SMS - 8th Grade Science Week of 4/6 - 4/10/2020

Assignments included in this packet:

1. Unit 7 The Universe: Key Concepts and Vocabulary & Review Questions 2. 8th Grade STAAR Chronicle Homework #3 3. 8th Grade STAAR Chronicle Homework #4

Assignment Expectations: All assignments need to be returned by emailing pictures of completed pages to YOUR science teacher’s email. Please keep in contact with your science teacher by email, especially if you have questions about the assignments. Directions for each assignment:

1. Unit 7 The Universe: Key Concepts and Vocabulary & Review Questions – Use the Unit 7 Key Concepts & Unit 7 Vocabulary (included with your packet) to help you answer the questions of the review. You can also use other resources, such as research on the internet to help you as well. This IS an assignment on Google Classroom and CAN be submitted there.

2. 8th Grade STAAR Chronicle Homework #3 - Use The Science STAAR Chronicle booklet (also

included with your packet) to help you answer the questions on the STAAR Chronicle Homework #3. You can also use other resources, such as research on the internet to help you as well. This IS an assignment on Google Classroom and CAN be submitted there.

3. 8th Grade STAAR Chronicle Homework #4 - Use The Science STAAR Chronicle booklet (also included with your packet) to help you answer the questions on the STAAR Chronicle Homework #4. You can also use other resources, such as research on the internet to help you as well. This IS an assignment on Google Classroom and CAN be submitted there.

*All three assignments have a DUE DATE of Friday, 4/10/2020. Don’t wait until the last minute, be proactive and submit these assignments early.

Science Teacher’s Email Addresses: Brittany Bollom bbollom@springtownisd.net Camry Counts ccounts@springtownisd.net Kevin Van Rite kvanrite@springtownisd.net

Unit 7 Vocabulary: The Universe

Name: ___________________________________________________class: ________

1 Star A large body of gas which is held together by gravity and emits light

and energy through nuclear fusion

2 Solar system A collection planets that orbit a central star

3 Galaxy A large collection of stars, gas, dust and other objects bound

together by gravity

4 Nebula A large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars and planets are

formed

5 Universe Space and everything that exists within it including all matter and

energy

6 Nuclear fusion A process where the nuclei of atoms are pushed together until they

combine, releasing tremendous amounts of energy.

7 Light year The distance light travels through space in one year (9.4 trillion

kilometers)

8 Luminosity The brightness of a star

9 Apparent

magnitude The measure of a star’s brightness as seen from Earth

10 Absolute

magnitude

The measure of how bright a star would be if the star were located

at a standard distance

11 H-R Diagram A graph which plots the temperature of a star against the luminosity

of the star

12 Main sequence

star

A stable star which is actively fusing hydrogen and is shown in a

diagonal pattern within a H-R diagram

13 Red Giant A large star with low temperature and high brightness

Unit 7 Vocabulary: The Universe

14 Supernova A gigantic explosion in which a high-mass star throws its outer layers

into space leaving only its core

15 White dwarf A hot dense core of matter that remain from the collapse of a low-

mass star

16 Neutron star A small, incredibly dense ball of packed neutrons left over from the

collapse of a supergiant star

17 Black hole

An invisible object which remains after the collapse of some

supergiant stars, with gravity so great that visible light cannot

escape it.

18 Electromagnetic

wave

A wave of electricity and magnetism that travels at the speed of

light

19 Electromagnetic

spectrum

The entire range of electromagnetic waves, including all possible

frequencies, such as radio waves, visible light, microwaves, x-rays,

and gamma rays

20 Wavelength The distance between any point on a wave to the same point on the

next cycle of the wave

21 Frequency The number of waves passing a point per second

22 Doppler effect An observed change in frequency or wavelength of a wave of energy

when the source is moving

23 Redshift

A shift in the visible spectrum of a star or galaxy towards red

wavelengths. Observed when the star or galaxy is moving away from

Earth

24 Big Bang Theory

The current scientific theory which explains how the current

expansion of the universe points back to a time when all things in the

universe were contained within a tiny volume.

25

Cosmic

Microwave

Background

A radiation, predicted by the Big Bang Theory, which remains from

the initial expansion of the universe.

