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Smart Card


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 ORGANIZATION PROFILE1.2 ABSTRACT

2 . SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 2.4 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 2.5 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS 2.6 FEASIBILITY STUDY

3. SYSTEM DESIGN3.1 PROJECT MODULES

3.2 DATA DICTIONARY 3.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

3.4 ER DIAGRAMS3.5 !ARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

4. SYSTEM TESTING5. SOFTWARE TOOLES USED6. TEC!NICLAL NOTES

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PROGRAMMING6.2 INTRODUCTION TO OOPS AND WINDOWS

6.3 INTRODUCTION TO JA"A#. BIBILOGRAP!Y


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABSTRACT

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2. SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

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0. SOFTARES)ECIFICATION

0.1 FRONTEND

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• T$% %+W'-+%' %+$( '%+:'/ , W'-+%'

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servletname.name

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--*,+- 7$%+$%'

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O',*% *(,/ *, % :/% (' *(:-*,+- 7-+$ IBM

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.SYSTME ANALYSIS

system analysis first stage according to System

Development Life Cycle model. This System Analysis is a

process that starts with the analyst.

Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations

performed by a system and their relationships within and


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outside the system. ne aspect of analysis is defining the

boundaries of the system and determining whether or not a

candidate should consider other related systems. During

analysis! data is collected from the available files! decision

points! and transactions handled by the present system.

Logical system models and tools are used in analysis.

Training! e"perience! and common sense are re#uired for

collection of the information needed to do the analysis.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

$n the e"isting system the patient or the user has to go the

hospital with his total prescriptions and everything. $t is also

very economic if you went to multispecialty hospitals and

also when you transfer or migrate from one location to

another location.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

$n the proposed system no need to ta%e all the prescription

with us because it stored in the database and it is also

economically good because they will provide the concisions

for the patients who are registered with that organi&ation.


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REQURIEMENTS ANALYSIS

The re#uirement phase basically consists of threeactivities'

1. (e#uirement Analysis

2. (e#uirement Specification

). (e#uirement *alidation

Requirement Anal!i!:(e#uirement Analysis is a software engineering tas%

that bridges the gap between system level software

allocation and software design. $t provides the system

engineer to specify software function and performance!

indicate software+s interface with the other system elements

and establish constraints that software must meet.

The basic aim of this stage is to obtain a clear picture

of the needs and re#uirements of the end,user and also the

organi&ation. Analysis involves

interaction between the clients and the analysis. -sually

analysts research a problem from any #uestions as%ed and

reading e"isting documents. The analysts have to uncover

the real needs of the user even if they don+t %now them

clearly. During analysis it is essential that a complete and


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consistent set of specifications emerge for the system. ere

it is essential to resolve the contradictions that could emerge

from information got from various parties.

This is essential to ensure that the final specifications are

consistent.

$t may be divided into / areas of effort.

1. 0roblem recognition

2. valuation and synthesis

). odeling

3. Specification

/. (eview

ach (e#uirement analysis method has a uni#ue point of

view. owever all analysis methods are related by a set of

operational principles. They are

• The information domain of the problem must berepresented and understood.

• The functions that the software is to perform must

be defined.

• The behavior of the software as a conse#uence of

e"ternal events must be defined.

• The models that depict information! function andbehavior must be partitioned in a hierarchical orlayered fashion.


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• The analysis process must move from essential

information to implementation detail.

REQUIREMENTS SPE"I#I"ATION

S$e%i&i%ati'n Prin%i$le!:

Software (e#uirements Specification plays an important

role in creating #uality software solutions. Specification is

basically a representation process. (e#uirements are

represented in a manner that ultimately leads to successful

software implementation. (e#uirements may be specified in a variety of ways.

owever there are some guidelines worth following' ,

• (epresentation format and content should be

relevant to the problem• $nformation contained within the specification

should be nested• Diagrams and other notational forms should be

restricted in number and consistent in use.• (epresentations should be revisable.


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S'&t(are Requirement! S$e%i&i%ati'n!:

The software re#uirements specification is produced at

the culmination of the analysis tas%. The function and

performance allocated to the software as a part of system

engineering are refined by establishing a complete

information description! a detailed functional and behavioral

description! and indication of performance re#uirements and

design constraints! appropriate validation criteria and other

data pertinent to re#uirements.

An 'utline '& t)e S'&t(are Requirement!

S$e%i&i%ati'n:

A simplified outline can be given for the framewor% of the

specifications. This is according to the $ Standards.

#EASI*ILITY STUDY

All pro4ects are feasible! given unlimited resources and

infinite time. 5ut the development of software is plagued by

the scarcity of resources and difficult delivery rates. $t is

both necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of a

pro4ect at the earliest possible time.


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Three %ey considerations are involved in the feasibility

analysis.

E%'n'mi% #ea!i+ilit:

This procedure is to determine the benefits and savings

that are e"pected from a candidate system and compare

them with costs. $f benefits outweigh costs! then the

decision is made to design and implement the system.

therwise! further 4ustification or alterations in proposed

system will have to be made if it is to have a chance of

being approved. This is an ongoing effort that improves in

accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle.

