B KHOA HC, CNG NGH V MI TRNG CC MI TRNG

S TAY QUAN TRC V PHN TCH MI TRNG

PHN 1: MI TRNG KHNG KH, TING N, NC LC A V RC THI TH

H Ni, 12- 2002

4

Mc lc TT NI DUNG Trang 4 5 5 7

1. Li gii thiu 2. Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh 2.1 2.2 Mi trng khng kh v cc cht gy nhim chnh Thit k mng li cc im quan trc v phn tch mi trng khng kh 2.3 2.4 2.5 Mc tiu cht lng ca cc d liu Thit b, dng c v phng php ly mu ti hin trng Nhng im cn lu khi tin hnh quan trc ti hin trng 2.6 2.7 2.8 Cc phng php phn tch mu kh, bi Nhng iu cn lu khi phn tch cc mu kh v bi Lp bo co quan trc v cc bng biu

8 9 10

14 14 17 19 19 20 20 20 20

3. Quan trc ting n th 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Ting n v cc i lng chnh Mng li cc dim quan trc ting n Cc thng s cn quan trc Thit b quan trc Phng php quan trc Cc biu mu bo co kt qa quan trc

4. Quan trc v phn tch cht lng nc lc a 4.1 4.2 M u Mi trng nc v mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc 4.3 Thit k mng li cc im quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng nc lc a

21 21 22

27

5

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

Phng php ly mu Hng dn ly mu nc Bo qun, vn chuyn mu v tip nhn mu Cc phng php chun phn tch nc trong phng th nghim

27 29 31 32

4.8 4.9

Nhng im lu khi phn tch trong phng th nghim Cc biu mu bo co kt qu quan trc

34 43 44 44 44 45 46 50

5. Quan trc rc thi th 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cht thi rn th Mng li quan trc rc thi th Phng php quan trc rc thi

Ti liu tham kho Ph lc 1. Ph lc 1 2. Ph lc 2 m khng kh theo nhit k Asman S ph thuc ho tan ca xy trong nc vo nhit v mui 1 atm 3. Ph lc 3 S ph thuc ca ho tan ca xy trong nc vo p sut kh quyn v nhit 4. Ph lc 4 5. Ph lc 5 S ph thuc ca dn vo nhit Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim trong mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh 6. Ph lc 6 Chuyn i n v o lng thng dng gia n v o lng Anh, M v n v o lng quc t (SI)

50 52

54

58 59

63

6

1. LI GII THIU T nm 1994 Vit Nam hnh thnh mng li cc trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng quc gia trn c s khai thc cc tim nng sn c ca cc c quan nghin cu v o to trong lnh vc mi trng trong c nc. Cc c quan ny m nhim vic quan trc v phn tch mi trng ti nhng vng trng im cu t nc trn t lin cng nh trn bin. Cho n nay c 19 trm trong c 5 trm vng t lin chu trch nhim quan trc mi trng lc a bao gm khng kh, ting n, nc v rc thi. Bn cnh , t nm 1996, cc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (S KHCNMT) ca cc a phng tham gia D n Mi trng Vit Nam - Canaa (VCEP) v c trang b mt s thit b cn thit v quan trc v phn tch mi trng, cc hot ng thc t trong khun kh d n ti cc ni trn c trin khai. Trong qu trnh hot ng ban u cc S KHCNMT gp rt nhiu kh khn v phng php lun tin hnh cc cng vic c th v quan trc v phn tch mi trng. Bi vy ti liu ny c son tho nhm mc ch gip cho cn b k thut lm cng vic quan trc v phn tch mi trng trong v ngoi mng li Quan trc v Phn tch mi trng (QTPTMT) Quc gia; gip h nhanh chng nm bt c nhng c s l thuyt cng nh k thut c bn trong quan trc v phn tch mi trng, tm c cc ngun ti liu tham kho khi i su vo cc cng vic c th ca mnh. S tay QTPTMT c son tho khng nhng da trn c s cc phng php quan trc v phn tch mi trng c Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (KHCNMT) Vit Nam nu ra trong bn D tho''Quy nh phng php quan trc v phn tch mi trng v qun l s liu '', m cn da vo vic tham kho cc ti liu trong v ngoi nc, da vo kinh nghim trin khai cc phng php k thut ny trong cc phng th nghim ca cc trm QTPTMT Quc gia. Ti liu ny bao gm cc phn chnh sau y:7

-

Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh, Quan trc ting n th Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng nc lc a, Quan trc rc thi th, Ti liu tham kho.

Trong mi phn chnh ti liu u nu r cc phng php ly mu, quan trc ti hin trng, phn tch trong phng th nghim, cc bng biu cn c, cch bo co s liu v kt qu quan trc; c a ra nhng ti liu theo cc phng th nghim c th tham kho v trin khai phng php. c bit tng phn c nu nhng ch quan trng c th p dng mt cch hiu qu nhng tiu chun ban hnh. Ti liu c bin son ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam hin nay v s c b sung sa i cho ph hp vi iu kin kinh t - k thut trong tng lai. Do c bin son ln u tin nn ti liu kh c th trnh khi nhiu thiu st, chng ti mong mun nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip c th sa cha cho ti bn ln sau c tt hn. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v theo a ch : Phng Hin Trng - Cc Mi trng, 67 Nguyn Du H Ni. Xin chn thnh cm n.

2. QUAN TRC V PHN TCH CHT LNG MI TRNG KHNG KH 2.1. Mi trng khng kh v cc cht gy nhim chnh Mi trng khng kh ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi s sng trn tri t, nhng hin nay n ang ngy cng b nhim. Nguyn nhn l do s gia tng tc th ho v cng nghip ho ko theo s gia tng cc cht thi cng nghip, giao thng v sinh hot; lm gim cht lng mi trng sng, gia tng bnh tt nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi. iu ny c khng nh Hi ngh ca Lin Hp quc v '' Con ngi v mi trng xung quanh '' tin hnh vo thng 6-1972 Stockhm ( Thu in ). Cc cht chnh gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh : kh lu hunh ioxit SO2; nit ixyt NO2 ; cacbon monoxit CO ; zn O3 ; ch bi Pb v bi l lng SPM. 2.1.1. Kh lu hunh ioxit (SO2) Kh SO2 l kh khng mu, khng chy, mi hc c pht sinh khi t nhin liu ho thch ( than, xng du c cha lu hunh ...) hoc do ni la phun tro.8

Ngi ta c tnh c rng, hng nm con ngi thi ra khng kh chng 132 triu tn SO2. Ngi b ng c SO2 cm thy tc ngc, au u, nn ma, suy h hp dn n t vong. Ngoi ra SO2 cn l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy ra ma axit. 2.1.2. Kh cacbon monoxit (CO) Kh CO l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, chy c trong khng kh; n c pht sinh do t cc vt liu c cha cacbon v cc loi nhin liu trong iu kin thiu xy C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2CO Hot ng ca con ngi hng nm sinh ra khong 250 triu tn CO. Tc hi ca CO l ch, n ho hp vi hemoglobin ( Hb) trong mu ngi v ng vt. Hemoglobin c i lc ho hc i vi CO mnh hn O2 cho nn nu b ng c CO n nhanh chng thay th xy trong mu, c th b thiu xy nghim trng, nn nhn b hn m. Khi t ti nng 250 ppm trong khng kh con ngi s b t vong. 2.1.3. Kh nit dioxit (NO2) C nhiu loi oxyt nit nhng trong c hai loi oxyt NO v NO2 l c nh hng quan trng nht trong kh quyn v gi chung l NOx. Chng c hnh thnh do phn ng ho hc ca kh nit vi xy trong khng kh khi t chy nhit cao(>1100oC) v lm lnh nhanh. Bn cnh chng c th c to thnh khi t nhin liu cha nit. Trong thin nhin chng c hnh thnh khi tri ma dng c sm st. Trong i sng v k thut, s hot ng ca cc ng c t trong v my hn in u sn sinh ra NOx. NO2 l kh c mu nu, mi hc khi nng t ti 0,12 ppm . Con ngi tip xc vi NO2 lu s b mc cc bnh v ng h hp. NO2 cng l mt trong cc tc nhn gy ra ma axit. 2.1.4. Kh zn (O3) Trong kh quyn zn tp trung nhiu nht tng bnh lu cao 25 km cch b mt tri t, n to thnh tng zn bo v tri t khi cc tia cc tm t v tr. Trong khng kh gn mt t n c hnh thnh di tc dng ca cc phn ng quang ho, chng hn nh: 1. NO2 hp th bc x cc tm O + NO9

2.

O + O2 O3

Khi nng zn qu ln vt gii hn cho php n lm cho mi trng khng kh b nhim, gy tc hi i vi sc kho con ngi. Ngi b nhim c zn th mi v c hng ty rt. 2.1.5. Bi l lng (SPM) Bi l lng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ngng t v phn tn. Bi l lng tng s TSP bao gm cc ht khng ln hn 100 m trong cc ht c kch thc 10 m gi l bi PM10. Tu thuc vo tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca cc ht bi, chng s gy ra tc hi khc nhau cho b my h hp ca ngi: hen, vim phi, bi phi, ph n ph nang... 2.1.6. Ch bi (Pb) Kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng s dng xng pha ch l ngun ch yu gy ra nhim ch bi trong khng kh. Ch nhim vo c th qua con ng h hp. Theo nghin cu ngi ta thy rng 30-50% ch h hp vo c th s i vo mu, gy bnh thiu mu, gim hng cu, gy ri lon hot ng ca gan v thn. Su cht nhim nu trn c ghi trong tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh TCVN 5937 - 1995, trong c quy nh cc gi tr gii hn cho php nhm nh gi cht lng v gim st tnh trng nhim khng kh. Nng cc cht gy nhim c biu th bng nng khi lng (mg/m3) hoc nng th tch phn triu (ppm). Di y l h s chuyn i t ppm sang mg/m3 iu kin chun 25oC v 1atm.

TT 1 2

Thng s SO2 CO

Ppm 1 1

mg/m3 2,600 1,145

10

3 4

NO2 O3

1 1

1,880 2,000

i vi bi l lng ch c biu th bng nng khi lng (mg/m3) 2.2. Thit k mng li cc im quan trc v phn tch mi trng khng kh (TCVN 5970-1995) Quan trc v phn tch mi trng (monitoring) theo ngha rng, thut ng ny ch php o lp i lp li theo di s bin i ca mt thng s trong sut mt qung thi gian. Theo ngha hp l php o nh k mc nhim theo mt tiu chun no hoc nh gi tnh hiu qu ca mt h thng iu chnh v kim sot (TCVN 5966-1995). Vic tin hnh monitoring ph thuc nhiu vo vic thit k mng li monitoring tc l vic chn cc im, v tr v tn sut quan trc. Mt khc cn ph thuc vo cc phng php quan trc.Tu thuc vo kh nng ti chnh v trnh pht trin ca tng quc gia c th s dng cc phng php monitoring khng lin tc v lin tc gm bn phng php chnh nh sau ''15'': - Phng php ly mu th ng (khng lin tc): cc mu tch phn theo thi gian c xc nh bng phng php khuch tn t nhin khng kh ti b phn thu mu. - Phng php ly mu ch ng ( khng lin tc ): cc mu tch phn theo thi gian c xc nh bng phng php bm ht qua b phn thu mu. - Phng php t ng ( lin tc): cc mu kh c ly t ng qua cc mdun cng mt lc v phn tch tc thi. - Phng php cm bin iu khin t xa: mu tch phn theo thi gian nm trn ng i ca chm tia sng quang hc c pht t ngun n b detect v c phn tch tc thi. Hai phng php u r tin d p dng nhng i hi mt nhiu cng. Hai phng php sau i hi thit b tinh xo t tin nhng hu nh t ng ho hon ton, tn t nhn lc. 2.2.1. Li im quan trc Tu thuc vo tnh hnh thc t v ti chnh, a l v kh hu ca tng a phng s lng im quan trc c th c la chn nhiu hay t nhng ti thiu phi c nhng loi im sau y: im chu tc ng nhim do cng nghip v giao thng, th, im chu tc ng do sinh hot ca dn c v11

im ''nn'' t chu nh hng ca cc ngun gy nhim. V tr ly mu cn chn ni thng thong v i din cho khu vc cn quan tm. Khi o nhim mi trng vnh ai khu cng nghip hay nh my th im o t khu vc c nhy cmv mi trng nm cui hng gi so vi khu cng nghip hay nh my , khong cch tnh t im quan trc n ngun thi (ng khi) l khong 12-18 ln chiu cao ngun thi. Khuyn co ta nhng ni c a hnh phc tp v tr quan trc c xc nh ch yu theo cc iu kin pht tn cc b. Trong cc khu vc nh vy, mt cuc nghin cu thm d (pilot) nn c tin hnh trc khi la chn ln cui v tr quan trc [3]. 2.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut quan trc Tu thuc vo kinh ph m a phng c s ln/ngy quan trc trong nm v s ln ly mu trong ngy c th nhiu hay t, nhng m bo s liu c gi tr v mt khoa hc, s ln quan trc phi phn nh c s bin ng ca kh hu ca khu vc/a phng trong nm. Thi gian quan trc c chn vo cc ngy kh hoc ma tu thuc mc ch t ra. Ly mu xc nh cc thng s mi trng kh trong 1 ngy m lin tc 24 gi, cch 2 gi o mt ln tng cng l 12 ln o. Nu hn hp v kinh ph v nhn lc th ban m c th cch 3 gi ly mu 1 ln;trong trng hp ny ta c 10 ln o. Nu kinh ph v nhn lc t hn hoc do thi tit khng thun li th o t 6 gi sng n 22 gi, tc l 8 ln o trong ngy [10]. i vi nhng loi thit b thit k cho ly mu 1 ln trong vng 24 gi nh my ly mu TSP hay PM10 th ly mu theo thit k ca my. Song song vi ly mu cn o cc thng s kh tng ( m, nhit , p sut, hng gi, tc gi) vi tn sut nh trn. Cc s liu ny c th ly t mt trm kh tng gn nht. 2.3. Mc tiu cht lng ca cc d liu Mc tiu cht lng ca cc d liu (DQO's) xut pht t mc tiu quan trc, t iu kin trang thit b k thut hin c. T , lp k hoch nghin cu v xc lp cc php o nhm gii quyt cc vn m mc ch quan trc t ra. DQO's cn bao gm cc c tnh ca ca b d liu thu c: chnh xc, chun xc, tnh trn vn, tnh i din v tnh so snh c [16]. Ly mu khng kh nhm mc ch xc nh mt cch chnh xc n gii hn pht hin ca cc phng php nng cc cht nhim sau : cc kh SO2, NO2, CO, O3, bi l lng, ch bi. Bi vy vic quan trc phi theo ng cc quy nh hin c ban hnh (bao gm vic ly mu, ghi chp nht k v cc bng biu). Phi ch n cc iu sau y:12