Unit 7 Key Concept Notes: The Universe

Structure of the Universe

o The universe is space and all of the matter and energy within

o Our solar system contains many planets which orbit the sun

o Our sun is one of billions of stars which circle the center of the milky way galaxy

o The milky way galaxy is one of billions of galaxies within the Universe

Three main types of galaxy are: spiral, elliptical, and irregular

o Distances in the Universe are so vast that light years are used as a unit of measure

Light (c) is the fastest thing in the Universe at 300,000,000 meters/second

Light Year (ly) is the distance light travels in one year; it is a measure of

distance not time

Stars

o Stars are large bodies of gas which are held together by gravity. Stars begin in a

nebula, which is a large cloud of gas and dust, and turn into a star as nuclear fusion

begins near the center of the contracted cloud.

o Main sequence stars are medium sized stars (our sun is a main sequence star)

o Main sequence stars turn into Red giant stars near the end of their lifespan

o Death of stars

Low mass stars can collapse into white dwarf stars

Large stars die with a super nova; and some eventually collapse into a neutron

star or a black hole

o The luminosity of a star is its brightness. Brightness can be measured by apparent

magnitude or absolute magnitude.

o HR-Diagrams plot stars on a graph by their temperature and luminosity

Observing the Universe

o Energy travels through the universe in electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic

spectrum includes all wavelengths from large radio waves to microwaves, visible light,

and the smallest x-rays and gamma rays

o Telescopes can be made to detect the different wavelengths of the spectrum

o The Doppler effect is a change in the apparent wavelengths or frequencies of energy

based on the motion of the object producing the energy

o The Red Shift & Blue Shift of light occurs due to the Doppler Effect; and allows us to

determine if distant galaxies are moving away from us or towards us.

o Spectroscopes can be used to detect the composition of distant stars and galaxies as

each type of element uniquely absorbs and emits certain wavelengths of light.

Unit 7 Key Concept Notes: The Universe

Theories of the universe

For much of history, Earth was thought to be at the center of the Universe

Flat Earth – an archaic theory that the Earth is flat and disk shaped.

o By 250 BC, Greek mathematician Eratosthenes, who knew that the Earth was round, was

able to calculated the circumference of the Earth very accurately

Ptolemy theory: Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek mathematician (140-150 AD) stated that all things

circle the Earth: The evidence was the observations of everything which seem to circle the Earth

as they move across the sky

Copernicus Universe Theory: Nicolas Copernicus (Polish astronomer & mathematician) (1512).

The first theory that did not have the Earth at the Universe’s center. In this theory all things

circled the sun in circular orbits: Evidence was mathematical and based on observations of the

sun and planets

Kepler Universe Theory Johannes Kepler (German astronomer) (1609) stated that the planets

orbit the sun in elliptical orbits (The sun was still considered the center of the universe)

Evidence: 3 mathematical laws of motion of the planets

Isaac Newton’s Theory (English Physicist & Mathematician) (late 1600’s) Newton suggested that

there is no center to the universe and that the universe was created as it is with stars evenly

spaced out so that the gravitational attraction of everything balances each other out.

Thomas Wright: In 1750 Thomas Wright (English astronomer) suggested that our solar system

is one of many within the milky way galaxy, and that many faint cloudy spots are incredibly distant

galaxies. Based on astronomical observations

Albert Einstein’s theory Einstein (German born physicist) agreed with Newton, that the universe

has always been as it is now. Einstein’s evidence was based on mathematical equations

Big Bang Theory (1927) George Lemaitre (Belgian priest and physicist) Using Albert Einstein’s

equations, Lemaitre proposed that the universe had a beginning, and is currently expanding

outward; most galaxies are moving away from one another. If galaxies are expanding outward

then they must have been close together at one time. He proposed that everything in the

universe was once contained within a very small area and then suddenly expanded rapidly, creating

the universe.

o Estimates of the age of the universe range from 13 to 15 billion years

o Edwin Hubble provided the 1st observational evidence of the big bang theory

o Evidence that the universe has not always existed in its current state (as previously

proposed) includes: redshift from distant galaxies, the abundance of light elements in the

universe, and cosmic background radiation.

Name:________________________________________________________

Unit 7 The Universe: Key Concepts and Vocabulary Review Questions

Directions: Use the KEY CONCEPT & VOCABULARY pages above to help answer these questions The following diagram is called a HR Diagram. These diagrams show how various star types compare to one another in terms of brightness (luminosity) and temperature. Use it to answer questions 1 & 2.

1. Which type of star is the hottest?

A. Red Giants B. White Dwarfs C. Yellow Main Sequence D. Red Supergiants

2. Which type of star has a temperature of 10,000K and a luminosity of 1? A. Red Giants B. Blue Giants C. Yellow Main Sequence D. Red Supergiants

Use the picture of the Electromagnetic Spectrum below to answer questions 3 & 4.

3. What is the type of electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 1018 ? A. radio B. microwave C. infrared D. visible light E. ultraviolet F. x-ray G. gamma ray 4. Wavelengths of 10-8 will have a frequency closest to: A. 104

B. 108

C. 1012

D. 1016

E. 1020

5. A large cloud of gas and dust in space would be called a: A. star B. nebula C. planet D. solar system

6. From left to right, name the type of galaxy shown in the picture above. A. spiral, elliptical, irregular B. irregular, spiral, elliptical C. elliptical, irregular, spiral D. spiral, elliptical, irregular 7. Our Sun is considered to be which type of star? A. supergiant B. main sequence C. giant D. white dwarf 8. A light year is a measure of: A. luminosity B. distance C. force D. time

9. Which of the following people stated the idea of the Earth as the center; and all things orbit the Earth? A. Ptolemy B. Copernicus C. Kepler D. Newton 10. Who came up with the "heliocentric" idea of the universe (the Sun is the center)?

