smart innovation, systems and technologies978-981-15-1616...smart innovation, systems and...

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 169

Series Editors

Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,Shoreham-by-sea, UKLakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia

The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses thetopics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of theseries is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects ofsingle and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latestresults available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary researchcombining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.

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http://www.springer.com/series/8767

A. N. R. Reddy • Deepak Marla •

Milan Simic • Margarita N. Favorskaya •

Suresh Chandra SatapathyEditors

Intelligent Manufacturingand Energy SustainabilityProceedings of ICIMES 2019

123

EditorsA. N. R. ReddyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringMalla Reddy College of Engineering& TechnologySecunderabad, Telangana, India

Deepak MarlaDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbai, Maharashtra, India

Milan SimicSchool of Aerospace, Mechatronicsand Manufacturing EngineeringRMIT University, Bundoora East CampusBundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Margarita N. FavorskayaInstitute of Informatics andTelecommunicationsReshetnev Siberian State Universityof Science and TechnologyKrasnoyarsk, Russia

Suresh Chandra SatapathySchool of Computer EngineeringKIIT Deemed to be UniversityBhubaneswar, Odisha, India

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)Smart Innovation, Systems and TechnologiesISBN 978-981-15-1615-3 ISBN 978-981-15-1616-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1616-0

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1616-0

Conference Committee

Chief Patron

Sri. CH. Malla Reddy, Founder Chairman, MRGI

Patrons

Sri. CH. Mahendar Reddy, Secretary, MRGISri. CH. Bhadra Reddy, President, MRGI

Conference Chair

Dr. V. S. K. Reddy, Principal

Honorary Chair

Dr. Milan Simic, RMIT University, AustraliaDr. Margarita N. Favorskaya, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science andTechnology, Russia

Publication Chair

Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Professor, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, India

v

Convener

Dr. M. Murali Krishna, Dean Academics

Organizing Chair

Dr. A. N. R. Reddy, HOD, Mechanical Engineering

Organizing Secretary

Dr. Srikar Potnuru, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering

Coordinators

Prof. Akhila Kakera, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering

Session Chairs

Dr. Shahrol Bin Mohamaddan, Senior Lecturer, Universiti Malaysia SarawakDr. U. Vidya Sagar, TCS, Hyderabad

Organizing Committee

Dr. V. Madhusudhana Reddy, ProfessorDr. T. Siva Kumar, ProfessorDr. T. Lokeswara Rao, ProfessorProf. D. Damodara Reddy, Associate ProfessorProf. B. Rajeshwar Reddy, Administrative Officer

Web Developer

Mr. Harish Makena, Assistant Professor

vi Conference Committee

Proceedings Committee

Prof. A. Sridhar, Assistant ProfessorMr. O. Y. V. Subba Reddy, Assistant Professor

Technical Program Committee

Dr. G. Trisekhar Reddy, ProfessorDr. L. Subramaniam, ProfessorDr. B. Jain AR Tony, Professor

Publicity Committee

Mr. Ch. Naveen Kumar, Assistant ProfessorMr. D. V. Subba Rao, Assistant Professor

Registration Committee

Mr. Srinivas Reddy, Associate ProfessorMs. B. Sandhya Rani, Assistant ProfessorMs. Anupama Sai Priya, Assistant ProfessorMr. K. Mahantesh, Assistant Professor

Hospitality Committee

Mr. D. Mangeelal, Associate ProfessorMr. Soma Vivekanandha, Associate Professor

Sessions Committee

Ms. M. L. R. Chaitanya Lahari, Assistant ProfessorMs. Sruthi Srinivasan, Assistant ProfessorMs. Settem Lakshmi Nitheesha, Assistant Professor

Conference Committee vii

Mr. Sridhar Akarapu, Assistant ProfessorMr. S. Brahma Reddy, Assistant Professor

Certificate Committee

Ms. Sandhya Rani, Assistant ProfessorMs. Haseena Bee, Assistant Professor

Decoration Committee

Ms. Prasuna Lily Florence, Assistant ProfessorMs. Y. Indraja, Assistant Professor

Transportation Committee

Mr. Y. Dilip, Associate Professor

International and National Advisory Committee

Dr. Lakhmi C. Jain, University of South Australia, AustraliaDr. Narayanan Kulathu Ramaiyer, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MalaysiaDr. Abu Saleh Ahmed, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MalaysiaDr. Jaesool Shim, Yeungnam University, South KoreaDr. Sinin Hamdan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MalaysiaDr. Amiya Bhaumik, Lincoln University College, MalaysiaDr. Shahrol Mohamaddan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MalaysiaDr. Bhaskar Kura, University of New Orleans, LA, USADr. T. V. M. Sreekanth, Yeungnam University, South KoreaDr. V. Vasudeva Rao, University of South Africa, South AfricaDr. S. V. Prabhakar, Yeungnam University, South KoreaDr. Raja V. Pulikollu, Electric Power Research Institute, North Carolina, USADr. Yequing Bao, University of Alabama, USADr. Angel Sanz Anderes, UPM, Madrid, SpainDr. Sabastian Franchini, UPM, Madrid, SpainDr. G. Balu, DOAD, DRDL, Telangana, IndiaDr. K. Vijay Kumar Reddy, JNTU Hyderabad, Telangana, India

viii Conference Committee

Dr. P. K. Jain, Centre for Carbon Materials, ARCI, Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaDr. Susanta Kumar Sahoo, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, IndiaDr. K. S. Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDr. G. Raghavendra, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, IndiaDr. T. Gangadhar, National Institute of Technology Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh,IndiaDr. U. S. Paul Russel, Air India, IndiaDr. V. P. Chandra Mohan, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana,IndiaDr. P. Narsimha Reddy, SNIST, Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaDr. Swami Naidu, NIT Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IndiaDr. Vemuri Laxmi Narayana, RIET, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaDr. P. H. V. Sesha Talpa Sai, MRCET, Hyderabad, India