Te%)ni%al #ea!i+ilit:

Technical feasibility centers on the e"isting computer

system 6hardware! software! etc.!7 and to what e"tent it can

support the proposed addition. $f the budget is a serious

constraint! then the pro4ect is 4udged not feasible.

O$erati'nal #ea!i+ilit:


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0eople are inherently resistant to change! and

computers have been %nown to facilitate change. $t is

understandable that the introduction of a candidate system

re#uires special effort to educate! sell! and train the staff on

new ways of conducting business.

S8ST DS$9:

The most creative and challenging phase of the life

cycle is system design. The term design describes a final

system and the process by which it is developed. $t refers

to the technical specifications that will be applied in

implementations of the candidate system. The design may

be defined as ;the process of applying various techniques

and principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process

or a system with sufficient details to permit its physical

realization”.

The designer+s goal is how the output is to be

produced and in what format. Samples of the output and

input are also presented. Second input data and database

files have to be designed to meet the re#uirements of the

proposed output. The processing phases are handled

through the program Construction and Testing.


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of the impact of the candidate system on the user and the

organi&ation are documented and evaluated by management

as a step toward implementation.

The importance of software design can be stated

in a single word ;Quality” . Design provides us with

representations of software that can be assessed for #uality.

Design is the only way where we can accurately translate a

customer+s re#uirements into a complete software product or

system. =ithout design we ris% building an unstable system!

that might fail if small changes are made. $t may as well be

difficult to test! or could be one who+s

#uality can+t be tested. So it is an essential phase in the

development of a software product.

DATA #LO, DIAGRAMS

Data flow diagram is a structure analysis tool that is

used for graphical representation of Data processes through

any organi&ation . the data flow approach emphasis on the

logic underlying the system! by using combination of only 3

symbols. $t follows a top down approach. A full description of

a system actually consists of set of D


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lower level diagrams that show additional feature of the

system.


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O$en Re%tan-le

it is a data store,data at rest! or a temporary repository of

data. ere $ am giving only the Data


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DATA ST(-CT-(

>T(:AL :T$T8

( DATA L$:?

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DATA 5AS

DEMA"RO YORDAN NOTATION


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PROJECT REPORT Smart Card Health Security System

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ID#D &'r ")airman

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5(A:C AD

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UML1S

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-se Case Diagram of Chairman'

Chairman

Add Branch Head

Add Card type

Reports

Chairman

/ > /


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-se case Diagram of 5ranchead'

BranchHead

Enquiry

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BranchHead

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Se#uence Diagram of Chairman'

Add New Card: Chairmanogin Add New

Branch HeadReports

!ogin detai!s"eri#y

Branch $etai!s

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Add New Type o# Card

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Request #or Reports

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/ 1 /


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Collaboration Diagram of Chairman '

: Chairman

ogin Add New BranchHead

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Se#uence Diagram of 5ranchead'

/ ( /


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: BranchHead!ogin Enquiry Registration Reports ogout

!ogin $etai!s

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Collaboration Diagram of 5ranch ead'

: BranchHead

!ogin

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DATA DI"TIONARY

Data+a!e De!i-n:

Ta+le name: L'-in

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username *archar2627 not nullpassword *archar2627 not null

Ta+le name: *ran%))ea/

name *archar2627username *archar2627password *archar26270hone :umber627Bdate Dateobile *archar2627mail *archar2627

Address *archar26275ranch *archar2627City *archar26270in :umber67State *archar26275no :umber617 0rimary ?ey

Ta+le name: "ar/

Cno :umber6/7 0rimary ?eyCname *archar2617Capacity :umber*alidity *archar2617Discount :umberAmount :umber

Ta+le name : Enquir

:A *A(CA(2627 A9 :-5(

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87/213


S> *A(CA(2617 D$ST($CT *A(CA(2627 DS$9:AT$: *A(CA(2627 @-AL$ *A(CA(26170: :-5(6175(A:C *A(CA(2627@-AL$ /


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A91 :-5((LAT$: *A(CA(2627

TECHNICAL NOTES'

OERIE, O# 3AA TE"4NOLOGY

Bava! whether you love it! or hate it! itFs here to stay. Li%e everyone

favorite language C! Bava has had a ma4or impact on the computin

scene. =hen the history of computers is written! its name will be u

there with the stars.

$f you were to choose 4ust one language to learn today! it should b

Bava. $tFs being pushed aggressively by Sun and is growing by leap

and bounds. There are lots of Bava programmers out there and mor

4oin the party every day.

Bava started out as a bit of an accident. A team under 5ill Boy wa

wor%ing at Sun on a new programming language for embedde

applications. Bava was originally e"pected to wor% in toasters an

fridges! not on modern computersG The initial prognosis for Bava wa

not good and it was only the rise of the $nternet which saved Bav

from oblivion. Since then! neither the :et nor Sun nor Bava ha

loo%ed bac% and all have grown from strength to strength.

