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Copyright © Intelligent Solutions, Inc. 2015

Smart Proxy Modeling for

Numerical Reservoir Simulations

BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN THE EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

Intelligent Solutions, Inc. & West Virginia University

October 2015


Data Driven Analytics in E&P

• Early applications of Data Driven Analytics in the upstream oil and gas industry dates back to 1989 and early 1990s

• SPE 19619; Halliburton 1989 Well Log Interpretation • SPE 19558; Exxon 1990 Drill Bit Diagnosis • SPE 22843; Halliburton 1991 Formation Evaluation • SPE 24287; Kappa 1992 Well Test Interpretation • SPE 26427; USC 1993 Well Test Interpretation • SPE 28237; WVU 1994 Reservoir Characterization • SPE 28394; WVU 1994 Reservoir Characterization • SPE 29220; WVU 1994 Reservoir Characterization • SPE 29159; WVU 1994 Hydraulic Fracturing


Big Data in the E&P

• Applications of “Big Data” in the upstream Exploration & Production*:

• Drilling Operation:

• Using real-time drilling measurements (MWD & LWD) to predict drilling issues and guide the entire drilling operation for safety and efficiency.

• Smart Proxy: • Using immense amount of data generated by numerical reservoir simulation models to

better understand the reservoir and increase production & recovery.

• Smart Fields: • Real-time, remote and efficient management of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

*Not taking into account seismic surveys and equipment monitoring


SURROGATE RESERVOIR MODELING Smart Proxy of Numerical Reservoir Simulation and Modeling


Literature Hassani, et.al. 2011

Amir Kabir University – Iran Response Surface Model

Yang, et.al. 2009 ExxonMobil URC

Reduced Physics Model

Li, et.al. 2005 Cal. Tech.

Response Surface Model


Literature Mamonov, et.al. 2007

Rice Univ. & Schlumb. Research Grid Coarsening Model

Sampaio, et.al. 2009 Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro

Neural Network Model

Jicong Hi, et.al. 2014 Stanford University

Reduced Order Model


Literature Mohaghegh & Abdulla 2014

Intelligent Solutions, Inc. & ADCO

Surrogate Reservoir Model

Study Completed 2005

Implemented 2006

Field Results published (SPE 170664) 2014

Size of the Full Field Model 1MM Grid Blocks

Formation Type Naturally Fractured Carbonate

Number of Wells 167 (Horizontal)

Not a Toy or an Academic Problem


Literature

• Following four Ph.D. dissertations have recently been completed at West Virginia University, incorporating Smart Proxy Modeling:

• Masoud Kalantary (2013): Shale Numerical Modeling

• Alireza Shahkarami (2014): Assisted History Matching

• Vida Ghoami (2014): CO2-EOR of SACROC in West Texas

• Shohreh Amini (2015): CO2 Storage in Geological Formations

Electronic versions of these dissertations are available online for public use at WVU’s Library Website.


Location: United Arab Emirates

Operator: ADCO (Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations)

Problem Definition:

• Water injection for pressure maintenance and sweep.

• Wells are choked back to avoid bypassing oil and high water cut

Project Objective:

• Increase oil production from existing wells, while avoiding high water cut

• Identify best candidate wells for rate relaxation

Numerical Model Characteristics:

• Naturally Fractured, Dual Porosity, Carbonate Model

• More than 165 wells

• One Million Grid Blocks

• Run time: 10 Hours on a cluster of 12 CPUs

Number of Simulation Runs to Build the SRM: 8

Case Study: Giant Mature Oilfield Intelligent Solutions, Inc.


Curse of Dimensionality

• To address curse of dimensionality, we have developed Fuzzy Pattern Recognition technology;

10


Fuzzy Pattern Recognition

11


Using SRM for Analysis

• Address uncertainties associated with the simulation model; • Monte Carlo Simulation

• Identify wells that benefit from a rate relaxation program;

12

To perform the above analyses millions of simulation runs were required.

Upon development & validation, SRM provides accurate

results in fraction of a second.


Optimal Production Strategy

13

IMPORTANT NOTE:

This is NOT a Response Surface – SRM was run hundreds of times to generate these figures.

