smk sam tet..note sains

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SMJK SAM TET, IPOH

KEYWORDS



School’s

Achievement

in Science PMR for

the year 2009 and

2010



2009

Bilangan calon - 454

Bilangan A - 252Bilangan lulus - 429

Peratus lulus - 94.5

2010

Bilangan calon – 444

Bilangan A - 259Bilangan lulus - 433

Peratus lulus - 97.5



Form

1



Chapter 1

Physical quantities – MELTT(mass, electric current, length, time, temperature)

Mass – kg – lever balance

Parallax error – reading taken from wrongposition

Water displacement method – irregular

volume



Chapter 2 Iodine solution – stain plant

Methylene blue – stain animal Unicellular – one cell

Multicellular – many cell

Cell organization – CTOSO

(Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism)

Unicellular – animals Unicellular - plants

Multicellular - animal Multicellular - plants



Chapter 3 Matter – has mass, occupies

space

Concept of density- formula

triangle

M

D V≠inverselyproportional

Keys:directionally

proportional=

≠



Types of resources on Earth – WFLAMS

Forms of resources

Chapter 4

WATER LIVING THINGS AIR SOIL MINERALSFUELS

Elements Mixturesmixed

physically non-fixed

ratio

Compoundscombined chemicallyfixed ratio

MetalsMalleable

Ductileshiny

Non-metalsDull

Brittle



Chapter 5 O2- ignites /rekindles glowing splinter

- support combustion- very soluble in alkaline pyragallol solution

CO2- extinguished burning splinter- lime water turns cloudy/milky /chalky

- very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution- green house effect / global warming

H2 - ‘pop’ sound with burning splinter‘pop’



Acid rain- sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide

CFC - Ozone layer

Composition Inhaled air Exhaled air

Nitrogen 78% 78%

Oxygen 21% 16%C. dioxide 0.03% 4%

W. vapour Less MoreInert gases 0.97% 0.97%



Chapter 6

Forms of energy

Light

Kinetic

ElectricalPotential

Heat

Sound

Chemical

NuclearMechanical Solar

Stored energy Working energy



Energy sources

Biomass

Non-renewableRenewable

SolarGeothermal

Water

Wind

Waves

Fossil fuel

Radioactivesubstances

Coal

Petroleum Natural gas

Geyser Hot spring Volcanoes



Chapter 7

Heat Temperature

Is a form of

energy

Is a degree of hotness

Measured in Joule(J)

Measured in degreeCelcius (ºC)

Transfers from hotto cold areas Increases whenheated and decreases

when cooled



Effect of heat on matter

solid

liquid gas

sublimation

sublimation

meltingfreezing

boiling / evaporation

condensation

Heat absorbed

Heat released



Characteristic Conduction Convection Radiation

Medium Solids,Liquids &

gases

Liquid &gases

Solids,Liquids,gases &Vacuum

Method of heattransfer

From oneparticles to

the next

In theconvection

current

In theform ofwaves

Rate of heattransfer

Slow Fast Very fast



Sea breeze - day time – sea (cold) land(hot)

Land breeze - night – land (cold) sea(hot)

Rate of conduction - CAIG (copper,aluminium, iron,

glass)Rate of expansion - ABCII (aluminium, brass,

copper, iron, invar)

Good absorber / radiator - dark , dullPoor absorber / radiator - white , shiny



Form2

Ch



Chapter 1Sense - tense

tongue earsskinnoseeyes

Degree of sensitivity - thickness of epidermis- number of receptor

Outer ear - PEA (pinna, eardrum, auditory canal)Middle ear - OOE (ossicles, oval window,

Eustachian tube)Inner ear - CAS (cochlea, auditory nerves,

semicircular canal)



tongue



eye



nose



ear

P i f li h l i i h li



Properties of light - travel in straight line,

reflected, refracted

Reflection surface - shiny, smooth, hard even

Refraction - less dense to denser

(towards the normal)

- denser to less dense (away

from normal)