A. Ptolemy B. Einstein C. Copernicus D. Kepler

11. What is a supernova? A. A large galaxy B. An exploding star C. Another name for the Big Bang theory D. A large object in space for which there is currently no explanation 12. Who said that every planet's orbit is an ellipse around the Sun; and gave three laws of planetary motion? A. Copernicus B. Ptolemy C. Einstein D. Kepler 13. The Milky Way is: A. a large solar system B. an elliptical galaxy C. a spiral galaxy D. a supernova

14. Some stars only appear brighter than others. Some stars actually are brighter than others. What term refers to the brightness of a star IF all stars were seen from a standard distance. A. apparent magnitude B. absolute magnitude C. light year D. redshift E. blueshift 15. Where is our solar system in space? A. Near the Gargantuan Black Hole B. On the outer edge of the Milky Way galaxy C. Near the center of a large galaxy D. Inside the Andromeda Galaxy 16. Which process causes stars to give off heat and light? A. redshift B. blueshift C. doppler effect D. nuclear fusion 17. For distant galaxies; the greater the redshift, the greater the... A. speed B. brightness C. size D. mass 18. Which of the following puts the objects in the correct relative size from largest to smallest? A. Galaxy, Universe, Star, Planet B. Star, Galaxy, Universe, Planet C. Galaxy, Star, Planet, Universe D. Universe, Galaxy, Star, Planet

19. Which of the following is a piece of scientific equipment used to determine the elements present in a distant object such as a nebula? A. microscope B. telescope C. spectroscope D. tongs 20. The Alpha Centauri Star system contains 3 stars; and is 4.3 light years away from Earth. How long does it take light from this star system to reach Earth? A. 4.3 years B. 4.3 seconds C. 8.6 years D. all of the above 21. A red giant is… A. a large planet B. a large nebula C. a large star D. a large galaxy E. all of the above 22. Newton and Einstein believed that the Universe was infinitely old and unchanging. Which of the following is evidence of a relatively young, expanding universe as proposed in the Big Bang Theory? A. the lack of many heavy elements found in the Universe B. the age of white dwarf stars C. red-shift of galaxies D. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation E. all of the above

23. With the current evidence; what will happen to the Universe? A. It will expand for two more years B. It will begin to contract and eventually collapse in on itself due to gravity C. It will merge with another universe into a multiverse D. None of the above; we don't know

24. Knowledge of which of these could help determine if an object that is creating waves (light, sound, or any other wave of energy) is moving towards you or away from you? A. the Coriolis Effect B. the Doppler Effect C. Continental Drift D. Conservation of Energy

25. Which of the following is the correct order of events for the life cycle of a low/medium mass star? A. Nebula, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf B. Nebula, main sequence star, supernova, white dwarf C. Main sequence star, nebula, red giant, white dwarf D. Nebula, main sequence star, super giant, supernova, neutron star

Name: ____________________________________ Date: __________________ Class Period: ______________

8th Grade Homework #3 (M)

1. The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which label points to the part of the atom that has a neutral charge? STOP….before you answer you need to label each part (and charge) of the atom in the diagram. STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 2

A. A B. B C. C

2. The image to the right shows a section of the periodic table of the elements. Each atom of silicon (Si) has 4 valence electrons. Which of these elements also has 4 valence electrons? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 3

A. lead (Pb) B. nitrogen (N) C. aluminum (Al)

4. What is the net force of two forces that are balanced? A. zero

B. less than one C. greater than one

5. When the moon is waxing, what happens to the sunlight part that we see on Earth? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 9 A. It increases. B. It decreases. C. It stays the same. 6. The majority of volcanoes are located in the Pacific Ocean in an area called the Ring of Fire. How is the location of volcanoes in the Ring of Fire related to tectonic plate boundaries? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 8 A. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are located at hot spots. B. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are located along a mid-ocean ridge. C. Most volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are located where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. 7. Mr. Platteter drew the map to the right. Which two points are at the same elevation? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 9 A. O and M B. N and R C. O and K

8. Where are hurricanes most likely to form? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 12 I. above temperate (30OF – 65OF) oceans J. above tropical (80OF and above) oceans K. above tropical land masses

9. The diagram below shows a food web for a certain ecosystem. Which of the following best describes what may happen if pollution caused the fish population to decrease? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 6 I. The brine shrimp population may

decrease. J. The mouse population may increase. K. The heron population may decrease.

