CryosphereImplementation and review

Snow, Glacier, Ice sheet, Permafrost

Hiroyuki Enomoto

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

Review Implementation“Implementation Plan 2016” described,

• ECVs importance, aims

e.g. advances, and concerns remained in previous IP

• Action plans : general and detailed

Reviewing

• Foci: Actions

• Monitoring activity and reporting

• Review points: cf. performance indicator

(benefit research/society?, cp. GEO evaluation tree, SBA)

• Who, how, timing

Review Implementation of Cryosphere� Foci: Actions T19-T34 (Glacier, snow, ice sheet, permafrost)

activity, out put (product) :coverage, bias, stability,

significance in benefit (research/social)

� Monitoring activity and reporting

Review points: e.g. performance indicator

Differ: coordination (operational/ongoing/initiating)

Funding condition (funded/project/community)

Time frame: e.g. 2018, long-term

-Technology: satellite (operational/planned),

in-situ & method (established/improving/(standardized))

- Data (standardized, quality check/discussing, e.g. BC),

dissemination (established (ie. center)/initiating or planed),

- Implementer: national center or organization/community/project/

� Reporter, Reviewer

ImplementationMeasurement

domain

Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)

Atmospheric Surface: air temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour,

pressure, precipitation, surface radiation budget

Upper-air: temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud

properties, Earth radiation budget, lightning

Composition: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), other long-lived

greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosol, precursors for aerosol and ozone

Oceanic Physics: temperature: sea surface and subsurface; salinity: sea surface

and subsurface; currents, surface currents, sea level, sea state, sea ice,

ocean surface stress, ocean surface heat flux

Biogeochemistry: inorganic carbon, oxygen, nutrients, transient tracers,

nitrous oxide (N2O), ocean colour

Biology/ecosystems: plankton, marine habitat properties

Terrestrial Hydrology: river discharge, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture

Cryosphere: snow, glaciers, Ice sheets and Ice shelves, permafrost

Biosphere: albedo, land cover, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically

active radiation, leaf area index, above-ground biomass, soil carbon, fire,

land surface temperature

Human use of natural resources: water use, greenhouse gas fluxes

Balancing with atmospheric

and oceanic domain,

and their integration?

3. OBSERVATIONS FOR ADAPTATION,

MITIGATION AND CLIMATE INDICATORS

(e) Review, assess and evaluate

the progress, achievements and limitations

encountered by the relevant organizations in the

process of improving availability of observations

within specific time frames in order to foster

knowledge exchange and support implementation.

Significant findings in the 2015 Status Report

- Table 10. Issues identified in cryospheric observations

ECV Significant findings in the 2015 Status Report

Snow Improvements to reporting underway. Access to historic archives should be

improved. Cloud cover represents the primary source of uncertainty for

remotely sensed products but is mitigated in some products through gap-filling

(for example, the MODIS cloud gap filled product) or subjective estimates by

trained analysts (for example the NOAA IMS product). Dark polar night

season/area is missing data.

Glaciers World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) successful but still some regional

data not loaded into international databases. Randolph Glacier Inventory

accomplished but regional quality issues exist and improvement is needed.

Ice sheets Satellite-based products integrating in situ and airborne observations now

available but do not yet have the multiple decades of data required. There are

large uncertainties in mass balances and dynamics and ocean-ice interaction is a

major weakness. There is no overall network. Need to establish long-term

continuity.

Permafrost Coverage by GTN-P incomplete with some additional sites needed to ensure

regional coverage. Need to develop reference sites. Standards need more work.

The current set of permafrost stations is not very representative and relatively

few of them have long time series to investigate trends.

Table 8. Sources of Terrestrial Domain ECVs - Cryosphere

General: Expectation of new satellite and analyzing

technology, especially resolution

Glacier: long-term and more coverage.

Contribution from community

Snow: use/improve of satellite technology,

network of regional data, Expectation to GCW

Ice sheet, Ice shelves: Combination of satellite data

series (Tandem, TDRS.., in-situ works),

require Integration (center) of ice sheet data,

contribution to IPCC reports: 1.5C and cryosphere-

ocean interaction (ice shelves, marine terminated

glacier) can be strengthened.

Permafrost: increasing scientific interest, social needs

and community activity,

require technology, network

Detailed IP Actions

for the Cryosphere

T19-34

ActionGlacier

Glacier 2

Glacier 3

Snow

Ice sheet

Permafrost

Product requirement

Satellite and analyzing techniques (in operational and

planned),

Networks (WIGOS, GCW): GCW full start 2020

Goal←Outcome←Output←Task

(excl. 1994,1995)

Annual Snow Cover Duration (SCD)

Climatology & Trend (1982-2013)

Trend (Satellite)

Climatology (Satellite)Snow Cover Duration Period [month]★GTMIP sites

3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム＠極地研

SAR availableWavelength(band)

TemporalDifference

Application

ERS-1/2 C 1day Tandem InSAR

TerraSAR-X X 11days 3pass InSAR

ALOS / PALSAR L 46days 3pass InSAR

wavelengthrevisitcycle

Spatialresolution

ice flowgradient(/day)

normalized

ERS-1/2 Tandem 0.0566 1 30 9.4333E-04 6.35847

ERS-1 Icemode 0.0566 3 30 3.1444E-04 2.11949

ERS-1 0.0566 35 30 2.6952E-05 0.18167

JERS-1 0.235 44 18 1.4836E-04 1.00000

ALOS PALSAR 0.235 46 10 2.5543E-04 1.72174

TerraSAR-X 0.031 11 3 4.6970E-04 3.16596

ALOS-2 0.235 14 10 8.3929E-04 5.65714

Combination and comparisons of performance (Ozawa、1999）

3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム＠極地研

Lazarevisen西領域における ERS-1/2 と ALOS/PALSARによる干渉画像

ERS-1/2 2Pass InSARYear : 1996

PALSAR 3Pass InSARYear : 2010

ALOS/PALSARとERS-1/2のGL位置は全く同じことを確認！！

Results 3 Path015

3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム＠極地研

ALOS/PALSAR Grounding line extraction

3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム＠極地研

Wavelength L band(1.2GHz)

ObservationMode

Spotlihgtresolution：1×3mswath：25km

Stripmapresolution：3m～10mswath：50km,70km

WideBeamresolution：100mswath：350km

Revisit cycle 14days

Launch date FY2013

• 14日の回帰周期： Mm (27.32days) と Mf (13.66days) 分潮に近く、潮汐にともなうフリンジが弱められる可能性がある

• 高頻度観測により、細かいモニタリングが可能

• 高分解能化で、部分的に細かく観測することが可能

ALOS-2

•2014/5/24-•2014/11/25よりデータ配布開始•最短14日で同一モード観測可能•高時間分解能・高コヒーレンスが期待される•3パス、4パスInSAR適用域の拡大