Conference Committee ix

Preface

The International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and EnergySustainability (ICIMES 2019) was successfully organized by Malla Reddy Collegeof Engineering & Technology, an UGC autonomous institution, during June 21–22,2019, at Hyderabad. The objective of this conference was to provide opportunitiesfor the researchers, academicians, and industry persons to interact and exchange theideas and experience, and gain expertise in the cutting-edge technologies pertainingto Industry 4.0. Research papers were received and subjected to a rigorouspeer-review process with the help of editorial board, program committee, andexternal reviewers. The editorial committee has finally accepted 19.5% of themanuscripts for publication in a single volume with Springer SIST series.

Our sincere thanks to Chief Guest Dr. Shahrol Bin Mohammad, who is anOutstanding Scientist and Senior Lecturer, at the Faculty of Engineering inUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) and to Mr. Vidya Sagar Uddagiri for thekeynote session—Technology Practice Leader and Enterprise Architect at TCS,Hyderabad, India. We are indebted to the editorial board, program committee, andexternal reviewers who have carried out critical reviews in a short time. We wouldlike to express our special gratitude to publication chair Dr. Suresh ChandraSatapathy, Professor, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, for his valuable support and encour-agement till the successful conclusion of the conference.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our Chief Patron Sri. CH. Malla Reddy,Founder Chairman, MRGI, Patrons Sri. CH. Mahendar Reddy, Secretary, MRGI,Sri. CH. Bhadra Reddy, President, MRGI, Conference Chair Dr. V. S. K. Reddy,Convener Dr. M. Murali Krishna, Organizing Chair Professor Dr. A. N. R. Reddy,Organizing Secretary Dr. Srikar Potnuru, and Coordinator Ms. K. Akhila, for their

xi

valuable contribution to the successful conduct of the conference. Last but not least,our special thanks to all the authors without whom the conference would not havetaken place. Their technical contributions have made our proceedings rich andpraiseworthy.

Hyderabad, India Dr. A. N. R. ReddyMumbai, India Dr. Deepak MarlaMelbourne, Australia Dr. Milan SimicKrasnoyarsk, Russia Dr. Margarita N. FavorskayaBhubaneswar, India Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy

xii Preface

Contents

Performance Evaluation of Multi-layer Barriers for Machine-InducedLow-Frequency Noise Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Abid Hossain Khan, Muhammed Mahbubur Razzaqueand Md. Shafiqul Islam1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Experiment Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Planing Process on AISI S-1006, S-7, and S-4340, Basedon Johnson–Cook Model Using Numerical Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Abhinav, D. Prajwal and Punith Kumar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1 Modeling Techniques and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

An Analytical Study of Diametral Error in SimultaneousTurning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Sandeep Kumar, Kalidasan Rathinam, Vivek Sharma and VaitlaSai Kumar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Formulation of Diametral Error of Workpiece with Cutting Tools

kept Opposite to Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Comparison of Analytical Model with Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

xiii

Improvement of Electric Heater Design for Household CookingApplication in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Angkush Kumar Ghosh, Abid Hossain Khanand A. N. M. Mizanur Rahman1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Experiment Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Embodiment of an Efficient Brown’s Gas Compound Fuel Tank . . . . . . 43K. A. Alex Luke, J. Arun, R. Hemanth Prasanna and Ashish Selokar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.1 HHO Module Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.2 Tank Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 Water Flow Sensor Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Automated Solar Photovoltaic Panel Cleaning/Cooling SystemUsing Air–Water Mixture and Sustainable Solutions to Off-GridElectrification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Nithin Sha Najeeb, Prashant Kumar Soori and Iyad Al Madanat1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.1 Automation of Solar Panel Cleaning and Cooling System . . . . . . 573 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Design and Fabrication of Four-Way Multi-hacksawCutting Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Anupoju Sai Vamsi, Chiranjeeva Rao Seela and Arnipalli Naveen1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.1 Working Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 SWOT Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

xiv Contents

Adhesion Strength of Plasma Sprayed Coatings—A Review . . . . . . . . . 77Abhinav, Harish Kumar Kustagi and Arun R. Shankar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

1.1 Selection Criterion in Plasma Sprayed Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Adhesion Strength of Plasma Sprayed Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

An Experimental Studies on the Polymer HybridComposites—Effect of Fibers on Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85M. Ashok Kumar, K. Mallikarjuna, P. V. Sanjeev Kumarand P. Hari Sankar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

2.1 Fabrication of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Design Analysis and Pressure Loss Optimizationof Automobile Muffler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Vikram Kumar, Naresh Prasad, M. K. Paswan, Pankaj Kumarand Sanjoy Biswas1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