10. Which of the following is a biotic (living) factor in a forest ecosystem? A. the rock formations that make up the forest floor B. the mosses that cover sides of tree trunks C. the average temperature in the winter 11. Which of the following statements correctly describes the way that almost all organisms in the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia obtain nutrients? STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 14

A. plants are heterotrophs and animals are autotrophs B. plants are autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs C. both plants and animals are autotrophs

12. The diagram below shows the orbit of Earth around the sun and the orbit of the moon around Earth. What force keeps these objects in orbit? A. mass B. friction C. gravity 13. What would happen to the force that keeps Earth in orbit if Earth were farther from the sun? A. It would increase. B. It would decrease. C. It would disappear.

Name: ____________________________________ Date: ___________________ Class Period: ______________ 8th Grade Homework #4

1. Use the graph to determine the speed of the car when the car is at 60 cm. Bubble your answer in the bubble grid below. (sci.8.2.6.8.C) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 5

2. Nonmetals are found on the right side of the periodic table. Which of the following best describes the properties of nonmetals? (sci.8.2.6.6.A) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 3

A. shiny and silver in color B. poor conductors of electric current C. flattened when hit with a hammer D. solids at room temperature 3. A geologist who is studying rocks found on an expedition places a 25g graduated cylinder on a scale and adds 100cm3 of water to the cylinder. Then, the geologist places one rock in each cylinder, one at a time, as shown below. Which rock or rocks have the greatest density? (sci.8.1.6.6.B) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 12

A. Rock A B. Rock B C. Rock C D. Rock A and C 4. What does kinetic energy depend on? (sci.8.1.6.8.A) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 11

A. mass and volume B. velocity and weight C. weight and height D. velocity and mass

5. If the average speed of a car is 110 km/h, how many hours would it take for the car to travel 715 km? Fill your answer in the bubble grid to the right. (sci.8.2.6.8.B) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 5 6. Which of the following does not experience a change in velocity? (sci.8.2.6.8.D) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 5

A. A motorcyclist driving down a straight street and applies the brakes. B. While maintaining the same speed and direction, an experimental car switches from gasoline to electric power. C. A baseball player running from first base to second base at 10 m/s comes to a stop in 1.5 seconds. D. A bus traveling at a constant speed turns a corner.

7. What energy transfer happens when you plug in a blender? (sci.8.1.6.9.C) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 11

A. Electrical energy becomes light energy and sound energy. B. Electrical energy becomes kinetic energy and sound energy. C. Electrical energy becomes light energy and thermal energy. D. Chemical energy becomes electrical energy. 8. Which of the following pairs of organisms are producers in their ecosystems? (sci.8.4.7.5.B) HINT: Producers make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

A. cactuses and vultures B. turtles and lions C. lichens and bacteria D. trees and algae

Did you calculate the density for EACH rock?

WORK SPACE:

9. What is the correct term for a change that affects the physical properties but not the identity of a substance? (sci.8.2.7.6.B) If you need a review on chemistry watch the following YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8tyjwB42X4

L. a reaction M. a reduction N. a chemical change O. a physical change

10. How do pioneer species prepare an area for other living things? (sci.8.4.7.10.C) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 12

L. by replacing existing species M. by starting the process of succession N. by protecting other species from disease O. by stopping the process of succession

11. The chart shows the four main groups of living plants. What group does a vascular plant with seeds belong to? (sci.8.4.7.11.A) A. angiosperms only B. gymnosperms or angiosperms C. gymnosperms only D. ferns, horsetails, and club mosses 12. What is the primary function of the cells that make up the majority of cells in the muscular system? (sci.8.4.7.12.B) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 15

A. ability to carry oxygen B. ability to send electrical signals C. ability to cover and protect other cells D. ability to contract and relax to produce movement

13. A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA is the – (sci.8.4.7.12.D) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 14

A. mitochondria. B. endoplasmic reticulum. C. receptor proteins. D. nucleus.

14. Some animals, such as hydras, reproduce by budding. During budding, a part of the hydra pinches off and forms an organism. Which of the following would be a characteristic of this kind of reproduction? (sci.8.4.7.14.B) STAAR CHRONICLE pg. 15

A. Genetic variation occurs among offspring. B. Two parents are required to contribute genetic information. C. Offspring take a long time to develop. D. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

15. Different scientists classify biomes in different ways. The map above shows one way to classify the biomes in Africa. What can be inferred about the biomes of Africa? (sci.8.4.7.10.A) A. Africa has a large concentration of tropical rain forests. B. Africa has a limited number of plant and animal communities. C. Africa has all types of plant life because of the many diverse biomes. D. Africa has large desert areas that get very little precipitation each year.