small wind standards, testing and certification
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Small Wind Standards, Testing and Certification. Trudy Forsyth [email protected] National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Farm. Industry. Residential. Business. Schools. Presentation Outline. What is small wind? Wind resource and power in the wind - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Small Wind Standards, Testing and Small Wind Standards, Testing and CertificationCertification
Trudy Forsyth Trudy Forsyth [email protected]@nrel.gov
National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory
Industry
ResidentialBusiness
Farm
Schools
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Presentation Outline
• What is small wind?• Wind resource and power in the wind• Overview of U.S./AWEA Small Wind Performance and
Safety Standard and international standards• Other certifications required by U.S. market• NREL small wind testing projects• Testing strategies• Certification process summary• 12 steps for small wind systems• For more information
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What is small wind?What is small wind?
ResidentialBusiness
Farm
Schools
• Turbines are up to 100 kW• Typically owned by one individual or organization• Typically provide energy for local use, retail value• U.S. industry leads in this market sector throughout the world
Business
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Sizes and ApplicationsSizes and Applications
Small (100 kW)HomesFarmsRemote ApplicationsSmall Businesses
Mid-size(100-1MW)Village PowerPublic Facility PowerCommunity PowerLight industrial
Large (1MW+)Central Station Wind FarmsCommunity Power
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Lower 48 Wind ResourcesLower 48 Wind Resources
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Calculation of Wind PowerCalculation of Wind Power
• Power in the wind = ½ A V3
– Effect of wind speed, V– Effect of rotor diameter on swept area, A– Effect of elevation and temperature
on air density,
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• Utility-Scale Wind Power1,000 – 4,500 kW wind turbines
– Typically installed on wind farms, 10 – 300 MW– Professional maintenance crews– 13 mph (6 m/s) average wind speed
• Small Wind Power300 W - 100 kW wind turbines
– Installed at individual homes, farms, businesses, schools, etc.
– On the “customer side” of the meter, or off the utility grid entirely
– High reliability, low maintenance– 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed
Small Wind Turbines Are DifferentSmall Wind Turbines Are Different
1,500 kW
10 kW
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Various Certification StandardsVarious Certification Standards
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400 series– -2 Design Requirements for Small Wind Turbines – fur turbines
up to 200m2 or about 60 kW– -11 Acoustics – -12-1 Power Performance
• American Wind Energy Association (AWEA – national)• Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard 9.1 – 2009
• Parts of IEC -2, -11, -12-1
• British Wind Energy Association (BWEA – national)• Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard
• Parts of IEC -2, -11, -12-1 • -11 Acoustics reporting is different
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What is in IEC 61400-2What is in IEC 61400-2
• External conditions• Structural design
– Design load: simple equations, aero elastic, direct measurement– Safety factors
• Protection and shutdown system requirements• Testing
– Design data testing– Duration– Safety and function
• Electrical system• Support structure• Documentation
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SWCC and NRTLs certify Mechanical Strength, Durability, Function & Performance of Turbine System
(excludes tower only) to AWEA standard
PE ce
rtifie
s Tow
er &
Fou
ndati
on
NABCEPcertifies the Installer
NRTLs certify Inverter to IEEE 1547/UL 1741
Wired per NEC (new article 694 in 2011)
NRTLs will certify Electrical Safety of Turbine & Controller (new UL Standards in development)
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Equipment EligibilityEquipment Eligibility
• Per the AWEA standard
– Newly manufactured, electricity-producing wind turbines with a swept area up to 200 m2
– 200m2 ~ 16m diameter rotor ~ 65 kW (or less)
– Horizontal and vertical axis turbines are eligible
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Certification based on…Certification based on…
an evaluation of:
Wind turbine design
Field testing
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SWT Manufacturer(structural analysis)
Test Organization(field testing)
the Standard
Certifies Conformity
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Field TestingField Testing
• Power Performance– Power Curve– Energy Curve– Rated Annual Energy– Rated Power
• Acoustics– Sound pressure levels– Rated Sound Level
• Safety and Function– Pass/Fail
• Duration– Pass/Fail
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Qualified Testing Organizations Qualified Testing Organizations
1. Accredited Test Organization– Currently only two accredited labs in North America (NREL
and DNV)
2. Non-Accredited Test Organization– On-site audits
3. Manufacturer Testing– On-site audits plus further scrutiny
Testing outside North America is acceptable
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To see some results/reports:To see some results/reports:NREL Independent TestingNREL Independent Testing
www.nrel.gov/wind/smallwind/independent_testing.html
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SWCC Program StatusSWCC Program Status
• Began to Accept Notices of Intent in February 2010
• As of November 2011– 3 certified turbines “Conditional Temporary
Certification”• Evance R9000, Evoco 10, Skystream 3.7
– 13 turbines “Under Test”– 12 additional turbines “Under Contract”
• www.smallwindcertification.org
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See the list on new websiteSee the list on new websitewww.smallwindcertification.orgwww.smallwindcertification.org
• New SWCC Status reporting• Under Contract• Under Test• Reports Submitted• Limited Power Performance Certification• Conditional Temporary Certification• Certified
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Pathways to SWCC CertificationPathways to SWCC Certification
Testing & Analysis to AWEA 9.1 by accredited testing
organization
Testing & Analysis to AWEA 9.1 by non-accredited testing
organization
Certification to Microgeneration Certification
Scheme (MCS)
Certification to AWEA 9.1 by other Certification Body
Type Certification to IEC-61400 Standards
Additional requirements
may apply
SWCC performs Test Site Evaluation
Work from other Certification Bodies
may be transferrable
Work from other Certification Bodies
may be transferrable
Work from other Certification Bodies
may be transferrable
Subm
it SW
CC N
otice
of I
nten
t to
Appl
y fo
r Cer
tifica
tion
(NO
I) an
d Pr
elim
inar
y Re
view
Fee
Additional requirements
may apply
Subm
it SW
CC C
ertifi
catio
n Ap
plic
ation
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States adding certification requirementsStates adding certification requirements
• Energy Trust of Oregon• Focus on Energy (Wisconsin) • New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority (NYSERDA)• Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC)• California Energy Commission (CEC)• Colorado, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota,
Nevada, Vermont• New Jersey?