Nhn vin quan trc phi c o to v c tay ngh cao c th c lp cng tc c kh nng x l cc tnh hung khi quan trc nh : chn im v khong thi gian ly mu. i vi im ''nn'' hoc t nhim thi gian quan trc phi lu hn thu c nng phn tch. i vi im chu tc ng nhim, thi gian ly mu c th t hn nhng ti thiu phi l 20 pht. Mi s thay i v hot ng ca ngun gy nhim cng nh iu kin v thi tit phi c ghi r trong nht k ly mu Chun b quan trc phi chu o trong bao gm cc cng vic : - Pha ch dung dch hp th ti hin trng, chun b v cn cc phin lc thu mu bi. - Chun b cc bnh cha dung dch, ng nghim ng mu, cc mu i chng. - Cc my ly mu phi t yu cu k thut nh chun xc v n nh v lu lng ( lch chun cho php 10%). u thu mu, ng hp th, cc my quan trc thi tit phi m bo cc yu cu t ra... - Cc bng biu, nht k cng tc.. - Cc thit b bo qun v vn chuyn mu. - Cc dng c v thit b ph tr : my pht in. pin.. Trng nhm quan trc phi thng xuyn kim tra n c gii quyt mi khc mc kp thi. 2.4. Thit b, dng c v phng php ly mu ti hin trng Ly mu ch ng khng lin tc tun theo nhng quy nh hin c v ly mu kh v bi sau y 2.4.1. Ly mu kh SO2 : thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5971-1995. Khng kh xung quanh - Xc nh nng khi lng ca lu hunh ioxit: phng php tetracloromercurat (TCM)/pararosanilin. 2.4.2. Ly mu kh NO2 : thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo phng php quan trc NO2 theo Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng ( phng php Griss-Ilosway) . B Y t -1993 ( trang 466-470) hoc TCVN 6137-1996. Khng kh xung quanh - xc nh nng khi lng ca Nit oxyt, phng php Griss-Saltzman ci bin. 2.4.3. Ly mu kh CO: thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo Tiu chun Ngnh 52 TCN - 352-89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy k thut y hc lao13

ng v v sinh mi trng( phng php Folin - Ciocateur) . B Y t -1993 ( trang 451-456) 2.4.4. Ly mu kh O3 : thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo phng php NBKI (phng php Kali Iodua c dung dch m trung tnh) ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) trong GEMS/AIR Methodology Review Handbook Series. Volume 4. Passive and Active Samling Methodologies for Measurement of Air Quality. UNEP and WHO 1994 (trang 79-80). 2.4.5. Ly mu ch bi: thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo Tiu chun Ngnh 52 TCN - 354 -89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 . (trang 522-527). 2.4.6. Ly mu bi l lng : thit b, dng c v cch ly mu theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5067-1995. Cht lng khng kh - Phng php khi lng xc nh hm lng bi. 2.4.7. o c cc thng s kh tng ti hin trng : c nhiu thit b khc nhau, tun theo cc hng dn x dng thit b quan trc kh tng ca cc hng sn xut. 2.5. Nhng im cn lu khi tin hnh quan trc ti hin trng 2.5.1. Nguyn tc ly mu: s dng phng php ly mu ch ng gm mt trong cc thao tc sau y Bm khng kh c cha cht nhim vo bnh cha c dung tch xc nh. Ht khng kh cha cht nhim qua dng c c cha dung dch hp th hoc phin lc hoc ng hp ph, cht nhim b gi li cn khng kh th i qua. 2.5.2. K thut ly mu: 2.5.2.1. Chun b ho cht, dng c v thit b ly mu Pha ch, bo qun dung dch hp th hoc giy lc bi theo cc phng php tng ng Kim chun thit b v tin cy, chnh xc v lch chun ca lu lng. i vi my ly kh c thng l cc bm ht c lu lng nh 0,55 lit/pht; chun lu lng trong khong 0,5-1,0 lit/pht khi ht qua dung dch hp th. Cc my ly bi tng s phi c lu lng ln n 20-30 lit/pht; chun lu lng theo ch dn ca my. u ly mu: cc my mua mi u km theo cc u ly mu.14

- Khi ly mu bi phi chn giy lc dng si thu tinh ( glass fibre filter) c kch thc trng vi kch thc u ly bi. - Khi ly mu kh ng hp th thng c dung tch 10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml c hoc khng c mng xp phn tn dng kh. Nn dng loi nh v ni tip hai ng c cha dung dch hp th m bo cht nhim c hp th ht. i vi CO ly mu bng chai, chai cha mu phi m bo khng thot kh mu hoc khng kh bn ngoi thm nhp vo. - t u o cch mt t t 1,2 - 1,5 m 2.5.2.2. S 1: S h thng ly mu kh, bi

u ly mu biN i v o ng n i

Mng lc bo v

ng ni

Lu lng k ( flow control) ng hp th kh My ht kh (air pump)

Khng kh t ngoi do my ht tc ng s i qua u ly mu cht nhim b gi li khng kh s i tip cc cht gy hi cho my ht s b gi li ti mng lc, khng kh di chuyn tip ti lu lng k , lu lng k s o lu lng qua. Cui cng khng kh sch s ht qua my ht i ra ngoi. 2.5.2.3. Ly mu i vi tng thng s: Kh SO2 Dng c : 2 ng hp th mc ni tip, my ht kh hoc bm ht kh c lu15

lng nh ( minipump ): 0,5 2 l/pht Ly mu : phi m bo yu cu chung nu trn. Ly mu kh SO2 theo phng php nu trong TCVN 5971-1995 dng dung dch hp th tetracloromercurat (TCM). Dung dch hp th c pha ch theo TCVN 59711995. Cho khng kh sc qua 2 ng hp th mc ni tip c cha trong mi ng 5 ml dung dch hp th. Lu lng ht 0,5 - 0,7 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh ly ti thiu l 20 lt. Sau ly mu ra rt c hai ng vo dng c v ct vo hp bo qun lnh . Ghi thi gian, tn im quan trc, nhit , p sut kh quyn vo nht k quan trc hoc phiu ly mu. Kh NO2: Theo TCVN 6137 - 1996 hoc Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng( phng php Griss-Ilosway) . B Y t -1993 ( trang 466-470). Dng c v yu cu chung nh i vi SO2 Dung dch hp th c pha ch theo ti liu hng dn ca phng php Griss-Ilosway v Griss-Saltzman ci bin. Ly mu : cho khng kh sc qua 2 ng hp th mc ni tip trong mi ng c cha 5 ml dung dch hp th. Lu lng ht 0,4 - 0,5 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh ly ti thiu l 20 lt . Sau ly mu ra v lm mi quy trnh nh i vi SO2. Kh CO : C th ly mu theo phng php Folin-Ciocalteur nh nu trong phn trn Dng c : chai thu tinh dung tch 1 lt c nt nhm, my ht kh, van ht kh , v dung dch hp th PdCl2 c nng 1/1000. Dung dch hp th c pha ch theo ti liu hng dn phng php nu. Kh CO tc dng vi PdCl2 s gii phng ra Pd kim loi, Pd gii phng ra s tc dng vi thuc th Folin-Ciocalteur to thnh phc cht mu xanh v phn tch bng phng php trc quang Ly mu: Dng phng php th th tch khng kh c sn trong chai bng16

khng kh ni ly mu. Cho vo chai 3 ml nc ct, dng my ht kh c lc bi ht khng kh lu thng qua hoc y nc ct vo chai cn ly mu sau n v tr ly mu nc ct sang chai khc. Ngng ht v cho vo chai 1ml dung dch hp th. y nt cht. Ghi li cc thng s lin quan n qu trnh quan trc tng t nh i vi cc kh nu trn. Kh O3 : Ly mu theo phng php NBKI (phng php Kali Iodua c dung dch m trung tnh) ca T chc Y t Th gii ( WHO).Trong GEMS/AIR Methodology Review Handbook Series. UNEP and WHO 1994 (trang79-80). C ch ca phng php l dung dch hp th KI trong dung dch m pht pht c pH = 6,8 khi hp th O3 s c phn ng nh sau O3 + 2H+ + 3I- I3- + O2 + H2O I3- gii phng ra hp th chm tia sng c = 352 nm. Dng c v yu cu chung nh i vi SO2 Dung dch hp th pha ch theo ti liu hng dn nu trn Ly mu : cho khng kh sc qua 2 ng hp th mc ni tip trong mi ng c cha 5 ml dung dch hp th. Lu lng ht 1-2 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh ly ti thiu l 30 lt . Sau ly mu ra v lm mi quy trnh nh i vi SO2. Ch : Khi trong khng kh c nhiu SO2 ( ln hn 10% O3)s gy nhiu cho nn lc phi dng ng ch U c cha cht hp ph CrO3 ch to theo nh ch dn, lp trc hai ng hp th hp th SO2 Bi l lng : ly mu theo TCVN 5067- 1995 Dng c : u ly mu , my ly mu kh c lu lng ln, ng h bm giy, panh kp, ci lc bi chuyn dng si thu tinh ng trong bao kp bng giy can k thut. Chun b ci lc theo TCVN 5067-1995 . Ly mu : Phi m bo yu cu chung nu trn . Dng panh kp lp ci lc vo u ht. Lp u ht vo h thng ht. Ghi a im, thi gian ly mu vo s, ghi s hiu bao giy . Bt my v ghi thi im ly mu. Chnh lu lng ht mc t 18-20 lt/pht. Tu theo iu kin m lng kh ly ti thiu l 600-1000 lit ( t 30 n 50 pht). Sau ly mu ra theo trnh t ngc li v ct vo hp bo qun. Ghi li cc thng s nhit , p sut kh quyn ti thi im o vo s nht k quan trc hoc phiu ly mu.17

Ch bi : Theo Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN - 354 -89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 . (trang 522-527). Ch lu l y dng phng php ly mu qua phin lc v phng php ly ch bi hon ton tng t nh i vi bi l lng nh nu trn. o c cc thng s kh tng: Khi o c cc thng s kh tng c th dng cc thit b o c cu hnh khc nhau. Cc thng s ny c th ly t trm kh tng gn nht nh nu trn. Tn sut o l mi gi o mt ln bao gm nhng thng s sau : nhit khng kh, tc gi, hng gi, m tng i, p sut kh quyn. Vic o c tun theo ng ch dn ca hng dn s dng km theo my. Ghi cc s liu quan trc c vo nht k ly mu. 2.5.3. Bo qun v vn chuyn mu Mu bi ng trong bao kp bng giy can k thut c th bo qun d dng v lu di iu kin thng, nhng ni chung khng nn qu 3 ngy. Cc mu kh ly xong phi bo qun trong bnh lnh c nhit 5oC v vn chuyn nhanh v phng th nghim. Mu O3 phi phn tch ti ch cng nhanh cng tt ngay sau khi ly. Khi ly mu bng ng hp th, ly mu xong rt mu vo l thu tinh c nt nhm hoc ng nghim c nt chc chn, t trong gi cho vo bnh lnh vn chuyn ngay v, nu cha kp phn tch th phi t trong ngn mt ca t lnh ( phi phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi). i vi cc mu CO, chai ng mu phi nt v gn kn gi trong cc thng g hoc tn c chn xp trnh b v. Nn c mu lu, cc mu lu khong 3 thng, nu khng c iu g nghi ngi th c th lp bin bn hu mu. 2.6. Cc phng php phn tch mu kh, bi : 2.6.1. Cc phng php phn tch Phn tch cc mu kh v bi theo cc phng php sau y

18

T T 1 2

Thng s /Ch tiu SO2 NO2

Phng php phn tch Theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5971-1995 Theo Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng( phng php Griss-Ilosway) . B Y t 1993 ( trang 466-470) hoc TCVN 6137-1996 Theo Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN - 352-89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 (trang 451-456) Theo phng php NBKI ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) trong GEMS/AIR Methodology Review Handbook Series. . Volume 4. Passive and Active Sampling Methodologies for Measurement of Air Quality. UNEP and WHO 1994 (trang 79-80). Phn tch ch bi tch gp trn ci lc bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ( AAS ) theo TCVN 6152-1996

3

CO

4

O3

5

Ch bi

6

Bi l lng Theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5067-1995.

2.7. Nhng iu cn lu khi phn tch cc mu kh v bi : 2.7.1. Phn tch SO2 : - Mu thu v phi phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi, trc phi c bo qun cn thn 5oC. - Dung dch P-rosanilin phn tch phi c tinh ch cn thn t dung dch gc theo ng ch dn, sau khi tinh ch xong phi trong sut. - Thit b dng phn tch my quang ph UV-VIS - Bc sng hp th cc i nm trong khong 548- 550 nm, phi tin hnh tm cc i hp th v t chnh xc trn my quang ph. - Lp ng chun theo [5]19

- Khi phn tch mu : ly ra 3ml dung dch mu thm vo 0,3 ml axit sunfamic 0,6%, tip theo 1ml foocmaldehyt 0,2%, thm 0,5 ml thuc th prosanilin v tin hnh o hp th. Ch : Thi gian pht trin mu i vi cc dung dch lp ng chun v mu phi nh nhau. 2.7.2. Phn tch NO2. Khi phn tch theo phng php Griss-Ilosway phi lu : - Cc ho cht pha theo ch dn. - Thit b dng phn tch my quang ph UV-VIS - Lp ng chun theo [8] - Khi phn tch ly 2ml dung dch mu hp th thm ln lt 0,5 ml CH3COOH. 5N, 1,5 ml nc ct; 0,5 ml Griss A v 0,5 ml Griss B. Lc u trong 10 pht sau o hp th bc sng = 543 nm. - Ch : Thi gian pht trin mu i vi cc dung dch lm ng chun v mu phi nh sau. Nu theo phng php Griss - Saltzman cn lu : Phi phn tch ngay ti ch sau khi ly mu.

