small-scale hydropower in the miraflor national reserve

Upload: arjunaaa

Post on 08-Aug-2018

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    1/150

    Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    Micro centrales hidroelctricas en la Reserva Nacional de

    Miraflor

    Feasibility reportInforme de viabilidad

    Christine Driessen Iviss Medina Lilieth Rodrguez

    Michel Robijns Ren Kersten

    Nils-Lasse Weiner Simon Vieler

    Version 1; January 26, 2013

    Delft University of Technology

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    2/150

    Contents

    Contents 4

    List of Figures 5

    List of Tables 7

    1 SummaryResumen 8

    2 Key illustrations

    Grficos principales 9

    2.1 Most economically viable layoutsLa mayora de los diseos econmicamente viables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

    2.2 OverviewVista general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

    2.3 Salto Angelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4 La Laguna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.5 La Estancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.6 San Jos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.7 La Piscina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.8 Posa el Caf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

    3 Key data

    Datos principales 18

    3.1 Salto Angelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.2 La Laguna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 La Estancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4 San Jos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5 La Piscina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    3.6 Posa el Caf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    4 Energy demand

    Demanda energtica 20

    5 Matching of supply and demand

    Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda 23

    5.1 The concept of the plant factorEl concepto de factor de la planta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

    5.2 Plant factorsFactores de la planta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

    2

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    3/150

    Contents

    5.3 ConclusionsConclusiones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

    6 Hydrology study

    Estudia de hidrologa 28

    6.1 PrecipitationPrecipitacin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

    6.2 EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiracin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

    6.3 RunoffEscorrenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

    6.4 River dischargeCuadal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

    7 Results and recommendationsResultados y recomendaciones 41

    7.1 Salto Angelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.2 La Laguna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.3 La Estancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.4 San Jos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.5 La Piscina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.6 Posa el Caf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627.7 Comparison; best value for money

    Comparacin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

    8 Hydro design 69

    9 The velocity-area method

    Uso de molinos en la mediciones de caudales 70

    9.1 The theoryLa teora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

    9.2 The executionLa ejecucin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

    9.3 The resultsLos resultados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

    10 The salt-delution methodEl mtodo de solucin de sal 73

    10.1 The theoryLa teora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

    10.2 The executionLa ejecucin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

    10.3 The resultsLos resultados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

    11 Future demand trends

    Demanda futura 76

    3

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    4/150

    Contents

    12 Water demand

    Demanda de agua 78

    13 Energy supply options

    Opciones de suministro de energa 79

    14 Management, Finance, and O+M

    Administracin, Finanzas y O+M 81

    15 Welfare

    Bienestar 82

    16 Creating the terrain map

    Crear el mapa del terreno 84

    16.1 The color relief mapEl color de mapa en relieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

    16.2 The hill shade mapSombra de la colina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

    16.3 The slope shade mapLa sombra pendiente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

    16.4 Contour linesCurvas de nivel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

    16.5 Rendering the terrain mapDibujar el mapa del terreno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

    17 MATLAB scripts containing the calculationsLos clculos en MATLAB 95

    17.1 Hydrology studyEstudia de hidrologa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

    17.2 Demand study and plant factorsEstudio de demanda y los factores de planta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

    17.3 Salto Angelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10817.4 La Laguna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11517.5 La Estancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12117.6 San Jos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12717.7 La Piscina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

    17.8 Posa el Caf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13817.9 GradingClasificacin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

    18 Bibliography 150

    4

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    5/150

    List of Figures

    2.1 Overview of all points of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2 The three recommended layouts for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 Net power output: 110 m head and 700 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4 The three recommended layouts for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.5 Net power output: 100 m head and 550 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 132.6 The three recommended layouts for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

    2.7 Net power output: 60 m head and 350 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 142.8 The three recommended layouts for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.9 Net power output: 45 m head and 350 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 152.10 The three recommended layouts for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.11 Net power output: 50 m head and 500 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 162.12 The three recommended layouts for Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.13 Net power output: 50 m head and 450 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 17

    4.1 Energy demand curve for a single house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.2 Energy demand curve for the Miraflor National Reserve. . . . . . . . . . . 22

    5.1 The case of using a reservoir to increase energy output during peak hours. 255.2 Plant factors for installed capacities in the range from 100 kW to 400 kW. 255.3 Daily demand not covered with a certain installed capacity. . . . . . . . . 27

    6.1 Precipitation in 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.2 Precipitation in 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.3 Precipitation in 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.4 Average precipitation over a typical annual cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.5 Evapotranspiration over a typical annual cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.6 Runoff over a typical annual cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.7 Drainage basin area for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.8 Drainage basin area for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.9 Drainage basin area for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.10 Drainage basin area for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.11 Drainage basin area for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.12 Drainage basin area for Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.13 Estimated flow duration curve for the Miraflor National Reserve. . . . . . 376.14 Monthly river discharge for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.15 Monthly river discharge for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.16 Monthly river discharge for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.17 Monthly river discharge for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.18 Monthly river discharge for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

    5

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    6/150

    LIST OF FIGURES

    6.19 Monthly river discharge for Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

    7.1 Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

    7.2 The three recommended layouts for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.3 Net power output: 110 m head and 700 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 Individuals supplied with electricity: 110 m head and 700 m tube length. . 447.5 Net power output: 80 m head and 450 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 457.6 Individuals supplied with electricity: 110 m head and 700 m tube length. . 457.7 Net power output: 40 m head and 225 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 467.8 Individuals supplied with electricity: 40 m head and 225 m tube length. . 467.9 La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.10 The three recommended layouts for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.11 Net power output: 100 m head and 550 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 497.12 Individuals supplied with electricity: 100 m head and 550 m tube length. . 49

    7.13 Net power output: 50 m head and 300 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 507.14 Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 300 m tube length. . 507.15 La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.16 The three recommended layouts for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.17 Net power output: 60 m head and 350 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 537.18 Individuals supplied with electricity: 60 m head and 350 m tube length. . 537.19 Net power output: 45 m head and 250 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 547.20 Individuals supplied with electricity: 45 m head and 250 m tube length. . 547.21 San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.22 The three recommended layouts for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.23 Net power output: 45 m head and 350 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 577.24 Individuals supplied with electricity: 45 m head and 350 m tube length. . 577.25 La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597.26 The three recommended layouts for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597.27 Net power output: 50 m head and 500 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 607.28 Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 500 m tube length. . 607.29 Net power output: 35 m head and 300 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 617.30 Individuals supplied with electricity: 35 m head and 300 m tube length. . 617.31 Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.32 The three recommended layouts for Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.33 Net power output: 50 m head and 450 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 647.34 Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 450 m tube length. . 647.35 Net power output: 30 m head and 250 m tube length. . . . . . . . . . . . 657.36 Individuals supplied with electricity: 30 m head and 250 m tube length. . 657.37 Scores for each location and layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

    11.1 Population growth of Miraflor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

    16.1 Color relief map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8716.2 Hill shade map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8816.3 Slope shade map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9016.4 The resulting map rendered by Mapnik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

    6

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    7/150

    List of Tables

    2.1 Ranking list of the most economically viable layouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

    3.1 Overview of the possible layouts for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.2 Overview of the possible layouts for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 Overview of the possible layouts for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4 Overview of the possible layout for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    3.5 Overview of the possible layouts for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.6 Overview of the possible layouts Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    7.1 Overview of the possible layouts for Salto Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.2 Overview of the possible layouts for La Laguna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.3 Overview of the possible layouts for La Estancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.4 Overview of the possible layout for San Jos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.5 Overview of the possible layouts for La Piscina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.6 Overview of the possible layouts for Posa el Caf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627.7 Ranking list of the most economically viable layouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

    9.1 Results of the velocity-area method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

    7

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    8/150

    1 Summary

    Resumen

    This report contains the results of a Este informe contiene los resultados defeasibility study of small-scale hydropower un estudio de viabilidad de las pequeasin the Miraflor National Reserve in Estel, centrales hidroelctricas en la Reserva deNicaragua. In addition to that, this re- Miraflor en Estel, Nicaragua. Adems deport contains a thorough explanation of eso, este informe contiene una explicacin

    the process of obtaining the results. detallada del proceso de obtencin de losAt this time of writing, only 12% of the resultados.