Light reflection Light refraction

D f f i i



Defects of vision

Short-sightedness Long-sightedness

Eyeball too long or big Eyeball too short or small

Eye lens too thick Eye lens too thin

Near – clear / Far - blur Near – blur / Far - clearImage in front retina Image behind retina

Correction by concave lens Correction by convex lens

Any age group The elderly



Astigmatism - uneven surface of cornea,cyclindrical lens

Stereoscopic vision - both eyes, predator, 3D,estimate accurately

Monocular vision - one eye, prey, wide fieldof vision

Tropism - shoot & root, influenced

by direction, positive

tropism (towards stimulus)

Nastic movement - leaf & flower, not

influenced by direction



Types of tropism

Phototropism

Geotropism

Hydrotropism

Thigmotropism

light shoot (+ve) root (-ve)

gravity shoot (-ve) root (+ve)

water shoot (-ve)

root (+ve)

touch

tendrils for support absorb

sunlight

cucumber

Ch t



Chapter 2

Classes of food

Carbohydrates Fibre

WaterVitamins Minerals

Proteins Fats



Carbohydrate – CHO, provide energy, excess

glucose - glycogen (in the

liver)Protein – CHON(SP), repair tissues,

support growth, amino

acids, kwashiorkor, excessprotein (urea)

Fats – CHO, provide double energy,as insulator – 1 glycerol + 3

fatty acids , high cholesterol

Water – maintain body temperature , 2litres (6 glasses)

Fibre/ cannot be digested help



Fibre/ - cannot be digested, helproughage peristalsis, constipation

Minerals - inorganic substances, maintaingood health, Calcium (Rickets),

Iron (anaemia), Iodine (goitre),Flourine (tooth decay)

Vitamins – organic compounds, maintaingood health

- Cannot dissolve in fats (BC), B (Beriberi), C

(Scurvy)

- Can dissolve in fats (ADEK), A (Nightblindness), D (Rickets/Tooth decay), E

(Infertility), K (Blood slow to clot)

Starch Iodine solution (brownish to



Starch - Iodine solution (brownish todark blue), salivary amylase

Glucose - Benedict’s solution (light blue

to brick-red precipitate)Protein - Millon’s reagent (white

precipitate to dark red

precipitate), protease(stomach)Fats - ethanol and distilled water

(cloudy emulsion to milkywhite emulsion), lipase(small intestine)

Large intestine - absorbs water

Rectum - stored faeces



Human digestive system

Ch



Chapter 3

Classification of animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates

have backbone endoskeletons

without backbone

exoskeletons

hydrostatic skeleton

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Frogs



Classification of plants

Flowering Non-floweringCAMFF

Conifer Algae Mosses Ferns Fungi

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

one seed leaf fibrous root

parallel vein non-woody stem

two seed leaves tap root

network vein woody stem

Ch t 4



Chapter 4Individual species Population

community ecosystem

Decomposers - bacteria & fungi

Producer - plants (produce ownfood)

Photosynthesis – CO2, light, water,

chlorophyll O2 - respiration, combustion,

decomposition



Type of interaction betweenorganisms

Competition Symbiosis

Intr

a

species competition- sa me species Inte rspecies competition

- diffe re nt species

commensalismMutualism

Parasitism

Prey-predator

sea anemone

& hermit crab

remora fish

& shark

ectoparasite(outside body –

ticks),

endoparasite(inside body –

tapeworm)

Chapter 5



Chapter 50ºC- Freezing point – melting point

100ºC - Boiling point

Impurities - decrease freezing and meltingpoint, increase boiling point

Electrolysis - decompose substances usingelectricity

Anode - connected to +ve terminal

(+ve electrode - O2)Cathode - connected to -ve terminal (-ve

electrode – H2)



