus

apitis

i,il

semispinalisapitis

Atlas, uberculum

osterius

Axis,

Proc. pinosus

Mm.

nterspinaleservicis

M. ongissimuservicis

M iliocostalis

cervicis

M rectus

aoitis osterior

minor

Suboccipital

uscles

M. rapezius

M semisDinalis

aoitis

M rectus apitis

osterior

major

M.obliquusapitis uperior

M splenius

apitis

Atlas,Arcus

posterior

M.splenius

ervicis

Proc mastoideus

M.

ongissimusapitis

M digastricus,

enter

osteriot

Proc styloideus

M obliquus

apitis

nferior

M. ongissimus

apitis

M

semispinalis

apitis

Mm

multifidi

M. semispinalis

ervicis

Lig

supraspinale

F ig .803

Musctes

f he back ,

Mm.

dors i , nd

subocc ip i ta I

usctes,

Mm. subocc ip i ta [es .

M

semispinalisapitis

M.semispinalishoracis

M obliquusapitis

uperior

M rectus apitis

posterior

inor

M.

rectus

apitis

posterior

major

Atlas.Arcusoosterior

M

obliquus

apitis

nferior

Fig . 04

Suboccipi ta l .

usc les,

F

T r0 ; l

Mm. uboccio i ta tes.


41/405

>

Back

Suboccipital

uscLes

M splenius

apitis

M longissimus

apitis

M

semispinalis

apitis

splenius

ervicis

levator

capulae

l\4 ongissimus

ervicis

M

scalenus edius

M

scalenus

osterior

M semispinalis

apitis

M splenius

apitis

M obliquus

apitis

uperior

lvl ongissimus

apitis

M digastricus,

enter

osterior

M

rectus

apitisateralis

Proc

styloideus

M

obliquus

capitis nferior

M longissimus

ervicis

M intertransversarius

osteriorcervicis

Axis,

Proc ransversus

M

splenius

ervicis

t t

-:s

Lrg

nucnae

lvl trapezius

Vertebra

rominens,

Proc,

pinosus

M iliocostalis

ervicis

M semispinalis

horacis

F ig .805 Musc tes f he back ,Mm. do rs i ,

a n dmu s c le s

f h en e c k .

M m .c o tL i .

Mm multif idi

F ig .8 0 6

S u b o c c ip i t a L mu s c [e s ,

Mm.

s u b o c c i p i t a te s .

M rectus

aoitis

osterior

inor

M rectus apitis

posterior

major

Membrana

atlantooccipitalis

posterior

A vertebralis,

Pars atlantica

Atlas, Proc transversus

i l -

l \4obliquus

apitisnferior

M splenius

cervicis

Pos te r io r

uberc [e

f he at tas

Spinous

rocess

f he

ax is

M

semispinalis

apitis


42/405

Ve teb

al co umn, sectio

s

Corpus

vertebrae

Foramen

vertebrale

Proc

articularis

inlerior

Lamina rcus

vertebrae

Lig. lavum

Proc. pinosus,

Tubercula

Larynx

Cartilagohyroidea

M

sternocleido-

mastoideus

Vertebra ervicalis

,

Corpus

ertebrae

Uncus orporis

Proc. ransversus,

Tuberculumnterius

Discus

intervertebralis

N spinalis

Pediculusrcus

vertebrae

Vertebra ervicalis

l,

Corpus ertebrae

Proc.articularis

Lamina

rcus

vertebrae

Proc. pinosus

V cava

nferior

Aorta,Pars

abdominalis

Corpus

ertebrae

M.

psoas

major

Pediculusrcus

vertebrae

Lig flavum

Proc costalis

Proc.articularis

inferior

Proc articularis

supeflor

Lig interspinale

Mm

dorsi

Fascia

thoracolumbalis

F ig .807 Cerv ica I

a r t


o tumn;

computed omographic

ross-section

CT]

at the

Level.

o f the n te rve r teb raL

iscbetween he ou r thand he i f th

cervicaI

ertebra.

+

EndotracheaIube ndendoscooe

Aorta,Pars

abdominalis

V cava nterior

Discus

intervertebralis

M.

psoas

Be n

Foramen

intervertebrale

Proc.articularis

supeflor

Articulatio

zygapophysialis

Proc

articularis

inferior

Proc.mamillaris

Mm

dorsi

Proc

spinosus

Fascia

thoracolumbalis

F ig .809 Lumbar

par t

o f

he ve r teb ra I o lumn;

computedomograph icross -sec t ion

CT l

t the

Leve t

o f he n te rve r teb ra Ii scbe tweenhe second nd

the h i rd umbar e r teb ra .

