smart grids and pv integration (webinar presentation) · a smart grid is capable to deal with...

International Solar AllianceExpert Training Course

Smart Grids and PV IntegrationIn partnership with the Clean Energy Solutions Center (CESC)

Dr Pol Arranz-Piera September 2019

Supporters of this Expert Training Series

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This Training is part of Module 4, and focuses on the issue ofSmart Grids

Overview of Training Course Modules

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Brief Profile:

Projects Director and Senior Engineer at AIGUASOL, an

international energy consulting, engineering and R&D firm

Previous experience includes Trama Tecnoambiental (TTA)

and URS Corp. (currently AECOM)

20+ years of experience in the renewable energy and

energy efficiency sectors, covering nearly 40 countries in

Europe, The Americas, Africa, the Middle East and Asia

Associate researcher and lecturer at the Technical

University of Catalonia (UPC) on electricity services

planning, solar and biomass technologies.

Expert Trainer: Dr Pol Arranz-Piera

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A vision?INDUSTRY

HOSPITALSCHOOL

TRANSMISSION GRID

COLD GENERATION STATIONHOUSEHOLD COMBINED HEAT

AND POWER GENERATION STATION

ELECTRIC VEHICLE

HOUSING BLOCK

DATA NETWORK

HOTEL

ELECTRICITYHEAT

COLDDATA

Why do we need Smart Grids?

Definition of Smart Grids

Traditional VS Smart Grids

Focus Areas of Smart Grids

Smart Grid Technologies and Components

Solar PV Designs for Smart Grid Integration

Advantages of Smart Grids

Barriers to Smart Grids

Cost and Benefits of Smart Grids

Case Studies

References

Index

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• The power grid has operated in the same (unidirectional) way since

its inception: large scale generation distributed consumers

• Net-zero carbon emissions scenarios (IEA) requiring 74% of world

electricity sourced by renewables by 2060 [1] need high penetration

of “decentralised” renewable energy generation, which is a

challenge for the current operation of power grids

• Grids have to be capable to enable demand/response strategies to

integrate and maximize the use of intermittent generation and battery

storage, while minimizing electricity waste and energy costs, as well

as ensuring reliability of supply


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• Solar PV generation is an intermittent and variable source of energy,

bringing integration challenges such as system stability, electric power

balance, reactive power compensation, frequency response, etc. [2]

• Consumers can become active players, they can track and shift their

consumption to those hours of the day when electricity is cheaper, as

well as generate their own electricity (i.e. prosumers)

• Large deployment of electric vehicles will require smart grids that

allow optimization of charging and discharging times to reduce electricity

costs while providing ancillary services to the grid


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Several concepts have been formulated, coming from different angles.

However, no unique definition has been internationally and unanimously

adopted.

An example fromacademia:


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Source:

https://www.citcea.upc.edu/

Other examples (industry):


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Source:

https://www.indracompany.com/

Several technical standards being developed, mostly around 2 key

aspects: INTEROPERABILITY and CYBERSECURITY

Some commonly accepted features:

Smart grids are the next phase of electrical grids, using digital data and information/communications technology to facilitate the operation of the future power grid(s)

Flexibility in scale: (i) Opportunities both at the transmission (i.e. power plants to substations) and distribution (i.e. substation to individual users) levels; (ii) Can be implemented in generation as well as in consumption stage


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U.S. NIST //www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/overview/standards_interoperability.html)IEC //www.iec.ch/smartgrid/standards/IEEE //smartgrid.ieee.org/resources/standards/ieee-approved-proposed-standards-related-to-smart-grid

Some commonly accepted features (cont.):

Smart grids applied to solar PV link their generation to the grid, while taking into account stability issues, operational processes and remote control

A smart grid is capable to deal with monitoring and analysis, automation or control, integration and control of distributed solar PV energy resources (or other renewable energy), as well as energy storage systems [3].

