small-size wide-band low-profile ``pixel antenna

HAL Id hal-02366726httpshal-unilimarchives-ouvertesfrhal-02366726

Submitted on 16 Nov 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents whether they are pub-lished or not The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad or from public or private research centers

Lrsquoarchive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL estdestineacutee au deacutepocirct et agrave la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche publieacutes ou noneacutemanant des eacutetablissements drsquoenseignement et derecherche franccedilais ou eacutetrangers des laboratoirespublics ou priveacutes

Small-Size Wide-Band Low-Profile ldquoPixel AntennardquoComparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results in

L BandMohamad Rammal Mohamad Majed Eric Arnaud Joeumll Andrieu Bernard

Jecko

To cite this versionMohamad Rammal Mohamad Majed Eric Arnaud Joeumll Andrieu Bernard Jecko Small-Size Wide-Band Low-Profile ldquoPixel Antennardquo Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results in L BandInternational Journal of Antennas and Propagation Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2019 2019pp3653270 10115520193653270 hal-02366726

Research ArticleSmall-Size Wide-Band Low-Profile ldquoPixel AntennardquoComparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results in L Band

Mohamad Rammal 1 Mohamad Majed12 Eric Arnaud2 Joel Andrieu2

and Bernard Jecko2

1ITHPP egra 46500 France2XLIM Limoges 87060 France

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohamad Rammal mohamadrammalgmailcom

Received 25 February 2019 Revised 7 June 2019 Accepted 18 July 2019 Published 10 September 2019

Academic Editor Jaume Anguera

Copyright copy 2019 Mohamad Rammal et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

is paper presents a small (asympλ2times λ2) low-profile (λ10) planar antenna built to work on a very large frequency band (ge40) forapplications in Telecom Radar IoT etc is antenna is called a ldquoPixel Antennardquo because it was first used as a pixel in an agilebeam radiating surface In this paper the pixel antenna is used alone to designmultiband or wide-band antennas keeping the sameradiation pattern and polarization throughout the band e working principle used to design the Pixel Antenna is deduced fromthe well-known EBG (electromagnetic band gap) antenna in its low-profile version which already has a bandwidth close to asymp20e aim of this present work is to double this bandwidth by simultaneously feeding two modes of the original EBG material etheoretical and experimental results are compared for an L band application exhibiting bandwidth from 1GHz to 152GHz(41) In addition good radiation patterns of pixel antenna stay constant over the entire useful band without any degradation ofthe antenna performance is proposed antenna design can be used to obtain wide bandwidth for any chosen frequency band (Sband X band C band etc) using frequency scaling

1 Introduction

In the electromagnetic domain today applications liketelecommunications radar IoT and so on need antennasworking on a very large frequency band able to include bothTx and Rx links to perform frequency hopping frequencysweeping techniques pulse generation and so on

In the state-of-art wide-bandwidth applications trav-eling wave antennas are able to reach 100 bandwidth butwith large dimensions in comparison to the operatingwavelength On the other hand resonant antennas like patchantennas are usually limited to around 20 bandwidth

Extensive research has been carried out in the past two tothree decades in an attempt to increase the bandwidth ofplanar antennas ese bandwidth enhancement techniquesinclude use of frequency selective surface (FSS) [1 2] use oflow dielectric substrate use of multiple resonators use ofthicker substrate [3] employing stacked configuration [4]

and use of slot antenna geometry [5 6] Lolit Kumar Singhet al [7] proposed a T-slot rectangular patch antenna with animpedance bandwidth of 2523 Aneesh et al [8] dem-onstrated that an S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna canachieve a bandwidth of 2162 Mulgi et al [9] proposed awideband gap-coupled slot rectangular microstrip arrayantenna with an impedance bandwidth of 2672 Khannaand Srivastava [10] designed a square patch antenna withmodified edges and square fractal slots with a bandwidth of30