    16000 residents of Miraflor have access to En la actualidad, slo el 12 % de loselectricity. There are established plans to 16000 habitantes de Miraflor tiene accesoextend the national electricity grid to Mi- la electricidad, aunque se establecen pla-raflor within two years. Nonetheless, there nes de extender la red nacional de electri-is great interest in having a supply of sus- cidad a Miraflor en un plazo de dos aos;tainable energy in Miraflor. Development no obstante, hay un gran inters en con-funds from the German government have tar con un suministro de energa sosteniblebeen allocated for a sustainable energy en Miraflor. El gobierno alemn tiene asig-project and a go-ahead was already given. nado fondos para proyectos de produccin

    Such a project requires a vast amount of de una energa sostenible y una luz verdepreparation and that is how this feasibility fue dada ya; este proyecto requiere de unareport came to be. gran cantidad de preparacin y viabilidad

    River flow rate was measured at six y este informe contiene dichos datos.points of interest in the Miraflor National El caudal de flujo del ro se midi en seisReserve. The obtained data on flow rate in puntos de inters en la reserva de Miraflor.addition to a theoretical study using data Se ha creado un mapa muy detallado delon precipitation results in an accurate es- terreno y el uso de ese mapa fue para vertimate of the river discharge in Miraflor. doce diseos posibles para una central hi-A highly detailed terrain map was created droelctrica. Para cada diseo la salida deand using that map, twelve possible lay- energa neta fue determinada as como laouts for a hydropower plant were identi- cantidad de individuos que pueden ser su-fied. For each layout the net energy out- ministrados con esa cantidad de energa.put was determined as well as the amount Los diversos diseos se compararon conof individuals that can be supplied with entre s en varias caractersticas. La com-that amount of energy. paracin permiti la identificacin de las

    The various layouts were compared to opciones ms econmicas y por lo tanto aeach other on several characteristics. The pronunciar unas recomendaciones.comparison allowed for the identificationof the most economical options and thus topronounce meaningful recommendations.

    8

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    9/150

    2 Key illustrations

    Grficos principales

    This chapter contains a concise sum- Este captulo contiene una descripcinmary of all results without further expla- concisa de todos los resultados sin ms ex-nation. For further explanation please plicaciones. Para obtener una explicacinconsult the rest of this report. For ms detallada por favor consulte el restoeach point of interest two illustrations are de este informe. Por cada punto de inters

    shown. The first illustration shows an se muestran dos ilustraciones, la primeraoverview of different possibilities for the ilustracin muestra una visin general delayout of the tube. The coordinates shown las diferentes posibilidades para el diseocorrespond to the location of the red dot del tubo, las coordenadas que se muestranin the respective illustration. The second corresponden a la ubicacin del punto rojoillustration shows the estimated net power en la ilustracin correspondiente; la segun-output over an annual cycle. da ilustracin muestra la produccin esti-

    mada de energa neta sobre un ciclo anual.

    2.1 Most economically viable layoutsLa mayora de los diseos econmicamente viables

    This section contains the results of a Esta seccin contiene los resultados decomparison of all the different locations una comparacin de las distintas ubicacio-and their respective optional layouts. A nes y sus respectivos diseos opcionales.fair comparison is made by giving each La comparacin es equitativa, dando a ca-layout at each site a grade. Intuitively, da disposicin en cada sitio una califica-layouts with a high power output while cin. Intuitivamente, diseos con una granhaving a small turbine and a short tube potencia de salida, mientras que que tieneare most favorable because that gives a una pequea turbina y un tubo corto son

    high power output at a relatively low ms favorables debido a que da una salidaprice. Net power output, tube length, and de alta potencia con un relativamente bajoturbine size were the factors in this com- precio. Salida de potencia neta, longitudparison. See figure 2.1 on the following del tubo, y tamao de la turbina fueronpage for the list. los factores en esta comparacin. Vase la

    figura 2.1 para la lista.

    9

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    10/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    Rank Location Score

    1 La Estancia; layout 1 100

    2 La Estancia; layout 2 98

    3 La Laguna; layout 2 83

    4 Salto Angelica; layout 2 81

    5 Salto Angelica; layout 3 81

    6 La Laguna; layout 1 76

    7 Salto Angelica; layout 1 71

    8 San Jos 58

    9 Posa el Caf; layout 2 55

    10 La Piscina; layout 2 53

    11 Posa el Caf; layout 1 51

    12 La Piscina; layout 1 45

    Table 2.1: Ranking list of the most economically viable layouts.

    2.2 Overview

    Vista general

    The map in figure 2.1 on the next page El mapa de la figura 2.1 muestra lashows the position of all points of inter- posicin de todos los puntos de inters conest with respect to each other and the respecto a la otra y el terreno. Para obte-

    terrain. For precise position information ner informacin sobre la posicin precisain the form of coordinates please consult en forma de coordenadas, consulte el ca-chapter 7 on page 41. ptulo 7.

    10

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    11/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    Figure 2.1: Overview of all points of interest.

    11

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    12/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.3 Salto Angelica

    Figure 2.2: The three recommended layouts for Salto Angelica.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    18Salto Angelica: 700 m tube lenght and 110 m head

    Es

    timatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.3: Net power output: 110 m head and 700 m tube length.

    12

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    13/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.4 La Laguna

    Figure 2.4: The three recommended layouts for La Laguna.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25La Laguna: 550 m tube lenght and 100 m head

    Es

    timatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.5: Net power output: 100 m head and 550 m tube length.

    13

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    14/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.5 La Estancia

    Figure 2.6: The three recommended layouts for La Estancia.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15La Estancia: 325 m tube lenght and 60 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.7: Net power output: 60 m head and 350 m tube length.

    14

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    15/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.6 San Jos

    Figure 2.8: The three recommended layouts for San Jos.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30San Jos: 350 m tube lenght and 45 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.9: Net power output: 45 m head and 350 m tube length.

    15

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    16/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.7 La Piscina

    Figure 2.10: The three recommended layouts for La Piscina.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40La Piscina: 500 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.11: Net power output: 50 m head and 500 m tube length.

    16

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    17/150

    2 Key illustrations Grficos principales

    2.8 Posa el Caf

    Figure 2.12: The three recommended layouts for Posa el Caf.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150Posa el caf: 450 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    E

    stimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 2.13: Net power output: 50 m head and 450 m tube length.

    17

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    18/150

    3 Key data

    Datos principales

    This chapter contains one table for ev- Este captulo contiene una tabla paraery point of interest. The table contains cada punto de inters. La tabla contienethe mean, maximum, and minimum power la media, mximo y mnimo de potenciaoutput of a potential future hydropower salida de un futuro potencial de la plan-plant over the coarse of a year. In ad- ta de energa hidroelctrica a lo largo de

    dition to that, the mean, maximum, and un ao. Adems de eso, la cantidad me-minimum amount of individuals that can dia, mximo y mnimo de individuos quebe supplied with the respective power out- pueden ser suministrado con la potenciaput is given. These numbers are given for de salida respectivamente. Estos nmerosevery layout option. For a more elabo- se asignan para cada opcin de diseo. Pa-rate explanation please consult chapter 7 ra una explicacin ms detallada por favoron page 41. consulte el captulo 7.