Most of the technologies that enable smart grids are currentlycommercially available; booming sector in continuous development

Implementation of smart grid technologies depend on their financialfeasibility as well as local regulations/policies


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Traditional Grid Smart GridManual restoration Self-restoration capabilityDesigned for centralized generation Designed to integrate distributed generation

Manual monitoring, real time data not available, few sensors

Self-monitoring, real time data available, sensors throughout

One way communication Two-way communicationSlow and manual response to quality issues Fast and automatic resolution of issues

Focus on outages Power quality is a priorityResponds to system disturbances preventing further damage, protects assets

Automatically detects and responds to system disturbances (focus on prevention, minimize impacts on consumer)

Electromechanical with analogic functions Complete digital systemLimited control Pervasive controlCustomers are uninformed and non-participative

Informed, involved and active consumers

Limited wholesale markets, and opportunities for consumers

Well-integrated wholesale market, allows new electricity market for consumers

Sources: [4], [5]

Traditional vs. Smart Grids

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Source: [5]

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Traditional vs. Smart Grids

Distributed energy systems: Micro (i.e. prosumers) to large solar PV and other renewable generators Energy storage, Electric vehicles

Transmission and distribution grid management: Grid monitoring, control and security

Increase consumer choices and markets (Demand/response, dynamic pricing)

Advanced software and hardware: Energy dashboards, controllers, sensors and smart appliances

Communication systems: Smart meters to transmit energy consumption/generation data to utilities Control centers at the utility Power Line Communications (PLC) or Wireless mesh networking to transmit

data to control centerSources: [4], [6]

Focus Areas of Smart Grids & PV

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Source: [9]


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Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): smart meters, communications and data processing equipment.Smart meters feature higher time resolution in energy measurement, regular communication of energy usage data to utility and two-way communication with the utility.

Advanced electricity pricingApproaches and pricing schemes where consumer prices reflect real-time generation costs, enabling consumers to actively shift consumption towards hours with low prices or more renewable energy generation.

Demand/responseTechniques to reduce energy load during periods of peak electricity usage or of low renewable energy generation. Demand/response includes direct load control, voluntary load reduction and dynamic demand.

Source: [7]

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Renewable resource forecasting. Accurate prediction of solar generation can reduce the costs of renewables and maximize their usage within the grid

Smart inverters. Mitigate impacts caused by PV on the grid such as transientgrid voltage fluctuations, steady-state grid voltage problems and frequencydeviations

Distributed storage. Increases the flexibility of the grid and addresses thevariability and stochastic nature of the solar resource

Microgrids. These are sections of the grid that can disconnect from it and operatein an autonomous, “island” mode

Virtual power plants. These consist in an aggregration of energy resources, which do not necessarily be co-located and cannot work off-grid, and are treated bythe grid operator as a larger resource

Source: [7]

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Two-way flows of power and communication are required between smart grids and

solar PV systems. The solar PV system is managed by the inverter that transforms

DC voltage into AC.

Source: [8]


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Inverter cost comparison:• Central inverter: 0.08 US$/Wac• String inverter: 0.12-0.15 US$/Wac• Microinverter: 0.40 US$/Wac

Source: [17]

Types of inverters: Central inverters. This is the

standard case, where DC

voltage from solar PV panels is

fed to a central inverter that

conditions and distributes it at

local or grid level. To reduce the

DC voltage and the costs in

cabling, power conversion is

done at each individual string or

set of strings for large arrays


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Source: ABBhttps://new.abb.com/power-converters-inverters/solar/utility-

scale/turkey-s-largest-solar-power-plant

Types of inverters: String inverters. They

maximize the power delivered

by each string, and improve the

efficiency of the array. They limit

the impact of an

underperforming panel only to

the string. This approach

increases the robustness of the

system


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Source: http://www.windandsun.co.uk/products/PV-Mounting-Structures/Solar-Carports/Solar-CarPort

Types of inverters: Micro inverters. They provide DC-AC conversion for each individual PV panel

instead of an entire string. Micro inverters execute real-time efficient DC-AC

conversion, circuit protection and PV panel power optimization through maximum

power-point tracking


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Source: Barcelona Energy Agency

Optimises integration and use of PV distributed generation, averting construction of back-up systems

Increases reliability of supply, quality and stability (e.g. inverters with virtual inertia control algorithms), reducing the probability of grid outage occurrence