Dilute solution - little solute

Concentrated solution - a lot of solute

Saturated solution - maximum soluteHomogeneous - transparent, solution

Non-homogenous - opaque, suspension

Neutralization - acid + alkali = salt

+ water Acid - sour, corrosive,

pH < 7, blue tored

Alkali - bitter, corrosive,pH > 7 – red toblue



Chapter 6 Barometer - measure air pressure

Air pressure - temperature

- volume

Appliances that use the principle of airpressure - syringe

- drinking straw

- siphon-suction pump / plunger

- spraying pump

- pouring condensed milk

Chapter 7



Chapter 7

Types of forces

Magnetic force

Electric force

Electrostatic force

Gravitational force

Frictional forceElectromagnetic force Reducing friction -

rollers, wheels, ballbearings, lubricants,

air cushion



Force (N) - direction & magnitude

Force changes - position, shape, speed,

direction

Power (W) = Force (N) X Distance (m)

Time taken (s)

= Work (J)

Time taken (s)

Friction - oppose motion, has

direction, magnitude, gives

out heat, worn out

1N = 100g W = Nm/s = J/s

Ch t 8



Chapter 8Support system in animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Land AquaticLand Aquatic

Land

EndoskeletonExoskeleton Hydrostatic

skeleton

Aquatictigersnake

whalefish

insectcentipedescorpian

(chitin)

crabMolluskPrawn(calciumcarbonate)

caterpillarleech

starfish jellyfish



Plant support system - secondary xylem(woody plant)

- cell turgidity(herbaceous plant,non-woody)

Special support system- tendrils(cucumber),thorns (roses), twinning stem (morningglory), clasping roots (money plant)

Special root system - prop root (mangrove)- buttress root (meranti)- stilt root (maize plant)



Chapter 9

Point of equilibrium - centre of gravity

Stable equilibrium - original position

Unstable equilibrium- away from original

positionNeutral equilibrium - remain in its

displaced position

Stability factor - centre of gravity,base area, weight

Chapter 10



Chapter 10

Simple machine

First-class lever

Second-class lever

Third-class lever

effort

effort

effort

loadload

load

fulcrum

fulcrum

fulcrum

scissors

pliers see-saw crowbar hammer

broom

stapler ice tongs fishing rodHuman arm wheel-barrow

paper cutter



Small effort needed - 1st & 2nd class lever

Small movement of effort – 3rd class lever

Principle of moment

Load X load distance = effort X effort distance

Turning effectMoment of force = Force (N) X perpendicular

distance (m)



Form3

Ch t 1



Chapter 1Inhalation Exhalation

upwards &outwards

rib cage downwards &inwards

contracts,

downwards &flatten

diaphragm

expands, curve &

upwards

increases thoracic cavityvolume

decreases

decreases thoracic cavitypressure

Increases

into lungs air flow Out from lungs

Al l ll hi k



Alveolus - one cell thick

- moist

- a lot of blood capillaries,- large surface area

Respiratory diseases – bronchitis – lung cancer

– emphysema

– heart diseases – arterial embolism – stroke

– high blood pressure

Chapter 2



Pulmonaryvein

AortaPulmonaryartery

Venacava

Leftatrium

Rightatrium

Left

ventrical

Right

ventricle

Left ventricle - thick (oxygenated blood)

Semi-lunar valve - pulmonary artery & aortaBicuspid valve - left atrium & ventricalTricuspid valve - right atrium & ventrical

Chapter 2



Characteristics Artery Vein Capillary

Cross section

Lumen size Medium Wide Narrow

Wall Thick,muscular &elastic

Thin, lessmuscular &less elastic

One-cellthick

Direction ofblood flow

Away fromthe heart

To theheart

From arteryto vein

Blood pressure High Medium Low

lumen

one-cellthicklumen

Human - 45% blood cells, 55% blood



Human 45% blood cells, 55% bloodplasma

Blood cells - RBC (biconcave, bone marrow,

haemoglobin, 4 months,destroyed – liver & spleen)

- WBC (colourless , no definite

shape, 2 days to 2 months,destroyed – harmfulmicroorganism)