1.1 Backpressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941.2 Effects of Increased Back Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

3.1 Meshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973.2 Assumption and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.1 Inlet Velocity: Case 1: 39 M/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.2 Inlet Velocity: Case 2: 44 M/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.3 Inlet Velocity: Case 3: 49 M/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

5 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Different Modules for Car Parking System DemonstratedUsing Hough Transform for Smart City Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Janak D. Trivedi, M. Sarada Devi and Dhara H. Dave1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092 Technology Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114 Hough Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

4.1 Find Circle Using Hough Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Contents xv

5 IP Webcam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

6.1 Step-by-Step Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

7.1 Circle with Different Radius—Parallel Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177.2 Circle with the Same Radius, Angle Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

8 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Effect of Arrangement and Number of Water Mist Spray Nozzleson Air Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Pravinth Balthazar, Mohd Azmi Ismail, Andyqa Abdul Wahab,Mohammad Nazmi Nasir, Muhammad Iftishah Ramdanand Hussin Bin Mamat1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242 Equipment Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Vibration Condition Monitoring of Spur Gear Using FeatureExtraction of EMD and Hilbert–Huang Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133A. Krishnakumari, M. Saravanan, M. Ramakrishnan,Sai Manikanta Ponnuri and Reddy Srinadh1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342 Gear Vibration Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353 Time–Frequency Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

3.1 HHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

4.1 EMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384.2 HSA and FFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Comparative Study of PWM Technique for Switching Loss Reductionand Acoustic Noise Reduction in VSI-Fed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Tarang Kalaria, Tapankumar Trivedi, Vinod Patel, Rajendrasinh Jadejaand Chandresh Patel1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472 Advanced PWM Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483 Switching Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504 Acoustic Noise Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

xvi Contents

An Improved Genetic Algorithm for Production Planningand Scheduling Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Aditya Kunapareddy and Gopichand Allaka1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

2.1 Problem Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582.2 Chromosome Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.3 Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.5 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622.6 Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622.7 Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634 Experimental Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Automatic Calibration for Residential Water Metersby Using Artificial Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Edwin Pruna, Carlos Bustamante, Miguel Escudero, Santiago Mullo,Ivón Escobar and José Bucheli1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732 Equipment Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753 Instrument Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Hardware-in-the-Loop of a Flow Plant Embedded in FPGA,for Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Edwin Pruna, Icler Jimenez and Ivón Escobar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812 Development of the HIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

2.1 The Flow Plant Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832.2 Implementation of the Flow Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

3 Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843.1 Design of the Continuous PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843.2 Design of the Discrete PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

4 Tests and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854.1 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Contents xvii

Error Diagnosis in Space Navigation Integration Using WaveletMulti-Resolution Analysis with General RegressionNeural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Ramanan Gopalakrishnan, Diju Samuel Gnanadhasand Madhu Kiran Reddy Muli1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912 Inertial Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

2.1 Prediction of Errors in GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932.2 Parameters Obtained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

3 Wavelet Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1934 Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Hydromagnetic Squeeze Film Performance of Two ConductingLongitudinally Rough Elliptical Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199J. V. Adeshara, M. B. Prajapati, G. M. Deheri and R. M. Patel1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2044 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodieselfrom Rapeseed and Soybean in CI Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209R. Udayakumar, Vivek J. Shah and Sai Vijay Venkatesh1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2092 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2114 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

4.1 Brake Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2134.2 Specific Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2144.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2154.4 NOx Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2164.5 CO2 Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2174.6 Particulate Matter Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218


A Practical Approach to Camera Calibration for Part Alignmentfor Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Using Computer Vision . . . . . . . . . 221Pallavi Kulkarni, Atul Magikar and Tejas Pendse1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

1.1 Problem Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2221.2 Camera Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

xviii Contents

2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2233 Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

3.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2253.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263.3 Result Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2285 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Development of a Colour and Orientation Detection Systemfor Small Part Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Aditya Sachdeva, Rohan Kapoor, Awwal Singh and Pradeep Khanna1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2312 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

2.1 Colour Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2332.2 Infrared Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2342.3 Servo-Based Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2342.4 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

3 Description of Algorithm Used in Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343.1 Mean of a Set of 10 Readings of Colour Sensor

to Reduce the Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343.2 Identification of the Colour from the Mean RGB Values . . . . . . . 2353.3 Taking the Mean of 10 Infrared Sensor Values for More

Accuracy and Sensing the Orientation of the Parts . . . . . . . . . . . 2363.4 Condition for Rejection of the Undesirable Part

by the Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2364 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2375 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Comparative Analysis on Battery Used in Solar RefrigeratedE-Rickshaw in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Surender Kumar and Rabinder Singh Bharj1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2392 Smart Mobility System for Indian Megacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2413 BMS Duty for Li-Ion Battery Use in E-Rickshaw and SHRERs . . . . . 2424 The Relation Between State of Function with SOC and SOH . . . . . . . 2435 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Application of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in a Sewing Linefor Improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE):A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Shawkat Imam Shakil and Mahmud Parvez1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Contents xix

1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2502 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

2.1 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2502.2 Conceptual Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2512.3 Modeling Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2512.4 Survey Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523.1 Current State VSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523.2 Rough Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523.3 Future State VSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

4 OEE and Other Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.1 Formula Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.2 OEE Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2574.3 Existing Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2574.4 Proposed Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2574.5 Calculation of Other Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