    3.1 Salto Angelica

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 11.53 16.72 2.95 922 1338 236

    Layout 2 8.39 12.16 2.15 671 973 172

    Layout 3 4.19 6.08 1.07 335 486 86

    Table 3.1: Overview of the possible layouts for Salto Angelica.

    3.2 La Laguna

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 15.34 22.24 3.93 1227 1780 314

    Layout 2 7.67 11.12 1.96 614 890 157

    Table 3.2: Overview of the possible layouts for La Laguna.

    18

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    19/150

    3 Key data Datos principales

    3.3 La Estancia

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 10.32 14.96 2.64 826 1197 211

    Layout 2 7.74 11.22 1.98 619 898 158

    Table 3.3: Overview of the possible layouts for La Estancia.

    3.4 San Jos

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 19.47 28.23 4.98 1558 2257 399

    Table 3.4: Overview of the possible layout for San Jos.

    3.5 La Piscina

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 26.88 38.97 6.88 2150 3118 550

    Layout 2 18.81 27.78 4.81 1505 2182 385

    Table 3.5: Overview of the possible layouts for La Piscina.

    3.6 Posa el Caf

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 102.37 148.42 26.19 8189 11874 2095Layout 2 61.42 89.05 15.72 4914 7124 1257

    Table 3.6: Overview of the possible layouts Posa el Caf.

    19

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    20/150

    4 Energy demand

    Demanda energtica

    This section will deal with the energy Esta seccin se ocupar de las curvasdemand curves for single households as de demanda de la energa de los hogares,well as energy demand curves for the en- as como la curva de demanda de energatire population. para toda la poblacin.

    As of january 2013, the Miraflor Na- A partir de enero de 2013, la Reserva

    tional Reserve has 16000 residents. The de Miraflor tiene 16000 habitantes. Elaverage family size is 5. This implies that tamao promedio de la familia es de 53200 families live in the national reserve. miembros. Esto implica que 3200 famil-The source of these numbers is a census ias viven en la reserva Miraflor. La fuenteby FORO Miraflor. de estos nmeros es un censo del FORO

    According to ATDER-BL, if you are Miraflor.able to insist on all lights being of the Segn ATDER-BL, si usted es capazenergy-saving compact-fluorescent type, de insistir en que toda la iluminacin seathe peak demand per house during high- tipo compacta fluorescente, es decir ahor-est demand time (6 to 8 PM in a rural radoras de energa, la demanda pico porarea) can be 120 watts or less, per house. vivienda durante el tiempo pico de de-

    In addition to that, the assumption was manda (6 a 8 de la tarde en una zonamade that there are two other peaks of rural) puede ser como mximo 120 watt,electricity use during a day. One small por cada casa. Asimismo, se supuso quepeak occurs in the early morning and hay dos picos de demanda de la electrici-another small peak occurs around noon, dad durante un da, un pequeo pico tem-times when people tend to gather at their prano por la maana y otro se produce enhouses. la noche, momentos en que la gente tiende

    A case study from a rural village in Peru a reunirse en sus casas.supplies us with an example of an energy Un estudio de caso de una aldea ruraldemand curve. The conditions (e.g., cli- en el Per nos suministra con un ejemplomate, hours of daylight, culture, and the de una energa la curva de demanda. Lasdevelopment of the population) are sim- condiciones (por ejemplo, el clima, las ho-ilar to the conditions in Miraflor. An ras de luz del da, la cultura y el desarrolloenergy demand curve for a single house de la poblacin) son similares a las condi-in Miraflor was made, assuming that the ciones en Miraflor. Se hizo una curva deshape is identical to the case in Peru and demanda de energa de una sola casa enincorporating all the other assumptions Miraflor suponiendo que la forma es idn-stated above. The estimated energy de- tica al caso en el Per y la incorporacinmand curve for a single house can be found de todas las otras condiciones dichas an-in figure 4.1 on the following page. teriormente. La curva de demanda de en-

    Considering that there are 3200 houses, erga estimada para una sola casa se puede

    20

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    21/150

    4 Energy demand Demanda energtica

    1 AM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 PM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120Estimated hourly energy demand of one house

    Energydemand[W]

    Time [hours]

    Figure 4.1: Energy demand curve for a single house.

    the energy demand curve for a single house encontrar en la figura 4.1.can be extrapolated to estimate the en- Teniendo en cuenta que hay 3200 vivien-

    ergy demand curve for the 16000 residents das, la curva de demanda de energa paraof Miraflor. Please see figure 4.2 on the una casa unifamiliar pueden extrapolarsenext page for the estimated energy de- para estimar la curva de demanda de lamand curve for the entire population of energa para los 16000 habitantes de Mi-Miraflor. raflor. Por favor, vea la figura 4.2 para

    It can be safely assumed that there is no la curva de demanda de energa estimadaseasonal variation in the demand curve. para toda la poblacin de Miraflor.This is due to the fact that neither any Esto se debe a que se puede suponer conpart of Nicaragua features a cold winter seguridad que no hay variacin estacionalnor does the amount of daylight vary much en la curva de demanda. Debido al hechoover the course of a year. de que de Nicaragua no cuenta con un in-

    Summing up all values of the demand vierno fro ni tampoco la cantidad de luzcurve, one finds that the estimated daily varan mucho en el transcurso de un ao.electricity demand for a single house is Resumiendo todos los valores de la1287 Wh. The estimated daily electricity curva demanda, se observa que el diariodemand for all of the 16000 residents in estimado la demanda de electricidad paraMiraflor is 4118 kWh. Peak demand oc- una casa unifamiliar es 1287 Wh. Lacurs at 6 to 8 PM. demanda diaria de electricidad estimada

    de los 16000 habitantes de Miraflor es4118 kWh. La demanda mxima se pro-duce a las 6 a las 8 PM.

    21

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    22/150

    4 Energy demand Demanda energtica

    1 AM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 PM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    Estimated hourly energy demand of the Miraflor National Reserve

    Energydemand[kW]

    Time [hours]

    Figure 4.2: Energy demand curve for the Miraflor National Reserve.

    22

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    23/150

    5 Matching of supply and demand

    Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda

    5.1 The concept of the plant factor

    El concepto de factor de la planta

    This section presents the reader with En esta seccin se presenta al lector

    a short description of the concept of the una breve descripcin del concepto del fac-plant factor. The plant factor is calcu- tor de planta. El factor de planta se cal-lated by dividing the used energy by the cula dividiendo la energa utilizada por laavailable energy. See equation 5.1. energa disponible. Vase la ecuacin 5.2.