To further improve the bandwidth of the antenna ie toattain a bandwidth higher than 30 while respecting thesmall size the EBG antenna is the best candidate to increasethe bandwidth A generic EBG antenna consists of a cavitycreated by a frequency selective surface (FSS) at the top and ametallic ground plane at the bottom e energy is coupledto the cavity using a feeding antenna such as a dipole slot orpatch [11 12] e EBG antenna has aroused a growing

HindawiInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2019 Article ID 3653270 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193653270

interest among researchers in the last few years due to itscapacity to enhance the directivity of a single source itspotentiality in beam forming its dual-band frequencybandwidth enhancement and its polarization diversity[13ndash16] e low-profile pixel antenna developed from theEBG antenna [17] has a bandwidth limitation of 20 sinceit was fed using only one EBG mode

e novelty of this research work lies in the fact that thedimensions of the pixel antenna are very small compared tothose of the EBG antenna and similar to the dimension of thepatch antenna (λ2)x(λ2) with a λ10 height (approxi-mately) but the performances in terms of bandwidth arequite different is is because EBG modes inside the cavityare quasi TEM modes with no variations of such modes inthe radial direction

is paper presents a new technique to increase thefrequency band by designing a low profile ldquoPixel Antennardquoe Pixel Antenna is characterized computationally by thecommercially available electromagnetic simulation CSTMicrowave studio software

2 The ldquoPixel Antennardquo Concept

e high-gain EBG antenna [17] from which the pixel isdeduced is a simple one a semireflective material (usuallyFSS) located above a ground planeeworkingmode of thisstructure [17] shows a resonance (f0) in z direction(Figure 1) like in a FabryndashPerot resonator characterized by

f0 c

2 times h0times

ϕsup + ϕinf2 times π

1113888 1113889 (1)

Q

Rsup

1113969

1 minus Rsuptimes

ϕsup + ϕinf2

1113888 1113889 (2)

where Rsup Rinf ϕsup and Rinf are the magnitudes andphases of the reflection coefficients of the upper wall (FSSstructure) and of the lower wall (ground plane) respectivelySo normally this height is around λ02 [17] because thereflection phase of the FSS material usually is near +π in theentire frequency band and the reflection phase of the groundplane is equal to π

For frequencies higher than ldquof0rdquo leakyWave modes andother modes propagate in the structure and the axial di-rectivity evolution as a function of the frequency [17] de-creases strongly for fgef0

e frequency band of interest to obtain a directiveantenna is characterized by fle f0 In this frequency range theaxial directivity of any EBG antenna decreases slowly withthe decrease in frequency due to the vanishing behavior ofthe EM field in the ldquorrdquo direction inside the structure [17]

If a low-profile EBG antenna [18] characterized by anegative phase of the upper partially reflecting surface [1] isused to design the pixel the bandwidth highly increasesbecause the quality factor (2) of the resonator stronglydecreases [18] is approach gives a frequency band up to20 with a suitable feeding technique

e ldquopixel antennardquo [19] is built from the previous EBGlarge-size low-profile antenna (Figure 2(a)) by introducing

walls (Figure 2(b)) around the feeding probe (usually apatch) [17] Figure 3(a) shows the pixel structure with themetallic walls fed by the square patch inside the cavity(Figure 3(b)) Due to the radially vanishing mode thesurface EM field is almost constant on the top of the ldquopixelantennardquo (Figure 3(c)) thus generating a directive radiationpattern [19]

In the following example the upper semireflectivesurface is a dielectric slab with FSS pattern Rsup (f ) and ϕsup(f ) are given in the Figure 4

e lateral dimensions of the pixel are chosen to keep auniform surface field (Figure 3(c)) they are usually chosenbetween 02λc to 12λc

3 Ultra Wide Band Solution

e fundamental objective of this paper is to at least doublethe previous results (asymp20) by considering a ldquoPixel An-tennardquo working on two or more EBG modes

As mentioned earlier in Section 2 the ldquopixel antennardquo(and also the original EBG antenna [17]) is designed from anEBG material slab built with 2 parallel FSS [17] a CCE planehas been introduced in the symmetrical plane and thestructure is transversally limited by walls