- Platelets (no nucleus, nodefinite shape, bone marrow,blood clot)

Blood groups- A, B, AB (universal recipients),



Blood groups A, B, AB (universal recipients),O (universal donors)

Xylem – transport water (root to stem)

Phloem – transport food (leaves to all part)

Transpiration – process plant loses waterthrough evaporation through

stoma (cool down plant)

Dicotyledon – more stomata an bottom

Monocotyledon – same stomata for both sides

Ch t 3



Chapter 3

Excretion - eliminating unwantedproducts

Perspiration - skin (water, mineral salts,urea)

Urination - kidneys (water, mineral salts,urea)

Respiration - lungs (water vapour & CO2)

Diabetes- high glucose level

Kidneys - Cortex (outer, dark-red),Medulla (inner, light-red)



Latex - rubber (rubber tree)

Tannin - ink and dye (mangrovetree)

Quinine- remedy for malaria

Opium - painkiller (anesthetic)

Resin - paints, stickers, varnish

Chapter 4



Chapter 4*Sexual reproduction - vertebrates (internal &

external fertilization – sperm +

ovum) & flowering plants

(pollen grain & ovule)

*Asexual reproduction- invertebrates & non flowering

plants (binary fission, budding,

spore formation, regeneration,

vegetative reproduction)

*Testes - produce sperm + sex hormones

*Ovary - produce ovum + sex hormones

Fertilization - in Fallopian tube



p

Implantation - uterus (womb)

Menstrual cycle - 28 days - thickening &

degeneration of uterus wall,

stops for 9 months

(pregnancy), stop forever

(menopause)

Menstruation - shedding of the uterus

lining (7 days)

Ovulation - ovum released into

Fallopian tube (14th day of

menstruation cycle), Fertile

period (10th to 18th day)

O t ilit IVF GIFT ZIFT IUI



Overcome sterility - IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, IUI,embryo transfer, surrogacy

Temporary contraception- contraceptive pills,spermicides,condoms,diaphragm, IUD

Permanent contraceptive - vasectomy, ligation

Stamen - anther (pollen grains – malegametes), filament

Pistil - stigma, style, ovary (ovule –female gametes)

Pollination - self pollination (same flower



Pollination - self pollination (same floweror same plant),

- cross pollination (differentflower from different plant)

Wind - small flower (pale), notscented, long filament, big

anther, long & hairy stigma,long style, no nectar

Animals - large flower (bright),

scented, short filament,small anther, sticky stigma,short style, has nectar

Ovary - fruit



y Ovule - seed Testa - protect seed

Micropyle - allow water and air enter to seed Cotyledon/ endosperm - stored food Germination - water, oxygen,

suitable temperature Epigeal - cotyledons brought up Hypogeal - cotyledons remain in

the soilVegetative reproduction - runnner (potato),

stem cutting ( tapioca), leaf (Begonia),Sucker (pineapple), rhizome (ginger),

bulb onion , corm am

Chapter 5



Chapter 5 Human growth - infancy (fast),

childhood (slow),adolescent (fast),

adulthood (minimal),

old age (negative)

Growth rate - at age 11 to 14,female higher than

male

Growth stop - female (21) , male

(24)

Chapter 6



Chapter 6Compound - oxides, sulphides, carbonates

(do not dissolve in water exceptpotassium & sodium)

Metal oxides - do not decompose when heatedexcept argentum oxide &mercury oxide (metal + O2)

Metal sulphides - heated (metal oxides +sulphur dioxide)

Metal carbonates - heated (metal oxides +CO2)

Silicone - silica (silicon dioxide – sand



Silicone silica (silicon dioxide sand,quartz, flint) & silicate (clay,feldspar, mica, asbestos, topaz,

jade, ruby)

Silicone - not dissolve in water (exceptsodium silicate), do not react with

acid, disintegrated (heat), reactswith alkali to form silicate salt +water (silica)