=orld wide web is an open ended information retrieval system

designed to be used in the distributed environment. This system

contains web pages that provide both information and controls. =

/ /


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can navigate to a new web page in any direction. This is mad

possible worth TL 4ava was meant to be used in distribute

environment such as internet. So 4ava could be easily incorporate

into the web system and is capable of supporting animatio

graphics ! games and other special effect. The web has become mor

dynamic and interactive with support of 4ava. =e can run a 4av

program on remote machine over internet with the support of web .

3AA ENIRONMENT

Bava environment includes a large no. of tools which are part o

the system %nown as 4ava development %it 6BD?7 and hundreds o

classes! methods! and interfaces grouped into pac%ages forms part o

4ava standard library6BSL7.

3AA AR"4ITE"TURE

Bava architecture provides a portable! robust ! high performin

environment for development. Bava provides portability by compilin

the byte codes for the 4ava virtual machine which are the

interpreted on each platform by the runtime environment . 4ava als

provides stringent compile and runtime chec%ing and automat

memory management in order to ensure solid code .

3AA IRTUAL MA"4INE

/ /


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=hen we compile the code! 4ava compiler creates machine cod

6byte code7 for a hypothetical machine called 4ava virtual machin

64vm7. The 4vm will e"ecute the byte code and overcomes the issue o

portability . the code is written and compile for one machine an

interpreted all other machines . this machine is called 4ava virtua

machine .

PARADIGM O# 3AA

• Dynamic down loading applets6small applicatio

programs7H

• limination of flatware phenomenon that is providing thos

features of a product that user needs at a time. Th

remaining features of a product can remain in the server.

• Changing economic model of the software

• -p,to,date software availability

• Supports networ% entire computing

A*OUT 4TML

TL 6hyper te"t mar%up language7 is a language used t

create hyper te"t documents that have hyper lin%s embedded in them

. it consists of tags embedded in the te"t of a document with T

=e can build web pages or web document s. it is basically

formatting language and not a programming language. The browse

reading the document interprets mar% up tags to help format th

document for subse#uent display to a reader. TL is a language fo

/ /


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describing structured documents. TL is a platform independen

===6world wide web7 pages are written using TL. TL tag

control in part the representation of the === page when view wit

web browser. The browser interpretes TL tags in the we

document and displays it. Different browsers show data differently

"amples of browsers used to be web pages include'

• :etscape

• $nternet "plorer

3AA S"RIPT

Bava script is a general purpose ! prototype based ! ob4ec

oriented scripting language developed 4ointly by sun and netscap

and is meant for the === . it is designed to be embedded in divers

applications and systems ! with out consuming much memory . 4av

script borrows most of its synta" from 4ava but also inherits from aw

and perl ! with some indirect influence from self in its ob4ec

prototype system.

Bava scripts dynamically typed that is programs donot declar

variable types! and the type of variable is unrestricted and ca

change at runtime . source can be generated at run time an

evaluated against an arbitrary scope. Typical implementation

compile by translating source into a specified byte code format! t

chec% synta" and source consistency. :ote that the availability t

/ 1 /


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or whether the values entered are correct or whethe

all fields in a from are filled and reduced networ

traffic

3. it creates interactive forms and client side loo%u

tables .

3a0aData*a!e"'nne%ti0it53D*"6

O0er0ie( '& Ne( #eature!

Re!ult !et en)an%ement!

The BD5C 1. A0$ provided result sets that had the ability to scroll

a forward direc,tiononly. Scrollable result sets allow for mor

fle"ibility in the processing of results by

providing both forward and bac%ward movement through the

contents. $n addition!

scrollable result sets allow for relative and absolute positioning.


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The batch update feature allows an application to submit multipl

update statements

6insertIupdateIdelete7 in a single re#uest to the database. This ca

provide a dramatic

increase in performance when a large number of update statement

need to be e"ecuted.

A/0an%e/ /ata t$e!

$ncreased support for storing persistent Bava programming languag

ob4ects 6Bava ob,4ects7

and a mapping for S@LJJ data types such as binary large ob4ects

and structured

types! has been added to the BD5C A0$. An application may als

customi&e the map,ping

of S@LJJ structured types into Bava programming language classes.

R'(!et!

As its name implies! a rowset encapsulates a set of rows. A rowse

may or may not

maintain an open database connection. =hen a rowset

Kdisconnected+ from its data

source! updates performed on the rowset are propagated to th

underlying database us,ing

/ 0 /


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an optimistic concurrency control algorithm.(owsets add support t

the BD5C A0$ for the Bava5eans component model. A rowset ob4ect

a bean. A rowset implementation may be seriali&able. (owsets can b

created at design time and used in con4unction with other Bava5ean

components in a visual builder tool to construct an application.

3NDI &'r namin- /ata+a!e!