31 Feeding Procedure e working frequency band for thepixel antenna deduced from the original EBG antenna islimited by the ldquof0rdquo frequency defined previously in Section 2en for wide bandwidth applications the central frequencyfc of the expected band is chosen away from this value tohave a wide bandwidth not limited by the presence of leakywaves All the geometrical characteristics of the antenna canbe written as a function of the wavelength λc correspondingto this frequency (Figure 5) and to obtain a 40 bandwidththe antenna S11 parameter must be less than minus 10 dB betweenthe two frequencies 08λc and 12λc

A patch antenna probe used to feed the 2 modes si-multaneously is introduced in the structure as shown inFigure 1e final pixel antenna is shown in Figures 5(a) and5(b)

An optimization process using CST Microwave Studiosoftware is used to correctly feed the pixel antenna with the

z

Feeding probe

RSUPejOslashSUP

λ02

RINFejOslashNIF

λg4

Figure 1 Classical EBG antenna fed by a patch

2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

patch antenna For example for such optimizations con-sider the S11 parameter and impedance evolutions(Figure 6(a)) as a function of the frequency for differentpatch lengths When the patch length is varying the 2 EBGmodes are more or less excited A good compromise isobtained when the length of patch is 029λc

It can be observed in another optimization of the res-onance frequency versus the height of the cavity as shown inFigure 6(b) that the second and third resonance frequenciesare very sensitive to the variation in the heights of cavity andit is also seen that we can shift both the second and thirdresonances towards the first resonance frequency

FSSZ

XY

Dielectricsubstrate

9λ

9λ

Ground plane

(a)

4 metallic walls inserted in themiddle of the cavity

X

Z

Y

(b)

Figure 2 (a) High-gain EBG Antenna (b) Vertical metallic walls inside the EBG antenna

FSS

Metallicwalls

ZY

X

(a)

Groundplane

Substrate

Z

X

PatchProbe

FSS

Cavity

(b)

Position ofthe walls Vm (log)

1000741546399289206144

968615

3515

0

X

Y

Z

(c)

Figure 3 Pixel antenna fed by a patch (a) Perspective view (b) Cut view along X-axis (c) E-field cartography in the top plane

0 8

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

0 7

0 6

0 6λc

0 5

0 4

0 3

Mag

nitu

de re

flect

ion

(a)

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc0 6λc

Phas

e (D

eg)

ndash105ndash110ndash115ndash120ndash125ndash130ndash135ndash140

(b)

Figure 4 Reflection coefficient of a periodic FSS (a) magnitude (b) phase

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

It is important to verify that the pixel antenna behaviourremains the same for all the frequencies of the band byshowing the electric field cartography on radiating surface(Figure 7) for some frequencies A uniform radiation surfaceis obtained on the roof of the pixel antenna generating axialgaussian beams on wide frequency band approximately40

32 Radiation Patterns As for EBG antennas [17 18] thedirectivity of the antenna and the intrinsic IEEE gain arenearly the same e difference between the directivity andthe IEEE gain is due to the small losses in the dielectricsubstrate and their frequency evolution (Figure 8) smoothlydecreases due to the vanishing effect in the radial directionis behaviour introduces very wide radiating bandwidthwhich is limited for high frequencies by the ldquof0rdquo given in (1)corresponding to the emergence of the leaky wave

e antenna is fed by a 50Ω coaxial cable As mentionedbefore a probe (patch antenna equivalent to a magneticdipole) is introduced on the ground plane in the middle ofthe structure (Figure 3) where the impedance of the EMfieldis near 50Ω for both the EBG modes

e realized gain vs frequency band (Figure 8 bluecurve) is then limited only by the magnetic dipole emissionfor low frequencies and by the leaky waves for high fre-quencies Consequently the realized gain exhibits a verylarge bandwidth (nearly asymp40)

4 Theoretical and ExperimentalResults Comparison

To compare the theoretical results with the experimentalones a frequency band between 1GHz and 15GHz waschosen