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SWCC Certification LabelSWCC Certification Label
• Rated Annual Energy (kWh)– @ annual average wind speed of 11.2
mph (5 m/s)
• Rated Sound Level (dBA)– Sound pressure level not exceeded 95%
of time with average wind speed of 11.2 mph (5 m/s) at 60 meters from rotor
• Rated Power (kW)– @ 24.6 mph (11 m/s)
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New Technology QuestionsNew Technology Questions
• What is the performance?– Power curve or annual energy output– System performance (power to the grid)
• Was this performance measured in a field test?– Not estimated, not from wind tunnel or truck testing
• Has this performance been independently verified?• Is it labeled for compliance with UL 1741?
– For safe interconnection to the utility grid
• Is it compliant with an IEC design/safety standard?• Who can provide parts and service?• What is the warranty?• Where has it been demonstrated?• Is price estimated, or based on real manufacturing
experience?
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Maintenance, Warranty, and LifetimeMaintenance, Warranty, and Lifetime
• “Low Maintenance” not “No Maintenance”– Inspection and maintenance every 1-2 years– Inspect mechanical and electrical connections, check for corrosion,
check guy wire tension, inspect/replace leading-edge tape, etc.– Beyond 10 years: blade or bearing replacement may be needed
• Warranties– 2-5 years, coverage of materials and workmanship
• Lifetimes of 15 to 30 years with regular maintenance“A wind turbine will see as many operating hours in
one year as an automobile will see in 200,000 miles!”
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1. Assess your electricity consumption, cost, and your utility tariff
2. Be more energy efficient reduce your consumption
3. Estimate or measure wind resource4. Select turbine size (model) and tower height
1. Check turbine certification5. Investigate incentives & economics 6. Get zoning approval
12 Step Program for a12 Step Program for aSmall Wind ProjectSmall Wind Project
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Zoning ScenariosZoning Scenarios1. No Zoning – Your local jurisdiction may not have exercised their
authority to regulate land use.
For Jurisdictions With Zoning:2. Wind turbine tower is allowed – common in agricultural zones?3. Structures above 35 ft are not allowed – common in residential
zones– Obtain a “Variance” or a “Special Use Permit”
(permission to violate the zoning code on one property) – Hearing process can cost thousands of dollars and take
several months4. Work with the local jurisdiction to pass a small wind zoning
ordinance (broad application to many properties)
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7. Complete a utility interconnection agreement8. Obtain building & electrical permits9. Order turbine and tower10. Install the turbine11. Commission the turbine12. Perform periodic inspections & maintenance
12 Step Program for a12 Step Program for aSmall Wind ProjectSmall Wind Project
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Connecting to the GridConnecting to the Grid• PURPA requires utilities
to connect with and purchase power from small wind systems
• Reduce consumption of utility-supplied electricity
• Utility acts as a big “battery bank”
• Contact individual utility before connecting to its lines
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For More InformationFor More Information
- Wind Powering America (see Consumers Guides) www.windpoweringamerica.gov
- American Wind Energy Association – www.awea.org - Distributed Wind Energy Association – www.distributedwind.org- Community Wind - Windustry - www.windustry.org - Incentives – www.dsireusa.org- Small Wind Certification Council - www.smallwindcertification.org- North American Board of Certified Energy Practioners – www.nabcep.org- Home Power Magazine www.homepower.com
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NY Industry
Seize the breeze!
CA Federal Facility
IA Farm
RI Catholic School
OH Science Center
IA Municipality
SD Tribally-owned
Casino