    Plant factor =energy used

    energy available=

    power used time power used

    power installed period considered(5.1)

    Factor de plant =energa utilizada

    energa disponible=

    uso de energa tiempo de uso

    capacidad periodo considerado(5.2)

    So what is the practical meaning of the Entonces, cul es el significado prcti-plant factor? The plant factor will be low co del factor de planta? El factor de plan-if little energy is used of a given installed ta ser bajo si se utiliza poca energa decapacity. A plant factor of one implies una determinada capacidad instalada. Unthat all the generated energy is used. A factor de planta de uno implica que todaplant factor of zero means that none of la energa generada se utiliza. Un factorthe generated energy is used. A key de- de planta de cero significa que nada de lasign role for micro-hydro is to design for energa generada se utiliza. Un papel clavethe highest possible plant factor [1]. en el diseo de micro-hidro es disear para

    Good designs aim for plant factors la planta un factor lo ms alto posible [1].above 0.6. A low plant factor implies ex- Los buenos diseos apuntan a facto-pensive power and that some other sort of res de planta superiores 0.6. Un factor depower might well be better [1]. planta ba ja implica ser caro y que algn

    otro tipo de energa podra ser mejor [1].

    5.2 Plant factors

    Factores de la planta

    There is a variation of energy demand Hay una variacin de la demanda deduring the day (see figure 4.2 on the pre- energa durante el da (ver figura 4.2),vious page), while the capacity installed mientras que la capacidad instalada debeshould be sufficient to cover demand dur- ser suficiente para cubrir la demanda du-

    23

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    24/150

    5 Matching of supply and demand Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda

    ing peak hours. rante horas pico.Imagine there was a single hydropower Imagina que una sola planta de energa

    plant that could cover the complete energy hidroelctrica podra cubrir la energa to-demand of the residents of Miraflor. The tal demanda de los residentes de Miraflor.maximum demand is 384 kW between 6 La demanda mxima es de 384 kW entreand 8 PM. Such an imaginary hydropower 6 y 8 PM. Tal energa hidroelctrica conplant with a capacity of 384 kW would re- una capacidad de 384 kW volvera ocasio-sult in a low power factor because a large nar una bajo factor de potencia debido apart of the capacity is not utilized. que un gran parte de la capacidad no se

    A solution to this problem is to incor- utiliza.porate a reservoir into the design. Wa- Una solucin a este problema es la in-ter is saved up in a reservoir during the corporacin de un depsito en el diseo.hours when demand is lower than the peak Agua se guarda en el depsito durante

    demand. The reservoir will be emptied las horas, cuando la demanda es menorduring the peak hours to temporarily in- que el pico demanda. El depsito se va-crease the flow rate and thus the energy ca durante las horas pico para aumentaroutput. A hydropower plant with a capac- temporalmente la velocidad de flujo y pority of 200 kW during normal hours and a lo tanto la energa de salida. Una plan-temporarily increased capacity of 400 kW ta hidroelctrica con una capacidad des-during peak hours would have a far higher de 200 kW durante las horas normales yplant factor than a plant with a continu- un capacidad aument temporalmente deous capacity of 400 kW. See figure 5.1 on 400 kW durante las horas pico tendra unthe following page. mucho ms alto factor de una planta con

    un continuo capacidad de 400 kW. Vase

    la figura 5.1.See figure 5.2 on the next page for an Vase la figura 5.2 para una visin ge-overview of the resulting plant factors for neral de los factores resultantes de plantasall installed capacities in the range from para todas las capacidades instaladas en100 kW to 400 kW. One line depicts the el rango de 100 kW a 400 kW. Una lneacase where a reservoir is used and the en- representa el caso en el que se utiliza unergy output is raised to 400 kW during depsito de energa y la energa de salidapeak hours and the other line depicts the he elevado a 400 kW pico durante las ho-case without such reservoir. Calculations ras picas y la otra lnea representa el casowere made with a MATLAB script. sin yacimiento. El clculo se hizo con una

    secuencia de comandos de MATLAB.

    It might come as a surprise that the Puede ser sorprendente que las lneaslines are very close to each other. At first estn muy cerca uno del otro. Al principiosight, it appears that whether a reservoir parece que si un yacimiento se utiliza o no,is used or not does not make a differ- no hace una diferencia. Esto es incorrecto.ence. This is incorrect. Take an imagi- Tome una planta imaginaria con una ca-nary plant with a capacity of200 kW. The pacidad de 200 kW. Los factores de plan-plant factors for this case may indeed be ta para este caso, de hecho puede ser casialmost identical, but without a reservoir, idntica, pero sin un depsito, la planta nothe plant cannot cope with peak demand. puede hacer frente a la demanda mximaPart of the energy demand cannot be cov- durante las horas picas. Una parte de laered. See figure 5.3 on page 27 for a di- demanda de energa no puede ser cubier-

    24

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    25/150

    5 Matching of supply and demand Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda

    1 AM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 PM 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400Estimated hourly energy demand for the Miraflor National Reserve

    Energydemand[kW]

    Time [hours]

    Energy demand

    Capacity installed

    Figure 5.1: The case of using a reservoir to increase energy output during peak hours.

    100 150 200 250 300 350 4000.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    1Plant factor for different installed capacities

    Plantfactor[]

    Installed capacity [kW]

    Without reservoir

    With reservoir

    Figure 5.2: Plant factors for installed capacities in the range from 100 kW to 400 kW.

    25

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    26/150

    5 Matching of supply and demand Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda

    agram of the energy demand that is not ta. En la Figura 5.3 encontrar un diagra-covered when installing a certain capacity. ma de la demanda de energa que no est

    For the plant with a capacity of 200 kW, cubierto cuando se instala una cierta ca-not using a reservoir means that 13.54% pacidad. Para la planta con una capacidadof the total energy demand, mostly energy de 200 kW, no utilizar un medio de depsi-demand in peak hours, cannot be covered. to significa que 13.54 % de la demanda to-When using a reservoir this number drops tal de energa, principalmente energa de-to 0% and the hydropower plant can cover mandada en horas pico, no se puede cu-all of the energy demand, including the en- brir. Cuando se utiliza un depsito, esteergy demand in peak hours. The require- nmero se reduce a 0 % y la central hidro-ment that all demand must be covered elctrica puede cubrir todo de la demandaforces you to install 400 kW, while with a de energa, incluyendo la energa deman-reservoir 200 kW would be sufficient. The dada en horas picas. El requisito que toda

    plant factors for these cases are 0.7427 and la demanda debe ser cubierta te obliga a0.4290, respectively. instalar 400 kW, mientras que un depsi-With a reservoir, double the flow rate is to de 200 kW sera suficiente. Los factores

    available during peak hours. The cost is de planta para estos casos son 0.7427 ythat 16.67% of the flow rate during the 0.4290, respectivamente.others hours is not used but saved for Con un depsito, el doble de la veloci-use during peak demand times. Since the dad de flujo est disponible durante lasplant is designed to cover peak demand, horas picas. El costo es que 16.67 % de lathe plant with a reservoir can supply 1.67 velocidad de flujo durante las otras horastimes the amount of people as a plant no se utiliza, pero se guarda para ser usa-without a reservoir. do durante las horas de mxima demanda.

    Puesto que la planta est diseada paracubrir la demanda mxima, la planta conun depsito puede suministrar 1.67 vecesla cantidad de personas como una plantasin un reservorio.