- Lp ng chun theo [6] 2.7.3. Phn tch CO: - Thuc th Folin- Ciocateur pha ch theo ng ch dn, dung dch thu c phi trong, khng c kt ta mu vng v c bo qun trong chai sm mu. - Thit b phn tch : my quang ph UV-VIS - Mu thu xong phi cho tip xc vi dung dch PdCl2 ti thiu 4 gi m bo hp th ht CO. - Pha thang mu chun theo ng ch dn. - o hp th ti bc sng trong khong 650-680 nm, phi tm chnh xc bc sng hp th cc i i vi thang chun tng ng. 2.7.4. Phn tch O3 : phng php NBIK (phng php Kali Iodua c dung dch m trung tnh)20

- Cc ho cht pha theo ng ch dn. - Sau khi ly mu xong phi ch thm nc ct cho 10 ml - Phn tch ngay sau khi ly mu. - Thit b phn tch l my quang ph UV-VIS. Bc sng phn tch 352 nm. - Thang chun xc nh tha s chun ho F

ng s Dung dch (ml) Dung dch chun iot 0,0025N pha t dung dch gc 0,05N Dung dch hp th Nng iot x 10-5 N

0

1

2

3

4

0

0,2

0,5

0,6

0,9

25 0

24,8 2

24,5 5

24,4 6

24,1 9

- o hp th, v ng chun sau ni suy ra nng c hp th A=1. - Nng tng ng vi A=1 em nhn vi 1,224 x 105 chnh l tha s F - o hp th ca cc dung dch mu thu c. - Tnh ton kt qu theo [15] 2.7.5. Phn tch bi : - Khi phn tch bi th iu kin vi kh hu trong phng cn phi m bo theo ng yu cu. - Cn phn tch c chnh xc ti 0,1 mg. - S mu trng i chng chim 20% tng s mu. - Khi tnh ton phi ch n s thay i khi lng ca cc mu do iu kin kh hu c th hin qua cc mu i chng 2.7.6. Phn tch ch bi : phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la (Flame AAS).21

- X l ci lc sau khi ly bi theo ph lc B trong TCVN 6152-1996. (Phng php dng axit nitric v perxyt hyr ). - Chn bc sng phn tch 217 nm. rng khe cch t 0,7 nm. - Lp ng chun vi dy nng pha t dung dch gc 1000 mg/l. - Dy nng chun c pha ch theo [7] - Sau tin hnh o hp th trn my AAS . - Tin hnh o cc dung dch mu thu c sau khi x l mu bi. - Tnh ton kt qu theo [7] 2.8. Lp bo co quan trc v cc bng biu. 2.8.1. Lp bo co. Thng thng Bo co kt qu quan trc v phn tch mi trng bao gm tt c cc thnh phn mi trng khng kh, nc, ting n ... ni dung c nhng phn chnh nh sau: a. Phn m u. - Nu vn tt chc nng ca c quan - Nhim v monitoring c giao - Cc a im c giao nhim v quan trc. b. a im, v tr, ni dung quan trc. - Cc im quan trc c th ti cc a phng ( nu to ) - Cc thng s c giao quan trc - Tn sut quan trc trong nm v trong ngy ( s ln ly mu /ngy) - Tiu chun x dng nh gi nhim ( TCVN, ISO, WHO ....) c. Thit b, dng c v phng php quan trc. - Nu tn gi, tnh nng, hng sn xut ca cc my ly mu v phn tch mu. - Nu tn, ngun ti liu v cc phng php quan trc v phn tch cc thng s.

22

d. Kt qu quan trc - Lp cc bng biu bo co theo cc im v a im quan trc, trong nu r cc gi tr c tnh nh : cc tiu min, cc i max v trung bnh TB. - Lp biu so snh s nhim gia cc im quan trc ti cc a phng khc nhau. - Bin lun kt qu : so snh vi cc Tiu chun quy nh v mi trng, xc nh mc nhim, gii thch cc kt qu thu c. - Cc hot ng m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng (kim chun thit b, cc mu QA/QC...) 2.8.2. Cc loi bng, biu Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng phi theo Bn "D tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc v Phn tch mi trng v qun l s liu", Cc Mi trng 2002.

23

3. QUAN TRC TING N TH 3.1. Ting n v cc i lng chnh. Ting n (noise) c bt du t ting la tinh '' nausea'' ngha l n o. Ting n l mt dng nhim rt ph bin trong th, phn ln l t cc tuyn ng giao thng, cc t im dn c, t cc cng trnh xy dng, hot ng cng nghip, v.v... Ting n l tp hp ca nhng m thanh tp lon vi cc tn s v cng m thanh rt khc nhau v v gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe. Trong k thut, da theo cm th ca tai ngi,ngi ta phn ra cc thang m nh sau - Thang A, ng vi cc m c mc thp, gn ging vi cm th ca tai ngi; - Thang B, ng vi cc m trung bnh; - Thang C, ng vi cc m cao; Trong quan trc mi trng ngi ta dng thang A ( c tnh A ) 3.1.1. Mc p sut m theo thang A LPA= 20lgPA/Po (dBA) 3.1.2. Mc m phn trm ( mc m phn v) Mc p sut m theo thang A o c trong mt khong thi gian t khi vt x% ca mc p sut m trong khong thi gian o c. K hiu LAX,T (dBA). 3.1.3. Mc m tng ng. i vi ting n khng n nh, c bit ting n giao thng, ting n t cc cng trnh xy dng... c th thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng, v vy mc n tc thi khng c ngha. Ngi ta a ra mt loi mc n chung c24

trng cho tt c cc loi ting n trong khong thi gian no , gi l mc n tng ng. Thc cht mc n tng ng ca cc ting n khng n nh trong mt khong thi gian no l mt mc n n nh, cng gy nh hng ti con ngi nh cc ting n khng n nh. Mc m tng ng lin tc theo thang A k hiu l LAeq,T ( dBA) Theo TCVN 5964-1995 v ISO 1996/1 - 1982 th hin nay ngi ta tha nhn mc m tng ng lin tc theo thang A l mt i lng chnh dng nh gi cht lng mi trung ting n. 3.1.4. Tc hi ting n Ting n gy nh hng xu ti hu ht cc b phn trong c th con ngi. Gy mt mi v thnh gic, gim thnh lc, ic ngh nghip. Gy nn nhng bin i sinh l, sinh ho, in sinh no, suy nhc thn kinh. 3.1.5. Tiu chun gii hn cho php ca ting n. Theo ngh nh 175/CP ca Chnh ph. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5949-1998 Theo tiu chun tm thi ca B KHCN&MT nm 1993 : gii hn cho php ca cc ting n theo cc di c -ta. 3.2. Mng li cc im quan trc ting n TCVN 5949-1998 quy nh mc n cho php ti cc khu vc cng cng v dn c; ting n trong tiu chun ny l ting n do hot ng ca con ngi to ra khng phn bit loi ngun gy n. Nh vy phi o cc khu vc: - Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: bnh vin, th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr, trng hc; - Khu dn c, khch sn, nh , c quan hnh chnh; - Khu vc thng mi, dch v; - Khu vc sn xut nm xen k trong khu dn c; Ti cc th ca ta hin nay ngun gy n cho cc khu vc ( khng k khu sn xut) ch yu l do giao thng gy ra bi vy quan trc ting n dc cc trc giao thng l rt quan trng. Cc trc giao thng cn quan trc bao gm: - ng ph ln ni th - ng ph trung bnh ni th - ng lin tnh ( quc l). V tr im quan trc la chn theo TCVN 5964-1995; cn ch thm - Trnh cc vt cn gy phn x m25

- Trnh cc ngun gy nhiu nhn to: ting nhc, ting va p ca kim loi, tr em n a ...) 3.3. Cc thng s cn quan trc. - LAeq mc m tng ng - LAmax mc m tng ng cc i. - Phn tch ting n cc di tn s 1 c-ta ( ti cc khu cng nghip) - Cng dng xe ( i vi ting n giao thng) 3.4. Thit b quan trc. Thit b quan trc c s dng theo TCVN 5964-1995 3.5. Phng php quan trc. Phng php v khong thi gian quan trc c la chn theo TCVN 5964-1995, TCVN 5965-1995 v [ 10 ]. Cn lu : - t my o cao 1,2 -1,5 m - Cch ngun gy n ( hoc dng xe lu thng ) khong 7,5 m. - o lin tc 24, 18 hoc12 gi tu theo yu cu; phn loi ra ting n ban ngy t 6 18 gi, ban ti t 18 22 gi v ban m t 22 6 gi. 3.6. Cc biu mu bo co kt qu quan trc. Cc biu mu quan trc ting n v cng dng xe theo [ 10 ]

4. QUAN TRC V PHN TCH CHT LNG MI TRNG NC LC A 4.1. M u Cng tc quan trc v phn tch (monitoring) mi trng nc nhm cc mc tiu sau y: nh gi hin trng cht lng nc khu vc/a phng bao gm nc mt, nc ngm. nh gi mc ph hp cc tiu chun cho php ca nc thi nh gi din bin cht lng mi trng nc theo thi gian. Cnh bo sm cc hin tng nhim ngun nc26

Theo cc yu cu khc ca cng tc qun l mi trng khu vc/a phng. Cc thng tin cn thu thp nh gi cht lng mi trng nc l cc thng s vt l, ho hc, sinh hc, sinh thi, c cht hc v.v... thu thp c thng tin cn phi tin hnh mt lot cc cng vic bao gm t khu lp k hoch, thit k ly mu, ly mu, phn tch trong phng th nghim v x l s liu. C th m t qu trnh quan trc v phn tch mi trng nc theo nh s di y (trang sau):

S 2: Qu trnh quan trc v phn tch mi trng ncThi t k m ng l i

L y m u v o c hi n tr ng

27

Phn tch phng th nghi m

X l s li u

Phn tch s li u

Bo co

S d ng thng tin

Ra cc quy t nh

4.2. Mi trng nc v mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc Nc rt cn cho s sng ca con ngi, ca sinh vt. Nc l b phn khng th tch ri c ca mi hot ng trong x hi (cng nghip, nng nghip, vui chi, gii tr ...) v n l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin quan trng. C rt nhiu thng s v vt l, ho hc v sinh hc nh gi cht lng nc, mi mt thng s c nhng gi tr v hn ch nht nh. Trong s tay ny ch trnh by mt s thng s chnh v vt l v ho hc c lin quan n phng php phn tch nh c trnh by trong mc 3.7.

4.2.1. pH pH l n v biu th nng ion H+ c trong nc c tnh theo cng thc Sorenson: pH = -log[H+] v c thang n v t 0 n 14.28

pH l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng v c s dng thng xuyn nht trong ho nc, dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc, cht lng nc thi, nh gi cng ca nc, s keo t, kh nng n mn...v trong nhiu tnh ton v cn bng axit-baz. Gi tr pH ch ra mc axit (khi pH < 7) hoc kim (khi pH >7), th hin nh hng ca ho cht khi xm nhp vo mi trng nc. Gi tr pH thp hay cao u c nh hng nguy hi n thu sinh. Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam quy nh gi tr pH i vi mt s ngun nc nm trong khong 5,5~9 4.2.2. Nhit (t0) Nhit nc c nh hng n s ho tan oxy, n kh nng tng hp quang ho ca to v cc thc vt thu sinh. Trong ao h, nhit nc l hm s ca su. Hot ng ca con ngi cng c th lm tng nhit ca nc v c th gy ra cc tc ng sinh thi nht nh. Th d: vic cht cy ci hai bn b sng lm cho nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip xung nc lm tng nhit nc, thi nc thi cng nghip, thi nc lm mt my vo ngun nc... S xi mn t, ph rng, xy dng nh ca ... gy ra vn c nc trn cc dng sng cng lm cho nhit d nc tng ln do nc c hp th nh sng mt tri nhiu hn nc trong. Thng s nhit c dng tnh cc dng kim, nghin cu mc bo ho ca oxy, cacbonat, tnh ton mui v cc hot ng th nghim khc v n cng rt cn thit khi chuyn cc i lng o c hin trng v iu kin tiu chun. 4.2.3. Cht rn l lng (SS) Cht rn l lng ni ring v tng cht rn ni chung c nh hng n cht lng nc trn nhiu phng din. Hm lng cht rn trong nc thp lm hn ch s sinh trng hoc ngn cn s sinh sng ca thu sinh. Nu hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc cao gy ra nhng phin toi cho ngi s dng. Phn tch cht rn l lng kim sot cc hot ng sinh hc, nh gi qu trnh x l vt l nc thi, nh gi s ph hp ca nc thi vi tiu chun gii hn cho php. 4.2.4. c Nguyn nhn gy ra c ca nc l do s c mt ca cc cht rn l lng, cc ht keo nh st, ct hoc cc cht v c, hu c c kch thc mn,29

xc sinh vt, ph du, cng nh cc t chc vi sinh .... do cc qu trnh xi mn t, ra tri, x nc thi v trong nc c qu nhiu cht dinh dng. Nc c c cao lm tng kh nng hp th nh sng do lm tng nhit nc dn n lm mt tnh a dng thy sinh ng thi lm gim kh nng truyn qua ca nh sng dn n lm gim qu trnh tng hp quang ho, gy ra lm gim oxy ho tan. Cc cht rn l lng c th lm tc nghn mang c, cn tr s h hp dn n lm gim kh nng sinh trng ca c, ngn cn s pht trin ca trng v u trng. 4.2.5. dn (EC) dn in l i lng phn nh kh nng dn in ca dung dch nc. dn in ph thuc vo s c mt cu cc ion, nng , linh ng, ho tr ca chng v nhit ca dung dch nc. Nc cha nhiu cc hp cht v c ho tan s c dn in cao. Tri li nc c cha cc cht hu c s c dn in thp. 4.2.6. Oxy ho tan (DO) Oxy c mt trong nc, mt mt c ho tan t oxy khng kh, mt mt sinh ra t cc phn tng hp quang ho ca to v cc thc vt sng trong nc. Cc yu t nh hng n s ho tan oxy vo nc l nhit , thi tit, p sut kh quyn, dng chy, c im a hnh ... Gi tr DO trong nc ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l, ho hc v cc hot ng sinh hc xy ra trong . Phn tch DO cho ta nh gi mc nhim nc v kim tra qu trnh x l nc thi. Cc dng sng, h c hm lng DO cao c coi l kho mnh v c nhiu loi sinh vt sinh sng trong . Khi DO trong nc thp lm gim kh nng sinh trng ca ng vt thu sinh thm ch lm bin mt mt s loi, hoc c th gy cht mt s loi nu DO gim t ngt. Nguyn nhn lm gim DO trong nc l do nc thi cng nghip, nc ma chy trn li ko cc cht thi nng nghip cha nhiu cht hu c, l cy rng ... Vi sinh vt s dng oxy tiu th cc cht hu c lm cho hm lng oxy b gim. 4.2.7. Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD)30

Nhu cu oxy ho hc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho hon ton cc cht hu c khi mu nc c x l vi cht oxy ho mnh (K2Cr2O7), trong nhng iu kin nht nh. COD l ch tiu nh gi mc nhim ca nc (nc thi, nc mt, nc sinh hot) k c cht hu c d phn hu v kh phn hu sinh hc.