The Bava :aming and Directory $nterface 6B:D$7 A0$ can be used i

addition to a

BD5C technology,based driver manager 6BD5C driver manager7 t

obtain a connection

to a database. =hen an application uses the B:D$ A0$! it specifies

logical name that

identifies a particular database instance and BD5C driver fo

accessing that database.

This has the advantage of ma%ing the application code independen

of a particular

BD5C driver and BD5C technology -(L.

"'nne%ti'n P''lin-

The BD5C A0$ contains Khoo%s+ that allow connection pooling to b

implemented on

/ ? /


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top of the BD5C driver layer. This allows for a single connection cach

that spans the

different BD5C drivers that may be in use. Since creating an

destroying database con,nectionsis e"pensive! connection pooling

important for achieving good performance!

especially for server applications.

Di!tri+ute/ tran!a%ti'n !u$$'rt

Support for distributed transactions has been added as an e"tensio

to the BD5C A0$.

This feature allows a BD5C driver to support the standard 2,phas

commit protocol

used by the Bava Transaction Service 6BTS7 A0$.

Ot)er ne( &eature!

Support for character streams has been added. This means tha

character data can be re,trieved and sent to the database as

stream of internationali&ed -nicode characters.

ethods to allow 4ava.math.5igDecimal values to be returned wit

full precision

/ @ /


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have also been added. Support for time &ones has been added.

,)at1! A%tuall ")an-e/

A Ne( Pa%7a-e

The BD5C A0$ has been factored into two complementar

components. The first com,ponent is A0$ that is core to the Bav

platform 6the core JDBC 2. !"# 7 and comprises

the updated contents of the 4ava.s#l pac%age. This documen

contains the specifica,tion for the core BD5C 2.1 A0$. The secon

component! termed the JDBC 2.$ %ptional

"ac&age !" $! comprises the contents of a new pac%age! 4ava".s#

which as its name

implies will be delivered as an optional pac%age to the Bava platform

6formerly Bava

Standard "tension7. The BD5C 2. ptional 0ac%age A0$ is describe

in a separate

document. The 4ava.s#l pac%age contains all of the additions tha

have been made to the e"isting interfaces and classes! in addition t

a few new classes and interfaces. The new 4av,a".s#l pac%age ha

been introduced to contain the parts of the BD5C A0$ which ar

closely related to other pieces of the Bava platform that ar

/ > /


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themselves ptional 0ac%,ages. such as the Bava :aming an

Directory $nterface 6B:D$7! and the Bava Transaction Service 6BTS7.

$n addition! some advanced features that are easily separable from

the core BD5C A0$! such as connection pooling and rowsets! have als

been added to 4av,a".s#l. 0utting these advanced facilities into a

optional pac%age instead of into core will help %eep the core BD5C A0

small and focused. Since optional pac%ages are downloadable! it w

always be possible to deploy an ap,plication which uses the feature

in the BD5C ptional 0ac%age that will ;run any,where! since if a

optional pac%age isn+t installed on a client machine! it can b

downloaded along with the application that uses it.

")an-e! t' "la!!e! an/ Inter&a%e!

The list below contains all of the BD5C 2.1 A0$ core classes an

interfaces. $nterfaces

and classes that are new are listed in bold type. All of the interface

and classes present

in the BD5C 1. A0$ are also present in the core BD5C 2.1 A0

however! some of the BD5C 1. technology interfaces have gaine

additional methods. The interfaces that contain new methods ar

listed in italics and those that have not changed are in normal type.

/ /


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The separate core BD5C 2.1 A0$ documentation contains th

Bava programming language definitions of the 4ava.s#l interfaces an

classes listed above.

Re!ult Set En)an%ement!

This chapter discusses the new functionality that has been added t

result sets. The goal

of the enhancements is to add two new basic capabilities to resu

sets' scrolling and up,datability.Several methods have also bee

added to enable a BD5C driver to deliver im,proved performanc

when processing results. A variety of e"amples are included to

illustrate the new features.

S%r'llin-

A result set created by e"ecuting a statement may support the abilit

to move bac%ward

6last,to,first7 through its contents! as well as forward 6first,to,last7

(esult sets that sup,portthis capability are called scrollable resu

sets. (esult sets that are scrollable also

support relative and absolute positioning. Absolute positioning is th

ability to move

directly to a row by specifying its absolute position in the result se

while relative po,sitioning gives the ability to move to a row b

specifying a position that is relative to

/ /


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the current row. The definition of absolute and relative positioning i

the BD5C A0$ is

modeled on the >Ipen S@L CL$ specification.

Re!ult Set t$e!

The BD5C 1. A0$ provided one result set typeMforward,only. Th

BD5C 2.1 core A0$

provides three result set types' forward,only! scroll,insensitive! an

scroll,sensitive. As

their names suggest! the new result set types support scrolling! bu

they differ in their

ability to ma%e changes visible while they are open.