FSS

Metallic walls

0 15 times λc

y

xz0 15 times λc

0 5

timesλ c

0 5 times λc Substrate laquo PEEK raquo

FSS

Metallic

0 15 times

y

xz0 15 times λ

0 5

timesλ c

0 5 times λc Substra

(a)

e FSS

~ 0 0

16timesλ c

Probe Ground plane Air cavity

Patch (Lxl)= 0 29λc times 0 17λc

FSS

h~ 0 1

2timesλ c

e~0 05 times λc

yzx

P bAir cavity

P h (L l)

e~0 05 times λc

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyzx

(b)

Figure 5 Pixel antenna design (a) Perspective view (b) Cut view along ldquoYrdquo

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15

ndash25ndash30ndash35ndash40ndash45

dB

Lpatch = 0 270λc

Lpatch = 0 275λc

Lpatch = 0 279λc

Lpatch = 0 283λc

Lpatch = 0 287λc

Lpatch = 0 291λc

Lpatch = 0 295λc

Lpatch = 0 300λc

Lpatch = 0 304λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(a)

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

H = 0 116λcH = 0 120λcH = 0 125λc

H = 0 129λcH = 0 133λcH = 0 137λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(b)

Figure 6 (a) S11 parameter evolution vs frequency (theoretical patch resonances when the patch is alone are positioned on the frequencyaxis when the patch is alone) (b) S11 parameter evolution vs frequency for the height of cavity using patch length (Lpatch)excitation 0295λc


41 Manufactured Structure Following the geometricalspecifications given in Section 31 a pixel antenna was designedand manufactured to work between 1GHz and 15GHz(Figure 9) Because of the wide thickness of the dielectric slabsupports two bulks of PolyEther-Ether-Ketone ldquoPEEKrdquo sub-strates were used e metallic patch and the metallic FSSpatterns were inserted in these substrates

42 SmdashParameters Comparison e theoretical and ex-perimental S11 parameter evolution as a function of thefrequency is shown in Figure 10 Both theoretical and

experimental results exhibit a wide bandwidth largerthan 40

43 Realized and Experimental Gains Comparison etheoretical and experimental maximum realized gains vsfrequency are compared in Figure 11e results are in goodagreement

eoretical and experimental patterns are also verysimilar for all the frequencies of the band Figure 12 ob-tained for the central frequency fc illustrates this behaviour

Figure 13 shows the measured normalized E-plane ra-diation pattern of the proposed antenna at different

ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

Figure 7 S11 parameter vs frequency for a 41 bandwidth and E field cartographies for some frequencies

87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc

DirectivityGain (IEEE)Realized gain

Figure 8 Directivity intrinsic gain and realized gain evolutions as a function of frequency


Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)

Figure 9 (a) Pixel antenna with supports (b) Measurements of the radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber


0ndash5ndash10ndash15ndash20ndash25ndash30ndash35ndash40

Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0

Figure 10 eoretical and experimental S11 evolution vs frequency

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Figure 11 eoretical and experimental maximum realized gains evolution vs function of the frequency

5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)

Figure 12 eoretical and experimental 3D radiation patterns comparison for a central frequency at 125GHz (a) Simulation(b) Measurement


frequencies ere is good agreement between the simulatedand measured radiation patterns at different frequencies

5 Conclusion

A new kind of antenna called ldquoPixel Antennardquo is introducedin this paper is antenna is characterized by a very widefrequency bandwidth up to 40 It has a stable radiationpattern and polarization across the entire band in both linearand circular polarizations [20ndash22] Besides the square-sha-ped surface the antenna surface can also assume regularshapes like rectangular circular trapezoidal and so on [23]

is antenna can either be used alone or connected toother pixel antennas to build a large radiating surface with ahigh gain [24] in which case it is called ldquoARMArdquo (agileradiating matrix antenna) antennas [19]

Data Availability

Previously reported data were used to support this studyand these prior studies are cited at relevant places within thetext as references

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding publishing this research paper