    5.3 Conclusions

    Conclusiones

    An imaginary hydropower plant with Una planta hidroelctrica imaginariaa capacity of 200 kW in normal hours and con una capacidad de 200 kW en horas

    400 kW in peak hours using a reservoir is normales y 400 kW en hora picas utilizan-clearly the best option. It results in a high do un depsito est claramente la mejorplant factor of 0.7427 while missing 0% of opcin. Resulta en un alto factor de plantathe demand and still leaving some head- de 0.7427, mientras que falta 0 % de la de-room for fluctuations. Since this is the manda de energa y deja un poco de espa-best theoretical case, these numbers will cio libre para las fluctuaciones. Dado quebe scaled down and used with real-world este es el mejor de los casos tericos, estosdata. nmeros sern reducidos para ser utilizado

    in el mundo real.Using a reservoir has a a couple of bene- El uso de un embalse tiene una parte

    26

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    27/150

    5 Matching of supply and demand Adecuacin de la oferta y la demanda

    100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45Daily demand not fulfilled for a certain capacity

    Percentageofdemand[%]

    Installed capacity [kW]

    Without reservoir

    With reservoir

    Figure 5.3: Daily demand not covered with a certain installed capacity.

    fits and drawbacks. Amongst the benefits de beneficios e inconvenientes. Entre losof using a reservoir are: beneficios de la utilizacin de un depsito

    son: A much higher power factor of 0.7427

    as opposed to 0.4290 Un poder mucho mayor factor de

    67% more people can be supplied 0.7427 en contraposicin a 0.4290with energy 67 % ms de personas pueden ser su-

    ministrados con energa

    Los inconvenientes de utilizar un de-The drawbacks of using a reservoir are: psito son:

    Added costs of construction Costos adicionales de construccin

    Los beneficios de la construccin deThe benefits of constructing a reservoir un reservorio superan los inconvenientes.outweigh the drawbacks. The size of the El tamao del reservorio ser relativamen-reservoirs will be relatively small. This te pequeo. Esta disminuye la carga y loslowers the burden and costs to construct costes para la construccin de tal cuenca.such a basin. It is therefore highly recom- Por consiguiente, se recomienda la cons-mended to construct a hydropower plant truccin de una planta hidroelctrica enin combination with a reservoir. combinacin con un depsito.

    27

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    28/150

    6 Hydrology study

    Estudia de hidrologa

    This chapter describes the process of Este captulo describe el proceso decalculating the potential of several se- clculo del potencial de varios sitios selec-lected sites. Evapotranspiration is de- cionados. La evapotranspiracin se deduceducted from precipitation to obtain runoff. de precipitacin para obtener la escorren-Runoff is then multiplied by the area of in- ta; despus esta escorrenta se multipli-

    terest to calculate discharge. Knowing the ca por el rea de inters pare calcular ladifference in elevation and the flow rate descarga. Conociendo la diferencia de ele-of the river makes it possible to calculate vacin y la velocidad de flujo del ro hacepower output. Then this number is used que sea posible calcular la potencia de sali-to estimate the amount of people that can da. A continuacin, este nmero se utilizabe supplied with electricity. para estimar la cantidad de personas que

    pueden ser alimentadas con energa elc-trica.

    6.1 Precipitation

    Precipitacin

    FORO miraflor has been collecting pre- El Foro Miraflor ha estado recogiendocipitation data starting from may 2010 un- datos de precipitacin a partir de mayo detil present. Please see figure 6.1, figure 6.2, 2010 hasta el presente. En la figura 6.1,and figure 6.3. The average of the monthly figura 6.2 y en la figura 6.3 estos datosprecipitation results in the estimated pre- se pueden ver. El promedio de los resulta-cipitation of a typical annual cycle. See dos mensual es de precipitacin resultanfigure 6.4 on page 30. en una precipitacin estimada por un ci-

    clo anual tpico. Ver figura 6.4.

    6.2 Evapotranspiration

    Evapotranspiracin

    Evapotranspiration is the conversion Evapotranspiracin es la conversin deof liquid water at the earth-atmosphere agua lquida en el lmite tierra-atmsferaboundary to vapor and the subsequent de vapor y la mezcla posterior de este va-mixing of this vapor with the atmo- por con la atmsfera [2]. Para calcular lasphere [2]. To compute the evapotran- evapotranspiracin se utiliz un mtodospiration an empirical temperature based basado en la temperatura emprica. La ra-method was used. The reason for choosing zn de elegir este mtodo es que los datos

    28

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    29/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    450

    500Precipitation in 2010

    Precipitation[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.1: Precipitation in 2010.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    450

    500Precipitation in 2011

    Pre

    cipitation[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.2: Precipitation in 2011.

    29

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    30/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400Precipitation in 2012

    Precipitation[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.3: Precipitation in 2012.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350Precipitation

    Pre

    cipitation[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.4: Average precipitation over a typical annual cycle.

    30

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    31/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60Evapotranspiration

    Evapotranspiration[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.5: Evapotranspiration over a typical annual cycle.

    this method is that data for more sophisti- para los mtodos ms sofisticados no es-cated methods is not available. The Har- tn disponibles. La ecuacin de Hargrea-

    greaves equation [3] is such a method, see ves [3] es un mtodo, vase la ecuacin 6.1.equation 6.1. It is based on, RA, the mean Se basa en la media extra-terrestres radia-extra-terrestrial radiation [mm/day], T, cin [mm/day], T, la media mensual dethe mean monthly maximum temperature la temperatura mxima menos la tempe-minus the mean monthly minimum tem- ratura mnima media mensual [ C], y T,perature [ C], and T, the mean air tem- la temperatura media del aire [ C].perature [ C].

    E = 0.0022 RA T0.5

    (T + 17.8) (6.1)

    There is a weather station in Managua Hay una estacin meteorolgica en Ma-

    that keeps track of the extra-terrestrial ra- nagua que realiza un seguimiento de la ra-diation [4]. Because of the short distance diacin extraterrestre [4]; debido a la cortato Managua, the assumption was made distancia a Managua, se supuso que la ra-that the radiation in Miraflor is identical. diacin en Miraflor es idntica. Los demsThe other required temperature data was datos requeridos de temperatura se obtu-obtained from FORO Miraflor. Please see vieron a partir FORO Miraflor. Por favor,figure 6.5 for the resulting monthly evap- vea la figura 6.5 para la evapotranspira-otranspiration. cin mensual resultante.

    6.3 Runoff

    31

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    32/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300Runoff

    Runoff[mm/month]

    Month []

    Figure 6.6: Runoff over a typical annual cycle.

    Escorrenta

    Runoff is precipitation that is not ab- Escurrimiento es precipitacin que nosorbed by the soil or lost by evapotran- es absorbida por el suelo o que es perdidaspiration [5]. Runoff is calculated by sub- por evapotranspiracin [5]. Escorrenta setracting evapotranspiration from the pre- calcula restando la evapotranspiracin decipitation. See figure 6.6 for the resulting la precipitacin. Vase en la figura 6.6larunoff. escorrenta resultante.

    6.4 River discharge

    Cuadal

    The so-called rainfall-area method [1] El llamado mtodo lluvia-rea se uti-was used to compute the resulting annual liz para calcular la resultante anual deriver discharge. The method is straight- descarga de los ros. El mtodo es senci-forward. Runoff is multiplied by the re- llo. La escorrenta se multiplica por el reaspective drainage basin area. Drainage de drenaje de la cuenca respectiva. Drena-basin area is the area in which the runoff je rea de la cuenca es el rea en la questreams to a specific point, usually a point la segunda vuelta corrientes a un puntoin a river. A requirement to calculate the especfico, generalmente un punto en undrainage basin area is a detailed terrain ro. Un requisito para calcular el rea demap. There is no publicly available de- la cuenca de drenaje es un mapa del te-tailed terrain map of the Miraflor National rreno detallado. No existe un mapa deta-

    32

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    33/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    Reserve. That made it necessary to create llado del terreno a disposicin del pblicoa new terrain map by using public data de la Comisin de la Reserva Miraflor. Es-

    from the NASA Shuttle Radar Topogra- to hizo necesaria la creacin de un mapaphy Mission [6]. The drainage basin area de terreno nuevo usando datos pblicos dewas carefully examined for each point of la Misin de NASA Shuttle Radar Topo-interest. Graphics editing software was graphy . El rea de la cuenca de drenaje seused to calculate the area in pixels, which examin cuidadosamente para cada puntowas then converted to meters because the de inters. Un Software de edicin de gr-pixel size is known. For the results see fig- ficos era utilizado para calcular el rea enure 6.7, figure 6.8, figure 6.9, figure 6.10, pxeles, que se convirti despus en metrosfigure 6.11, and figure 6.12. porque el tamao de pxel es conocido. Pa-

    ra ver los resultados de la figura 6.7, figu-ra 6.8, figura 6.9, figura 6.10, figura 6.11 y

    figura 6.12. .