A !%r'llin!en!iti0e result set is generally n't sensitive to change

that are made while

it is open. A scroll,insensitive result set provides a static view of th

underlying data it

contains. The membership! order! and column values of rows in

scroll,insensitive re,sultset are typically fi"ed when the result set

created. n the other hand! a !%r'll!en!iti0e result set is sensitiv

to changes that are made while it is open! and provides a Kdynami

view of the underlying data.


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sensitive result set! changes in the underlying column values of row

are visible. The membership and ordering of rows in the result se

may be fi"edMthis is implementation defined.

"'n%urren% t$e!

An application may choose from two different concurrency types for

result set' read,only and updatable. A result set that uses rea/'n

concurrency does not allow updates of its contents. This can increas

the overall level of concurrency between transactions! since an

number of read,only loc%s may be held on a data item

simultaneously.

A result set that is u$/ata+le allows updates and may use databas

write loc%s to me,diate access to the same data item by differen

transactions. Since only a single write

loc% may be held at a time on a data item! this can reduc

concurrency. Alternatively!

an optimistic concurrency control scheme may be used if it is though

that conflicting accesses to data will be rare. ptimistic concurrenc

control implementations typically

compare rows either by value or by a version number to determine

an update conflict

has occurred.

Per&'rman%e

/ 11 /


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Two performance hints may be given to a BD5C 2.1 technology

enabled driver to ma%e

access to result set data more efficient. Specifically! the number o

rows to be fetched

from the database each time more rows are needed can be specified

and a direction for

processing the rowsMforward! reverse! or un%nownMcan be given a

well. These val,ues

can be changed for an individual result set at any time. A BD5C drive

may ignore

a performance hint if it chooses.

"reatin- a re!ult !et

The e"ample below illustrates creation of a result set that is forward

only and uses read,only concurrency. :o performance hints are give

by the e"ample! so the driver is free

to do whatever it thin%s will result in the best performance. Th

transaction isolation

level for the connection is not specified! so the default transactio

isolation level of the

underlying database is used for the result set that is created. :ot

that this code is 4ust

/ 12 /


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written using the BD5C 1. A0$! and that it produces the same type o

result set that

would have been produced by the BD5C 1. A0$.

Connection con

Driveranager.getConnection6O4dbc'myPsubprotocol'myPsubnameO7

Statement stmt N con.createStatement67H

(esultSet rs N stmt.e"ecute@uery6OSLCT empPno! salary


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(esultSet rs N stmt.e"ecute@uery6OSLCT empPno!salary


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statement and choose an alternative value for the result set type o

the statement accord,ing to the following rules'

1. $f an application as%s for a scrollable result set type the drive

should use a

scrollable type that it supports! even if this differs from the e"ac

type re#uested

by the application.

2. $f the application as%s for a scrollable result set type and the drive

does not

support scrolling! then the driver should use a forward,only result se

type.

Similarly! the metho

DatabaseetaData.supports(esultSetConcurrency67 can

be called to determine which concurrency types are supported by

driver. $f an appli,cation as%s a BD5C driver for a concurrency typ

that it does not support then the driver

should issue an S@L=arning on the Connection that produces th

statement and

choose the alternative concurrency type. The choice of result set typ

should be made

first if an application specifies both an unsupported result set typ

and an unsupported

concurrency type.

/ 1? /


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$n some instances! a BD5C driver may need to choose an alternat

result set type or con,currency type for a (esultSet at statemen

e"ecution time. >>67 methods are used to modify the value of a

individual column in the current row! but do not update th

underlying

/ 1@ /


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database. =hen the (esultSet.update(ow67 method is called th

database is updated.

Columns may be specified by name or number.

rs.first67H

rs.updateString61! O12O7H

rs.update /


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rs.delete(ow67H

The e"ample below shows how a new row may be inserted into

result set. The BD5C

A0$ defines the concept of an insert row that is associated with eac

result set and is

used as a staging area for creating the contents of a new row befor

it is inserted into

the result set itself. The (esultSet.moveTo$nsert(ow67 method is use

to position

the result set+s cursor on the insert row. Th

(esultSet.update>>>67and (esultSet.

get>>>67 methods are used to update and retrieve individual colum

values from

the insert row. The contents of the insert row is undefine

immediately after calling

(esultSet.

moveTo$nsert(ow67. $n other words! the value returned by calling

(esultSet.

get>>>67 method is undefined after moveTo$nsert(ow67 is called unt

the

value is set by calling (esultSet.update>>>67. Callin

(esultSet.update>>>67 while on the insert row does not update th

underlying database or the result set.

/ 1 /


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nce all of the column values are set in the insert row

(esultSet.insert(ow67 is called to update the result set and th

database simulta,neously.

$f a column is not given a value by calling update>>>67 while on th

insert

row! or a column is missing from the result set! then that colum

must allow a null value.

therwise! calling insert(ow67 throws an S@L"ception.

rs.moveTo$nsert(ow67H

rs.updateString61! O1/O7H

rs.update


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row before (esultSet.moveTo$nsert(ow67 was called. $n the e"amp

above!

(esultSet.first67 is called to leave the insert row and move to the firs

row of the

resultset.

