1. Small livestock development towards the achievementof the UN Millennium Development Goals Antonio Rota IFAD Senior Technical Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems Photo ICARDA 10th International Conference on Goats Recife, September19-23, 2010

2. International Fund for Agriculture Development - IFAD Enabling therural poor to overcome poverty 3.

829 projects in115countries

Supported300million rural poor

Total IFAD disbursement: USD11,9billion

USD670.5million in33new projects in 2009

IFAD at work From1979to2009 : 4. Smallholder farming

500million smallholder farms worldwide supporting around2billion people. They:

Farm80%of the farmland in Asia and Africa

Produce80%of the food consumed in the developing world

Feed1/3of the global population

Womenare increasingly the farmers of the developing world, producing between45%and80%of household food

5. Food Security and Production

The worlds population is projected to grow from6.8billion to9.1billion by 2050

Agriculture production in the developing countries would need to almost double

6. Factors determining rural povertyLack of assets, land and water Lack of access to financial services & technology Risk and vulnerability Lack of political representation for rural poor Conflicts and Crises Inappropriate government policy Poor integration with local, regional & international markets Lack of skillsand weak organizations 7. Fighting poverty

Fighting poverty has become apriority

189 World Leaderscommitted themselves to address poverty in 2000

Millennium Development Goals

8. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Achieve universal primary education

Promote gender equality and empower women

Reduce child mortality

Improve maternal health

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability

Develop a global partnership for development

9. Role of livestock

Worldwide there is evidence of adirect linkagebetweenimprovement of livestockproduction andpoverty reduction

10. Livestock Sector

The livestock sector isessential to the livelihoods of about1 billionof the worlds poorest people

It accounts for30%of the agricultural GDP in developing countries

It growsfasterthan most other agricultural sub-sectors

(WB, 2009) 11. Consumption of livestock productsin developing countries 12. Meat production in developing countries 13. Milk production in developing countries 14.

Poultry, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep,goats , pigs are the animals of the poorest. Why?:

• Even landless can keep them (sometime they are their only asset)

• SL reproduce fast

• SL efficiently transform roughages, shrubs, kitchen waste into highly valuable food

• Produce manure which is often the only input for crop production

• No need for big starting capitals

• Easily sold or bartered

• Highly mobile in case of crisis/disaster

• Socio-cultural value

Small Livestock (SL) 15. IFAD Projects with small ruminant development component Project with a Goat Developmentcomponent - ready to start Project with a Small Ruminants Developmentcomponent on going Project with a Goat Developmentcomponent on going Project completed 16. MDG 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Halve , between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than1USD a day

Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Halve , between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

TARGET 17. Source: World Bank 2009 Living with $ 1.25 a day 18. Child malnutritionSource: World Bank 2009 19. MDG 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Small Livestock:

contribute tohuman nutritionproviding food with high quality nutrients and micronutrients

generatesmall incomeand provide the potential to bank savings, which enhances the capacity to cope with shocks and reduces economic vulnerability

In times of crises (i.e. drought, flooding, conflicts), play an important role asmobile food asset

20. MDG 1. IFAD experienceinEastern Africa

Smallholder farmers in Kenya are increasingly turning to dairy goat rearing due to lack of fodder and scarcity of land

Goats milk fetches approximatelytwicethe price of cow milk

The cost of keeping1 dairy cowis equivalent to that ofsix goats

IFAD is replicating the successful dairy goat production model developed by NGOs such as FARM Africa. Key elements of success are:

• Communities cross-breed hardy local goats with European dairy goats (i.e.Toggenburg, German Alpine)to get higher milk yields

• Training in fodder production and animal health is conducted with all recipients of livestock

• Farmer groups work with private and government organisations to collaborate in implementing support (inputs, health, credit, extension) and marketing services ensuring sustainability in the long term

The demand for improved dairy goats is very high which cannot be fulfilledby breeding stock in the region

21. MDG 2. Achieve universal primary education

Inability of families to meet the costs of schooling is often the main reason why children cannot attend school or drop out at an early stage