5 Result and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

CFD Analysis to Increase Heat Transfer in Pipe with CombinedEffect of Circular Perforated Ring and Twisted Tape Insert . . . . . . . . . 261Prashant Negi, Vikash Kumar Gupta, Anil K. Prasad and Inzamam Ahmad1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2612 Numerical Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

2.1 Geometrical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2622.2 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2654 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Study on Solar Parabolic Trough Collector with Different CopperAbsorber Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271V. Hari Haran and P. Venkataramaiah1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2712 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

2.1 Absorber Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2723 Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2744 WASPAS Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2745 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2776 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

xx Contents

Harmonic Analysis for Bidirectional Grid-Connected Converterfor Electrical Vehicle During Chargingand Discharging Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Chitrang Vyas, Amit Ved, Tapankumar Trivedi and Rajendrasinh Jadeja1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2802 Grid-Connected Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2813 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2834 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Effect of Tribo-layer on the Sliding Wear Behavior of DetonationSprayed Alumina–Titania Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289P. Uday Chandra Rao, P. Suresh Babu, D. Srinivasa Rao,S. V. Gopala Krishna and K. Venkateswara Rao1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2892 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

2.1 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912.2 Powder Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912.3 Process Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912.4 Coating Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923.1 Surface Roughness, Microstructure and Porosity Values

of Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923.2 XRD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2933.3 MicroHardness Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2933.4 Sliding Wear Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2943.5 Coefficient of Friction Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2953.6 Wear Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2953.7 EDS Analysis of Worn Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296


Development of Sustainable Cementitious Binder UtilizingSilicomanganese Fumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Syed Khaja Najamuddin, Megat Azmi Megat Johari,Mohammed Maslehuddin and Moruf Olalekan Yusuf1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3002 Methodology of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3012.2 Experimental Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3022.3 Evaluation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3043.1 Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3043.2 Setting Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3053.3 Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Contents xxi


Review on Sliding Wear of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Concerning Counterfaceand Sliding Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309K. Suneel, N. Nagmohan Rao, R. Balaji, N. Srikanth,Gnanadurai Ravikumar Solomon and Ashish Selokar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3102 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

2.1 Microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3102.2 Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3112.3 Heat and Surface Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3112.4 Ti–6Al–4V Against Same and Different Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

3 Discussion and Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3144 Conclusion and Future Scope of Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Hardness and Microstructure Studies on the Effectof Solution-Treated Age-Hardened Al-6082 Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319C. B. Shashikumar, K. R. Harish and Raghavendra P. Nilugal1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3192 Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3204 Hardness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3205 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

5.1 Hardness and Microstructure Results of Experiment No. 1 . . . . . 3225.2 Hardness and Microstructure Results of Experiment No. 2 . . . . . 3225.3 Hardness and Microstructure Results of Experiment No. 3 . . . . . 3245.4 Hardness and Microstructure Results of Experiment No. 4 . . . . . 3255.5 Hardness and Microstructure Results of Experiment No. 5 . . . . . 326


Floating Photovoltaic Thin Film Technology—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 329R. Nagananthini, R. Nagavinothini and P. Balamurugan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3292 Floating photovoltaic (FPV) Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

2.1 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3312.2 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

3 Thin Film Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3343.1 Commercial Thin Film Technologies in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3353.2 Future Thin Film Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337


xxii Contents

Effect of Ethanol Fumigation on Performance and CombustionCharacteristics of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelledwith Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester in Dual-Fuel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Reddy Srinadh, Velmurugan Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan Jaikumar,Raja Selvakumar, V. A. Shridhar, E. Sangeethkumar and N. Sasikumar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

1.1 Present Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3412 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

2.1 Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3422.2 Trans-esterification of UCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

3 Experimental Set-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3423.1 Details of Ethanol Fumigation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3433.2 Details of Energy Sharing of Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3464.1 Effect of Ethanol on Engine Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3464.2 Effect of Ethanol on Combustion Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348


Estimation and Moderation of Harmonics in Distribution Systems . . . . 353J. Viswanatha Rao and G. Lakshminarayana1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3532 Estimation of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3543 Mitigation of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

3.1 Harmonic Reduction Using Pulse Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3554 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3555 Result and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3566 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Theoretical Evaluation of Energy Performance of a VapourCompression Refrigeration System Using Sustainable Refrigerants . . . . 361Sharmas Vali Shaik and T. P. Ashok Babu1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3612 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

2.1 Development of Sustainable Alternative Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . 3623 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Alternative Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . 3624 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

4.1 Energy Efficiency Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3664.2 Discharge Temperature of Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3664.3 Power Spent Per Ton of Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3674.4 Volumetric Refrigeration Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368


Contents xxiii

Effect of Autofrettage on the Properties of the AluminiumCylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Neelkant Patil, Shivarudraiah, D. Amaresh Kumarand Kalmeshwar Ullegaddi1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3712 Experimental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3723 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3734 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Influence of Graphene and Tungsten Carbide Reinforcementon Tensile and Flexural Strength of Glass Fibre EpoxyComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Kalmeshwar Ullegaddi, C. R. Mahesha and Shivarudraiah1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3792 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3803 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3814 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3825 Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

5.1 Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3835.2 Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

6 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3846.1 Effect of Fibre Loading on Tensile Properties

of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3846.2 Effect of Fibre Loading on Flexural Properties

of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3867 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Investigation of Partial Discharge Due to Copper Spherical Particlein Power Transformer Under Various Oil Flow ModelsUsing CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391N. Vasantha Gowri1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3912 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