References

[1] H-Y Chen and Y Tao ldquoPerformance improvement of aU-slot patch antenna using a dual-band frequency selectivesurface with modified Jerusalem cross elementsrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 59 no 9pp 3482ndash3486 2011

[2] H-Y Chen and T Yu ldquoAntenna gain and bandwidth en-hancement using frequency selective surface with doublerectangular ring elementsrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Antenna Propagation and EM eorypp 271ndash274 Guangzhou China December 2010

[3] R Chair K F Lee and K M Luk ldquoBandwidth and cross-polarization characteristics of quarter-wave shorted patchantennasrdquo Microwave and Optical Technology Letters vol 22no 2 pp 101ndash103 1999

[4] R B Waterhouse ldquoBroadband stacked shorted patchrdquoElectronics Letters vol 35 no 2 pp 98ndash100 1999

[5] K L Lau K M Luk and K L Lee ldquoDesign of a circularly-polarized vertical patch antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 54 no 4 pp 1332ndash1335 2006

[6] D M Pozar and D H Schauber Design of Microstrip An-tennas and Arrays IEEE Press New York NY USA 1995

[7] L Lolit Kumar Singh B Gupta and P P Sarkar ldquoT-slotrectangular patch antennardquo International Journal of Elec-tronic and Electrical Engineering vol 4 no 1 pp 43ndash47 2011

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)

Simulated absolute valueMeasured absolute value

(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)

Simulated EθMeasured Eθ

(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)

Figure 13 Simulation and measurement of the far-field antenna gain (E-plane) at different frequencies (a) f 1GHz (b) f 125GHz(c) f 14GHz and (d) f 15GHz


[8] M Aneesh J A Ansari A Singh and S S S KamakshildquoAnalysis of S-shape microstrip patch antenna for bluetoothapplicationsrdquo International Journal of Scientific and ResearchPublications vol 3 no 11 2013

[9] S N Mulgi R B Konda G M Pushpanjali S K Satnoorand P V Hunagund ldquoDesign and development of widebandgap-coupled slot rectangular microstrip array antennardquoIndian Journal of Radio amp Space Physics vol 37 pp 291ndash2952008

[10] A Khanna and D K Srivastava ldquoModified edged microstripsquare patch antenna with square fractal slots for bluetoothapplicationsrdquo International Journal of Engineering Research ampTechnology vol 3 no 6 pp 320ndash323 2014

[11] NG Alexopoulos and DR Jackson ldquoFundamental super-strate effects on printed circuit antennasrdquo IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation vol 32 no 8 pp 807ndash8161984

[12] A P Feresidis G Goussetis S Wang and J C VardaxoglouldquoArtificial magnetic conductor surfaces and their applicationto low-profile high-gain planar antennasrdquo IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation vol 53 no 1 pp 209ndash2152005

[13] H Yang and N Alexopoulos ldquoGain enhancement methodsfor printed circuit antennas through multiple superstratesrdquoIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 35no 7 pp 860ndash863 1987

[14] H Boutayeb and T A Denidni ldquoMetallic cylindrical EBGstructures with defects directivity analysis and design opti-mizationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 55 no 11 pp 3356ndash3361 2007

[15] Y J Lee J Yeo R Mittra and W S Park ldquoDesign of afrequency selective surface (FSS) type superstrate for dual-band directivity enhancement of microstrip patch antennasrdquoin Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyInternational Symposium and USNCURSI Meeting pp 2ndash5Washington DC USA July 2005

[16] H Yi and S-W Qu ldquoA novel dual-band circularly polarizedantenna based on electromagnetic band-gap structurerdquo IEEEAntennas and Wireless Propagation Letters vol 12pp 1149ndash1152 2013

[17] M Menudier T Monediere and B Jecko ldquoEBG resonatorantennas state of art and prospectsrdquo in Proceedings of the 6thInternational Conference on Antenna eory and TechniquesICATTrsquo07 Sevastopol e Crimea Ukraine September 2007

[18] R Chantalat L Moustafa M evenot T Monediere andB Jecko ldquoLow profile EBG resonator antennasrdquo InternationalJournal of Antennas and Propagation vol 2009 Article ID394801 7 pages 2009