4.2.8. Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD) Nhu cu oxy sinh ho l lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh vt oxy ho v n nh cc cht hu c/hoc v c trong nc, trong nhng iu kin nht nh. BOD gin tip ch ra mc nhim do cc cht c kh nng b oxy ho sinh hc m c bit l cc cht hu c. BOD5 l thng s c s dng ph bin nht chnh l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho sinh hc trong nm ngy nhit 200C. Ngoi ra theo yu cu nghin cu ngi ta cn cc nh cc i lng nhu cu oxy ho sau 60~90 ngy (BOD tn cng (UBOD)).... 4.2.9. Amoniac (NH3) Amoniac l sn phm chuyn ho ca cc hp cht cha ni trong nc t nhin, do cc cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip. Amoniac rt c vi c v cc ng vt thu sinh khc. V vy n cn c gim st cht ch trong cc ao h th c. kim sot nhim nc thi v monitoring ngun nc ung, amoniac cn c gim st thng xuyn. Khi nc c pH thp amoniac chuyn sang dng mui amoni (NH4+). Vi s c mt ca oxy, amoni chuyn thnh nitrat theo phng trnh: NH4+ + 2O2 ------> NO3- + H2O + 2H+ 4.2.10. Nitrat (NO3-) Nitrat lun lun c mt trong nc do s phn hu cc loi rau c t nhin, do vic s dng phn bn ho hc v t cc qu trnh phn gii cc hp cht cha nit trong nc cng v nc thi cng nghip. Nc ung c cha nhiu nitrat s gy ra bnh ung th thanh qun. Nc mt cha nhiu nitrat s xut hin hin tng "tr xanh". 4.2.11. Nitrit (NO2-)31

Nitrit c mt trong nc l sn phm trung gian trong vng tun hon nit. Nitrit rt c vi c v ng vt thu sinh. Cng nh nitrat, nitrit cn phi kim sot cht ch i vi nc thi v nc ung. 4.2.12. Phtpho Phtpho c mt trong nc t nhin (nc mt, nc ngm) v nc thi khng nhng ch di dng photphat thng thng (mui othophotphat-PO43-) m cn di dng polyphotphat (P2O74-, P3O105-) v cn di dng phtpho hu c. Ngun gc c mt phtpho trong nc do nhiu nguyn nhn: Nc l hi Nc thi sinh hot c cha cc cht ty ra s dng polyphtphat lm ph gia. T cc ngun phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt dng trong nng nghip Phn hu xc cht ng vt Phtpho l mt trong cc thnh phn dinh dng (N, P, K) rt cn thit cho i sng ca sinh vt m c bit l thu sinh. Phtpho cn c mt trong trm tch v bn sinh hc di dng v c v hu c. 4.2.13. Sulfat (SO42-) Sulfat c mt trong nc l do qu trnh xi mn, ra tri v oxy ho qung pirit. Nng sulfat trong nc mt thay i t mt n hng nghn gam/lt. 4.2.14. Clorua (Cl-) Clorua (Cl-) c mt trong nc l do cc cht thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip m ch yu l cng nghip ch bin thc phm. Ngoi ra cn do s xm nhp ca nc bin vo cc ca sng, vo cc mch nc ngm ... Nc mt c cha nhiu clorua s hn ch s pht trin ca cy trng thm ch gy cht. 4.2.15. Coliform Vi khun nhm coliform (coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, escherichia coli ...) c mt trong rut non v phn ca ng vt mu nng, qua con ng tiu ho m chng xm nhp vo mi trng v pht trin mnh m nu c iu kin nhit thun li.32

S liu coliform cung cp cho chng ta thng tin v mc v sinh ca nc v iu kin v sinh mi trng xung quanh ni ly mu. 4.2.16. Kim loi nng Kim loi nng c mt trong nc do nhiu nguyn nhn: qu trnh ho tan cc khong sn, cc thnh phn kim loi c sn trong t nhin hoc c s dng trong cc cng trnh xy dng, cc cht thi cng nghip. nh hng ca kim loi nng thay i tu thuc vo nng ca chng, c th l c ch nu chng nng thp v rt c nu nng cao. Kim loi nng trong nc thng b hp ph bi cc ht st, ph sa l lng trong nc. Cc cht l lng ny dn dn ri xung m lm cho nng kim loi nng trong trm tch thng cao hn rt nhiu trong nc. Cc loi ng vt thu sinh, c bit l ng vt y s tch lu lng ln cc kim loi nng trong c th. Thng qua dy chuyn thc phm m kim loi nng c tch lu trong con ngi v gy c vi tnh cht bnh l rt phc tp.

4.3. Thit k mng li cc im quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng nc lc a. Cn c vo nhu cu thng tin cn thu thp, yu cu qun l, mc ch s dng nc v cc dng ngun nc m thit k mng li/chng trnh monitoring ph hp, bao gm: 4.3.1. La chn im ly mu Thit k chng trnh monitoring cht lng nc cn phi cn nhc n: S phn b cc cht nhim trong cc mi trng khc nhau (nc/trm tch, cc vng gip ranh ...) Cc yu t lin quan n s phn b, pha long trong khu vc quan trc nh tc , l lng dng chy, lu vc, thi tit, s phn b ng nht cc cht cn xc nh... 4.3.2. Thi gian v tn sut ly mu Tn sut ly mu l s mu cn phi ly trong mt chu k nht nh. Tu thuc vo yu cu ca cng tc qun l mi trng, c im ngun nc ... m xy dng tn sut ly mu thch hp. Thit k tn sut ly mu phi da trn quan im thng k v yu cu ca mc tiu monitoring. Khi c nhng thay i theo chu k hay thng xuyn, cn thit k khong thi gian ngn gia hai ln ly mu lin tip pht hin c nhng thay33

i. 4.3.3. Phng php ly mu v phn tch ti hin trng Cn c vo mc tiu cht lng, kh nng vt t, thit b v dng c m la chn cc phng php/tiu chun ly mu v phng php/tiu chun phn tch ph hp. Phng php/tiu chun ly mu, phng php/tiu chun phn tch bao gm cc tiu chun quc gia (TCVN), tiu chun quc t (ISO) hoc cc t chc khc (EPA, APHA ...) hoc theo cc ti liu hng dn s dng km theo thit b, cc phng php do phng th nghim xy dng. Cc phng php/tiu chun trc khi p dng cn phi tin hnh th tc chp nhn (method validation) v vit thnh vn bn lun lun sn sng s dng. 4.4. Phng php ly mu 4.4.1. Nguyn tc chung Ly mu l mt khu rt quan trng nhn c chnh xc cc thng tin v mi trng. Sai st trong vic ly mu s nh hng n kt qu monitoring. Mc tiu ca vic ly mu l chn mt phn th tch mu nh vn chuyn c v x l trong phng th nghip m vn m bo th hin v i din c chnh xc thnh phn cc cht ti a im ly mu. Tu thuc vo mc ch ly mu phn tch l ho hc hay phn tch vi sinh, c im ngun nc m la chn phng php ly mu thch hp. Mu ly phi p ng c cc yu cu ca chng trnh ly mu, x l mu v phn tch. Cn la chn mu ti cc vng m chng kh ng nht v thi gian v khng gian (ngha l trnh nhng tnh hung khi ly mu c s sai lch v thi gian hoc khng gian m dn n s sai lch khc kt qu). Nhng ni khng th lm c iu cn phi c s ch c bit c c mu i din. 4.4.2. Cc dng mu TCVN 5992 - 1995 qui nh 6 loi mu trong quan trc cht lng nc. Trong , 2 loi mu quan trng nht i vi Chng trnh Quan trc Mi trng Quc gia l mu n v mu t hp. Hai loi mu ny c m t trong phn ny nh sau: Mu n:34

Mu n l loi mu c ly ti cc a im v thi im c th, ch i din cho thnh phn ca ngun ti thi im v a im . Khi ngun c thnh phn kh ng u theo mi hng v t thay i theo thi gian th cch ly mu n c th i din cho c khu vc ngun . Mu t hp: C ba loi mu t hp l mu t hp theo thi gian, khng gian v mu t hp theo dng chy/lu lng. Mu t hp theo thi gian bao gm nhng mu n c th tch bng nhau v c ly nhng khong thi gian bng nhau trong chu k ly mu. Mu t hp thi gian dng nghin cu cht lng trung bnh ca dng nc. Mu t hp theo khng gian bao gm nhng mu n c th tch bng nhau v c ly ng thi cc a im khc nhau. Mu t hp theo khng gian dng nghin cu cht lng trung bnh theo mt ct ngang hay mt ct dc ca dng nc. Mu t hp theo lu lng: Lu lng v c tnh ca nc thi thay i theo thi gian, do xc nh ti lng nhim ngi ta hay s dng mu t hp theo lu lng. Mu t hp theo lu lng l hn hp ca cc mu n ti cc khong thi gian bng nhau nhng theo t l vi lu lng ca dng thi. i vi tt c cc loi mu t hp, th tch ca tng mu n khng nh hn 50 ml. mang tnh i din, th tch ca mu n thng thng dao ng trong khong 200 ml n 300 ml. 4.5. Hng dn ly mu nc 4. 5.1 . Thit b, dng c ly mu nc i vi mu nc b mt ch cn nhng mt bnh ming rng (th d x, ca) xung su 0,5m di mt nc. Nu cn ly mu su hn 0,5m (hoc ly mu kh ho tan) th c th s dng thit b ly mu theo su nh Kemmer hoc Bnh Van Doren. Cc loi thit b ly mu nc c a trong TCVN 5992 - 1995. Dng c ng mu thng l chai thu tinh, nha PE (TCVN 5992 - 1995). Bnh cha mu phi t cc yu cu nh sau: Bn, khng b dp v Kn, khng b d r D dng ng m35

t b thay i do nhit Hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng ph hp D dng lm sch v s dng li Gi thnh va phi Tu thuc vo bn cht thng s cn phn tch, phng php phn tch m ly khi lng mu cng nh la chn cc chai l ng mu thch hp nh c trnh by trong ISO 5667-3:1885/TCVN 5993 - 1995, nhng cn phi lu : Bnh cha mu phi c phng th nghim lm sch trc v y np. Nu c iu kin phi bc giy trng paraphin mng chng bi. Bnh cha mu phn tch kim loi nng phi c ra sch nhiu ln sau trng bng dung dch HNO3 1:1 v trng li ln cui cng bng nc ct. Bnh cha mu/dng c cha mu phi c kim tra nh k pht hin nhim bn bng cch ly mu trng vo cc dng c s dng li hoc thm chun nng thp. Khng c ng mu trong l khng c np y. Vic s dng li cc bnh cha mu ra sch l rt thng dng. Tuy nhin, khng nn s dng li chng trong cc trng hp php phn tch c nhy cao m nn s dng dng c cha mu mi. 4.5.2. Ly mu nc sng, sui (ISO 5667-6:1990(E)/TCVN 5996-1995) Khi ly mu cho mc ch xc nh nn cht lng nc sng th im ly mu c th l mt ci cu thng thng, hoc di mt ngun x, hoc di mt nhnh sng cho nc trn u nhau trc khi n im ly mu. Khi nghin cu tc ng ca mt dng nhnh ti cht lng nc trong mt vng dng chnh, cn t nht hai im ly mu, mt vng thng lu ca ch r nhnh v mt xa v pha h lu m bo trn ln hon ton. Khong cch cn trn ln theo chiu nm ngang ph thuc vo khc ngot v thng l nhiu km. i vi cc con sng b nh hng ca ch thu triu, mi nhm hin trng cn phi c bng thu triu v phi ly mu khi triu kit. 4.5.3. Hng dn ly mu nc ao h (ISO 5667-4:1987/TCVN 5994-1995) Cht lng nc ao h thay i theo ma v theo su, hnh dng. Do 36

tn sut v thi gian ly mu ph thuc vo thng tin yu cu. Dng mt lot mu n bit c nhng cc tr v iu kin v s thay i cht lng nhng gi thnh qu cao. Dng mu t hp gim gi thnh nhng ch bit gi tr trung bnh. V vy nn kt hp ly mu t hp nhng khong thi gian ngn v lot mu n nhng khong thi gian di hn. 4.5.4. Hng dn ly mu nc ngm (ISO 5667-11:1992/TCVN 6000-1995) Ni chung c hai phng php ly mu nc ngm: ly mu bng bm v ly mu theo chiu su. C hai phng php u c nhng u im v nhng hn ch cn cn nhc khi dng. Ly mu bm: Mu bm ly t ging khoan dng cp nc unghoc cho cc mc ch khc l hn hp nc i qua ng lc ca l khoan t nhiu su khc nhau. Do cch ly mu ny ch nn dng khi nc ngm c thnh phn ng u theo chiu thng ng, hoc ly mu t hp theo chiu su. Trong nhng trng hp ny mu cn c ly ch cng gn li ra ging cng tt trnh vn khng bn ca mu. Ly mu theo chiu su: Ly mu theo chiu su l nhng thit b ly mu vo ging o hoc ging khoan cho nc su nh np y vo thit b ri ko ln v chuyn vo bnh cha. Cch ly mu ny ch thch hp vi cc l khoan thm d khng bm, mc du c th dng bm c ng ni nh v chiu su. Khng ly mu trong ng vch ca ging v nc khng phi c ngun gc t su cn ly v cht lng nc c th b thay i do cc hot ng ho hc v vi sinh. 4.5.5. Hng dn ly mu nc thi (ISO 5667-10:1992/TCVN 5999-1995) Trong mi trng hp cn thit phi chn im ly mu nc thi sao cho thc s i din cho dng nc thi cn kho st. C hai trng hp ly mu: - Ly mu ti cng thi, knh thi v h ga - Ly mu ti Trm x l nc thi Ni chung khi ly mu nc cng, nc thi cn ch nhng nguyn nhn thay i cht lng nh sau: Thay i hng ngy (ngha l thay i trong thi gian ca ngy)37

Thay i gia cc ngy trong tun l Thay i gia cc tun l Thay i gia cc thng v cc ma Xu hng 4.5.6. Phn tch ti hin trng (In site sampling and field recording data) Mt s thng s i hi phi o c phn tch ti hin trng nh nhit , pH, DO, c do thi gian bo qun khng c lu nh trong TCVN 5993 1995. Khi tin hnh o c cc thng s trn cn ghi r cc iu kin tin hnh ( nhit , thi tit, p sut ... ) sau ghi km vi bo co kt qu hoc hiu chnh v iu kin chun nu cn thit. My mc o c hin trng cn phi c kim tra v kim chun theo cc yu cu tng ng. Kim chun cn c thc hin ti hin trng ngay trc khi tin hnh chng trnh ly mu hin trng. 4.6. Bo qun, vn chuyn mu v tip nhn mu Bo qun mu: Mu cn c bo qun theo TCVN 5993 - 1995 v c th hin S 3. Ton b thuc th ho cht bo qun mu phi t tinh khit phn tch (Pure for Analysis) hoc tt hn v c ghi chp dn nhn r rng dng cho loi mu no khi ra hin trng trnh s nhm ln. Ho cht thuc th bo qun c th c ong o trc v cho vo cc l nh hoc ampul v hn kn trnh phi pha ch ngoi hin trng Nc ct: Mi nhm hin trng cn mang theo nc ct hai ln khi i thc a. Nc ct hai ln c th c s dng ra sch thit b quan trc hay thit b ly mu khi chng b nhim bn hin trng, v c th c s dng kim chun thit b. Khi s dng nc ct hai ln, cn lu : - Khng bao gi s dng nc ct cha bit ngun gc - Khng bao gi s dng nc ct qu hn s dng thm ch k c khi l c y kn - Khng dng nc ct qu 1 thng38

Tip nhn mu ti phng th nghim: Mu c nhm hin trng bn giao cho phng th nghim. Nhm bo ton mu v mt s lng v cht lng, trong qu trnh bn giao cn lu : - H tn ngi bn giao: - H tn ngi nhn: - Thi gian bn giao: - S lng mu: - Tnh trng mu khi bn giao: - Ghi ch (Nhng iu bt thng cn quan tm): Khi mu v n phng th nghim v khng th phn tch ngay th mu cn c bo qun trong nhng iu kin trnh c nhim bn t bn ngoi cng nh bt k mt thay i no v hm lng ca nhng cht cn xc nh. Mu cn c bo qun lnh v ti nhit t 2~50C. Thi gian bo qun mu c nu trong TCVN 5993 - 1995. Nu bo qun lu hn phi gi nhit 200C. Khi bo qun mu nhit -200C, trc khi phn tch phi mu tan ht , bo m tnh ng nht ca mu. Mu cn phi c m ho v nhn dng trnh nhm ln 4.7. Cc phng php chun phn tch nc trong phng th nghim Cc thng s c phn tch trong phng th nghim theo cc phng php c a trong bng 1.