Reduces peak demand and allows peak shaving, provides demand/response alerts so that active users can act accordingly on their consumption & generation, thus reducing congestion costs

Resilient to disruptions, self-healing, enables predictive maintenance, and presents reduced grid restoration time

Optimizes demand and supply at local and distribution levels, reducing transmission losses Source: [4], [5], [10]

Key Advantages of Smart Grids & PV

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o Smart grid relies on a complex infrastructure. Current grid needs to be upgraded to enable the operation of smart grids. High cost of the technology required for the operation of smart grids (e.g. full deployment of smart meters)

o Need to standardize technical and communication protocols between components of smart grids

o Utilities and regulators need to work with new grid players; potential conflict of institutional interest in the control of the solar system between the generator (aims to maximize the generation), and the grid operator (prioritises grid protection).

Source: [4], [5], [10], [11]

Key Barriers to Smart Grids

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o Ownership and access to data generated at smart grids, e.g. user, utility, installer, policy maker, etc.

o Security and privacy of smart grid users. Cyber-attacks can lead to power and data theft.

o Local and national policies need to be adapted at the same pace as the smart grid technology evolves, to enable the implementation of technical and market solutions associated to smart grids

Source: [4], [5], [10], [11]

Key Barriers to Smart Grids

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Previous applications of smart grids have revealed that their benefits consistently outweigh their costs; however, in some cases the rates of return on investment may not be sufficiently attractive to private investors

Benefits from smart grids include countable economic gains derived from the increase in grid reliability and use of renewable energy, as well as from the reduction in back-up capacity and grid reinforcement investments

More difficult to evaluate is the long-term improvement in public health derived from the reduction in emissions

Benefits depend largely on the implementation of the smart grids and require to ensure that technologies are successfully integrated

The analysis and evaluation of the benefits of smart grids requires good spatial and temporal data availability

Source: [11] [12]

Costs and Benefits of Smart Grids

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De Ceuvel is a working space located in a former shipyard in North Amsterdam

Since 2012, they are operating an energy community based on blockchain that uses the

token “Jouliette” to easily manage and share the locally generated renewable energy.

Data from smart meters are used to assess energy balances and generate energy bills that

are paid with Jouliettes.

De Ceuvel has a private smart grid powered with

solar PV, that operates independently from the

national grid, and thus bypasses any existing

restriction in the market

Currently, all the electricity consumed is sourced from

renewable energy.

The system includes a station to charge electric

bicycles. Source: [13]

Case Study 1: Jouliette at De Ceuvel (NL)

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Development of smart islanded grid in Xanthi, that can be replicated in isolated microgrids.

The smart grid network includes three nodes, and each of them include a smaller microgrid.

All microgrids present renewable energy generation (wind and solar PV), local load, energy

storage and an auxiliary generator.

One of the microgrids presents a hydrogen generator that uses the surplus generation from

the solar PV system, and a fuel cell that can regulate the production of electricity based on

the current generation and load conditions.

The system has a communication, automation and

monitoring infrastructure that enables the operation

of the smart grid as well as the management of

energy flows between the microgrids.

Source: [14]

Case Study 2: Xanthi (Greece)

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• Includes advanced monitoring of the regional grid

• Modelling of energy generation from solar PV

• Energy demand based on historical data

• Forecast of power flows at LV and MV

• Day ahead grid topology optimization

The Macerata province has historically exploited hydro resources and, in recent years,

there has been an increase in residential and commercial solar PV, as well as biomass

generation.

Energy demand is limited, leading to frequent reverse power flow.

Grid is managed by the local distribution operator.

The project addresses the grid topology and optimizes its configuration in terms of losses

or other operational indicators:

Source: [15]

Case Study 3: San Severino Marche (Italy)

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The Barcelona pilot project is conceptualized for a sport center that includes a 52kWh battery

energy storage system (BESS) and a 5kWp solar PV installation.

The BESS provides two main services:

Use as backup system for emergency lighting and computer servers in case of grid outage.

Provide ancillary services to the grid in case of demand/response events, e.g. excess load,

grid congestion.