Well Ranked No. 1 Well Ranked No. 100


Optimal Production Strategy

• Wells were divided into 5 clusters

• Rate relaxation recommended for wells in clusters 1&2 without significant increase in water production

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5

Best Performance

12 Wells 14 Wells 22 Wells 37 Wells 80 Wells

Avoid Rate Relaxation


Results From the Field

• Upon completion of the project management decided on allowing rate relaxation of some wells.

• From Jan. 1, 2006 to Feb. 17, 2007 production cap was relaxed on a total of 20 wells.


Results From the Field

Rate Relaxation performed on 12% of Wells in the field

ISI Cluster No. Wells Subjected to Rate Relaxation

%

1 4 20%

2 2 10%

3 6 30%

4 4 20%

5 4 20%

20 100%

205000 210000 215000 220000 225000

2565000

2570000

2575000

2580000

2585000

2590000

2595000

12

18

20

91207

314

338

353

371

399

22

383

311

321

322

387

336

403

343

355

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

(meters)

First Batch

Second Batch


1.6 Million Barrels

RESERVOIR SIMULATOR: ECLIPSE™ ADCO

%Sw


1.9 Million Barrels


%Sw


0.6 Million Barrels


%Sw


0.9 Million Barrels


%Sw


Impact of Rate Relaxation on WC

21


Incremental Revenue Post-Rate Relaxation

Average O

il Price = $

75

.00

/bb

l

22


Location: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Operator: ARAMCO

Problem Definition:

• New (Secondary) oilfields (Two offshore and One onshore)

• Small number of actual wells

• Geological models with large uncertainties

Project Objective:

• Quantify uncertainties associated with the geological model

• Identify best development strategies


• As many as 6.5 Million Grid Blocks

• Run time: Too long for large number of simulation runs, even with extensive computing resources.

Number of Simulation Runs to Build the SRM: 9 Run per SRM

Case Study: Three Green Oilfields Intelligent Solutions, Inc.


Dynamic Data from NOC’s In-House Simulator

24

Run

Number

Bottom-Hole Pressure (psi)

For all the wells in the field

Maximum Liquid

Rate (bbls/d)

1 500 10,000

2 500 15,000

3 1,000 10,000

4 1,500 10,000

5 1,500 15,000

6 1,500 – 1,000 – 500 (variable in steps) 10,000

7 1,500 – 1,000 – 500 (variable in steps) 15,000

8 1,500 – 500 (variable continuous) 10,000

9 1,500 – 500 (variable continuous) 15,000


Model Representation Permeability

SRM

Porosity

SRM NOC’s In-House Simulator

NOC’s In-House Simulator


26

Powers SRM

Oil

Rat

e (

bb

ls/y

r)

Cu

m. O

il Pro

du

ction

(MM

bb

ls)

RESERVOIR SIMULATOR: POWERS SAUDI ARAMCO

Black Oil Simulation Green Field 6.5 MM Grid Blocks


Oil

Rat

e (

bb

ls/y

r)

Cu

m. O

il Pro

du

ction

(MM

bb

ls)

Powers SRM




Powers SRM




SRM New Production Strategy

32

Run

Number

Bottom-Hole Pressure (psi)

For all the wells in the field

Maximum Liquid

Rate (bbls/d)

10 1,000 15,000

A Completely New Production

Strategy that was not used during the

Development and Training Process


Blind Simulation Run Results


Location: Australia

Field: Otway

Problem Definition:

• CO2 being injected in a depleted gas reservoir

• After primary gas production

Project Objective:

• Examine CO2 plume extension as a function of different injection strategies.

• Use the proxy model as part of a complete system optimization.


• 100,000 Grid Blocks

• Heterogeneous model – Combine Outer Boundary (No-Flow & Active Aquifer)

• Run time: Tens of hours

Case Study: CO2 Storage in Geological Formations Shohreh Amini


Otway CO2 Seq. Project, Australia

39

In south-western Victoria to demonstrate that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technically and environmentally safe way to make deep cuts into Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions.