Due to differences in database implementations! the BD5C A0$ doe

not specify an e",act

set of S@L #ueries which must yield an updatable result set for BD5

drivers that

support updatability. Developers can! however! generally e"pec

#ueries which meet

the following criteria to produce an updatable result set'

1. The #uery references only a single table in the database.

2. The #uery does not contain any 4oin operations.

). The #uery selects the primary %ey of the table it references.

$n addition! an S@L #uery should also satisfy the conditions liste

below if inserts are

to be performed.

3. The #uery selects all of the non,nullable columns in the underlyin

table.

/. The #uery selects all columns that don+t have a default value.

Intr'/u%ti'n t' Ser0let!

/ 11 /


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Servlets provide a Bava6T7,based solution used to address the

problems currently associated with doing server,side programming!

including ine"tensible scripting solutions! platform,specific A0$s! and

incomplete interfaces.

Servlets are ob4ects that conform to a specific interface that can be

plugged into a Bava,based server. Servlets are to the server,side

what applets are to the client,side ,, ob4ect bytecodes that can be

dynamically loaded off the net. They differ from applets in that they

are faceless ob4ects 6without graphics or a 9-$ component7. Theyserve as platform,independent! dynamically,loadable! pluggable

helper bytecode ob4ects on the server side that can be used to

dynamically e"tend server,side functionality.

,)at i! a Ser0let8

Servlets are modules that e"tend re#uestIresponse,oriented serverssuch as Bava,enabled web servers.


112/213


the serverFs environment or protocol. Servlets have become most

widely used within TT0 serversH many web servers support the

Servlet A0$.

U!e Ser0let! in!tea/ '& "GI S%ri$t!9

Servlets are an effective replacement for C9$ scripts. They provide a

way to generate dynamic documents that is both easier to write and

faster to run. Servlets also address the problem of doing server,sideprogramming with platform,specific A0$s' they are developed with

the Bava Servlet A0$! a standard Bava e"tension.

So use servlets to handle TT0 client re#uests.


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This allows servlets to support systems such as on,line

conferencing.

•


114/213


The Servlet interface declares! but does not implement! methods tha

manage the servlet and its communications with clients. Servlet

writers provide some or all of these methods when developing a

servlet.

"lient Intera%ti'n

=hen a servlet accepts a call from a client! it receives two ob4ects'

• A Servlet(e#uest! which encapsulates the communication from

the client to the server.

• A Servlet(esponse! which encapsulates the communication from

the servlet bac% to the client.

Servlet(e#uest and Servlet(esponse are interfaces defined by the

4ava".servlet pac%age.

T)e Ser0letReque!t Inter&a%e

The Servlet(e#uest interface allows the servlet access to'

• $nformation such as the names of the parameters passed in by

the client! the protocol 6scheme7 being used by the client! and

the names of the remote host that made the re#uest and the

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server that received it.

• The input stream! Servlet$nputStream. Servlets use the input

stream to get data from clients that use application protocols

such as the TT0 0ST and 0-T methods.

$nterfaces that e"tend Servlet(e#uest interface allow the servlet to

retrieve more protocol,specific data.


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A//iti'nal "a$a+ilitie! '& 4TTP Ser0let!

The classes and interfaces described above ma%e up a basic Servlet.

TT0 servlets have some additional ob4ects that provide session,

trac%ing capabilities. The servlet writer can use these A0$s to

maintain state between the servlet and the client that persists across

multiple connections during some time period. TT0 servlets also

have ob4ects that provide coo%ies. The servlet writer uses the coo%ie

A0$ to save data with the client and to retrieve this data.

T)at! it9

The classes mentioned in the Architecture of the Servlet 0ac%age

section are shown in the e"ample in bold'

• SimpleServlet e"tends the ttpServlet class! which implements

the Servlet interface.

• SimpleServlet overrides the do9et method in the ttpServlet

class. The do9et method is called when a client ma%es a 9T

re#uest 6the default TT0 re#uest method7! and results in the

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simple TL page being returned to the client.

• =ithin the do9et method!

o The userFs re#uest is represented by an ttpServlet(e#ues

ob4ect.

o The response to the user is represented by an

ttpServlet(esponse ob4ect.

o 5ecause te"t data is returned to the client! the reply is sen

using the =riter ob4ect obtained from the

ttpServlet(esponse ob4ect.

Ser0let Li&e%%le

ach servlet has the same life cycle'

• A server loads and initiali&es the servlet

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• The servlet handles &ero or more client re#uests

• The server removes the servlet

Initiali;in- a Ser0let

=hen a server loads a servlet! the server runs the servletFs init

method. $nitiali&ation completes before client re#uests are handled

and before the servlet is destroyed.

ven though most servlets are run in multi,threaded servers! servlethave no concurrency issues during servlet initiali&ation. The server

calls the init method once! when the server loads the servlet! and wi

not call the init method again unless the server is reloading the

servlet. The server can not reload a servlet until after the server has

destroyed the servlet by calling the destroy method.