    Figure 6.7: Drainage basin area for Salto Angelica.

    33

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    34/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    Figure 6.8: Drainage basin area for La Estancia.

    Figure 6.9: Drainage basin area for San Jos.

    34

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    35/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    Figure 6.10: Drainage basin area for La Laguna.

    Figure 6.11: Drainage basin area for La Piscina.

    35

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    36/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    Figure 6.12: Drainage basin area for Posa el Caf.

    The yearly river discharge is now La descarga del ro anualmente ahoraknown but that is not the parameter of in- se conoce pero no es el parmetro de inte-terest. There will be large variations in the rs. Habr grandes variaciones en la des-river discharge within an annual cycle. In carga de los ros dentro de un ciclo anual.and after months with high precipitation Durante y despus de los meses con alta

    the river discharge will logically be higher precipitacin la descarga de los ros lgica-than after months of drought. To estimate mente ser mayor que despus de meses dethe monthly river discharge it is necessary sequa. Para calcular el caudal de los rosto use a flow duration curve. Flow dura- mensual es necesario utilizar una curva detion curves are models of flow distribution duracin de flujo. Curvas de duracin delin a river or stream over a typical annual caudal son los modelos de distribucin decycle. flujo en un ro o un arroyo en un tpico

    There is no flow duration curve avail- anual ciclo.able for the Miraflor National Reserve. To No hay curva de duracin del caudal dis-estimate the flow duration curve for the ponible para la Reserva de Miraflor. Al es-Miraflor National Reserve, three indepen- timar la curva de duracin de flujo para la

    dent people very familiar with the area Reserva Miraflor, tres personas indepen-and the country were asked for an esti- dientes muy familiarizados con el rea y elmate. Their estimates are based on their pas se pidi una estimacin. Sus estima-personal knowledge and observations in ciones se basan en su conocimiento perso-Miraflor as well as a reference river with nal y observaciones en Miraflor, as comosimilar conditions in Nigeria [7]. The three un ro referencia con condiciones simila-estimates were then combined to a result- res en Nigeria [7], los tres estimaciones seing estimate of the flow duration curve for combinaron luego a una estimacin resul-Miraflor, see figure 6.13 on the following tante de la curva de duracin de flujo parapage. Miraflor, vase la figura 6.13.

    Now that the flow duration curve is Ahora que la curva de caudales es co-

    36

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    37/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    18

    20Flow duration curve

    Percentageofannualdischargepermonth[%/m

    onth]

    Month []

    Figure 6.13: Estimated flow duration curve for the Miraflor National Reserve.

    known, the annual discharge of each point nocido, la descarga anual de cada puntoof interest can be scaled to the flow dura- de inters puede ser escalada a la curva de

    tion curve to obtain monthly discharge. duracin de caudal para obtener la descar-ga mensual.

    37

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    38/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45Salto Angelica: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.14: Monthly river discharge for Salto Angelica.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80La Estancia: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.15: Monthly river discharge for La Estancia.

    38

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    39/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    140

    160

    180San Jos: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.16: Monthly river discharge for San Jos.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70La Laguna: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.17: Monthly river discharge for La Laguna.

    39

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    40/150

    6 Hydrology study Estudia de hidrologa

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250La Piscina: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.18: Monthly river discharge for La Piscina.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900Posa el caf: average discharge per month

    Discharge[kg/s]

    Month []

    Figure 6.19: Monthly river discharge for Posa el Caf.

    40

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    41/150

    7 Results and recommendations

    Resultados y recomendaciones

    41

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    42/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.1 Salto Angelica

    The geographic position of Salto An- Posicin geogrfica del salto angelica:gelica is:

    1314 7.5" N 8615 22.6" W

    The capacity of the reservoir should be: Capacidad del reservorio:

    231.8 m3

    Salto Angelica is located on a relatively Salto Anglico se encuentra en una re-high elevation. The site features a small lativamente alta elevacin. El sitio cuentariver and a steep slope. The size of the con un pequeo ro y una pendiente em-

    reservoir would be small and that makes pinada. El tamao del depsito sera pe-it easy to realize a reservoir. The site is queo y hace que sea fcil de realizar lo.accessible by a small jungle trail which a El sitio est accesible por una selva de unalength of about 500 meters from a larger longitud de unos 500 metros que empiezaroad. despus de una mayor carretera.

    Three viable layouts were identified. Tres diseos viables se identificaron. ElThe first layout features 110 meters of primer diseo cuenta con 110 metros de di-head with a tube measuring 700 meters. ferencia en altura con un tubo de medicinThe second layout has 80 meters of head de 700 metros. La segunda disposicin tie-with a 450 meter long tube. Layout num- ne 80 metros deferencia de altura con unber three has 40 meters of head with a tubo de 450 metros de largo. Disposicin

    tube bridging 225 meters. For an overview nmero tres tiene 40 metros de deferenciaof the three layouts see figure 7.2 on the de altura con un tubo puente de 225 me-next page. tros. Una visin general de estos diseos

    Table 7.1 summarizes the results. For se puede encontrar en la figura7.2.detailed diagrams of the monthly values La Tabla 7.1 resume los resultados. Paraplease see figure 7.3, figure 7.4, figure 7.5, diagramas detallados de los valores men-figure 7.4, figure 7.7, and figure 7.8. suales por favor vea la figura 7.3, figu-

    ra 7.4, figura 7.5, figura 7.4, figura 7.7 yfigura 7.8.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]

    Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum MinimumLayout 1 11.53 16.72 2.95 922 1338 236

    Layout 2 8.39 12.16 2.15 671 973 172

    Layout 3 4.19 6.08 1.07 335 486 86

    Table 7.1: Overview of the possible layouts for Salto Angelica.

    42

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    43/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.1: Salto Angelica.

    Figure 7.2: The three recommended layouts for Salto Angelica.

    43

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    44/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.1.1 Layout 1: 110 m head and 700 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    18Salto Angelica: 700 m tube lenght and 110 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.3: Net power output: 110 m head and 700 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400Salto Angelica: 700 m tube lenght and 110 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.4: Individuals supplied with electricity: 110 m head and 700 m tube length.

    44

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    45/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.1.2 Layout 2: 80 m head and 450 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14Salto Angelica: 450 m tube lenght and 80 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.5: Net power output: 80 m head and 450 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900

    1000Salto Angelica: 450 m tube lenght and 80 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.6: Individuals supplied with electricity: 110 m head and 700 m tube length.

    45

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    46/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.1.3 Layout 3: 40 m head and 225 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7Salto Angelica: 225 m tube lenght and 40 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.7: Net power output: 40 m head and 225 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    400

    450

    500Salto Angelica: 225 m tube lenght and 40 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.8: Individuals supplied with electricity: 40 m head and 225 m tube length.