2.1 Analysis Under Non-directed Oil Flow System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3932.2 Analysis of Directed Oil Flow System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

3 Discussions and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

A High-Power High-Frequency Isolated DC Power Supply for ElectricVehicle Charging Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Shivam Joshi, Rajesh Patel, Vinod Patel, Tapankumar Trivediand Pavak Mistry1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

xxiv Contents

2 Proposed Topology of EV Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4032.1 T-type Converter Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

3 Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4044 Efficiency Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4055 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

5.1 Dynamic Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4075.2 Charging of Battery Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408


Effect of Slicing Thickness and Increment on the Design of PatientSpecific Implant for Total Knee Replacement (TKR) Using MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI)—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Y. Sandeep Kumar, K. V. S. Rajeswara Rao, Sunil R. Yalamalle,S. M. Venugopal and Sandeep Krishna1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4112 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

2.1 Creating a 3D Model of Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4122.2 Optimization of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4154 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Microstructure and Hardness Behaviour Study of Carbon Nanotubein Aluminium Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Prashant S. Hatti, K. Narasimha Murthy and Anupama B. Somanakatti1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4212 Materials and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4233 Synthesizing of Al–Cnt Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4244 Microstructural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245 Hardness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4266 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4267 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Comparison of Electric Fields with and Without Corona Ringfor 66 kV Line Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Prapti Jethva, Krishna Patel and Dinesh Kumar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4292 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

2.1 Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4312.2 Calculation of Electric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

3 Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4323.1 Properties of Different Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4323.2 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Contents xxv

4 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4344.1 Without Corona Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4344.2 With Corona Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435


Experimental and FEA Simulation of Thermal-Fluid InteractionBetween TIN Coated Tungsten Carbide Tool and Inconel-825Workpiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441M. Sivaramakrishnaiah, P. Nandakumar and G. Rangajanardhana1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4422 Design of Experiment and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4433 Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4444 Geometry and Mesh Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

4.1 Dry and Wet Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4465 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

5.1 Dry and Wet Cutting Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4476 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

The Effect of Recrystallization on Electrical Resistivity of StirCasted SiCP/AA6061 Composite After Shot Peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Venumurali Jagannati and Bhanodaya Reddy Gaddam1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4532 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4543 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

3.1 Microstructural Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4553.2 XRD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4563.3 Electrical Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457


Design and Modeling of Wye Piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461Syed Sha Khalid, G. Vijaya and M. S. Rajagopal1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4612 Modelling Using CATIA and Hypermesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4623 Meshing and Boundary Conditions Using Hypermesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4634 Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4645 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4706 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

xxvi Contents

Comparative Investigation on Gas Tungsten Arc Weldingand Friction Stir Welding of Electrolytic Tough PitchCopper Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473K. A. Alex Luke, V. Balaji Reddy and Ashish Selokar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4732 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

2.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4743 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4774 Conclusion and Further Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionally Graded CeramicMaterial for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483M. Jeshrun Shalem, A. Devaraju and K. Karthik1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4832 Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

2.1 Slip Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4843 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

3.1 Dielectric Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4843.2 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4863.3 Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4863.4 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486


CI Engine Characteristic Investigation by Application of Metal-BasedAdditives with Biodiesel Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489L. Bharath and D. K. Ramesha1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4892 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4903 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

3.1 Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) . . . . . . 4913.2 Determination of Fuel Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4913.3 Preparation of Nanofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4924.1 Performance Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4924.2 Combustion Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

5 Emission Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4935.1 Oxides of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4935.2 Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4955.3 Unburnt Hydrocarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4955.4 Smoke Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497


Contents xxvii

Simulation of Underground Cable Defects with the Detectionof Partial Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Hardikkumar Delvadiya, Dinesh Kumar and Krishna Patel1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4992 Cable Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

2.1 What Is Cable Defects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5012.2 Cause of Cable Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5013.1 Void . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5023.2 External Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5033.3 Termination and Left Out Completely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504


Comparison of C.I Engine Performance Parameters and Emissionsby Varying Designs of Intake Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509N. Balaji Ganesh and P. V. Srihari1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5092 Experimental Set-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

2.1 Engine Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5113 Designs of Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

3.1 Normal Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5123.2 Nozzle Inside the Inlet Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5123.3 Internal Threaded Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

4 Tabular Columns for Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5135 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5136 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Variation of Time Lag, Decrement Factor and Inside SurfaceTemperature with Solar Optical Properties of Building Envelopein Different Climatic Zones of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Debasish Mahapatra and T. P. Ashok Babu1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

1.1 Time Lag and Decrement Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5242 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

2.1 Sole Air Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5252.2 Climatic Zones of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5262.3 Time Lag and Decrement Factor Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5273.1 Time Lag and Decrement Factor Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5273.2 Electricity Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530


xxviii Contents

Study on Tensile and Hardness Properties of Aluminium7075 Alloy Reinforced with Graphite, Mica and E-Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 533T. G. Gangadhar, D. P. Girish, A. C. Prapul Chandra, Gangadhar Angadiand K. V. Karthik Raj1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342 Materials and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342.2 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5352.3 Hardness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5362.4 Tensile Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

3 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5373.1 Tensile Strength and Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5373.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5383.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5393.4 Microstructure Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540