F ig .808

Cerv ica I

a r t

o f he

ver teb ra l o tumn;

computed

omographic

ross-section

CTJ

t

the tevet

o f he i f thand

he s ix th

e rv ica I e r teb ra .

F ig .810

Lumbar

par t

o f hever teb ra Ico tumn;

computed

omograph ic

ross -sec t ion

CT]

t the

Leve l .

o f he oed ic les

f

he h i rd

umbar e r teb ra .

)a--->-

/ q .

lrrl+-C*

lA\ r.'-}y'


43/405

>

Back

Cutaneous

nnervation

L3

L4

L5

S1

s2

S3

N. auricularismagnus,R

posterior

Plexus

ervicalis)

N.

occipitalisminor

Plexus

ervicalis)

Nn.supraclavicularesaterales

Plexus

ervicalis)

N.

cutaneus rachii

lateralis

uoerior

(N.

axillaris)

N.

cutaneus

brachii ateralis

inforior

N.

adialis)

N.

cutaneus rachii

posterior

N.

radialis)

(Rr.

cutaneimediales

t laterales)

(Nn.

spinales

C.$-L1,Rr.

posteriores)

Rr.cutanei aterales

(Nn.

spinales,Nn. ntercostales)

R. cutaneusateralis

(Plexus

umbalis,N. liohypogastricus)

Nn.clunium uperiores

(Nn.

pinales 1-13,

Rr.

posteriores)

Nn.

lunium edii

Nn.

pinales

51-S3, Rr.

posteriores)

Nn.

clunium nferiores

(N.

cutaneusemoris

posterior)

N. cutaneusemoris aleralis

Plexus

umbalis)

N. cutan€usemoris

osterior

Plexus

umbalis)

Fig . 11

SegmentaIutaneous

nnervation

dermatomes)

andcutaneous

erves f he

back.


44/405

N

occipitalisertius

C3)

N

occipitalismajor

(C2)

,

N suboccipitalisCl) .. ' --

'

A vertebralis

N

occipitalis

minor

(Plexus

cervicalis)

1l '

N auricularismagnus

(Plexus

cervicalis)

M

longissimusapitis

M

serratus

osterior

uperior

'

Mm multilidi

Vessels

nd

nerves f

the

a

a

N.occipitalis

aior

C2);A.;V

occipitalis

.*

N auricularis

agnus

Plexus

ervicalis)

& R, posteriorC6 )

*

R

posterior C7)

.,

B

posteriorC8)

,

R

posteriorT1)

Nn thoracici, r

posteriores,

mediales

t

laterales

M levator

scapulae

R

posteriorS3 )

:

R

posterior

S4 )

Fig,812 Vessets nd

nervesof

the back.

*

Vessels

nd

nerves f he riangutar

pace

**

VesseLsndnerves f he

quadrangutarpace

t,

N supraclavicularis

ateralis

Plexus

ervicalis)

a

M.deltoideus

$

N cutaneus rachii

ateralis

inlerior

&

N radiaiis;

a o

A.;

V) profunda

rachii

&

N cutaneus

brachii

posterior

I

M

triceps

brachii,

Caput

ongum

&

N

intercostobrachialis

c

a

a

N axillaris;A

V circumflexa

M iliocostalis

horacis

a

M longissimus

horacis

M serratus

osterior

nferior

R

posterior

T12)

M latissimus

orsi

M

obliquus

xternus

bdominis

Trigonumumbale;

N iliohypogastricus

Crista

liaca

R

posterior T12)

:

Nn

clunium

uperiores

M

gluteus

maximus

humeri

osterior*'

a

M. eres

major

a

o

A

;

V circumtlexa

capulae*

a

M teresminor

a

M infraspinatus

a

M rhomboideus

ajor

||

M latissimusorsi

(Bursa

ubcutanea

pinae

liacae

dosterioris

uperioris)

(Bursa

ubcutanea

acralis)

(Bursa

ubcutanea

coccygea)

8 1 3

81t ,


45/405

>

Back

Vessels

nd

nerves

f the

posterior

ervical

egion

N occipitalismajor $

lvl

semispinalisapitis

A ; Vo cc ip i t a l i sO O

A

occipitalis

a

V

auricularis

posterior

a

A

occipitalis,

R mastoideus

N

occipitalisminor

i

M

longissimus

apitis

N

accessorius

Xl]

l\4splenius

ap

sobota vol 2.pdf

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