small satellites: past, present, and future satellites: past, present, and future henry helvajian...
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Small Satellites:
Past, Present, and Future
Henry Helvajian and Siegfried W. Janson
Editors
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vii
Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
1 The First Small Satellites: Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2025
33
2 The History of Small Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Clementine: The Rebirth of Smaller, High-Value Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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viii
Contents
4 The Role of AMSAT in the Evolution of Small Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5 Origin of CubeSat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6 Coalition Operationally Responsive Space: A “100 Satellite” Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
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ix
Contents
7 The United States Air Force Academy FalconSAT Small Satellite Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
222222225
s
8 The United States Naval Academy Small Low-Cost APRS Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9 The Naval Postgraduate School Small Satellites Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
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x
Contents
10 The UK’s First Nanosatellite—SNAP-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
300303
322
11 Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST) Mission: Canada’s First Microsatellite and Space Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
332
12 TUBSAT: The Technical University of Berlin Satellite Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
352
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xi
Contents
13 Proba: ESA’s Series of Small Satellite Testbeds . . . . . . . 385
14 A Revolutionary Approach to Spacecraft Design, Production, and Operations: Orbital’s MicroStar Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
15 Japan’s Small Scientific Satellite, “INDEX” (Reimei) . 449
16 Mini AERCam: The Miniature Autonomous Extravehicular Robotic Camera . . . . . . . . 487
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xii
Contents
522
17 Developing and Maturing Microsatellite Formation Flight Technology . . . . . . . . . 525
525525
555555
18 A Mass-Producible Glass/Ceramic Micropropulsion Unit for a Co-Orbiting Satellite Assistant (COSA) Mission . 559
19 Toward Space-Based Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 595
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xiii
Contents
20 Picosatellites at The Aerospace Corporation . . . . . . . . . 635
21 Small Satellite Mission Design and Operations . . . . . . . 675
22 Small Satellites: Space Debris and Reentry Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
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23 The Future of Small Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
24 The Generation After Next: Satellites as an Assembly of Mass-Producible Functionalized Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
Contents
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xvii
Contributors
William Ailor
David J. Barnhart
Dirk Bernaerts
Bob Bruninga
Matthias Buhl
Vladimir Chobotov
Srimal W. Choi
Thomas Doyne
Steven Fredrickson
William W. Hansen
David Hardy
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xviii
Contributors
Steven L. Hast
Dean Hawes
Henry Helvajian
Microengineering Aerospace Systems
David Hinkley
Masafumi Hirahara
Jim Horning
Adam Huang
Siegfried W. Janson
Frederick T. Kiley
Timothy J. Lawrence
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xix
Contributors
Jaymie M. Matthews
David W. Miller
R. Gilbert Moore
Simon Nolet
Daniel L. Oltrogge
Rudy Panholzer
Russell Patera
Glenn Peterson
Dynamics of Meteor Outbursts and Satellite Mitigation Strategies
Pete Rustan
Hirobumi Saito
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xx
Contributors
Alvar Saenz-Otero
Dan Sakoda
Luke M. Sauter
Raymond Sedwick
Kenneth E. Siegenthaler
G. Gould Smith
Lee F. Steffeney
Frederic Teston
Bob Twiggs
Craig I. Underwood
Tanya Vladimirova
Robert E. Zee
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1
Chapter 1
The First Small Satellites: Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Historical Background
1.2.1 Sounding Rockets
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2 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.1. Two views of Sputnik I (top). Explorer I (middle). Robert Bauman with Van-guard 1 (bottom).
Cou
rtes
y of
NA
SAC
ourt
esy
of N
ASA
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M. V
otaw
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3The Historical Background
New York Times
Fig. 1.2. Comparative sizes of the Sputnik I, Explorer I, and Vanguard 1 satellites (left, top to bottom) and their respective launch vehicles, R-7, Juno I, and Vanguard (right, left to right).
Cou
rtes
y of
B. F
raze
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4 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.3. Robert H. Goddard with his first successful liquid-fueled rocket.
Cou
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NA
SA
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5The Historical Background
Fig. 1.4. Tactical V-2 rocket in Germany with mobile ground support vehicles (left). V-2 launch at White Sands Proving Ground on 22 August 1951 (right).
Cou
rtes
y of
Whi
te S
ands
Miss
ile R
ange
Mus
eum
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6 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.5. Frank Malina of JPL with Wac Corporal sounding rocket.
Cou
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U.S
. Arm
y
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7The Historical Background
Fig. 1.6. Applied Physics Laboratory cosmic ray telescope in V-2 instrument section.
Cou
rtes
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APL
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8 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.7. Richard Tousey with NRL V-2 sun-follower payload.
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NR
L
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9The Historical Background
Fig. 1.8. Viking 2 (left) and Viking 9 (right) launches at White Sands Proving Ground.
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y of
U.S
. Arm
y
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10 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.9. Dual Aerobee launches at White Sands Missile Range (a), Richard Custer with Nike-Cajun rocket and HUGO payload at Wallops Island (b), Van Allen's Rock-oon being launched from the icebreaker USS Eastwind (c), and Commander Gus Ebel, Carl McIwain, and Frank McDonald with a Loki rocket at sea (d).
a)
b)
c)
d)
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11The Historical Background
1.2.2 IGY and the Birth of the Space Race
Fig. 1.10. Russian sounding rocket.
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12 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
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13The Historical Background
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14 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.11. Vanguard TV-0 (Viking 13).
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15The Historical Background
Fig. 1.12. George H. Ludwig with the Deal I (Explorer I) instrument section at the University of Iowa.