[19] B Jecko E Arnaud H Abou Taam and A Siblini ldquoeARMA concept comparison of AESA and ARMA technol-ogies for agile antenna designrdquo FERMAT Journal ARTvol 20 2017

[20] M S Toubet R Chantalat M Hajj and B Jecko ldquo2D matrixof joint ultra low-profile (ULP) EBG antennas for high gainapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2012 15th InternationalSymposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electro-magnetics (ANTEM) pp 1ndash3 Toulouse France June 2012

[21] M Majed Y Sbeity M Lalande and B Jecko ldquoLow profilecircularly polarized antenna with large coverage for multi-sensor device links optimisationrdquo in Proceedings of theNinth International Conference on Sensor Device Tech-nologies and Applications SENSORDEVICES 2018 VeniceItaly September 2018

[22] A Siblini B Jecko H AbouTaam M Rammal andA Bellion ldquoNew circularly polarizedMatrix antenna for spaceapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2016 Wireless Telecom-munications Symposium London UK June 2016

[23] H Abou Taam S Ali E Arnaud B Jecko and M RammalldquoMatrice antennaire planaire grand gain munie des pixelsrayonnants a grandes dimensions (12λtimes12λ)rdquo in Pro-ceedings of the XIXemes Journees Nationales MicroondesBordeaux France June 2015

[24] B Jecko M Majed S Aija et al ldquoAgile beam radiatingsurfacesrdquo Source Fermat vol 30 p 2 2018


International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018


Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery


Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation


Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Research ArticleSmall-Size Wide-Band Low-Profile ldquoPixel AntennardquoComparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results in L Band

Mohamad Rammal 1 Mohamad Majed12 Eric Arnaud2 Joel Andrieu2

and Bernard Jecko2

1ITHPP egra 46500 France2XLIM Limoges 87060 France

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohamad Rammal mohamadrammalgmailcom

Received 25 February 2019 Revised 7 June 2019 Accepted 18 July 2019 Published 10 September 2019

Academic Editor Jaume Anguera

Copyright copy 2019 Mohamad Rammal et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

is paper presents a small (asympλ2times λ2) low-profile (λ10) planar antenna built to work on a very large frequency band (ge40) forapplications in Telecom Radar IoT etc is antenna is called a ldquoPixel Antennardquo because it was first used as a pixel in an agilebeam radiating surface In this paper the pixel antenna is used alone to designmultiband or wide-band antennas keeping the sameradiation pattern and polarization throughout the band e working principle used to design the Pixel Antenna is deduced fromthe well-known EBG (electromagnetic band gap) antenna in its low-profile version which already has a bandwidth close to asymp20e aim of this present work is to double this bandwidth by simultaneously feeding two modes of the original EBG material etheoretical and experimental results are compared for an L band application exhibiting bandwidth from 1GHz to 152GHz(41) In addition good radiation patterns of pixel antenna stay constant over the entire useful band without any degradation ofthe antenna performance is proposed antenna design can be used to obtain wide bandwidth for any chosen frequency band (Sband X band C band etc) using frequency scaling

1 Introduction

In the electromagnetic domain today applications liketelecommunications radar IoT and so on need antennasworking on a very large frequency band able to include bothTx and Rx links to perform frequency hopping frequencysweeping techniques pulse generation and so on

In the state-of-art wide-bandwidth applications trav-eling wave antennas are able to reach 100 bandwidth butwith large dimensions in comparison to the operatingwavelength On the other hand resonant antennas like patchantennas are usually limited to around 20 bandwidth

Extensive research has been carried out in the past two tothree decades in an attempt to increase the bandwidth ofplanar antennas ese bandwidth enhancement techniquesinclude use of frequency selective surface (FSS) [1 2] use oflow dielectric substrate use of multiple resonators use ofthicker substrate [3] employing stacked configuration [4]

and use of slot antenna geometry [5 6] Lolit Kumar Singhet al [7] proposed a T-slot rectangular patch antenna with animpedance bandwidth of 2523 Aneesh et al [8] dem-onstrated that an S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna canachieve a bandwidth of 2162 Mulgi et al [9] proposed awideband gap-coupled slot rectangular microstrip arrayantenna with an impedance bandwidth of 2672 Khannaand Srivastava [10] designed a square patch antenna withmodified edges and square fractal slots with a bandwidth of30