39

Bng 1. Cc phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim TT Thng s/ Ch tiu 1 pH o bng my o theo TCVN 4559-1998; TCVN 6492:1999. Phng php o in th pH APHA 4500-H+B. Xc nh theo TCVN 4557-1998. My o. Phng php khi lng sau khi lc, sy mu nhit 1050C n khi lng khng i theo TCVN 45601988. APHA-2540D (phng php xc nh tng cht rn l lng sy kh 103 1050C, trang 2-56 2-57). o bng my o c vi cc thang o NTU hoc FTU theo TCVN 6184-1996. APHA-2130 B (Phng php Nephelometric, trang 2-9 2-11). o bng my o dn in. Phng php Winkler theo TCVN 5499-1995. Phng php in ho ISO 5814 - 1990. Phng php oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng axit theo TCVN 6491 - 1999. APHA-5220B (Phng php hi lu m , trang 5-15 5-16). APHA-5220D (Phng php chng ct hi lu ng, trc quang, trang 5-15 5-16). Phng php cy v pha long theo TCVN 6001-1995. APHA-5210 B (Xc nh BOD 5 ngy, trang 5-3 5-6). Phng php chng ct v chun theo TCVN 59881995. Phng php trc quang Nessler theo TCVN 4563 1988 hay TCVN 6179 - 1996. APHA-4500D (Phng php in cc chn lc ion, trang 4-78 4-79). APHA-4500E (Phng php in cc chn lc ion thm chun, trang 4-79 4-80). Phng php trc quang Gries-Ilosway theo TCVN 4561-1988.40

Phng php phn tch

2 3

Nhit SS

4

c

5 6 7

dn DO COD

8 9

BOD5 NH4+

10

NO2-

11

NO3

-

12

PO43-

13

SO42-

14

Cl

-

15 16

Tng Coliform Kim loi nng

Phng php sc k ion theo ISO-10340-1:1992. Phng php trc quang theo TCVN 6180: 1996. Phng php sc k ion theo ISO-10340-1:1992. APHA-4500 NO3- E (Phng php kh bng Cadimi, trang 4-87 4-88). Phng php trc quang dng amoni molipdat theo TCVN 6202-1996. APHA-4500P E (Phng php axit Ascorbic, trang 4113 4-114. Phng php trng lng dng BaCl2 theo TCVN 6200-1996. Phng php c, APHA 4500 - SO4-2 E, trang 4 36 ti 4 - 37 Phng php sc k ion theo ISO 10340-1:1992. Phng php chun AgNO3 vi ch th mu Cromat Kali (phng php More) theo TCVN 6194-1-1996. Phng php sc k ion theo ISO 10340-1:1992. Xc nh theo TCVN 6187-1-1996; TCVN 6187-21996. Cc kim loi nng (Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr) phn tch bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t TCVN 6193-1996; TCVN 6222-1996. Cc kim loi Hg, As theo phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t TCVN 5989-1995, TCVN 5990-1995, TCVN 5991-1995. Phng php cc ph. Xc nh Mn bng phng php trc quang dng formaldoxim theo TCVN 6002-1995. Xc nh hm lng st bng phng php trc quang theo TCVN 6177: 1996.

4.8. Nhng im lu khi phn tch trong phng th nghim 4.8.1. Lu chung Thng thng mu nc c gi nhit thp ( 40C) trong khi vn chuyn v lu gi trong phng th nghim, do trc khi phn tch cn phi a nhit ca mu v nhit phng. Trc khi tin hnh phn tch, cn phi trn u mu. Kim tra tt c ho cht, thuc th, chun b li dung dch nu pht hin41

c kt ta, vn c hay c to xanh pht trin. Kim tra li ng chun nu s dng phng php c xy dng ng chun bng cch phn tch mu thm tra (verification standard) c nng khong gia ca ng chun. So snh kt qu phn tch vi nng bit trc, cn thit phi xy dng li ng chun nu hai kt qu lch nhau qu 2 ln lch chun. Tun th cc th tc kim sot cht lng trong cc tiu chun. Trong qu trnh phn tch, phi ghi chp li tt c nhng im khc thng vo s tay ca cn b phn tch.

4.8.2. Nhng im lu ring i vi tng ch tiu 4.8.2.1. pH Ch tiu pH ca nc mt, nc thi, nc ngm thng c xc nh ti hin trng bng my o v do qu trnh sinh hc v ho hc xy ra trong nc lm cho mt s kh ho tan (O2, CO2) cng nh cc ch tiu khc ca nc thay i nh Fe2+, Fe3+... Hiu chun thit b: khi phn tch pH, cn phi hiu chun my o theo khong gi tr pH ca mu nc. Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca tng loi nc m s dng dung dch chun pH thch hp. Khi o pH trong phng th nghim, dng c ng mu phi l thu tinh trung tnh v phi khuy trn trong khi o (khuy t), v mu ch c s dng phn tch pH. Sau khi o pH ca nc thi cha du m v cc hp cht ho hc (cht hot ng b mt, dung mi hu c,...) cn phi ngm in cc ca my o trong dung dch HCl 2% trong khong thi gian 2 gi v sau ra li in cc bng nc ct hai ln phc hi nhy ca in cc. 4.8.2.2. Nhit Nhit ca nc thng thng c xc nh cng vi pH hay DO bng my o. 4.8.2.3. SS ( Cn l lng) Cn phi loi b vt th ni ln cng nh tp hp cc vt th khng ng nht chm trong mu nc.42

Nu mu nc c khong cao, cn thit phi ra giy lc bng nc ct hai ln nhiu ln trc khi sy giy lc c cn nhit 103 1050C. Khng ko di thi gian lc mu nc v cc ht keo c trong nc s b gi li trn giy lc khi cc l mao qun ca giy lc b bt kn bi cn v s lm cho kt qu phn tch cao hn so vi thc t. Hm lng cn ti a trong phn mu phn tch khng c ln hn 200 mg chng khng cn tr qu trnh bay hi ca nc. Tin hnh phn tch mu trng (nc ct 2 ln) hiu chnh kt qu phn tch nh sau:

Trong :

m1, m2: khi lng giy lc trc v sau khi lc mu tng ng, mg

m1t, m2t: khi lng giy lc trc v sau khi lc mu trng tng ng, mg V: th tch mu nc phn tch, ml. 4.8.2.4. c Rc ni v cn c kch thc ln lng nhanh cn phi c tch ra khi mu nc trc khi phn tch. Tt c cc dng c thu tinh s dng u phi sch tuyt i. Phi s dng nc c c bng khng pha dung dch chun trong nhng trng hp cn thit. Nc c c bng khng c th c iu ch theo APHA 2130 B. Loi nc ny c th mua ti cc i l (cng ty) ca cc hng ho cht nc ngoi. Loi b (tch) cc bt kh c trong mu trc khi phn tch. Cc loi kh c trong mu c th c tch bng phng php chn khng, nhit hay s dng vi sng...Tuyt i khng tch kh trong mu bng cch gi mu n nh trong mt khong thi gian di v nh vy kt qu phn tch s khng ng vi gi tr thc v mt s cn l lng c th lng v nhit ca mu thay i. Lm sch hi nc ng b mt ngoi ca cuvt do m ca mi trng cao hay mu trng thi lnh nhng o c ni c nhit cao.43

Kim tra b mt ngoi ca cuvt, cuvt khng s dng c nu c vt xc try. Trc khi o cn phi trng b mt ngoi ca cng o bng mt lp du silicon loi tr nh hng cc khuyt tt b mt khng nhn thy c. V tr ca cuvt trong bung quang ph k phi c gi c nh trong trng hp lp ng chun cng nh khi phn tch. Khi phn tch trnh rung ng thit b loi tr sai s do b mt nc trong cuvet o dao ng. 4.8.2.5. dn in dn in thng c o bng my ti hin trng, im lu duy nht l trc khi tin hnh phn tch cn hiu chun my bng cc dung dch chun thch hp. Phi ghi chp iu kin o c ti hin trng quy v iu kin chun. 4.8.2.6. DO Ch tiu DO ca nc thng thng c phn tch bng my o. Nhng im cn lu khi s dng phng php dng in cc mng: Loi b tt c cc bt kh bm vo pha bn trong mng ca in cc khi thay mng in cc hay thay dung dch in ly. Hiu chun my o theo trnh t c trnh by trong hng dn vn hnh thit b (hiu chun theo nng oxy trong khng kh l php hiu chun thng c s dng). i vi loi nc c hm lng cc mui ho tan cao (DS> 1000 mg/l), cn phi tnh li kt qu khi phn tch (theo ch dn ca thit b) hay a tham s mui vo b nh ca thit b khi hiu chun. Khi phn tch DO theo phng php Winkler (TCVN 5499 - 1995) cn lu : Loi tr cc yu t nh hng (mc 3 ca tiu chun). Nng ca dung dch Na2S2O3: 0.02N (mc 4.2.5 ca tiu chun) cn phi chun li mi khi phn tch. Dng c thu tinh s dng cn phi c ra sch (c th bng dung dch axit HCl long). Nng chnh xc ca dung dch Na2S2O3 l trung bnh cng kt qu ca ba ln chun vi iu kin l th tch ca dung dch Na2S2O3 tiu tn trong ba ln chun khng chnh lnh nhau qu1%.

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Hiu chnh hm lng oxy ho tan theo nng cc mui ho tan (DS). 4.8.2.7. COD Trng hp COD c phn thch theo phng php ngc dng m: Axit sulfuric s dng trong phng php ny l axit m c ho tan Ag2SO4 vi t l 5.5 g Ag2SO4: 1kg H2SO4. Dung dch thu c phi trong sut v hu nh khng c cn. Nng ca dung dch st(II) amoni sunfat (titrant) phi c xc nh theo tng m phn tch. Nng chnh xc ca dung dch ny l trung bnh cng kt qu ba ln chun vi iu kin l th tch ca dung dch tiu tn trong ba ln chun khng chnh lch nhau qu 1%. Cht ch th c b sung khi chun phi theo mt th tch c nh (3 git). Hm lng ion Cl- trong mu nc phi nh hn 1000 mg/l, nh hng ca n c th c loi tr bng sunfat thu ngn vi t l 10: 1 ( HgSO4: Cl- = 10:1). Vi loi nc c cha Cl- vi hm lng cao, COD c phn tch theo quy trnh khc [29]. S hin din ca NO2- trong mu nc s lm cao kt qu phn tch (1.1mg COD-O2/ 1mg NO2- - N). Nu hm lng ca NO2- - N trong khong 1 2mg/l (i vi hu ht ccloi nc mt) nh hng ca n n gi tr ca COD c th b qua. Trong trng hp ngc li, nh hng ca n c th c loi b bng cch b sung vo hn hp ph hu 10 mg sulfanic axit/ NO2- - N. Hn hp (nc ct hai ln hay mu, dung dch axit, dung dch K2Cr2O7) ch cn un si nh v u sut qu trnh ph hu mu. Kim tra thng xuyn nhit ca nc lm lnh ra khi ng sinh hn. Trng hp COD c phn tch theo phng php ngc dng ng trc quang: Phng php ny c u im hn so vi phng php ngc dng m chun l lng ho cht tiu tn t, ng thi c th phn tch nhiu mu, thi gian phn tch ngn, nhng c sai s ln. Lc u hn hp dung dch trong cuvet o (tube, ampule) trc khi ph hu mu cng nh trc khi o mt quang. Ngoi ra, trc khi phn tch phi cho tt c cc loi cn lng v dung dch trong cng o trong sut (ch n cn bm vo thnh ca cng o). Khng s dng cng o c khuyt tt45

b mt (try, xc). 4.8.2.8. BOD5 Nc pha long cn phi cy thm vi sinh vt v ngun vi sinh vt i vi nc nh sau: A- Nc mt (sng, sui, ao, h): nc thi sinh hot. B- Nc thi: nc ly t h lu ca dng thi. Hay c th s dng polyseed i vi tt c cc loi mu (qui trnh pha ch v b sung vo nc pha long c m t trong ch dn km theo). DO ca nc pha long cy vi sinh vt sau 5 ngy nhit 200C khng c gim qu 1mg/l so vi DO ban u. Trung ho mu nc pH nm trong khong 6.5 - 7.5 bng dung dch HCl (hay H2SO4) v NaOH c nng sao cho th tch ca mu nc khng thay i qu 0.5%. Trong nhiu trng hp khng nht thit phi trung ho mu nc v khi pha long mu bng nc pha long cy vi sinh vt, mu pha long c pH ph hp (c th tin hnh th trc khi trung ho). Clo t do v clo lin kt c th c loi tr bng dung dch Na2SO3 0.5 mg/l. Lng Na2SO3 cn thit phi c xc nh theo ISO 7393 - 1, ISO 7393 - 2 hay APHA (trang 5-4). Nu mu nc, cha lng ln to v cc ph du thc vt, th chng cn c lc qua li lc ph du trc khi xc nh BOD5. i vi nc thi cha cc cht c hi i vi vi sinh vt nh kim loi nng, cht dit khun,...cn phi nghin cu cch loi tr nh hng ca chng ring bit. Thng thng nc ta, BOD5 c xc nh khng c s c ch nitrat ho. i vi mt mu nc, phi tin hnh pha long t nht ba nng , h s pha long c th da theo khuyn ngh (Bng 1 TCVN 6001 - 1995) hay da vo gi tr ca ch tiu COD v ngun gc ca mu nh nc thi sinh hot: BOD5/COD 0.6 - 0.7, nc thi cng nghip dt BOD5/COD 0.3... Mu nc v nc pha long nui cy vi sinh vt cn c trn u trc khi np vo chai . Nhit ca nc nh hng rt ln n kt qu phn tch, do nhit ca mu nc cn phi gi n nh ti nhit ph hp (200C i vi phn tch BOD) bng cc thit b iu nhit. Nc c cha hm lng du m cao46