The flexibility of the BESS to address demand/response

events is assessed based on a number of parameters:

Current and forecasted local demand

Solar PV generation based on weather forecast

Forecasted electricity costs

Additional revenues associated with ancillary servicesSource: [16]

Case Study 4: Barcelona (Spain)

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The project Brooklyn Microgrid aims to solve the congestion problems at the grid in the Brooklyn district of New York

The project develops a community smart grid with consumers and solar PV prosumers, using the existing grid infrastructure owned by the DSO ConEdison

The community manages the energy generated, stored (in batteries and electric vehicles) and traded through the blockchain technology

Users have the option to choose what energy they will consume and set up upper and lower electricity price bounds, which will determine their final consumption profile

The microgrid currently covers 10 blocks and has 60 prosumers

Source: [18]

Case Study 5: Brooklyn Microgrid (U.S.)

[1] International Energy Agency (2017), “Energy Technology Perspectives 2017”, www.iea.org. Accessed July 2019.[2] Wan, C., Zhao, J., Song, Y., Xu, Z., Lin, J., & Hu, Z. (2015). Photovoltaic and solar power forecasting for smart grid energy management. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 1(4), 38-46.[3] Hossain, M. S., Madlool, N. A., Rahim, N. A., Selvaraj, J., Pandey, A. K., & Khan, A. F. (2016). Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1168-1184.[4] Fang, X., Misra, S., Xue, G., & Yang, D. (2011). Smart grid—The new and improved power grid: A survey. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 14(4), 944-980.[5] Santacana, E., Rackliffe, G., Tang, L., & Feng, X. (2010). Getting smart. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 8(2), 41-48.[6] Andreadou, N., Guardiola, M., & Fulli, G. (2016). Telecommunication technologies for smart grid projects with focus on smart metering applications. Energies, 9(5), 375.[7] Kempener, R., Komor, P., & Hoke, A. (2013). Smart grids and renewables: a guide for effective deployment. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). November. IRENA Working Paper. Available at http://www. irena. org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/smart_grids. pdf.[8] Bouzguenda, M., Gastli, A., Al Badi, A. H., & Salmi, T. (2011, December). Solar photovoltaic inverter requirements for smart grid applications. In 2011 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Middle East (pp. 1-5). IEEE.[9] Wazeer, A., & Singh, A. P. (2018). Smart grid. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Engineering, 7(5), 201-205.[10] Bayindir, R., Colak, I., Fulli, G., & Demirtas, K. (2016). Smart grid technologies and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66, 499-516.[11] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2013). “Smart Grids and Renewables: A Guide for Effective Deployment.”[12] Xenias, D., Axon, C. J., Whitmarsh, L., Connor, P. M., Balta-Ozkan, N., & Spence, A. (2015). UK smart grid development: An expert assessment of the benefits, pitfalls and functions. Renewable Energy, 81, 89-102.[13] “Jouliette at De Ceuvel.” [Online]. Available: https://www.jouliette.net [Accessed: 16-Jul-2019].[14] Xanthi. inteGRIDy Project. [Online]. Available: http://www.integridy.eu/content/xanthi [Accessed: 16-Jul-2019].[15] San Severino Marche. inteGRIDy Project. [Online]. Available: http://www.integridy.eu/content/san-severino-marche [Accessed: 26-Jul19].[16] Barcelona. inteGRIDy Project. [Online]. Available: http://www.integridy.eu/content/barcelona [Accessed: 26-Jul-2019].[17] NREL 2017: US Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Bechmark: Q1 2017 [18] Patrick Sisson, “Solar power’s future may be on these Brooklyn rooftops,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.curbed.com/2017/4/26/15439936/brooklyn-solar-power-park-slope-microgrid. [Accessed: 30-Jul-2019].

References

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https://www.jouliette.net/

http://www.integridy.eu/content/xanthi

http://www.integridy.eu/content/san-severino-marche

http://www.integridy.eu/content/barcelona

https://www.curbed.com/2017/4/26/15439936/brooklyn-solar-power-park-slope-microgrid

Thanks for your attention!

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