Selling SL and their products provides one of the few possibilities for poor households to generate cash income to meet yearly school fees

Children with access to quality food (proteins and vitamins) have better health and take full advantage of the education they receive

However, children often are responsible for taking care of SL resulting in low or no school attendance

22. MDG 2. IFAD experienceinBangladesh

More than50,000poor/destitute women access local goats (double purpose) through credit schemes

Project supports the establishment ofimproved buck stationsto which female goats in heat are brought for mating (avg. income is USD 30per month)

During flooding (2009) it was easier to move around goats rather than dairy cattle

Income generated was used mainly for school fees, medicine and emergencies

23. MDG 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Women are the main caretakers of SL especially where animals are kept near the house.

They are often responsible for processing livestock products

The ownership of SL gives them control over this assetand contributes to their empowerment

Keeping SL enhances their status/self-esteem at household and community level

However, the daily burdens increase: fetching water, herding, milking,processing and carrying the fodder.

24. MDG 3. IFAD experienceinTajikistan

Women were assisted in improving mohair quality and accessing new markets

Community based breeding programme helping in increasing quality of mohair wool were established

Women spinning4kg of yarn( coarse wool) for Russian market earn USD 24per month or USD 288per year

Women spinning4kg of yarn (fine mohair) for US and European market earn USD240per month or USD 2,880per year

Goat farmers also earn higher incomes: USD 9as opposed to USD3.50for1kg of kid mohair

25. MDG 4. Reduce child mortality UN MDG Report 2010 26. MDG 4. Reduce child mortality

The consumption ofeven small quantities of milk, milk products, meat and eggs is essential for reducing child mortality and improving healthy child development

Livestock products not only provide proteins, minerals and energy, but are also a key source of vitamin A

Poor households can cover health expenses and purchase medicines withincomes generated from their livestock

However, the close contact between badly managedlivestock and children can result in illness

27. MDG 4. IFAD experience in Afghanistan

Child mortality in Afghanistan is among thehighestin the world

Dairy goats and improved bucks were distributed ( pass-on the gift approachpromoted by e.g. Heifer International)

Vaccination and health management reduced goat mortality from50-60% to 5-10%

Training ( women to women ) resulted in safer milk processed into better quality cheese

Mulberryleaves and small plots ofalfa-alfaandberseemaround houses resulted in better quality forage

Women could purchase medicine and clothes and reported that children werehealthier/stronger

Potential:cashmerebusiness

28. MDG 5. Improve maternal health

Consumption of milk, milk products and occasionally meat contribute significantly to thenutritional statusof women

Goat milk is highly digestible for children and very often substitute maternal milk

Income generation from livestock owned by women can also help to improve maternal health

29. MDG 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 30. MDG 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 31.

In HIV/AIDS affected household, young people (orphans) can better handle SL rather than large animals

Combining animal and human health using the same infrastructure and persons (i.e. extensionists) can be a cost effective strategy for developing countries to reach out to those groups that are often deprived of proper human health care

Goats milk has been found to be beneficial to HIV/AIDS affected patient (*)

However, livestock may also pose a threat to humans through the spread of zoonotic diseases

MDG 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases * FARM Africa, WP series 2 (C. Peacock ) 32. MDG 6.Lesotho

25%of Lesothos adult population are HIV/AIDS affected persons

The NGO Send a Cow (SaC) has developed an effective approach to assist HIV affected families which combines thekeyhole gardenstechnique for vegetable production, small plots of forage (Napier grass) and SL production

1,500 orphan childrenare the main beneficiaries from SaC project

http:// www.sendacow.org.uk /farming-and-animals 33. MDG 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Livestock (especially goats) is often held responsible for environmental degradation

Overgrazing causing the loss of grass cover and invasion by bushy species also make rangelands increasingly suitable for browsing species

Climate change effects are mitigated by pastoralists by diversifying the composition of herd, with a net increase of goats and camels

Livestock contribute to environmental sustainability through enhancement of soil fertility, control of vegetative growth, and distribution and fortification of seeds

