SNC1P

Ecology Review: Steve Hall SNC1PBiology: the study of living organisms (biotic).Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other.

(biotic -> biotic, biotic -> abiotic, abiotic -> abiotic)Organism (Biotic): a single living thing, e.g. person, rabbit.Population (species) : all organisms of the same species living in a given area.Community: collection of all the populations [species] in a given area. Eg: lake

Biotic: a living or has been living thing / organism. Eg: person, rabbit, tree, dead person, dead tree.Abiotic: a thing that has never been living, e.g.: rock, water, cloud, air

Biome: a large geographical area with similar climate and dominant form of vegetation. Climate determines vegetation, vegetation determines animals. Eg of Biomes: desert, tundra, boreal forest.Biosphere: all the areas on the Earth that support life.

Types of Interactions:Biotic -> Biotic // Bear eats berries, cow eats grassBiotic -> Abiotic // Animals breathe, fish swimming in waterAbiotic -> Abiotic // Sun evaporates water, water eroding rock

Producers and Autotophs:All energy starts from the sun. Sun gives energy to the producers (plants) and then the producers get eaten by first degree consumers (herbivores) and take in 10% of that energy. Then the herbivores get eaten by second degree consumers (carnivores/omnivores) and they take in 10% of that energy.

Consumers and Heterotrophs:Niche: a consumers job eg: herbivoreHerbivore: plant eater/vegetarian *Always 1st degree consumerOmnivore: eats plants and meatCarnivore: eats meatScavengers: eat the scraps that animals leave behindDecomposers: eats dead thingsParasites: live off something else (parasitism)

Habitats: where animals live

Trophic Levels:Trophic levels are the rankings on a food chain. The sun is always at the bottom, then the producers/autotrophs. Then there are the herbivores. After that, there can be a variety of carnivores and omnivores. The top of the food chain (top carnivore) is the animal that isn’t eaten by anything. Herbivores are always considered 1st degree consumers. (see food chain for more details)

Food Chain:Eg: Grass (producer) ->

Rabbit (herbivore/1st degree consumer) ->Coyote (carnivore/2nd degree consumer/top carnivore)

Food web:Food webs are created because food chains are less effective. The food chain diagram shows the animal only eating one kind of animal/producer. However, animals usually eat more than one type of food. *Keep in mind that the arrow points to the one doing the eating.

Species Interactions:Competition: When to organisms compete for the same resource.Predation (predator/prey): When 1 organism hunts and kills another for food.Symbiosis: When two different species live in/on eachother. Examples of symbiosis:

Commensalism: 1 organism benefits, other unharmed.Mutualism: Both benefit.Parasitism: 1 benefits, other harmed.

Energy Flow:After every interaction in a food chain, the consumer intakes 10% of the original animal’s energy.

Biomagnification:Eg: DDT being passed through consumers. Top consumer gets less than first degree consumer.

Pyramids:Numbers: Population count, pyramid in order of food chain, ie: producers on bottom.Biomass: eg 10 robins, and robins dried mass is 50 grams. 50 x 10 robins = biomass.

Graphing:Keep in mind that when graphing, the X is horizantal and the Y Is vertical. X contains information you control, ie air temperature. Y contains information that happens naturally, Ie, snake’s heart rate.

*****************************************************************************************************************************Chemistry Review Steve Hall SNC1P

Lab Safety: WHMIS Symbols are circled. HHPS Symbols are surrounded by either an octagon [danger], a diamond [warning] or a triangle [caution].

WHMIS Symbols Legend: Tube = Compressed gas // Fire = Flammable // Flaming hoop = Oxidizing agent // Hands = Corrosive // Skull & Bones = Acute toxicity // T = Chronic toxicity // Three rings = Biohazardous // R = Reactive material.

States of Matter:solid Particles orderly, very close together. Very strong

attraction.Low kinetic energy.

liquid Particles less orderly, large spaces in between, formed in groups.

Weaker attraction between particles.

Higher kinetic energy.

gas Single particles, very far apart. Very weak attraction. Very high energy

Physical Properties of Matter: How one would describe something scientifically. Identified by senses.solid liquid gas

shape Definite Takes shape of container Takes shape of containerDescriptors: color [colourless, red, etc], texture [fine, smooth], odour [sharp, burnt], luster [shiny, matte], clarity [transparent, opaque], taste [bitter, sweet], viscosity [i.e. the thicker the liquid, the higher the viscosity], malleability [shatters when hammered or not], ductility [can it be drawn into wires?], hardness, conductivity [is it an insulator?], density [float or sink?], solubility [ability to be dissolved in liquid].

Physical or Chemical Change?: Physical change is when something changes in appearance. Chemical change is when a substance changes into a new material. [Physical change – metal expanding] [Chemical change – rust]

Factors in Physical and Chemical Changes: New color, change in heat, gas produced [bubbles], precipitate [formation of solid in a solution].

Graphing: The independent variable is what YOU control. The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. Control variables are what must remain the same to not interrupt the experiment.

Density Problems: When answering a problem give the givens, then show the formula, then input your givens into the formula, then rewrite the formula and answer the question. Finally, put the answer in a statement.

Example:1. M= 9g, V= 16mL, D= ?2. M/V = D3. 9g/16mL = D4. 9g/16mL = 0.5 g/mL5. The density is 0.5 g/mL

Mixtures: Mixtures are made up of two or more particles such as mechanical mixtures which are heterogeneous. Examples of mechanical mixtures are juice or ketchup. Solutions are also mixtures. Solutions are made up of solutes [solids that dissolve] and solvents [the liquid that dissolves the solid.]

Pure Substances: [Homogeneous] Pure substances are made up of ONE particle. They can be elements, [example: oxygen, phosphorus, sodium] or compounds [made up of two or more atoms [water (H2O) salt (NaCl)]

Homogeneous: looks the same throughoutHeterogeneous: different parts are visible.

Bohr Rutherford Diagrams:Atomic Number Atomic Mass Number of Protons Number of

NeutronsNumber of Electrons

Found in top left corner of periodic table box.

Found under element code.

Same as atomic number.

Atomic mass minus number of protons.

Same as atomic number.

Nucleus is the center box. Contains protons and neutrons. Electrons are found on outer shell. First shell always has two electrons. Second shell has a maximum of 8 electrons. If a third shell is needed, it also has a maximum of 8 electrons.

*****************************************************************************************************************************Astronomy Review Steve Hall SNC1P

Phases of Moon:

The Sun: CoreRadiative Layer – Heat radiates outwardsConvective Layer – Boiling currentsPhotosphere – Surface of sun (Not solid)Sun Spots – Areas which appear darker. (One Sunspot is larger than the Earth.)Chromosphere – Inner atmosphereCorona – Outer atmosphere, only visible during eclipses.Solar ProminenceSolar Flares – Violent Explosions near sun spots.

The sun is so large, you could fit 100 Earths across the diameter of the sun. It is the closest star to the Earth. 1 million Earths could fit inside the sun. It has four million times the mass of the Earth. The sun spins on its axis from west to east. The Earth only receives 1 billionth of the sun’s energy. The sun is composed of 73% hydrogen and 25% helium.

The Moon: The moon is a natural satellite of Earth. Moonlight is reflected sunlight. It takes the moon 27.3 days to revolve around the Earth.

Seasons: The reason we have seasons is because the Earth’s axis is tilted. It is pointed towards Polaris, aka the North Star.

Planets, in order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (Pluto no longer a planet because it does not have an orbit.