ANN-Based Fault Classification and Section IdentificationTechnique Using Superimposed Currents for Three-TerminalTransmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Shivani Vaghela, Nishant Kothari and Dinesh Kumar1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5432 System Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5443 Feature Selection for Section Identification and Fault Classification . . . 5464 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5475 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

An Analytical Investigation for Combined Pressure-Driven andElectroosmotic Flow Without the Debye–Huckel Approximation . . . . . . 553Avisankha Dutta and Sudip Simlandi1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5532 Description of the Physical Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5553 Mathematical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

3.1 Poisson–Boltzmann Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5563.2 Momentum Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5563.3 Energy Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

4 Solution of the Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5574.1 Electric Potential Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5574.2 Velocity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5594.3 Temperature Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560


Contents xxix

Addressing the Green Tribology Advancement, Future Development,and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Surender Kumar and Rabinder Singh Bharj1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

1.1 Global Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5672 Green Tribology Fields in Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5673 Utility of Green Tribology in Real Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5694 Green Tribology Development Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5695 Current Status of Energy Loss Due to Friction

and Wear Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5706 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5707 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Effect of Drying Temperature to the Thin Layer Drying Modelof Sago Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Maswida Mustafa Kamal, Rubiyah Baini, Lim Soh Fong,Mohd Hasnain Md Hussain and Shahrol Mohamaddan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5752 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

2.1 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5762.2 Drying Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5762.3 Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5773.1 Effect of Drying Temperature to the Drying Curve

of Traditionally Processed Sago Starch and DryingCharacteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

3.2 Effect of Drying Temperature to the Fitting Drying Modelof Traditionally Processed Sago Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579


Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Egg Shell, and Coco PeatReinforced Epoxy Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Vijay Kumar Girisala, D. Mangeelal and Sunkara Jaya Kishore1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5842 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

2.1 Preparation of Composite Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5852.2 Testing of Composite Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5883.1 Tensile Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5883.2 Compressive Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5893.3 Hardness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590


xxx Contents

Design Modification of Rear Axle Housing by FatigueFailure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Barada P. Baisakh and Anil K. Prasad1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5932 CAD and FE Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5943 Axle Housing Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5954 Loading Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5975 Finite Element Analysis of Housing and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5976 Theoretical Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5997 Design Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6008 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6029 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Mixture Design Using Low-Cost Adsorbent Materialsfor Decolourisation of Biomethanated Distillery Spent Washin Continuous Packed Bed Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Ishwar Chandra, Anima Upadhyay and N. Ramesh1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6082 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

2.1 Collection and Bio-chemical Analysis of BDSW . . . . . . . . . . . . 6102.2 Preparation and Characterisation of Biosorbent

Carrier Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6102.3 Batch Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6112.4 Continuous Column Flow Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6112.5 Decolourisation Assay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6132.6 Nutritional Analysis of Spent Modified Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6143.1 Characteristics of BDSW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6143.2 Properties of Biosorbent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6143.3 Colour Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6163.4 Nutritional Quality of Spent Modified Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617


Prediction of the WPPO Biodiesel-Fuelled HCCI EngineUsing Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Ramavathu Jyothu Naik and Kota Thirupathi Reddy1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6232 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6243 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

3.1 Modelling with ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6294 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Contents xxxi

Dimensional Analysis of Form Drilling Parameters by Buckingham PiTheorem and Optimization of Heat Generation in Form DrillingProcess by Taguchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Y. Bhargavi and V. Diwakar Reddy1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6332 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6343 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6354 Pi Terms Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

4.1 Process Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6365 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

5.1 Analysis of Variance for Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6395.2 Analysis of Variance for Petal Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6395.3 Taguchi Analysis for Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6405.4 Taguchi Analysis for Petal Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640


Comparison of Ductile, Flexural, Impact and Hardness Attributesof Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645S. Sathees Kumar, V. Mugesh Raja, B. Sridhar Babu and K. Tirupathi1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

1.1 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6461.2 Fabrication of Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

2 Mechanical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6492.1 Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6492.2 Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6492.3 Impact Strength and Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6494 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

4.1 Ductile Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6504.2 Flexural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6504.3 Impact Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6514.4 Hardness Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

5 Analysis of SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6526 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654

Optimization of EDM Process Parameters Using Standard Deviationand Multi-objective Optimization on the Basis of Simple RatioAnalysis (MOOSRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655J. Anitha and Raja Das1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6552 Experimental Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6563 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

3.1 Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

xxxii Contents

3.2 Standard Deviation Concept for Weight Calculation . . . . . . . . . . 6573.3 MOOSRA Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6594.1 Allocation of Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6594.2 Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660


Modeling and Simulation of Trans Z-Source Inverter with MaximumConstant Boost PWM Control for Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663K Chitra1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6632 T-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

2.1 Equivalent Circuit and Operating States of TSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6643 Modeling of TSI-Based Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6664 Maximum Constant Boost PWM Control (MCB PWM) . . . . . . . . . . . 6685 Simulation Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

5.1 Simulation Results of TSI for Solar PV SystemUsing MCB PWM Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670


Driver Drowsiness Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675J. V. V. S. N. Raju, P. Rakesh and N. Neelima1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6752 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6763 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

3.1 Eye Blink Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6793.2 Yawn Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6813.3 Head Location Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

4 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6825 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Detection and Control of Water Leakage in Pipelines and TapsUsing Arduino Nano Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685M. Pravin Kumar, R. Velmurugan and P. Balakrishnan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6852 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6863 Arduino Nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6874 Water Flow Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6885 Water Drop Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6886 Liquid Crystal Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6897 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6908 Solenoid Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6909 Experimental Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Contents xxxiii