To further improve the bandwidth of the antenna ie toattain a bandwidth higher than 30 while respecting thesmall size the EBG antenna is the best candidate to increasethe bandwidth A generic EBG antenna consists of a cavitycreated by a frequency selective surface (FSS) at the top and ametallic ground plane at the bottom e energy is coupledto the cavity using a feeding antenna such as a dipole slot orpatch [11 12] e EBG antenna has aroused a growing

HindawiInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2019 Article ID 3653270 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193653270






f0 c

2 times h0times


1113888 1113889 (1)

Q

Rsup

1113969

1 minus Rsuptimes

ϕsup + ϕinf2

1113888 1113889 (2)















z

Feeding probe

RSUPejOslashSUP

λ02

RINFejOslashNIF

λg4





FSSZ

XY

Dielectricsubstrate

9λ

9λ

Ground plane

(a)


X

Z

Y

(b)


FSS

Metallicwalls

ZY

X

(a)

Groundplane

Substrate

Z

X

PatchProbe

FSS

Cavity

(b)


1000741546399289206144

968615

3515

0

X

Y

Z

(c)


0 8

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

0 7

0 6

0 6λc

0 5

0 4

0 3

Mag

nitu

de re

flect

ion

(a)

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc0 6λc

Phas

e (D

eg)


(b)









FSS

Metallic walls

0 15 times λc

y

xz0 15 times λc

0 5

timesλ c


FSS

Metallic

0 15 times

y

xz0 15 times λ

0 5

timesλ c


(a)

e FSS

~ 0 0

16timesλ c



FSS

h~ 0 1

2timesλ c

e~0 05 times λc

yzx

P bAir cavity

P h (L l)

e~0 05 times λc


(b)


ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

Lpatch = 0 270λc

Lpatch = 0 275λc

Lpatch = 0 279λc

Lpatch = 0 283λc

Lpatch = 0 287λc

Lpatch = 0 291λc

Lpatch = 0 295λc

Lpatch = 0 300λc

Lpatch = 0 304λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(a)

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

H = 0 116λcH = 0 120λcH = 0 125λc

H = 0 129λcH = 0 133λcH = 0 137λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(b)









ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0


87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc




Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia







f0 c

2 times h0times


1113888 1113889 (1)

Q

Rsup

1113969

1 minus Rsuptimes

ϕsup + ϕinf2

1113888 1113889 (2)















z

Feeding probe

RSUPejOslashSUP

λ02

RINFejOslashNIF

λg4





FSSZ

XY

Dielectricsubstrate

9λ

9λ

Ground plane

(a)


X

Z

Y

(b)


FSS

Metallicwalls

ZY

X

(a)

Groundplane

Substrate

Z

X

PatchProbe

FSS

Cavity

(b)


1000741546399289206144

968615

3515

0

X

Y

Z

(c)


0 8

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

0 7

0 6

0 6λc

0 5

0 4

0 3

Mag

nitu

de re

flect

ion

(a)

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc0 6λc

Phas

e (D

eg)


(b)









FSS

Metallic walls

0 15 times λc

y

xz0 15 times λc

0 5

timesλ c


FSS

Metallic

0 15 times

y

xz0 15 times λ

0 5

timesλ c


(a)

e FSS

~ 0 0

16timesλ c



FSS

h~ 0 1

2timesλ c

e~0 05 times λc

yzx

P bAir cavity

P h (L l)

e~0 05 times λc


(b)


ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

Lpatch = 0 270λc

Lpatch = 0 275λc

Lpatch = 0 279λc

Lpatch = 0 283λc

Lpatch = 0 287λc

Lpatch = 0 291λc

Lpatch = 0 295λc

Lpatch = 0 300λc

Lpatch = 0 304λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(a)