khng s dng phng php ny. Khi o DO trong phng th nghim phi s dng chai chuyn dng dng mu nc (chai BOD) cng nh nhng linh kin km theo my o (DOadapter for BOD analysis). Kt qu phn tch thu c l trung bnh cng kt qu ca ba nng pha long nu chng chnh lch nhau khng qu hai ln lnh chun. Trong trng hp ngc li, cn tham kho thm gi tr ca COD loi tr bt kt qu nghi ng. 4.8.2.9. NH4+ Trong tt c cc phng php phn tch cn kim tra hm lng NH4+ trong nc ct hai ln. Trong trng hp cn thit c th iu ch nc khng cha NH4+ theo TCVN 5988 - 1995. loi tr nh hng ca glycine, urea, glutamic acid, cyanates, acetamide khi xc nh NH4+ theo TCVN 5988 - 1995 cn phi chng ct mu trong mi trng kim yu (pH 9.5). nh hng ca clo t do c loi tr bng cch s dng dung dch sodium thiosulfate (APHA, trang 4 - 76). Trong trng hp phn tch NH4+ theo phng php Nessler, cn c nh thi gian pht trin mu i vi dung dch chun cng nh mu th. Xc nh NH4+ bng phng php s dng in cc ion chn lc: cn phi hot ho in cc theo ti liu hng dn s dng, trnh to bt kh khi np dung dch in cc, loi b mi bt kh bm vo mng in cc khi o c cng nh phi khuy trn u mu khi o. Nn xc nh NH4+ trong phng ring trnh lm tng kt qu phn tch do s hp th NH3 c trong khng kh. 4.8.210. NO2 Cn kim tra hm lng NO2- trong nc ct hai ln. Trong trng hp cn thit nn iu ch nc khng cha NO2- theo APHA (trang 4 - 83). Nu nc c hoc c mu cn phi x l bng cch cho thm 1 ml dung dch ZnSO4 10% v 0.5ml dung dch NaOH 1N vo 100ml mu nc (gi pH ca nc trong khong 10.5), khuy u trong vng vi pht, sau lc mu bng cch ly tm hay bng giy lc c kch thc l mao qun 0.45m. V NO2- khng bn nn nng ca n trong dung dch lm vic (dung dch cng tc) cn phi c chun theo APHA (trang 4 - 83).47

Thi gian pht trin mu phi gi c nh i vi cc dung dch lp ng chun cng nh i vi mu. Hm lng NO2- trong mu nc cng nh trong cc dung dch lp ng chun cn khng ch trong khong nng c a trong APHA (trang 4 83). 4.8.2.11. NO3 Cn kim tra hm lng NO3- trong nc ct hai ln. Trong trng hp cn thit c th iu ch nc khng cha NO3- bng cch cho nc ct hai ln qua trao i ion (bnh cha ionit) Loi b nh hng ca c v mu bng dung dch Al(OH)3 [8]. Loi b nh hng ca clorua bng cch kt ta vi Ag+ trong dung dch Ag2SO4 [8]. 4.8.2.12. PO43Hm lng PO43- trong nc c th xc nh theo TCVN 6200: 1996 hay APHA - 4500 - P E (Ascorbic acid method). V nguyn tc hai phng php ny u da vo phn ng gia octophotphat, ion molipdat v ion antimon trong mi trng axit; v sn phm ca phn ng (antimonphotphomolidat) b kh bi acid ascorbic to thnh phc cht moliden mu xanh m, o hp th ca phc cht ny bc sng 880 nm c th xc nh c nng ca octophtphat. Nhng cc thuc th to mu trong phng php APHA (4500 - P E) c pha ch mt cch ring l do to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh truy tm v gii quyt cc vn trong khi phn tch. Trong trng hp s dng phng php APHA - 4500 - P E phn tch PO4 cn lu mt s im sau:3-

Cc yu t nh hng nh: Asenat, H2S, NO2-,... c loi tr theo ph lc A ca TCVN 6202: 1996. Dng c thu tinh cn c ra sch theo ng quy trnh c m t trong mc 4.2 ca TCVN 6202: 1996. Cch tin hnh: ly mt lng mu c th tch ti a l 40 ml cho vo bnh nh mc 50 ml, nh mt git cht ch th phenolphtalein. Nu xut hin mu cn nh git t t dung dch H2SO4 5 N n khi va mt mu. Cho thm 8 ml thuc th tng hp (mc 3.e trang 4 113 ca APHA), nh mc n vch, y np v lc u dung dch. o hp th ca dung dch bc sng 880 nm trong khong thi gian t 10 n 30 pht (thi gian pht trin48

mu) sau khi cho thuc th. mu ca dung dch sau khi cho thuc th thay i theo thi gian, do loi tr sai s cn phi gi c nh thi gian pht trin mu khi lp ng chun cng nh khi phn tch mu. Khng c thay i trnh t pha ch thuc th tng hp. i vi nhng mu nc c c v mu cao cn phi hiu chnh ng nn bng cch: Chun b dung dch b chnh c - mu: trn nhng dung dch sau theo ng th t: 50 ml H2SO4 5N, 5 ml dung dch antimon kali tartrat (mc 3.c trang 4 113 ca APHA) v nh mc bng nc ct hai ln n vch 100 ml. Trn u dung dch, nu c vn c to thnh cn lc mnh v trong dung dch trong vi pht trc khi s dng. Dung dch ch bn trong vng 4 gi. Chun b mu hiu chnh ng nn ging nh cch tin hnh trn vi cng mt th tch mu nhng thay thuc th tng hp bng dung dch b chnh c - mu. o hp th ca dung dch. hp th ca mu nc c c v mu cao c tnh theo cng thc: A = A1 - A0 Trong : A1 v A0: L hp th ca dung dch vi thuc th tng hp v vi thuc th b chnh c - mu tng ng. Polyphotphat v phtpho tng s c th c ph hu theo TCVN 6202: 1996 v s dng phng php trong APHA phn tch. 4.8.2.13. SO42 SO42- c th hin din trong mu nc di dng ho tan hay c trong thnh phn cc cht khng tan, do phi lm r yu cu dng SO42- cn phn tch. BaSO4 thuc loi mui rt d ht m, nn qu trnh cn cn tin hnh cng nhanh cng tt. 4.8.2.14. Cl nh hng ca Sulfua, thiosulfat v sulfit c loi tr bng dung dch H2O2 (APHA, trang 4 - 49). nh hng ca mu ca nc c loi tr bng dung dch Al(OH)3 (APHA, trang 4 - 49).49

Nng ca dung dch chun AgNO3 phi c xc nh li khi phn tch bng cch chun vi dung dch NaCl bit trc nng . im chuyn mu khi chun rt kh pht hin, nn c th chun th dung dch NaCl c mu so snh. 4.8.2.15. Coliform Phng php mng lc thch hp i vi mu nc cha hm lng cn l lng thp. pha long mu tham kho APHA phn 9222 sao cho lng khun coliform trong khong 20 n 80, nhng tng s cc khun khng qu 200. Th khng nh c tin hnh vi t l khun theo ch dn trong APHA. Phng php nui cy nhiu ng thch hp cho tt c cc loi nc. pha long mu tham kho theo APHA phn 9221. Trong giai on mi tin hnh phn tch, nn chun b mi trng nui cy t mi trng kh c bn sn trn th trng. 4.8.2.16. Kim loi nng (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As) Phn tch theo phng php hp th nguyn t ngn la v khng ngn la. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la p dng cho cc mu c nng trung bnh v sch, t phc tp. Phng php khng ngn la c nhy cao hn. Cc mu nc trong, khng c mu, khng mi , c c < 1NTU c th phn tch trc tip kim loi tng s bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t. Cc mu cha nhiu cht rn l lng, cc cht hu c cn phi tin hnh ph mu bng axit hoc hn hp cc axit trc khi phn tch.Ph mu bng l vi sng (microwave) s lm nng cao hiu qu v rt ngn thi gian phn hu mu. 4.8.2.16.1. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la xuyn qua vng nguyn t ho mu. Trong phng php quang ph hp th ngn la, mu c ht vo ngn la v b nguyn t ho. Chm tia sng chiu xuyn qua vng nguyn t ho mu vo cch t, detector o cng nh sng b hp th bi nguyn t b nguyn t ho trong ngn la. Nng lng nh sng b hp th t l vi nng ca nguyn t trong mu . Do mi mt nguyn t ch hp th nh sng bc sng nht nh nn phng php hp th nguyn t c chn lc cao.

50

Ngn la nguyn t ho l hn hp axetylen-khng kh hoc axetylendinit oxit (N2O) 4.8.2.16.2 Phn tch Hg-Phng php hp th nguyn t (AAS) khng ngn la (ISO 5666-1:1983/TCVN 5989-1995; APHA Standard Methods-3112) Ch : V c ho phn mu th bng kali permanganate v kali persulfat 950C chuyn ton b thu ngn thnh dng Hg (II). Kh lng d cht oxy ho bng hydroxylamoni clorua v kh Hg (II) thnh Hg kim loi bng dung dch SnCl2 hoc NaBH4. Li cun Hg bng dng kh nhit thng v nng Hg trng thi hi xc nh bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la bc sng 253.7 nm. Gii hn ca phng php: Trong iu kin ti u, gii hn pht hin ca phng php l 0.05 g Hg trong phn mu em phn tch. 4.8.2.16.3. Phn tch As-Phng php hp th nguyn t k thut hydride (ISO 11969 :1996) nhit phng v trong mi trng axit, pH 1, axit asenic- As(V) di tc dng ca thuc th natri borohydrua (NaBH4) b oxy ho chm thnh As(III) v sau nhanh chng chuyn thnh asine. Dng dng kh argon hoc nit ui kh asine ra khi dung dch, a vo cuvet thch anh 9000C. y asen hydrua b nguyn t ho v o bng my hp th nguyn t bc sng 193.7 nm Gii hn pht hin ca phng php l 1g/L 4.8.2.16.4. Phn tch kim loi nng bng phng php cc ph: [xem cc hng dn km theo thit b] 4.8.2.16.5. Phn tch st v Mangan bng phng php trc quang: St: loi b nh hng ca cc cht hu c gy nhiu theo APHA 3030 G hay APHA 3030 H. Mangan: s dng phng php Persulfate 3500 - Mn D trong APHA c th loi tr hu ht cc yu t nh hng. Trong trng hp phn tch mangan theo TCVN 6002 - 1995, cn pha dung dch mangan chun theo mc 3c phn 3500 - Mn D trong APHA. 4. 9. Cc biu mu bo co kt qu quan trc51

Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng theo Bn "D tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc - Phn tch mi trng v qun l s liu". Cc Mi trng, 1999.

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5. QUAN TRC RC THI TH 5.1. Cht thi rn th (Rc thi) Cht thi rn l nhng vt dng rn do hot ng ca con ngi ( sinh hot, sn xut, tiu dng...) v ng vt gy ra. l nhng vt b i, t c s dng hoc t c ch v khng c li cho ngi. 5.1.1. Ngun gc sinh ra cht thi rn C th phn ra cc ngun sinh rc thi nh sau: - Do sinh hot t cc khu dn c ( mt h, nhiu h...); - Do cc hot ng thng mi ( cc ca hng, ch...); - Do cc hot ng dch v, i li gii tr ( bn tu xe, cng vin, bnh vin...); - Do cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, xy dng, x l mi trng; - Do sn xut nng nghip. 5.1.2. Tc hi ca rc thi trong th C th tp hp thnh ba tc hi ln nh sau: - Lm nhim mi trng( m quan th, khng kh, v cc ngun nc) v tn hi sc kho con ngi, gy nn cc bnh nhim trng ( nht l ng rut) v ung th. - Lm lng ph ti nguyn thin nhin - Tn km kinh ph u t cho x l rc thi v nc rc. 5.2. Mng li quan trc rc thi th : 5.2.1. Cc im quan trc: Cc im cn quan trc l : - Cc bi rc chnh ca th, - Cc nh my ch bin v x l rc thi; - Cc l t rc thi y t; 5.2.2. Cc thng s quan trc - Tng lng rc thi ca thnh ph ( c tnh). - S lng rc thu gom c; - Thnh phn c gii : l cy v rc hu c, giy vn, ti ni lng v nha, kim loi v v hp, thu tinh v s, t ct v cc cht khc. - Tnh cht l ho: m, tro, t trng trung bnh rc, t trng trung bnh t.53

- Thnh phn ho hc: hm lng cacbon, hm lng nit, hm lng phtpho, pH, nhit tr. - Hm lng kim loi nng. 5.2.3. Tn sut quan trc Tn sut ly mu tu thc vo yu cu ca k hoch quan trc v cng tc qun l mi trng, thi gian ly mu tu thc vo thi gian hot ng ca cc im thu gom rc thi. 5.3. Phng php quan trc rc thi 5.3.1. iu tra s liu rc thi - Tng lng rc thi ra bng phng php trung bnh [61] - Lng rc thu gom c theo s lng xe rc n bi v n cc im tp trung khc 5.3.2. Phng php ly mu: theo [10] - Ly mu phn loi thnh phn c gii . - Ly mu phn tch ho hc 5.3.3. Phn tch cc thng s: - Cc thng s l ho [ 10] - Kim loi nng [62] 5.3.3. Cc biu quan trc rc thi Cc bng biu quan trc theo [10]