Smart Automated Processes for Bottle-Filling IndustryUsing PLC-SCADA System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Nikhita Nadgauda, Senthil Arumugam Muthukumaraswamyand S. U. Prabha1 Introduction and Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6932 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

2.1 SCADA Implementation of Bottle-Filling Industry . . . . . . . . . . . 6952.2 Warehouse Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6962.3 Energy-Efficient Lighting Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

3 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6973.1 SCADA Implementation of Bottle-Filling Industry . . . . . . . . . . . 6973.2 Warehouse Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6983.3 Energy-Efficient Lighting Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700


Effect of Stirring Speed During Casting on Mechanical Propertiesof Al–Si Based MMCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Ajit Kumar Senapati, Sasank Shekhar Panda, Bibhash Kumar Duttaand Shubham Mishra1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7032 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

2.1 Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7042.2 Impact Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7052.3 Tensile Strength Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7062.4 Compression Strength Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7072.5 Hardness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707


Exploration of Pillars of Industry 4.0 Using Latent SemanticAnalysis Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711Aniruddha Anil Wagire, Ajay Pal Singh Rathore and Rakesh Jain1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7112 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

2.1 Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7133 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

3.1 Data Selection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7143.2 Interpretation of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7143.3 Pillars of Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

4 Conclusions and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

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An Overview of Different Topologies of DC/DC BidirectionalConverter for Different Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721S. Sathishkumar, G. Preethi and V. Kamatchi Kannan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7212 Overview of Different Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7223 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

An Approach to Detect and Classify Defects in Cantilever BeamsUsing Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Machine Learning . . . . . . . . 731Kailash Nagarajan, J Ananthu, Vijay Krishna Menon, K. P. Soman,E. A. Gopalakrishnan and Ajith Ramesh1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7322 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

2.1 Simulation, Data Acquisition, and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7322.2 Dynamic Mode Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7332.3 Support Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7354 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Musculoskeletal Simulation and Analysis of Upper LimbRehabilitation Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739Shahrol Mohamaddan, Aliff Rahman, Annisa Jamali, Helmy Hazmiand Michelle Maya Limbai1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7392 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

2.1 Upper Limb Rehabilitation Device Selection and Setting . . . . . . . 7402.2 Musculoskeletal Analysis using AnyBody Software . . . . . . . . . . 742


Fuzzy Regenerative Braking Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749Pranvat Singh Dang and Rudraksh Raajesh Haran1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7492 Vehicle Dynamics and Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7503 Mathematical Model of Energy Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7514 Braking Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7525 Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7536 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7557 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

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A New Framework for Secure Outsourcing of Medical Data . . . . . . . . . 759J. Hyma, Moulica Sudamalla, Dharma Teja Vanaparthi,Koushik Vinnakota and Vamsi Krishna Choppavarapu1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7602 Paper Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7603 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7604 Proposed System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7615 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

5.1 Least Significant Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7625.2 BlowFish Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7635.3 SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7647 Security Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7648 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766

A Comprehensive View for Providing the Decisionon Medicare Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769P. Naga Jyothi, D. Rajya Lakshmi and K. V. S. N. Rama Rao1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7692 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7703 Recommended System for Providing the Decision

on Medicare Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7723.1 Sources of Healthcare Claims Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7723.2 Analysis of Medicare Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7723.3 Development Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7755 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Predicting Cardiac Arrhythmia Using QRS Detectionand Multilayer Perceptron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781Harika Gundala, Mayank Sethia, Mehul Sethia, Shreyas Gonjari,Akshay Gugale and Rajeshkannan Regunathan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7823 Prediction System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

3.1 Data Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7833.2 Multilayer Perceptron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7833.3 QRS Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

4 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7854.1 Pan–Tompkins Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7854.2 Multilayer Perceptron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

5 Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7866 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

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7 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7888 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

Full Length Driver Drowsiness Detection Model—Utilising DriverSpecific Judging Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Sree Pradeep Kumar Relangi, Mutyam Nilesh, Kintali Pavan Kumarand Anantapalli Naveen1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7923 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793

3.1 Facial Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7933.2 Eye Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7933.3 Mouth Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7953.4 Drowsiness Predication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7965 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Enterprise Reporting Solution on Integrating Business Intelligencefor Operational and Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Anuraag Mazumdar and Rajeshkannan Regunathan1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7992 Survey of Existing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8003 Architecture of Analytical Reporting Using Business Intelligence . . . . 801

3.1 Detailed Design, ER (Entity Relationship) Diagram . . . . . . . . . . 8034 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8045 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806

A Survey on Accelerating the Classifier Training Using VariousBoosting Schemes Within Cascades of Boosted Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . 809A. S. Venkata Praneel, T. Srinivasa Rao and M. RamaKrishna Murty1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8102 Boosting Chain Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

2.1 Booster Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8122.2 Cascade Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8122.3 Tuning the Boosting Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8132.4 Learning the Naive Booster Chain Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8142.5 Using Bootstrap for Boosting Chain Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

3 Optimization of Boosting Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8173.1 Booster Optimization Based on a Linear Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8183.2 Adjusting the Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8193.3 Removal of Redundancy in Boosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

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4 Performance Comparisons of the Three Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8215 Observations of Empirical Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8216 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