Silvo-pastoral (i.e. rational management of the Caatinga) and crop-livestock production systems offer the opportunity for sustainable balance between livestock and crop productivity and preservation of natural resources

Intensified animal production lead to lower stocking rates, and thus release pressure on the environment

34. MDG 7. IFAD experience in Venezuela

Access to water is the key element in semi-arid areas (forage production with micro-irrigation systems)

From extensive uncontrolled goat production to a semi-intensive managed system

Forage production, fodder banks and management of the natural forest result in higher production and reduced soil erosion

Manure generates income and is becoming essential for specialised crop production (potatoes)

Increased safety/quality of milk, meat, cheese and other processed products (dulces) as a mean to better access to market

35. MDG 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.

Address the special needs of the least developed countries

TARGET 36. Net Export Net Import 2015: -2,360 2030: -3,520 2015: -2,950 2030: -4,000 2015:-80 2030: -410 2015:1,770 2030:2,770 2015:-280 2030:-740 North America Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa EuropeanUnion (15) TransitionCountries South Asia East Asia Oceania Near East / North Africa 2015: -1,900 2030: -1,090 Source: FAO 2002 Projected Net Trade In Meat (thousand MTs) 37. Projected Net Trade in Milk (thousand MTs) Net Export Net Import 2015:- 8,900 2030: -12,500 2015:-9,550 2030: -13,000 2015: -1,200 2030: -1,500 2015: -6,350 2030: -6,700 2015: -3,600 2030: -5,200 North America Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa EuropeanUnion (15) TransitionCountries South Asia East Asia Oceania Near East / North Africa 2015: 3,500 2030: 5,200 Source: FAO 2002 38. MDG 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Specificactions and policiesare required to reduce transaction costs and barriers to market access which presently hamper poor (producers and consumers) to benefit from global livestock trade and growing demand for livestock products

39. Conclusions Double the daily income of USD 1? Generate employment?QUESTION: By keepingSMALL LIVESTOCKis it possible for poor resource persons to:Improve (child) nutrition? Contribute empowering women?Improve (child) health?

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Ensure environmental sustainability?

YES

Unfortunately without additional efforts, several of theMDGsare unlikely to be achieved in many countries 40.

International and national institutions, policy and decision makers are still reluctant to support the development of the SL sector

WHAT DO WE NEED TO MAKE A REAL CHANGE?

• Effective and consistent national pro-poor policiesare crucial to capitalise on the opportunities offered by the increasing demand for livestock products and poverty-focused agendas of several countries

• Participatory adaptive researchis needed to identify appropriate technologies/models which are pro-poor, sustainable,economically viableand environmentally sound to increase SL productivity

• Adapted Extensionand Trainingfor capacity building (e.g. Livestock Farmer Field School approach), not excluding women.

• Market led approachby SL producers supported by effective services (breeding, veterinary services, credit, processing, marketing, extension/training, etc.), by infrastructures and strong SL producers institutions

• Personal commitmentfrom like minded people to advocate for pro-poor development to achieve the MDGs through the promotion of the SL sector

Conclusions 41. Proposed Actions

IFAD is prepared to work together with national/international institutions committed to pro-poor livestock to:

Develop abusiness-like approachto sensitise national policy, decision makers and donors about the effectiveness of SL development to reduce poverty. This entails:

• Identifying goat development projects , models and approaches (i.e. FARM Africa approach) that work and characterise their key success factors for up-scaling

• Gathering socio-economic datato demonstrate the return in terms of poverty reduction for each1 USDinvested in goat production

• Identifying examples of effective national policiesenhancing food security and supporting smallholder goat farmers business

• Developing regional/national project proposalsfor substantial investments in the SL sector in partnership with the private sector

42. Thank you Antonio Rota ( [email_address] ) IFAD, Senior Technical Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems Policy and Technical Advisory Division Via Paolo di Dono 44 00142 Rome, Italy Tel. +39 06 5459 2680 Fax + 39 06 5459 3680