Cou
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y of
G. H
. Lud
wig
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16 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.3 Sputnik I
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17Sputnik I
Fig. 1.13. Internal view of Sputnik I components.
Cou
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NA
SA
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18 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.14. R-7 launch vehicle for Sputnik satellite.
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19Sputnik I
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20 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.4 Explorer I
Fig. 1.15. Explorer I instrument section being installed on Scale Sergeant fourth-stage motor.
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SA
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21Explorer I
The
Fig. 1.16. Explorer I components and external shell. The cosmic ray experiment is mounted on the upper portion of the compartment, and the telemetry section, flexible antennas, and micrometeor detectors are mounted at the bottom. The white stripes are designed for thermal control of the spinning satellite.
Cou
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NA
SA
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22 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.17. Night launch of Explorer I aboard the Juno I launch vehicle.
Cou
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U.S
. Arm
y/ R
edst
one A
rsen
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23Explorer I
Fig. 1.18. Upper-stage spin bucket on top of a modified Redstone first stage.
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U.S
. Arm
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24 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
2
Fig. 1.19. Iowa graduate student Carl E. McIlwain with the cosmic ray experiment that he flew on a Nike-Cajun rocket from Ft. Churchill, Canada, into an auroral sub-storm at about the same time that Explorer I flew. His analysis of the flux of energetic particles detected on his Nike-Cajun flight allowed him to explain to Van Allen why the Explorer I Geiger counter saturated.
Cou
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C. M
cIlw
ain
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25Vanguard 1
1.5 Vanguard 1
Fig. 1.20. Vanguard 1 during final installation and checkout on its TV-4 launch vehicle.
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26 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.21. Successful launch of Vanguard 1 on 17 March 1958.
Cou
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NA
SA
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27Vanguard 1
Fig. 1.22. Dave Corbin assembling Vanguard 1 satellite.
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28 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.23. Vanguard 1 battery-operated transmitter.
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29Vanguard 1
Fig. 1.24. Minitrack antenna dipole feed (top). Typical segment of a Minitrack inter-ferometer antenna array (middle). Minitrack locations in the Western hemisphere (bottom).
Navy Electronics LaboratorySan Diego,California
Mt. Cotopaxi,Quito, Equador
Ancon, Lima, Peru
Antafagasto, Chile
Peldehue Military Reservation,Santiago, Chile
Blossom Point, MarylandFt. Stewart, Georgia
Batista Field, Havana, Cuba
Coolidge Field,Antigua Island
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30 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.25. Aerobee Hi in hangar with payload exposed.
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31Additional Sputnik Launches
1.6 Additional Sputnik Launches
Fig. 1.26. Sputnik II three-part payload, with science instrument package on top, spherical Sputnik I type shell below that, and Laika the dog's capsule on the bottom.
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32 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
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33Additional Explorer Launches
1.7 Additional Explorer Launches
Fig. 1.27. Henry Richter of JPL (left) and Iowa graduate student George H. Ludwig with prototype equipment for the Explorer II cosmic ray experiment, which added a tape recorder to the basic Explorer I package. The satellite failed to reach orbit, but an identical payload was flown successfully on the Explorer III mission on 26 March 1958.
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34 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.28. A Juno II rocket.
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35Additional Explorer Launches
Fig. 1.29. The Explorer VI satellite.
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36 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
or
Fig. 1.30. The Thor Able III launch vehicle.
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37Additional Explorer Launches
Fig. 1.31. The Explorer VII satellite.
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38 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.8 Additional Vanguard Launches
or
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39Additional Vanguard Launches
as a
Fig. 1.32. Transparent view of 51 cm Vanguard satellite interior.
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SA
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40 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Fig. 1.33. Vanguard 2 satellite on launch vehicle.
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SA
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41Additional Vanguard Launches
Fig. 1.34. Vanguard 3 satellite with magnetometer boom protruding from top.
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42 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.9 ConclusionsThe
The
The
Table 1.1 Summary of Launches from July 1957 to December 1959
Sputnik Explorer Vanguard
3 5 30 3
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43
1.10 Reflections
Fig. 1.35. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center team toasting Sputnik I.
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SA
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44 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
1.11 Acknowledgments
Opening Space Research—Dreams, Technology, and Scientific Discovery
1.12 BibliographyA Method of Reaching Extreme AltitudesLiquid Propellant Rocket Development,
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45Bibliography
Jet Propulsion,
The Viking Rocket StoryThe Review of
Scientific Instruments, 30
IGY, The Year of the New Moons
Robert H. Goddard, Pioneer of Space Research
Vanguard—A History
Robert H. Goddard, Accomplishments of the Roswell Years, 1930–1941
Wernher von BraunBeyond the Atmosphere, Early Years of Space Science—The NASA His-
tory Series
Origins of Magnetospheric Physics
Science With a Vengeance, How the Military Created the U.S. Space Sciences After World War II
Roads to Space, An Oral History of the Soviet Space Program
Korolev—How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon
Music and the MagnetosphereHistory of Geophysics
Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
Sputnik: The Shock of the Century
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46 Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Rocket Man, Robert H. Goddard and the Birth of the Space Age
The First Space Race, Launching the World’s First Satellites
The First Explorer Satellites
Vanguard I, Proposal, Installation, Launch and Selected Re-sults
Quest, the History of Space-flight Quarterly 14
James Van Allen, the First Eight Billion Miles
Von Braun, Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War
Keep Watching the Skies! The Story of Operation Moonwatch and the Dawn of the Space Age