Service Layer Security Architecture for IOT Using BiometricAuthentication and Cryptography Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827Santosh Kumar Sharma and Bonomali Khuntia1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8272 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

2.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8292.2 Algorithm (Honey Encryption) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

3 AVISPA Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8324 Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8345 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

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About the Editors

Dr. A. N. R. Reddy Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of theDepartment, obtained his B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNT University, Hyderabad,India and Ph.D. from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. Dr. A. N. R. hasreceived many prestigious research innovation and academic excellence awards thatinclude Malaysian Government International Student Award ‘MalaysianInternational Scholarship’; Zamalah Graduate Scholarship from UNIMAS; TwoSilver medals and one best Paper Presentation Award for in State-of-the-art forresearch innovations in biofuels and nano catalysts. Dr. Reddy’s research interestsinclude Bioenergy, Pyrolysis of Biomass, Synthesis of Nano materials, EnginePerformance & Exhaust gas Analystics, Applied & Fluid mechanics,Spectrophotometry, Modelling, Optimization and Design of experiments and TRIZ.Dr. Reddy, as a principle investigator, has successfully completed one AICTE, Govt.of India sponsored research project entitled “Multi Objective Optimization ofProduction Process Parameters using Evolutionary Algorithms.”

Dr. A. N. R. is a life member of renowned professional associations such asOperational Research Society of India (ORSI), The Indian Society of Theoretical andApplied Mechanics (ISTAM), Indian Association for Computational Mechanics(IndACM), Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), Engineers WithoutBorders (EWB), and Member of Society of Automotive Engineers India (SAEIndia), International Society for Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization(ISSMO). Over 19 years of service in both academic and research domains, Dr. ANRhas published 24 research works in ISI and Scopus indexed journals, to name a fewACS Energy Fuels; AIP J. Renew. Sustain. Energy; Journal of chemistry etc. as wellas international conferences and guided many PG and UG students’ projects.Further, Dr Reddy is very actively involved in organizing in Seminars/Conferences,Faculty development Programmes and Workshops of National and Internationalrepute for the benefit of academia.

Dr. Deepak Marla is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITBombay). He has obtained Ph.D from IIT Bombay and had done his post-doctoral

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work from the Technical University of Denmark & University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign. His work is in the domain of micro/nano-manufacturing usingadvanced techniques that involve lasers, electric discharges, electrochemical reac-tions, plasmas, and micro-tools. His research focuses on gaining a fundamentalinsight into these processes through a synergetic use of multi-physics modeling andsimulation, and experiments with an eye on addressing critical challenges at theprocess level.

Dr. Milan Simic has PhD, Master and Bachelor in Electronic Engineering, as wellas Graduate diploma in Education. He has comprehensive experience from industry(Honeywell Information Systems), Research institute and academia, from overseasand Australia. Dr Simic is conducting research and teaching in Mechatronics that isa comprehensive engineering discipline, which includes the following scientificareas in his work physical systems modelling, autonomous systems, biomedicalengineering, robotics, intelligent transportation systems, green energy, and infor-mation theory, wireless transfer of energy, engineering management, and education.

Dr. Simic is currently the General Editor for Knowledge Engineering Systems(KES) International Journal, Program Manager for Master of Engineering(Management), Associate Director of Australia-India Research Centre forAutomation Software Engineering, Associate Editor for Intelligent DecisionTechnologies (IDT) International Journal, and few more.

Dr. Margarita N. Favorskaya received her engineering diploma from RybinskState Aviation Technological University, Russia, in 1980 and was awarded a Ph.D.by S.-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, S.-Petersburg, in1985. Since 1986 she is working in the Siberian State Aerospace University,Krasnoyarsk, in which she is responsible for the Digital Image and VideosProcessing Laboratory.

Dr. Margarita is a Full Professor and the Head of Department of Informatics andComputer Techniques, Siberian State University of Science & Technology. Hermain research interests are in the areas of digital image and videos processing,pattern recognition, fractal image processing, artificial intelligence, informationtechnologies, and remote sensing. She is the authored/ co-authored more than 130publications. Margarita Favorskaya is a member of KES International organizationand the IPC member of a number of National and International Conferences. She ison the editorial board of Int. J. Computer and Information Science and InternationalJournal of Intelligent Decision Technology. She has a number of awards from theMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for significant con-tribution in educating and training a number of highly qualified specialists over anumber of years.

Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy has varied research interest, currently working atKIIT University, Bhubaneswar as a senior professor. He has obtained his Ph.D inComputer Science and Engineering from JNTU Hyderabad and M.Tech in CSEfrom NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, India. He has 26 years of teaching experience. His

xl About the Editors

research interests include machine intelligence to intelligent system design, swarmintelligence & artificial intelligence. He has acted acted as a program chair for manyinternational conferences and edited 8 volumes of proceedings from Springer SIST,LNCS and AISC series. He is currently guiding 8 scholars for Ph.D. Dr. Satapathyis also a senior Member of IEEE. His publication are total of above 120 publica-tions and around many papers which are currently in review are not accounted. Hispublication are total of above 120 publications and around many papers which arecurrently in review are not accounted. Most of my publications are indexed inSCOPUS and Journal papers having SCI Impact factor. Details of my publicationsetc. can be found from DBLP and Google scholar citation link.

About the Editors xli

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