T)e init Met)'/

The init method provided by the ttpServlet class initiali&es the

servlet and logs the initiali&ation. To do initiali&ation specific to your

servlet! override the init67 method following these rules'

• $f an initiali&ation error occurs that renders the servlet incapabl

of handling client re#uests! throw an -navailable"ception.

Initiali;ati'n Parameter!

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The second version of the init method calls the get$nit0arameter

method. This method ta%es the parameter name as an argument and

returns a String representation of the parameterFs value.

The specification of initiali&ation parameters is server,specific. $n the

Bava =eb Server! the parameters are specified with a servlet is adde

then configured in the Administration Tool.


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U!in- t)e De!tr' Met)'/

The destroy method provided by the ttpServlet class destroys the

servlet and logs the destruction. To destroy any resources specific toyour servlet! override the destroy method. The destroy method

should undo any initiali&ation wor% and synchroni&e persistent state

with the current in,memory state.

A server calls the destroy method after all service calls have

been completed! or a server,specific number of seconds have passed

whichever comes first. $f your servlet handles any long,running

operations! service methods might still be running when the server

calls the destroy method. 8ou are responsible for ma%ing sure those

threads complete. The ne"t section shows you how.

The destroy method shown above e"pects all client interactions

to be completed when the destroy method is called! because theservlet has no long,running operations.

4an/lin- Ser0i%e T)rea/! at Ser0let Terminati'n

All of a servletFs service methods should be complete when a servlet

is removed. The server tries to ensure this by calling the destroy

method only after all service re#uests have returned! or after a

server,specific grace period! whichever comes first. $f your servlet

has operations that ta%e a long time to run 6that is! operations that

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may run longer than the serverFs grace period7! the operations could

still be running when destroy is called. 8ou must ma%e sure that any

threads still handling client re#uests completeH the remainder of this

section describes a techni#ue for doing this.

$f your servlet has potentially long,running service re#uests! use the

following techni#ues to'

• ?eep trac% of how many threads are currently running the

service method.

• 0rovide a clean shutdown by having the destroy method notify

long,running threads of the shutdown and wait for them to

complete

• ave the long,running methods poll periodically to chec% for

shutdown and! if necessary! stop wor%ing! clean up and return.

Tra%7in- Ser0i%e Reque!t!

To trac% service re#uests! include a field in your servlet

class that counts the number of service methods that are

running. The field should have access methods to

increment! decrement! and return its value.

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The service method should increment the service counter each time

the method is entered and decrement the counter each time the

method returns. This is one of the few times that your ttpServlet

subclass should override the service method. The new method shoul

call super.service to preserve all the original ttpServlet.service

methodFs functionality.

Pr'0i/in- a "lean S)ut/'(n

To provide a clean shutdown! your destroy method should not destro

any shared resources until all the service re#uests have completed.

ne part of doing this is to chec% the service counter. Another part is

to notify the long,running methods that it is time to shut down.


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dispatching each re#uest to a method designed to handle that

re#uest.


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• The get0arameter method returns the value of a named

parameter. $f your parameter could have more than one value!

use get0arameter*alues instead. The get0arameter*alues

method returns an array of values for the named parameter.

6The method get0arameter:ames provides the names of the

parameters.7

•


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• The get=riter method returns a =riter

• The getutputStream method returns a ServletutputStream

-se the get=riter method to return te"t data to the user! and the

getutputStream method for binary data.

Closing the =riter or ServletutputStream after you send the

response allows the server to %now when the response is complete.

4TTP 4ea/er Data

8ou must set TT0 header data 'efore you access the =riter or

utputStream. The ttpServlet(esponse class provides methods to

access the header data.


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• do9et! for handling 9T! conditional 9T! and AD re#uests

• do0ost! for handling 0ST re#uests

• do0ut! for handling 0-T re#uests

• doDelete! for handling DLT re#uests

5y default! these methods return a 5ADP(@-ST 637 error. 8ourservlet should override the method or methods designed to handle

the TT0 interactions that it supports. This section shows you how to

implement methods that handle the most common TT0 re#uests'

9T and 0ST.

The ttpServletFs service method also calls the doptions method

when the servlet receives an 0T$:S re#uest! and doTrace when

the servlet receives a T(AC re#uest. The default implementation of

doptions automatically determines what TT0 options are supporte

and returns that information. The default implementation of doTrace

causes a response with a message containing all of the headers sent

in the trace re#uest. These methods are not typically overridden.

T)rea/in- I!!ue!

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TT0 servlets are typically capable of serving multiple clients

concurrently. $f the methods in your servlet that do wor% for clients

access a shared resource! then you can handle the concurrency by

creating a servlet that handles only one client re#uest at a time. 68ou

could also synchroni&e access to the resource! a general topic in the

Bava 0rogramming Language that is note covered in this tutorial.7

To have your servlet handle only one client at a time! have your

servlet implement the SingleThreadodel interface in addition to

e"tending the ttpServlet class.