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Lut Bo v mi trng nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. H Ni, 1994. Nh xut bn Chnh tr Quc gia. 2. TCVN 5667- 1995 Cht lng khng kh - phng php khi lng xc nh hm lng bi. H Ni, 1995. 3. TCVN 5970 - 1995 Lp k hoch gim st cht lng khng kh xung quanh. H Ni, 1995. 4. TCVN 5966 - 1995. Cht lng khng kh - Nhng vn chung - Thut ng - H Ni, 1995. 5. TCVN 5971 -1995 Khng kh xung quanh - Xc nh nng khi lng ca lu hunh dioxyt- Phng php tetracloromercurat (TCM)/ pararosanilin. H Ni 1995. 6. TCVN 6137 - 1996. Khng kh xung quanh - Xc nh nng khi lng ca NO2 - Phng php Griss - Saltzman ci bin. H Ni, 1990. 7. TCVN 6152 -1996 Khng kh xung quanh - Xc nh hm lng ch bi ca sol kh thu c trn ci lc. Phng php trc ph hp th nguyn t. h Ni 1996. 8. Thng quy k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 9. Phm Ngc ng . Mi trng khng kh . NXB Khoa hc K thut . H Ni 1997. 10.Cc Mi Trng . D tho ''Quy nh phng php Quan trc - phn tch mi trng v qun l s liu''. H Ni 1999. 11.Cc quy nh php lut v mi trng NXB Chnh tr Quc gia .Tp 1. H Ni 1995

55

12.Cc quy nh php lut v mi trng NXB Chnh tr Quc gia .Tp 2. H Ni 1997 13.Stalay E. Manahan. Environmental Chemistry . Lewis Publisher-1994. 14.Chernobaev. Environmental Chemistry ( Russian) High School. Kiev 1990. 15.GEM/ AIR Methology Review Handbook Vol. 4: Passive and Active Samling Methodology for Measurement of air quality. UNEP and WHO 1994. 16.GEM/ AIR Methology Review Handbook Vol. 1: QualityAssurance in Urban Air quality Monitoring. UNEP and WHO 1994. 17.APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition, 1995. 18.British Columbia Field Sampling Manual, 1996 Edition 19.Canadian Executive Agency , CPMS-II, Pollution Mornitoring and Baseline Studies-Environmetal Mornitoring Workbook, 1997., 20.EPA Methods, 21.ISO 5667-2:1991/TCVN 5992-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 2: Guidance on Sampling Technique. 22.ISO 567-3:1985/TCVN 5993-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 3: Guidance on the Preservation and Handling of Samples. 23.ISO 5667-4:1987/ TCVN 5994-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 4: Guidance on Sampling from Natural Lakes and Man-Made Lakes 24.ISO 5667-6:1990/ TCVN 5996-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 6: Guidance on Sampling on Rivers and Streams. 25.ISO 5667-10:1992/ TCVN 5999-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 10: Guidance on Sampling of Waste Waters. 26.ISO 5667-11:1992/ TCVN 6000-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 11: Guidance on Sampling of Groundwaters. 27.Lawrence H. K. et all, Priciples for the Environmental Analysis, Ana. Chem., 1983, 55, 2210-2218. 28. Villars M.T, Monitoring Water Quality in the future, Executive Summary,56

Deft, the Netherlands, May 1995. 29.Baumann F.I. 1974. Dichromate reflux chemical oxygen demand Anal. Chem. 46: 1336. 30.Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA - 625 - 76 - 74 003. Office of Technology Tranfer, Washington, D.C. 20460. 31.T Vn Mc. Phn tch ho l. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 1995. 32.TCVN 4559 - 88. Nc thi - Phng php xc nh pH. H Ni, 1988. 33.TCVN 6492: 1999. Cht lng nc - Xc nh pH. H Ni, 1999. 34.TCVN 4557 - 88. Nc thi - Phng php xc nh nhit . H Ni, 1988. 35.TCVN 4560 - 88. Nc thi - Phng php xc nh hm lng cn. H Ni, 1988. 36.TCVN 6184:1996. Cht lng nc - Phng php xc nh c. H Ni, 1996. 37.TCVN 5499 - 1995. Cht lng nc - Phng php Winkler xc nh oxy ho tan. H Ni, 1995. 38.ISO 5418: 1990. Method for Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Water: Elictrochemical Probe Method. British Standard, 1992. 39.TCVN 6491: 1999. Cht lng nc - Xc nh nhu cu oxi ho hc. H Ni, 1999. 40.TCVN 6001: 1995. Cht lng nc - Xc nh nhu cu oxi ho sinh ho sau 5 ngy (BOD5) - Phng php cy v pha long. H Ni, 1995. 41.TCVN 5988 - 1995. Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phng php chun v chng ct. H Ni, 1995. 42.TCVN 4563 - 88. Nc thi - Phng php xc nh hm lng amoniac. H Ni, 1989. 43.TCVN 6179 - 1: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni, phn 1: phng php trc ph thao tc bng tay. H Ni, 1996. 44.TCVN 4561 - 88. Nc thi - Phng php xc nh hm lng nitrit. H Ni, 1989.57

45.TCVN 6180: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh nitrat - Phng php trc ph dng axit Sunfosalixylic. H Ni, 1996. 46.TCVN 6202 : 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh photpho- Phng php trc ph dng amoni molipdat. H Ni, 1996. 47.TCVN 6200: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh sunfat - Phng php trng lng s dng Bari clorua. H Ni, 1996. 48.TCVN 6194: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh Clorua - Chun Bc nitrat vi ch th Cromat (Phng php Mo). H Ni, 1996. 49.TCVN 6187 - 1 v 2: 1996. Cht lng nc - Pht hin v m vi khun coliform, vi khun coliform chu nhit v Escherichia coli gi nh. Phng php mng lc v phng php nhiu ng. H Ni, 1996. 50.TCVN 6494: 1999. Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc ion florua, clorua, nitrit, orthophotphat, bromua, nitrat v sunfat ho tan bng sc kh lng ionPhng php dnh cho nc bn t. H Ni, 1999. 51.TCVN 6193: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh coban, niken, ng, km, cadimi v ch - Phng php trc ph hp th nguyn t ngn la. H Ni, 1996. 52.TCVN 6197: 1996. Cht lng nc - Xc nh cadimi bng trc ph hp th nguyn t. H Ni, 1996. 53.TCVN 5990: 1995. Cht lng nc - Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phng php sau khi x l vi tia cc tm. H Ni, 1995. 54.TCVN 5989 - 1995. Cht lng nc. Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phng php sau khi v c ho vi Pemanganat - Pesunfat. H Ni, 1995. 55.TCVN 5991 - 1995. Cht lng nc. Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phng php sau khi v c ho vi Brom. H Ni, 1995. 56.TCVN 6177: 1996. Cht lng nc. Xc nh st bng phng php trc ph dng thuc th 1.10 - Phenantrolin. H ni, 1996. 57.TCVN 6002 - 1995. Cht lng nc. Xc nh Mangan - Phng php trc quang dng Formaldoxim. H Ni, 1996. 58.TCVN 5949-1998. m hc. Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c. Mc n58

ti a cho php 59. TCVN 5964-1995. m hc. M t v o ting n mi trng. Cc i lng v phng php o chnh. 60.TCVN 5965-1995. m hc. M t v o ting n mi trng. p dng cc gii hn ting n. 61.L Vn Ni. Bo v mi trng trong xy dng c bn. NXB KH&KT. H Ni- 2000. 62.US EPA. Test methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. Third Edition. November 1986.

PH LC

59

Ph lc 1: m ca khng kh theo nhit k Asman t 0 t 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0,5 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 1,0 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 89 89 88 88 88 1,5 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 83 82 82 2,0 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 80 79 79 78 77 76 76 75 2,5 86 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 79 79 78 78 77 76 76 75 74 73 72 71 3,0 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 80 80 80 79 79 78 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 74 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 3,5 81 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 4,0 78 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 4,5 76 75 75 75 74 74 74 73 73 73 72 72 71 71 70 69 69 68 68 67 66 65 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 57 56 55 53 5,0 73 73 73 72 72 72 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 68 67 67 66 65 65 64 63 62 62 61 60 59 57 56 55 54 52 51 49 5,5 71 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 68 68 67 66 66 65 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 59 59 58 57 55 54 53 52 50 49 47 4660

7 6 5

100 93 100 93 100 93

87 87 87

81 81 80

74 74 73

70 69 68

65 64 63

60 59 57

57 56 54

52 50 48

48 46 44

44 42 40

t 6,0 t 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 63 63 62 62 61 60 59 58 58 57 56 55 54 52 51 50

6,5 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 62 61 60 60 59 58 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 47

7,0 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 62 61 61 60 60 59 58 57 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 45 44

7,5 64 63 62 62 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 57 57 56 55 54 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 45 44 43 41

8,0 61 61 60 60 59 59 58 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 47 45 44 43 42 40 39

8,5 60 59 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 55 54 53 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 39 38 36

9,0 58 57 57 56 56 55 55 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 38 37 35 34

9,5 56 56 55 55 54 53 53 52 52 51 50 49 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 36 35 33 32

10, 0 54 54 54 53 53 52 51 50 50 49 48 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 34 33 31 29

10, 5 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 47 47 46 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 39 37 36 35 34 32 31 29 27

11, 0 51 51 50 50 49 48 47 47 46 46 45 44 43 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 34 33 32 30 29 27 25

11, 5 50 50 49 49 48 47 46 46 45 44 43 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 33 33 31 30 29 27 25 24

12, 0 48 47 47 47 46 46 45 44 43 43 42 41 40 39 39 38 37 36 35 33 32 31 30 28 27 25 24 2261

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

48 47 45 44 42 40 38 36

45 44 42 40 39 37 34 32

42 41 39 37 35 33 31 29

40 38 36 34 32 30 28 25

37 35 33 32 29 27 25 22

35 33 31 29 27 24 22 19

32 30 28 26 24 22 19 17

30 28 26 24 22 19 17 14

28 26 24 22 19 17 15 12

26 24 22 20 17 15 12 10

24 22 20 18 15 13 10 7

22 20 18 16 13 11 8 5

20 18 16 14 11 9 6 3

Ph lc 2: S ph thuc ho tan ca oxy trong nc vo nhit v mui 1atm. Nhit 0

ho tan ca xy (mg/l) mui 0 14.62 14.22 13.83 13.46 13.11 12.77 12.45 12.14 11.84 11.56 11.29 11.03 10.78 9.0 13.73 13.36 13.00 12.66 12.34 12.03 11.73 11.44 11.17 10.91 10.66 10.42 10.19 18.0 12.89 12.55 12.22 11.91 11.61 11.33 11.05 10.79 10.54 10.29 10.06 9.84 9.63 27.0 12.11 11.79 11.49 11.20 10.93 10.66 10.41 10.17 9.94 9.71 9.50 9.29 9.09 36.0 11.37 11.08 10.80 10.54 10.28 10.04 9.81 9.58 9.37 9.16 8.97 8.78 8.5962

C

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19..0 20.0 21.0 Nhit 0

10.54 10.31 10.08 9.87 9.67 9.47 9.28 9.09 8.92

9.96 9.75 9.54 9.35 9.15 8.97 8.79 8.62 8.46

9.42 9.22 9.03 8.85 8.67 8.50 8.34 8.18 8.02

8.90 8.72 8.55 8.38 8.21 8.05 7.90 7.75 7.61

8.42 8.25 8.09 7.93 7.78 7.63 7.49 7.35 7.22

ho tan ca xy (mg/l) mui 0 8.74 8.58 8.42 8.26 8.11 7.97 7.83 7.69 7.56 7.43 7.31 7.18 7.07 6.95 9.0 8.30 8.14 8.00 7.85 7.71 7.58 7.45 7.32 7.20 7.07 6.96 6.84 6.73 6.63 18.0 7.88 7.73 7.59 7.46 7.33 7.20 7.08 6.96 6.85 6.74 6.63 6.52 6.42 6.32 27.0 7.47 7.34 7.21 7.09 6.97 6.85 6.73 6.62 6.52 6.41 6.31 6.21 6.11 6.02 36.0 7.09 6.97 6.85 6.73 6.62 6.51 6.40 6.30 6.20 6.10 6.01 5.92 5.83 5.7463

C

22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0

36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0

6.84 6.73 6.62 6.52 6.41 6.31 6.21 6.12 6.02 5.93

6.52 6.42 6.32 6.22 6.12 6.03 5.94 5.84 5.75 5.67

6.22 6.12 6.03 5.93 5.84 5.75 5.67 5.58 5.50 5.42

5.93 5.84 5.75 5.66 5.58 5.50 5.41 5.33 5.25 5.18

5.65 5.57 5.48 5.40 5.32 5.25 5.17 5.09 5.02 4.95

Ph lc 3: S ph thuc ca ha tan ca oxy trong nc vo p sut kh quyn v nhit p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10.56 10.27 9.98 9.72 9.46 9.21 8.98 8.75 8.54 11.04 10.74 10.44 10.16 9.89 9.64 9.39 9.16 8.93 11.53 11.21 10.90 10.61 10.33 10.06 9.80 9.56 9.33 12.01 11.68 11.36 11.05 10.76 10.48 10.22 9.96 9.72 12.49 12.15 11.82 11.50 11.20 10.91 10.63 10.37 10.11 12.98 12.62 12.27 11.94 11.63 11.33 11.04 10.77 10.51 13.46 13.09 12.73 12.39 12.06 11.75 11.46 11.17 10.920 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

64

p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 8.33 8.13 7.94 7.76 7.58 7.41 7.25 7.10 6.94 6.80 6.66 6.52 6.39 6.26 6.14 6.02 5.91 5.80 5.69 5.58 5.48 5.38 5.28 5.19 8.72 8.51 8.31 8.12 7.94 7.76 7.59 7.43 7.27 7.12 6.97 6.83 6.69 5.56 6.543 6.31 6.19 6.07 5.96 5.85 5.74 5.64 5.54 5.44 9.10 8.88 8.68 8.46 8.29 8.10 7.93 7.76 7.59 7.43 7.28 7.13 6.99 6.85 6.72 6.59 6.47 6.35 6.23 6.12 6.01 5.90 5.80 5.69 9.48 9.26 9.04 8.84 8.64 8.45 8.26 8.09 7.92 7.75 7.59 7.44 7.29 7.15 7.01 6.88 6.75 6.62 6.50 6.38 6.27 6.16 6.05 5.95 9.87 9.64 9.41 9.20 8.99 8.79 8.60 8.42 8.24 8.07 7.91 7.75 7.59 7.45 7.30 7.16 7.03 6.90 6.77 6.65 6.53 6.42 6.31 6.20 10.25 10.01 9.78 9.56 9.34 9.14 8.94 8.75 8.56 8.39 8.22 8.05 7.89 7.74 7.59 7.45 7.31 7.18 7.05 6.92 6.80 6.68 6.56 6.45 10.64 10.39 10.15 9.92 9.69 9.48 9.28 9.08 8.89 8.70 8.53 8.36 8.19 8.04 7.88 7.73 7.50 7.45 7.32 7.19 7.06 6.94 6.82 6.70 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