    46

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    47/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.2 La Laguna

    The geographic position of La Laguna La posicin geogrfica de La Laguna esis: la siguiente:

    1315 35.6" N 8615 13.1" W

    The capacity of the reservoir will be: Capacidad del reservorio:

    339.2 m3

    This site is located at a small stream Este sitio est situado en una pe-originating from a large lagune, hence the quea corriente procedente de una lagunaname La Laguna. The site is similar to grande, por lo tanto, el nombre de La La-

    Salto Angelica because La Laguna fea- guna. El sitio tiene caractersticas simi-tures a small river and a steep slope as lares al Salto Angelica porque La Lagunawell. With a volume of only 339.2 m3, the tiene un pequeo ro y una pendiente pro-reservoir would be small (about one tenth nunciada tambin. Con un volumen deof an olympic swimming pool) and that apenas 339.2 m3, el depsito sera pequeomakes it easy to realize such a reservoir. (alrededor de un dcimo de una piscinaThe laguna is near to a major road and olmpica) y hace que sea fcil darse cuentathus easy to access. The stream leading de tal depsito. La laguna est cerca dedown from the laguna is inside a patch of una carretera principal y por lo tanto de

    jungle and accessible through a short trail. fcil acceso. El arroyo que baja de la la-Two viable layouts were identified. The guna se encuentra dentro de una parcela

    first layout features 100 meters of head de selva y accesible a travs de un senderowith a tube measuring 500 meters. The corto.second layout has 50 meters of head with Dos diseos viables fueron identificados.a 300 meter long tube. An overview of El primer diseo cuenta con 100 metrosthese layouts can be found in figure 7.2 on de carga con un tubo de medicin de 500page 43. metros. El segundo diseo tiene 50 metros

    Table 7.2 summarizes the results. For de la cabeza con un tubo de 300 metros dedetailed diagrams of the monthly values largo. Una visin general de estos diseosplease see figure 7.11, figure 7.12, fig- se pueden encontrar en la figura 7.2.ure 7.13, and figure 7.12. La Tabla 7.2 resume los resultados.

    Para los diagramas detallados de los val-

    ores mensuales por favor vea la figura 7.11,figura 7.12, figura 7.13, y la figura 7.12.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 15.34 22.24 3.93 1227 1780 314

    Layout 2 7.67 11.12 1.96 614 890 157

    Table 7.2: Overview of the possible layouts for La Laguna.

    47

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    48/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.9: La Laguna.

    Figure 7.10: The three recommended layouts for La Laguna.

    48

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    49/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.2.1 Layout 1: 100 m head and 550 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25La Laguna: 550 m tube lenght and 100 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.11: Net power output: 100 m head and 550 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800La Laguna: 550 m tube lenght and 100 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.12: Individuals supplied with electricity: 100 m head and 550 m tube length.

    49

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    50/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.2.2 Layout 2: 50 m head and 300 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12La Laguna: 300 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.13: Net power output: 50 m head and 300 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900La Laguna: 300 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.14: Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 300 m tube length.

    50

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    51/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.3 La Estancia

    The geographic position of La Estancia La posicin geogrfica de La Laguna esis: la siguiente:

    1312 30.9" N 8620 19.8" W

    The capacity of the reservoir will be: Capacidad del reservorio:

    380.2 m3

    The site is relatively close to Estel. El sitio est relativamente cerca de Es-The site is accessible through a small 2 tel. El sitio es accesible a travs de unkm long trail from the main road. A very pequeo camino de 2 km de largo desde

    steep path leads to the pool beneath the la carretera principal. Un muy empinadowaterfall. The site features a waterfall sendero conduce a la poza por debajo de laof about 25 meters in height but apart cascada. El sitio cuenta con una cascadafrom the waterfall the slope is relatively de unos 25 metros de altura, pero aparteflat. With a volume of only 380.2 m3, the de la cascada la pendiente es relativamentereservoir would be small (about one eighth plana. Con un volumen de slo 380.2 m3,of an olympic swimming pool) and that la depsito sera pequeo (aproximada-makes it easy to realize such a reservoir. mente un octavo de una piscina olmpica)

    Two viable layouts were identified. The y que hace que sea de fcil realizar tal de-first layout features 60 meters of head with psito.a tube measuring 350 meters. The sec- Dos diseos viables fueron identificados.

    ond layout has 45 meters of head with a El primer diseo cuenta con 60 metros de250 meter long tube. An overview of these la altura con un tubo de 350 metros. El se-layouts can be found in figure 7.16 on the gundo diseo tiene 45 metros de la alturanext page. con una 250 metros de la manguera. Una

    Table 7.3 summarizes the results. For visin general de estos diseos se puedendetailed diagrams of the monthly values encontrar en la figura 7.16.please see figure 7.17, figure 7.18, fig- La tabla 7.3 resume los resultados.ure 7.19, and figure 7.20. Para diagramas detallados de los valores

    mensuales por favor vea la figura 7.17,figura 7.18, figura 7.19 y la figura 7.20.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 10.32 14.96 2.64 826 1197 211

    Layout 2 7.74 11.22 1.98 619 898 158

    Table 7.3: Overview of the possible layouts for La Estancia.

    51

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    52/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.15: La Estancia.

    Figure 7.16: The three recommended layouts for La Estancia.

    52

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    53/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.3.1 Layout 1: 60 m head and 350 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15La Estancia: 325 m tube lenght and 60 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.17: Net power output: 60 m head and 350 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200La Estancia: 325 m tube lenght and 60 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.18: Individuals supplied with electricity: 60 m head and 350 m tube length.

    53

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    54/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.3.2 Layout 2: 45 m head and 250 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12La Estancia: 250 m tube lenght and 45 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.19: Net power output: 45 m head and 250 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900La Estancia: 250 m tube lenght and 45 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.20: Individuals supplied with electricity: 45 m head and 250 m tube length.

    54

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    55/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.4 San Jos

    The geographic position of San Jos is: La posicin geogrfica de La Laguna esla siguiente:

    1313 35.0" N 8617 50.1" W

    The capacity of the reservoir will be: Capacidad del reservorio:

    956.6 m3

    The site is located approximately 50 El sitio se encuentra a unos 50 metrosmeters from a major road. If the river de una carretera principal. Si se sigue rois followed upstream the slope starts to arriba la pendiente de agua comienza a au-

    increase. The flow rate is relatively mentar. La velocidad de flujo es relativa-small. The volume of the reservoir will be mente pequeo. El volumen del depsito956.6 m3. This is about a quarter of the ser 956.6 m3. Se trata de la cuarta partesize of an olympic swimming pool. This del tamao de una piscina olmpica. Estois still a reasonable size which does not es todava un tamao razonable, que norequire a dam that is very large. requiere una presa muy grande.

    One viable layout was identified. The Un diseo viable fue identificado. Ellayout features 45 meters of head with a diseo cuenta con 45 metros de la cabezatube measuring 350 meters. An overview con un tubo de 350 metros. Una visinof this layout can be found in figure 7.22 general de este diseo se puede encontraron the next page. en la figura 7.22.

    Table 7.4 summarizes the results. For Tabla 7.4 resume los resultados. Paradetailed diagrams of the monthly values los diagramas detallados de los valoresplease see figure 7.23 and figure 7.24. mensuales por favor vea la figura 7.23 y

    figura 7.24.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 19.47 28.23 4.98 1558 2257 399

    Table 7.4: Overview of the possible layout for San Jos.

    55

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    56/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.21: San Jos.

    Figure 7.22: The three recommended layouts for San Jos.