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

H = 0 116λcH = 0 120λcH = 0 125λc

H = 0 129λcH = 0 133λcH = 0 137λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(b)









ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0


87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc




Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia




FSSZ

XY

Dielectricsubstrate

9λ

9λ

Ground plane

(a)


X

Z

Y

(b)


FSS

Metallicwalls

ZY

X

(a)

Groundplane

Substrate

Z

X

PatchProbe

FSS

Cavity

(b)


1000741546399289206144

968615

3515

0

X

Y

Z

(c)


0 8

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

0 7

0 6

0 6λc

0 5

0 4

0 3

Mag

nitu

de re

flect

ion

(a)

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc0 6λc

Phas

e (D

eg)


(b)









FSS

Metallic walls

0 15 times λc

y

xz0 15 times λc

0 5

timesλ c


FSS

Metallic

0 15 times

y

xz0 15 times λ

0 5

timesλ c


(a)

e FSS

~ 0 0

16timesλ c



FSS

h~ 0 1

2timesλ c

e~0 05 times λc

yzx

P bAir cavity

P h (L l)

e~0 05 times λc


(b)


ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

Lpatch = 0 270λc

Lpatch = 0 275λc

Lpatch = 0 279λc

Lpatch = 0 283λc

Lpatch = 0 287λc

Lpatch = 0 291λc

Lpatch = 0 295λc

Lpatch = 0 300λc

Lpatch = 0 304λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(a)

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

H = 0 116λcH = 0 120λcH = 0 125λc

H = 0 129λcH = 0 133λcH = 0 137λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(b)









ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0


87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc




Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








FSS

Metallic walls

0 15 times λc

y

xz0 15 times λc

0 5

timesλ c


FSS

Metallic

0 15 times

y

xz0 15 times λ

0 5

timesλ c


(a)

e FSS

~ 0 0

16timesλ c



FSS

h~ 0 1

2timesλ c

e~0 05 times λc

yzx

P bAir cavity

P h (L l)

e~0 05 times λc


(b)


ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

Lpatch = 0 270λc

Lpatch = 0 275λc

Lpatch = 0 279λc

Lpatch = 0 283λc

Lpatch = 0 287λc

Lpatch = 0 291λc

Lpatch = 0 295λc

Lpatch = 0 300λc

Lpatch = 0 304λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(a)

ndash50

ndash20

0ndash5

ndash10ndash15


dB

H = 0 116λcH = 0 120λcH = 0 125λc

H = 0 129λcH = 0 133λcH = 0 137λc

1 λc 1 25 λc 1 4 λc0 8 λc

(b)









ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0


87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc




Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








ndash20

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash25

ndash30

ndash35

dB

0 8λc 1λc 1 25λc 1 4λc

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0

100Vm

908070605040302010

0


87 5

76 5

65 5

54 5

43 5

30 8λc 1λc 1 25λc




Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


Support

Walls

FSS

(a) (b)




Sim

ulat

ed S

11 (d

B)

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

Mea

sure

d S1

1 (d

B)

0


8

6

4

2

0

ndash2

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Frequency (GHz)

8

6

4

2

0

ndash2 Mea

sure

d re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)

Sim

ulat

ed re

aliz

ed g

ain

(dB)


5

Z

X

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(a)

Z

X

5

0

ndash5

ndash10

ndash15

ndash20

(b)




5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



5 Conclusion



Data Availability




References








ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0Si

mul

ated

ampl

itude

(dB)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(a)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(b)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(c)

ndash180

ndash150

ndash120 ndash9

0

ndash60

ndash30 0 30 60 90 120

150

180

θ (deg)

ndash20

ndash10

0

Sim

ulat

ed am

plitu

de (d

B)

ϕ cut plane = 0deg

ndash20

ndash10

0

Mea

sure

d am

plitu

de (d

B)


(d)























RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia






















RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


small-size wide-band low-profile ``pixel antenna

Documents