Calcium carbonate- does not dissolve inwater, reacts withacids to form

Calcium salt + CO2 + water

Calcium carbonate (limestone) heat calcium



Calcium carbonate (limestone) heat calciumoxide (quicklime) little water calcium hydroxide

(slaked lime) dissolves in water calciumhydroxide solution (lime water) add CO2Calcium carbonate (limestone)

Fractional distillation - separated petroleumbased on different boiling point

Petroleum - gas (<30ºC), petrol (40ºC - 75ºC),naphtha (75ºC – 150ºC), kerosen

(150ºC - 230ºC), diesel (230ºC -250ºC), lubricating oil (250ºC -300ºC), fuel oil (300ºC - 350ºC),

bitumen (>350ºC)

Chapter 7



Chapter 7Electroscope - detected electrical charges

Negative charge - PEFS (polythene, ebonite,silk, fur cloth)

Positive charge - WACG (woollen cloth,

animal fur, glass, celluloseacetate)

Electric circuit - series – parallel

Series - (I = I1 = I2) , (V = V1 + V2),(R = R1 + R2)

Parallel - (I = I1 + I2) , (V = V1 + V2),(1 = 1 + 1 )

R R1 R2

O ’ (di l i l)



Ohm’s Law – (directly proportional)(inversely proportional)

Neutral point - area no magneticforce

Right hand grip rule - determine of directionof electric current / magnetic field

I

V = IR

R = V

I

RI

V

Chapter 8



Chapter 8Types of generators - Hydroelectric, thermal,

diesel, gas turbine, nuclearTransformer - increase or decrease

voltage

Step-up transformer - produce higher voltage

(more turns in secondary coil)Step-down - produce lower voltage (less

turns in secondary coil)

3-pin plug - live wire (L-brown – electric to

appliance) , neutral wire (N –blue – electric from appliance), earth wire (E – green –leaking current to ground)

Electrical energy (J) = power of electrical appliances(W) X duration of usage (s)



(W) X duration of usage (s)

Power (W) = Voltage (V) X Current (A)

Cost of electrical = Total unit consumed X Tariffrate

Types of fuse - Cartridge fuse , rewirable fuse

Wiring system in homes - Main fuse box – joulemeter – main switch – circuitbreaker – fuse box – socket

Electric power distribution - electric generator station – step-up transformer station – switch zone –National Grid Network – main substation –substation branches

Chapter 9



Chapter 9Atmosphere of Sun - Corona (bluish- white –

2,000,000ºC), Chromospere(purplish-red – 4,000ºC to50,000ºC), photosphere (shiny- dense gases – 6,000ºC)

Solar system - MVEMJSUNP (Mercury, Venus,Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)

Sunspot - black spots on sun surface (4,000ºC)

Solar flares - flashes of light (5,000,000ºC) –charged particles

Prominence - hot & bright red helium & hydrogengases form big cloud

Nebula - Hydrogen helium dust –



Nebula Hydrogen, helium, dust formation of star

Nova/Supernova - explosion of the

supergiant star

Constellation - a group of star that havedifferent shape, 88 types

Zodiac - group of 12 constellationsNear to Milky Way - Magallan & Andromeda

galaxies

Types of galaxies - Elliptical (oval/round),Spiral (disc-shaped), Barrel

spiral (has barred core &spiral arms), Irregular (no

definate shape

Chapter 10



Chapter 10Astromers - Ptolemy , Aristotle, Phythagaros,

Galileo Galilei, Al-Khawarizmi, SirIsaac Newton

Nicholous Copernicus - The Father of Modern

Astronomy

Sputnik (1957) - space exploration era

Probes - launched by rocket toexplore the planets

First step Moon human - Neil Armstrong



First step Moon human - Neil Armstrong,Edwin Aldrin,

Michael Collins(1969)

MEASAT I & II - Malaysia

communicationsatellites

MARCES - remotesensing in

Malaysia

THANK YOU!



THANK YOU!

All

The

Best!

smk sam tet..note sains

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