    56

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    57/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.4.1 Layout 1: 45 m head and 350 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30San Jos: 350 m tube lenght and 45 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.23: Net power output: 45 m head and 350 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500San Jos: 350 m tube lenght and 45 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.24: Individuals supplied with electricity: 45 m head and 350 m tube length.

    57

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    58/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.5 La Piscina

    The geographic position of La Piscina La posicin geogrfica de La Laguna esis: la siguiente:

    1313 10.2" N 8615 47.8" W

    The capacity of the reservoir will be: La posicin geogrfica de La Laguna esla siguiente:

    1188.3 m3

    The site is located upstream of a natu- El sitio est ubicado ro arriba deral swimming pool used as a tourist attrac- una piscina natural que se utiliza como

    tion. The site is located approximately una atraccin turstica. El sitio est ubi-200 meters from the main road. The vol- cado aproximadamente a 200 metros de laume of the reservoir will be 1188.3 m3. carretera principal. El volumen del de-Similar to San Jos, this is about a quarter psito ser 1188.3 m3. Al igual que enof the size of an olympic swimming pool. San Jos, se trata de un cuarto del tamaoThis is still a reasonable size which does de una piscina olmpica. Esto es todavanot require a dam that is very large. un tamao razonable, que no requiere una

    Two viable layouts were identified. The presa que es muy grande.first layout features 50 meters of head with Dos diseos viables fueron identificados.a tube measuring 500 meters. The sec- El primer diseo cuenta con 50 metros deond layout has 35 meters of head with a altura con un tubo de 500 metros. El se-

    300 meter long tube. An overview of these gundo diseo tiene 35 metros de alturalayouts can be found in figure 7.26 on the con un tubo de 300 metros de largo. Unanext page. visin general de estos diseos se pueden

    Table 7.5 summarizes the results. For encontrar en la figura 7.26.detailed diagrams of the monthly values La Tabla 7.5 resume los resultados.please see figure 7.27, figure 7.28, fig- Para los diagramas detallados de los val-ure 7.29, and figure 7.30. ores mensuales por favor vea la figura 7.27,

    figura 7.28, figura 7.29 y la figura 7.30.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 26.88 38.97 6.88 2150 3118 550Layout 2 18.81 27.78 4.81 1505 2182 385

    Table 7.5: Overview of the possible layouts for La Piscina.

    58

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    59/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.25: La Piscina.

    Figure 7.26: The three recommended layouts for La Piscina.

    59

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    60/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.5.1 Layout 1: 50 m head and 500 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40La Piscina: 500 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.27: Net power output: 50 m head and 500 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500La Piscina: 500 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.28: Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 500 m tube length.

    60

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    61/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.5.2 Layout 2: 35 m head and 300 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30La Piscina: 300 m tube lenght and 35 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.29: Net power output: 35 m head and 300 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500La Piscina: 300 m tube lenght and 35 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.30: Individuals supplied with electricity: 35 m head and 300 m tube length.

    61

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    62/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.6 Posa el Caf

    The geographic position of Posa el Caf La posicin geogrfica de Posa el Cafis: es la siguiente:

    1313 41.1" N 8618 18.1" W

    The capacity of the reservoir will be: La capacidad del depsito ser:

    4526.0 m3

    Posa el Caf site is located approxi- Posa Caf se encuentra a unos 300 me-mately 300 meters from the main road. tros de la carretera principal. Un pequeoA small and steep trail leads to the site. sendero empinado lleva al sitio el volumen

    The volume of the reservoir would be del depsito sera 4526.0 m3

    . Esto sera un4526.0 m3. This would be quite a large gran depsito, como el tamao de una pis-reservoir, about the size of one and a half cina y media Olmpica.olympic swimming pools. Dos diseos viables fueron identificados,

    Two viable layouts were identified. The el primer diseo cuenta con 50 metros defirst layout features 50 meters of head with altura con un tubo de medicin de 450 me-a tube measuring 450 meters. The sec- tros. El segundo diseo tiene 30 metros deond layout has 30 meters of head with a la altura con una 250 metros de la man-250 meter long tube. An overview of these guera. Una visin general de estos diseoslayouts can be found in figure 7.32 on the se pueden encontrar en la figura 7.32.next page. La tabla 7.6 resume los resultados. Para

    Table 7.6 summarizes the results. For diagramas detallados de los valores men-detailed diagrams of the monthly values suales por favor vea la figura 7.33, figu-please see figure 7.33, figure 7.34, fig- ra 7.34, figura 7.35, y figura 7.36.ure 7.35, and figure 7.36.

    Power output [kW] Individuals supplied [-]Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum

    Layout 1 102.37 148.42 26.19 8189 11874 2095

    Layout 2 61.42 89.05 15.72 4914 7124 1257

    Table 7.6: Overview of the possible layouts for Posa el Caf.

    62

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    63/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    Figure 7.31: Posa el Caf.

    Figure 7.32: The three recommended layouts for Posa el Caf.

    63

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    64/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.6.1 Layout 1: 50 m head and 450 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    50

    100

    150Posa el caf: 450 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.33: Net power output: 50 m head and 450 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000Posa el Caf: 450 m tube lenght and 50 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.34: Individuals supplied with electricity: 50 m head and 450 m tube length.

    64

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    65/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.6.2 Layout 2: 30 m head and 250 m tube length

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90Posa el caf: 250 m tube lenght and 30 m head

    Estimatednetpoweroutput[kW]

    Month []

    Figure 7.35: Net power output: 30 m head and 250 m tube length.

    jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    7000

    8000Posa el Caf: 250 m tube lenght and 30 m head

    Individuals

    suppliedwithelectricity

    Month []

    Figure 7.36: Individuals supplied with electricity: 30 m head and 250 m tube length.

    65

  • 8/22/2019 Small-scale hydropower in the Miraflor National Reserve

    66/150

    7 Results and recommendations Resultados y recomendaciones

    7.7 Comparison; best value for money

    Comparacin

    7.7.1 A grade for each layout at each siteLa calificacin de cada diseo en cada sitio

    This section contains a comparison be- Esta seccin contiene una comparacintween the different all the different loca- entre los diferentes lugares y diferentes di-tions and their respective optional lay- seos respectivamente. Una comparacinouts. A fair comparison is made by giv- equitativa se hace dando a cada disposi-ing each layout at each site a grade. In- cin en cada sitio una calificacin. Intui-tuitively, layouts with a high power out- tivamente, diseos con una gran potenciaput while having a small turbine and a de salida, mientras que los que tienen unashort tube are most favorable because that pequea turbina y un tubo corto son ms

    gives a high power output at a relatively favorables debido a que da una salida delow price. Having a smaller turbine and a alta potencia a un precio relativamente ba-shorter tube mean less costs for construc- jo. Tener una turbina ms pequea y me-tion and maintenance. nor un tubo significar menos costos para

    The grade is obtained by summing the la construccin y mantenimiento.annual power and dividing that by the El grado se obtiene sumando el anual detube length times the sum of the discharge energa y dividiendo por el tubo longitud(turbine size). The grades are then scaled por la suma de la descarga (tamao de lasuch that the best performing layout has a turbina). Los grados se ubican a escala degrade of 100. For an overview of the grades tal manera que el mejor diseo realizandoplease see figure 7.37 on the next page. hay una calificacin de 100. Para una vi-

    For a ranking of the different locations sin general de los grados por favor vea lafrom best to worst please see table 7.7 on figura 7.37. Para una clasificacin de lospage 68. Please note the tube length and diferent