40


Permeability Maps

History Matched Perm

High perm Low perm

RESERVOIR SIMULATOR: AMEX COMPUTER MODELING GROUP



SRM Results

Pressure

Gas Saturation

CO2 Mole Fraction

psi

Fraction

Fraction

SRM CMG

1 Month after injection

SRM CMG

SRM CMG

42

psi

Error

Fraction

Error

Fraction

Error



SRM Results 4 Months after injection

43

Pressure

psi psi

SRM CMG Error

Fraction

Gas Saturation

Fraction

SRM CMG Error

CO2 Mole Fraction

Fraction Fraction SRM CMG Error



SRM Results 8 Months after injection

44

psi

psi

SRM CMG

Pressure

psi

Error

Fraction

SRM CMG

Gas Saturation

Fraction

Error

Fraction SRM CMG

CO2 Mole Fraction

Fraction Error



Location: West Texas

Field: SACROC

Problem Definition:

• Considerable primary production and Water flooding

• WAG Enhance Oil Recovery

Project Objective:

• CO2 and Water injection Optimization

• Increasing Sweep efficiency


• Coarse (Low Resolution) Model

• Fine (High Resolution) Model

Case Study: CO2–EOR in Mature Oilfield Alireza Shahkarami Vida Gholami


SACROC Unit

SACROC Unit Permian Basin West Texas


SACROC CO2 EOR Project, Texas

47


0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

-4,0

00

-3,0

00

-2,0

00

-1,0

00

0

-5,0

00

-4,0

00

-3,0

00

-2,0

00

-1,0

00

01,0

00

0.00 0.50 1.00 miles

0.00 0.50 1.00 km

File: input.irfUser: PNGE-UserDate: 4/2/2013

Scale: 1:51166Y/X: 1.00:1Axis Units: m

11,538

14,622

17,707

20,792

23,877

26,961

30,046

33,131

36,215

39,300

42,385

Pressure (kPa) 2172-01-01 K layer: 18

The Coarse Reservoir Model



48


Water Saturation Distribution

Simulator (CMG) Results SRM Results % Relative Error

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.5 0.5 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.45 0.45 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.4 0.4 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.35 0.35 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.3 0.3 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.25 0.25 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.05 0.05 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Actual Data: Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 100 years after Injection, Feature= SW % SRM Data: Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 100 years after Injection, Feature= SW %

# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.09 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.08 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.06 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.05 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.01 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 100 years after Injection, Feature=

Absolute Error of SW %

# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.09 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.08 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.06 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.05 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.01 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.09 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.08 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.06 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.05 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.01 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



# # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.5 0.5 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.45 0.45 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.4 0.4 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.35 0.35 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.3 0.3 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.25 0.25 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.05 0.05 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


# # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.5 0.5 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.45 0.45 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.4 0.4 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.35 0.35 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.3 0.3 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.25 0.25 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.05 0.05 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




49


Pressure Distribution

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5000 5000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4900 4900 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4800 4800 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4700 4700 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4600 4600 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4500 4500 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4400 4400 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4300 4300 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4200 4200 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4100 4100 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4000 4000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

SRM Data: Realization # 8, Layer= 18, 100 yrs after Injection,

Feature= Pressure (psi)

Actual Data: Realization # 8, Layer= 18, 100 yrs after Injection,


# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5000 5000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4900 4900 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4800 4800 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4700 4700 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4600 4600 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4500 4500 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4400 4400 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4300 4300 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4200 4200 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4100 4100 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4000 4000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #





# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5000 5000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4900 4900 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4800 4800 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4700 4700 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4600 4600 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4500 4500 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4400 4400 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4300 4300 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4200 4200 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4100 4100 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4000 4000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #





# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

10 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

7 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0

6 # # # # # # # # # # 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Realization # 8, Layer= 18, 100 yrs after Injection, Feature=

Relative Error %

# # # # # 0 1 1 0

# # # # # # 1 1 1

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 1 0

# # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 0 2 0 0

10 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

8 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

7 # # # # # # # # # # 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0

6 # # # # # # # # # # 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 # # # # # # # # # 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Relative Error %

# # # # # 0 0 0 1

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

10 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

9 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

7 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0

6 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Relative Error %

Simulator (CMG) Results SRM Results % Relative Error


Water Saturation: Blind Realizations- 9 years of Injection

Start of Simulation Start of Injection 01/01/2172

2172

End of Injection 01/01/2222

2222 3172 9 yrs after Injection 01/01/2181

# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.09 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.08 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.06 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.05 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.01 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



# # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.5 0.5 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.45 0.45 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.4 0.4 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.35 0.35 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.3 0.3 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.25 0.25 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.05 0.05 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Actual Data: Realization # 17, Layer= 18, 9 years after Injection, Feature= SW % SRM Data: Realization # 17, Layer= 18,9 years after Injection, Feature= SW %

Simulator (CMG) Results SRM Results

Absolute Error



Pressure: Blind Realizations- 9 years of Injection


2172


2222 3172 9 yrs after Injection 01/01/2181


% Relative Error

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5000 5000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4900 4900 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4800 4800 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4700 4700 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4600 4600 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4500 4500 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4400 4400 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4300 4300 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4200 4200 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4100 4100 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4000 4000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

Actual Data: Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 9 yrs after Injection , Feature= Pressure

(psi)

SRM Data: Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 9 yrs after Injection , Feature=

Pressure (psi)

# # # # # 1 1 1 1

# # # # # # 1 1 1

# # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1

# # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

9 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

8 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

7 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 # 1 0 0 0

6 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 # # # # # 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Realization # 1, Layer= 18, 9 yrs after Injection , Feature=

Relative Error %




2172


2222 3172

End of Simulation 01/01/2222

Time Step= 61 100 yrs after Injection 01/01/2272

Water Saturation: Blind Realizations- 100 years after Injection

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.5 0.5 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.45 0.45 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.4 0.4 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.35 0.35 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.3 0.3 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.25 0.25 0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.05 0.05 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


# # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 # # # # # # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

# # # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




Absolute Error




2172


2222 3172

End of Simulation 01/01/2222

Time Step= 61 100 yrs after Injection 01/01/2272

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5000 5000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4900 4900 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4800 4800 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4700 4700 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4600 4600 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4500 4500 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4400 4400 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4300 4300 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4200 4200 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4100 4100 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 4000 4000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

SRM Data: Realization # 2, Layer= 18, 100 yrs after Injection ,




# # # # # 1 1 1 1

# # # # # # 1 1 1

# # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 0

# # # # # # # # # # 0 0 1 0 2 0 0

10 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

8 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

7 # # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 # 1 1 1 1

6 # # # # # # # # # # 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 1 # # # # # # # # # 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 # # # # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

# # # 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Realization # 2, Layer= 18, 100 yrs after Injection , Feature=

Relative Error %


% Relative Error

RESERVOIR SIMULATOR: AMEX COMPUTER MODELING GROUP Pressure: Blind Realizations- 100 years after Injection



54


The High Resolution Reservoir Model

Permeability

Porosity



55


High Resolution Model

CO2 Mole Fraction

Water Saturation

Pressure



56


High Resolution Model

CO2 Mole Fraction

Water Saturation

Pressure


Location: Southwestern Pennsylvania

Field: Marcellus Shale

Problem Definition:

• Modeling of massive hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontal Wells

Project Objective:

• Develop SRM that can perform full field reservoir simulation


• PETREL™ & Eclipse™ was used to model and history match on pad that included six laterals.

Case Study: Shale Gas Masoud Kalantari


Marcellus Shale Asset 136 wells on 31 multi-wells pads in Pennsylvania covers an area of 190,000 acres


Cluster-Based SRM


Matrix porosity [0.054-0.135]

Matrix permeability [0.0001-0.00097(md)]

Natural fracture porosity [0.01-0.04]

Natural fracture permeability

[0.001-0.0.01 (md)]

Sigma factor [0.005-0.6]

Hydraulic fracture height

[100-125 ft]

Hydraulic fracture length

[200-1100 ft]

Hydraulic fracture conductivity

[0.5-5.4 (md-ft)]

Rock Density [100-180(lb/ft3)]

Net to Gross ratio [0.75-0.98]

Longmuir volume [40 -85 (scf/ton)]

Longmuir pressure [600-870 psi]

Diffusion coefficient [0.5-2.8(ft2/day)]

Sorption time [1-250(day)]

Initial Reservoir Pressure [3000-4288(psi)]


Spatio-Temporal Database

Tie

r 1

Ti

er

2

Tie

r 2

Tier 3 Tier 3

Type 1

Type 3

Type 2

Type 4

Wellbore

Wellbore

Wellbore

Model of a Cluster of Hydraulic Fractures


SRM – Final Results

RESERVOIR SIMULATOR: ECLIPSE™ SCHLUMBERGER


Thank You

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