$mplementing the SingleThreadodel interface does not involve

writing any e"tra methods. 8ou merely declare that the servlet

implements the interface! and the server ma%es sure that your

servlet runs only one service method at a time.


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information from the servlet and display it. The servlet description is

a string that can describe the purpose of the servlet! its author! its

version number! or whatever the servlet author deems important.

The method that returns this information is getServlet$nfo! which

returns null by default. 8ou are not re#uired to override this method!

but applications are unable to supply a description of your servlet

unless you do.

,ritin- Y'ur #ir!t Ser0let

Servlets are also easy to develop. This document discusses the

following minimum steps needed to create any servlet'

/. =rite the servlet

a. $mport the necessary Bava pac%ages

b. $nherit from 9enericServlet or the TT0 convenience class

ttpServlet

c. verride the service method 6this is where the actual wor%

is done by the servlet7

d.Save the file with a .4ava filename e"tension

. Compile the servlet

a.a%e sure 4ws.4ar is included in your classpath

b. $nvo%e 4avac

E. $nstall the servlet

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a.-se the Bava =eb ServerFs Administration Tool to install it!

and optionally configure it.

R. Test the servlet

a. $nvo%e the servlet from a BD?1.1,compatible browser.

=eFll discuss each one of these steps in its simplest form.

There are also lots of servlet e"amples complete with wor%ing code.

,rite t)e !er0let

The following class completely defines a servlet'

II$mport needed Bava pac%ages

import 4ava.io.H

import 4ava".servlet.H

import 4ava".servlet.http.H

II Create a class which inherits from 9enericServlet or

ttpServlet.

public class y


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ere we handle the TT0 9T method by building a

simple web page.

I

public void do9et 6ttpServlet(e#uest re#uest!

ttpServlet(esponse response7

throws Servlet"ception! $"ception

0rint=riter outH

String title N Oy


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X

DonFt forget to save the file with the name of the class and a .4ava

filename e"tension ,, in this case! weFll use y


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where server(root is the directory of the installed Bava =eb

Server.

In!tall t)e !er0let

The process for installing a servlet into a web server varies from web

server to webserver.


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o Clic% the Add button and you will see your servlet name

appear in the list of servlets in the lefthand pane under

Configure. The righthand pane will have changed to two

tabbed panels ,, Configuration and 0roperties. =e wonFt

need these for our simple e"ample so simply close the

window.

Te!t t)e !er0let

$f you successfully compiled y


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A session is a series of re#uests from the same user that occur durin

a time period. This transaction model for sessions has many benefits

over the single,hit model. $t can maintain state and user identity

across multiple page re#uests. $t can also construct a comple"

overview of user behavior that goes beyond reporting of user hits.

Ser0erSi/e Se!!i'n O+


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After the user has been idle for more than a certain period of time

6) minutes by default7! the userFs session becomes invalid! and the

corresponding Session ob4ect is destroyed.

A session is a set of re#uests originating from the same browser!

going to the same server! bounded by a period of time. Loosely

spea%ing! a session corresponds to a single sitting of a single

anonymous user 6anonymous because no e"plicit login or

authentication is re#uired to participate in session trac%ing7.

U!in- Se!!i'n Tra%7in- &r'm a Ser0let

The following e"ample uses the do9et method from a servlet that

prints the number of times users access a particular servlet.

public void do9et 6ttpServlet(e#uest re#uest! ttpServlet(esponse

response7

throws Servlet"ception! $"ception

II btain the Session ob4ect

ttpSession session N re#uest.getSession 6true7H

II 9et the session data value

$nteger ival N 6$nteger7

session.get*alue 6Osessiontest.counterO7H

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output stream. This guarantees that the session trac%ing headers are

sent with the response.

St'rin- an/ Retrie0in- Data #r'm t)e Se!!i'n O+ /


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Sessions can be invalidated automatically or manually. Session

ob4ects that have no page re#uests for a period of time 6) minutes

by default7 are automatically invalidated by the Session Trac%er

session$nvalidationTime parameter. =hen a session is invalidated! th

Session ob4ect and its contained data values are removed from the

system.

After invalidation! if the user attempts another re#uest! the Session

Trac%er detects that the userFs session was invalidated and creates a

new Session ob4ect. owever! data from the userFs previous sessionwill be lost.

Session ob4ects can be invalidated manually by calling

Session.invalidate67. This will cause the scession to be invalidated

immediately! removing it and its data values from the system.

4an/lin- N'n"''7ie *r'(!er! 5URL Re(ritin-6

s The Session Trac%er uses a session $D to match users with Session

ob4ects on the server side. The session $D is a string that is sent as a

coo%ie to the browser when the user first accesses the server. n

subse#uent re#uests! the browser sends the session $D bac% as a

coo%ie! and the server uses this coo%ie to find the session associated

with that re#uest.

There are situations! however! where coo%ies will not wor%. Some

browsers! for e"ample! do not support coo%ies. ther browsers allow

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the user to disable coo%ie support. $n such cases! the Sessio

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