65

p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 5.10 5.01 4.92 4.83 4.75 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.35 4.27 4.20 4.12 5.35 5.25 5.16 5.07 4.98 4.90 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.49 4.41 4.34 5.59 5.50 5.40 5.31 5.22 5.13 5.04 4.96 4.88 4.79 4.71 4.63 4.55 5.84 5.74 5.64 5.55 5.46 5.36 5.27 5.19 5.10 5.01 4.93 4.85 4.77 6.09 5.99 5.89 5.79 5.69 5.60 5.50 5.41 5.32 5.24 5.15 5.07 4.98 6.34 6.23 6.13 6.03 5.93 5.83 5.73 5.64 5.55 5.46 5.37 5.28 5.20 6.59 6.48 6.37 6.26 6.16 6.06 5.96 5.87 5.77 5.68 5.59 5.50 5.41 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 0 1 13.94 13.56 14.43 14.03 14.62 14.22 14.91 14.50 15.39 14.97 15.88 15.44 16.36 15.9166

550

575

600

625

650

675

700

ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 13.19 12.84 12.50 12.18 11.87 11.57 11.29 11.02 10.76 10.51 10.27 10.04 9.82 9.61 9.41 9.21 9.02 8.84 8.66 8.49 8.33 8.17 8.02 13.65 13.28 12.93 12.60 12.28 11.98 11.69 11.41 11.14 10.88 10.63 10.40 10.17 9.95 9.74 9.54 9.34 9.15 8.97 8.79 8.63 8.46 8.30 13.83 13.46 13.11 12.77 12.45 12.14 11.84 11.56 11.29 11.03 10.78 10.54 10.31 10.08 9.87 9.67 9.47 9.28 9.09 8.92 8.74 8.58 8.42 14.10 13.73 13.37 13.02 12.69 12.38 12.08 11.79 11.51 11.25 10.99 10.75 10.51 10.29 10.07 9.86 9.66 9.46 9.28 9.10 8.92 8.75 8.59 14.56 14.17 13.80 13.45 13.11 12.78 12.47 12.17 11.89 11.61 11.35 11.10 10.86 10.62 10.40 10.18 9.98 9.77 9.58 9.40 9.21 9.04 8.87 15.02 14.62 14.24 13.87 13.52 13.19 12.87 12.56 12.26 11.98 11.71 11.45 11.20 10.96 10.73 10.51 10.29 10.09 9.89 9.70 9.51 9.33 9.16 15.48 15.06 14.67 14.29 13.93 13.59 13.26 12.94 12.64 12.35 12.07 11.80 11.54 11.30 11.06 10.83 10.61 10.40 10.19 10.00 9.80 9.62 9.44 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

67

p sut mm Hg Nhit (oC) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 7.87 7.73 7.59 7.45 7.32 7.20 7.07 6.95 6.84 6.72 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.29 6.19 6.09 6.00 5.90 5.81 8.15 8.00 7.86 7.72 7.59 7.46 7.33 7.20 7.08 6.97 6.85 6.74 6.63 6.53 6.42 6.32 6.22 6.12 6.03 8.26 8.11 7.97 7.83 7.69 7.56 7.43 7.31 7.18 7.07 6.95 6.84 6.73 6.62 6.52 6.41 6.31 6.21 3.16 8.43 8.28 8.13 7.99 7.85 7.71 7.58 7.46 7.33 7.21 7.09 6.98 6.87 6.76 6.65 6.55 6.45 6.35 6.25 8.71 8.55 8.40 8.25 8.11 7.97 7.84 7.71 7.58 7.46 7.34 7.22 7.10 6.99 6.88 6.78 6.67 6.57 6.47 8.99 8.83 8.67 8.52 8.37 8.23 8.09 7.96 7.83 7.70 7.58 7.46 7.34 7.22 7.11 7.00 6.90 6.79 6.69 9.27 9.11 8.94 8.79 8.64 8.49 8.35 8.21 8.08 7.95 7.82 7.70 7.57 7.46 7.34 7.23 7.12 7.01 6.91 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 ho tan ca xy (mg/l)

68

Ph l c 4: S ph thu c c a d n v o nhi t

Nhit 0 C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.01 M KCl (1409 S/cm 250C) 773 S 796 S 820 S 843 S 867 S 891 S 915 S 940 S 964 S 989 S 1014 S 1039 S 1065 S 1090 S 1116 S

Nhit 0C 15 16 17 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

0.01 M KCl (1409 S/cm 250C) 1142 S 1168 S 1194 S 1803 S 1832 S 1861 S 1890 S 1919 S 1948 S 1977 S 2007 S 2036 S 2065 S 2095 S 2124 S

69

Ph lc 5 Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim trong mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh 1. i vi cht lng (nc) Nng cht nhim ho tan trong nc thng c o lng bng trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v th tch ca hn hp cht lng. n v o lng nng cht nhim thng dng nht l miligram (mg) hay microgram (g) cht nhim trn 1 lt (l) cht lng hn hp. i khi cn o lng bng gram trn mt khi (g/m3). Ngi ta cn dng n v o lng nng cht nhim trong nc bng trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v trng lng nc hn hp, thng thng trng lng cht nhim trong nc rt nh, c th b qua v tha nhn 1 m3 nc c trng lng l 1000 g, do chng ta c cng thc chuyn i n v nng cht nhim i vi mi trng nc rt n gin l : 1 mg/l = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (theo trng lng) - mt phn triu; (1) 1 g/l (2) Nu nh t trng ring ca cht nhim rt ln v nng ca n li ln th phi tnh n trng lng ring ca cht nhim trong nc, tc l : mg/l = ppm (theo trng lng) T trng ring ca cht nhim. (3) 2. i vi cht kh (khng kh) Trn th gii tn ti hai n v o lng nng cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh, l : n v ppm (mt phn triu) v n v g, mg hay g cht nhim trn m3 khng kh. n v ppm c ngha l 1 n v th tch cht kh nhim trn 1 triu n v th tch khng kh, tc l : 1 n v th tch cht kh nhim = 1 ppm (theo th tch).58

= 1 mg/m3 = 1 ppb (theo trng lng) - mt phn t.

(4) 106 n v th tch khng kh Quan h gia n v ppm (theo th tch) v n v theo trng lng mg/m3 hay g/m3 ph thuc vo mt ca cht nhim, m mt ca cht nhim li ph thuc vo kh p, nhit v trng lng phn t ca n. nhit 0oC v p sut 1 atm th mt phn t gam ca kh l tng c th tch l 22,4 lt (hay l 22,4.10-3 m3 ). Do chng ta c th vit: 1 m3 cht nhim /106 m3 k.kh mg/m3 = ppm ppm Trng lng phn t (g/mol) .103 (mg/g), 22,4.10-3 m3/mol hay n gin ho ta c : ppm Trng lng phn t mg/m = ( nhit 0oC v p sut 1 atm). (5) 22,43

Nu mi trng khng kh thc t c nhit v p sut mt tr s no th cng thc (5) cn c hiu chnh l : ppm Trng lng phn t 273 P(atm) mg/m = ,3

(6) 22,4

T(oK)

1 atm

trong T - nhit ca mi trng khng kh, nhit K = oC + 273 ; P - p sut ca mi trng khng kh (atm). V d. Chuyn i t n v ppm sang n v g/m3. Cho bit nng kh CO trong khng kh l 9 ppm, nhit khng kh l 25oC, p sut kh quyn l 1 atm. Nng CO tnh theo n v mg/m3 l bao nhiu ? Gii : Ta c trng lng phn t ca kh CO l 28, v trng lng nguyn t ca C l 12, trng lng nguyn t ca O l 16 (bng sau y). Theo cng thc (6) ta chuyn i nng kh CO sang n v mg/m3 l : Nng CO =9.28 273 1atm . . 22, 4 273 + 25 1atm

= 10,3 mg/m3.59

3. Bng s hiu v khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t S hiu nguyn t 89 47 13 95 18 33 85 79 5 56 4 Khi lng nguyn t 227,03 107,87 26,98 243 39,95 74,92 210 196,97 10,81 137,33 9,01 S K Nguyn t hiu nguy hiu n t Er Es Eu F Fe Fm Fr Ga Gd Ge H Ecbi Ensteni Europi Flo St Fecmi Franxi Gali Gaolini Gecmani Hyro 68 99 63 9 26 100 87 31 64 32 1 Khi lng nguyn t 167,26 254 151,96 19,00 55,85 257 223 69,72 157,25 72,59 1,0160

K hiu Ac Ag Al Ar As At Au B Ba Be

Nguyn t Actini Bc Nhm Agon Asen Atatin Vng Bo Bari Berili

Am Amerixi

Bi Bk Br C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl Co Cr Cu Dy

Bitmut Bekeli Brom Cacbon Canxi Cadimi Xeri Califoni Clo Coban Crom ng Disrozi

83 97 35 6 20 48 58 98 17 96 27 24 29 66

208,98 247 79,90 12,01 40,08 112,41 140,12 251 35,45 247 58,93 52,00 63,55 162,50

He Hf Hg Ho I Ir K Kr La Li Lr Lu Md Mg

Hli Hafini Thu ngn Honmi Iot Irii Kali Kripton Lantan Liti Laurenxi Lutexi Menelev i Magi

2 72 80 67 53 77 19 36 57 3 103 71 101 12

4,00 178,49 200,59 164,93 126,90 192,22 39,10 83,80 138,91 6,94 256 174,97 258 24,31

Cm Curi

3. Bng s hiu v khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t (Tip theo) S hiu nguyn t 25 42 7 11 41 Khi lng nguyn t 54,94 95,94 14,01 22,99 92,91 S K Nguyn t hiu nguy hiu n t Ru S Sb Sc Si Ruteni Lu hunh Stibi Scani Silic 44 16 51 21 14 Khi lng nguyn t 101,07 32,06 121,75 44,96 28,0961

K hiu

Nguyn t

Mn Mangan Mo Molipde n N Na Nb Nit Natri Niobi

Nd Ne Ni Np O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru

Neodim Neon Niken Neptuni Oxi Osimi Photpho Protactin i Ch Paladi Poloni Prazeodi m Platin Plutoni Rai Rubii Reni Roi Raon Ruteni

60 10 28 93 8 76 15 91 82 46 61 84 59 78 94 88 37 75 45 86 44

144,24 20,18 58,70 237,05 16,00 190,2 30,97 231,04 207,19 106,4 145 209 140,90 195,09 244 226,03 85,47 186,21 102,91 222 101,07

Se Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Selen Samari Thic Stronti Tantali Tecbi Tecnexi Telu Thori Titan Tali Tuli Urani Vanai Vonfram Xenon Ytri Ytecbi Km Ziriconi

34 62 50 38 73 65 43 52 90 22 81 69 92 23 74 54 39 70 30 40

78,96 150,4 118,70 87,62 180,95 158,93 98,91 127,60 232,04 47,90 204,37 168,93 238,03 50,94 183,85 131,30 88,91 173,04 65,38 91,22

Pm Prometi

Ph lc 6 Chuyn i n v o lng thng dng gia n v o lng Anh, M v n v o lng quc t (SI) 1. Chiu di 1 in (inch) = 2,540 cm62

1 b (foot) 1 thc Anh (yard) 1 dm (mile) 1 mt (meter) = = =

=

0,3048 m

0,9144 m 1,6093 km 3,2808 ft (b) 0,6214 mi (dm)

1 kilomt (kilometer) = 2. Din tch 1 in vung 1 b vung 1 mu Anh (acre) = = = 1 dm vung = = = 1 mt vung =

= = =

6,452 cm2 0,0929 m2 43 560 ft2

0,0015625 dm vung 4046,86 m2 0,404685 ha 640 acre 2,604 km2 259 ha 10,764 ft2 2,471 acre 0,00386 dm vung 10 000 m2

1 cng mu (hecta) = = = 3. Th tch 1 b khi = = 1 galon (M)

=

0,03704 thc khi Anh

7,4805 gal (M) 28,32 l = = 0,134 b khi 3,785 l = = 8,11.10-4 Acft 35,3147 ft363

1 mt khi

= 4. Tc 1 b trn giy = = 1 dm trn gi = = = 1 mt trn giy 5. Trng lng 1 cn Anh (pound - lb) 1 kilogam = 1 tn = = 6. Lu lng 1 b khi trn giy = 1 b khi trn pht 1 galon (M) trn pht 1 triu galon (M) trn ngy= 1 mt khi trn giy = = = 7. T trng 1 cn Anh (lb) trn b khi = 1 cn Anh (lb) trn galon = = =

264,172 gal (M)

1,0973 km/h 0,3048 m/s 1,467 ft/s 0,4470 m/s 1,609 km/h 3,280 ft/s

= =

0,45392 kg 2,205 lb (cn Anh)

35,27396 aox 1000 kg 2204,622 lb (cn Anh)

=

0,028316 m3/s

448,8 gal (M)/pht 4,72 . 10-4 m3/s 7,4805 gal (M)/pht = 6,31 . 10-5 m3/s 0,0438 m3/s 35,315 b khi/s 2118,9 ft3/pht 22,83 . 106 gal/ngy

16,018 kg/m3 = 1,2 . 105 mg/l64

1 kilogram trn mt khi 1 gam trn centimet khi 8. Nng

= =

0,062428 lb/ft3 62,427961 lb/ft3

1 miligam trn lt nc (t trng ring = 1,0) = = = = 9. p sut 1 atmosphe = = = = = 1 cn Anh (lb) trn in vung = = 1 Pascal (Pa) (oC) = = 1 in ct thu ngn 10. Nhit 1 bch phn (oC) 1 F (oF) = 1,8 . (oC) + 32 oF = 1000 phn t 1,0 g/m3

1 phn triu (ppm)

8,34 lb trn 1 triu gal

76,0 cm ct thu ngn (oC) 14,696 lb/in2 29,921 in ct thu ngn (oC) 33,8995 ft ct nc (oC) 101,325 kPa = 2,307 ft ct nc

2,036 in ct thu ngn 0,06805 atm 1 N/m2 1,45.10-4 psia = 3386,4 Pa

((oF) - 32 oC)/1,8

11. Nng lng 1 n v nhit Anh (Btu) = = 778 ft - lb

252 cal65

= = 1 quadrillion Btu = = 1 jun = = = 1 kilowat gi = = = 1 kilocalo 12. Sc, cng sut 1 kilowat = = 1 sc nga 1 quadrillion Btu trn nm = =

1055 J 0,2930 W.h = 1015 Btu 1055 . 1015 J 2,93 . 1011 kW.h 1 N.m 9,48 . 10-4 Btu 0,73756 ft - lb 3600 kJ 3412 Btu 860 kcal = 4,185 kJ

=

1000 J/s

3412 Btu/h 1,340 sc nga = 746 W

0,471 triu thng du / ngy 0,03345 TW

66