slum upgrading index (sui) 2015 - dr. mozaffar sarrafi
TRANSCRIPT
Presented by: Mozaffar Sarrafi, PhD.
Alireza Mohammadi & Nasibeh Hashemi
Iranian Urban Development & Revitalization Corporation
In the Name of God
3rd Meeting of “RSUWG” 29 Nov – 1 Dec 2015, Tehran
Slum Upgrading Index ( SUI )
On Slum Upgrading Index:
1. Urban poverty: A global & Asian challenge
2. The necessity to upgrade slums
3. Our understanding of slum upgrading
4. Fields of intervention for slum upgrading
5. Review of experienced global and local indices
6. Contextualizing “CPI” for slum upgrading evaluation
7. Conclusion: “SUI” components & composition
Iran Brazil
1970
Rural
63% Urban
37%
2000 2030
Rural
53% Urban
47% Rural
40% Urban
60%
The Change of Urban Population in the World
Urban poverty: A global and Asian challenge
• Over 90 % of urban population growth is in developing countries • About half of this growth will end up in living in slums • Asian has the biggest number of urban population & urban poor
Urban poverty: A global and Asian challenge
• The rate of return on capital is greater than the rate of economic growth and thus, surging inequality
• World economy is dominated by inherited wealth Thomas Picketty:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Urban Population
Rural Population
Slum Population
Bill
ion
Year: 1850 1950 2000 1900 2050 2030
UN-HABITAT: Global Urban Observatory
World’s Population
Urban poverty: A global and Asian challenge
The necessity to upgrade slums
• Reality of slums as solutions and not only as problems
• Humane & ethical cause: Human rights and responsibilities for poverty eradication
• Security & developmental cause: Great human resources but “double edged sword”
A room shared by 5 people 3 generations
Sao Paulo: Tale of two cities
The necessity to upgrade slums
“If cities do not begin to deal more constructively with poverty,
poverty may begin to deal more destructively with cities.”
Former World Bank president: R. McNamara
Arab spring: Picture of Mohammad Bouazizi in Protesters’ hands
South America
Egypt
Our understanding of slum upgrading
Dualities in upgrading actions:
• Building vs. Neighborhood
• Physical vs. Socio-economical
• Objective vs. Subjective
• Product vs. Process
• Standards vs. Affordable
• Exogenous vs. Endogenous
• Needs vs. Assets
• Resettlement vs. In-situ
• Redevelopment vs. Regeneration
Bandar Abbas, South of Iran
Our understanding of slum upgrading
Conventional Approach New Approach
Building houses Creating neighborhoods
Hardware & physical engineering Software & social organizing
Isolated complexes Integrated quarters
Standard & show-off Affordable & scaling-up
Supply-based provision Asset-based facilitation
Exogenous actions Endogenous actions
Economic growth Sustainable development
Endowing Products Enabling Processes
Our understanding of slum upgrading
Community enabling approach through slum upgrading should facilitates:
• Building human capital
• Strengthening social capital
• Institutional capacity building
• Pride of place and human dignity
• Sense of safety & belonging
• City-wide integration
… and finally, sustainable community development.
Addressing all the causes, with integrative solutions
Our understanding of slum upgrading
Slum upgrading is first of all, about “people prosperity” and not only, “place prosperity”.
It must lead to integration of slum areas with the rest of city (de-marginalization of poor)
Physical upgrading should be coincided with socio-economic uplifting of slum community.
China India
Our understanding of slum upgrading
Community building/strengthening is the pivotal strategy for sustainable upgrading.
Participatory planning is instrumental to the process of community empowerment.
Urban regeneration should be pursued concomitant to slum upgrading
Isfehan, Iran Shahre Ghods, Iran
Fields of intervention for slum upgrading
Country City Slum Area Programs, Projects
India Mumbai Dharavi slum improvement program, 1971, slum upgrading program (SUP), 1985, The Prime Ministers Grant Project (PMGP), Slum Redevelopment Scheme, 1991, Slum Rehabilitation, 1995, Deharavi rehabilitation project (DRP), 2004
Kenya Nairobi Kibera Slum Upgrading Project (KENSUP), 2005, Informal Settlement Improvement Program, 2011
Brazil São Paulo Guarapirang
a
Brazil Slum Upgrading Program “BSUP”, 2005, Primary and secondary infrastructure project for the collection and treatment of wastewater, Regulatory and legal framework development project, Guarapiranga Upgrading Project, 1993- 2000
Brazil Salvador Alagados Alagados Integrated Slum Upgrading Program, Urban Infrastructure Development Program, PRODUR,1990, Ribier Azul Urban Poverty Reduction Program, 1999, Technical and Social Support Project " PATZ", 2001-2006.
Bangladesh Dhaka All slums
Slum Improvement Project, 1985, Back to Home, 1991, Bhashantek Rehabilitation Project, 2006, Urban Basic Services Delivery Project, 1992, Integrated Secondary Towns Flood Protection , 1992, Secondary Towns Infrastructure Development Project, 1992, Community Empowerment for Urban Poverty Alleviation, 1992
Morocco Casablanc
a Villes Sans Bidonvilles
“Initiative nationale de developpement humain” Program, 2005, Villes Sans Bidonvilles Project, 2004, Moukawalati Program
Indonesia Surabaya
& Bandung
Tamansari
National Development Plan: NDP, Tamansari Project, Boezem Morokrembangan, Kampung Improvement Program ( KIP), The Area Based Slum Upgrading Project, Community Life Improvement Program
Thailand Bangkok All slums Baan Mankong Project, Baan Ua Arthorn Project
Egypt Alexandri
a
Abdel-Moneim
Riad
Informal Settlements Development Program (ISDP), 2004, Informal settlement belting program , Ezzbet Abd El Meniem Upgrading Program
Ghana Kumasi All slums
Urban Environment Sanitation Program (UESP) I, II. European Union Micro Projects (EUMP) Community Infrastructure Upgrading, Government Accountability Improvement Trust (GAIT), Urban Poverty Reduction Project (UPRP), Un- Habitat Slum Upgrading Facility (SUF), The Program, Development Strategy
Fields of intervention for slum upgrading
Fields of intervention:
• Social
• Economic
• Physical
• Environmental
• Institutional
Scales of intervention:
• National
• City
• Community
• Household
Outcomes:
• Lands
• Buildings
• Infrastructures
• Services
• Governance
Impacts:
• Poverty
• Equity
• Hazards
• Environ’mt
• Health • Education • Income • Hope • Happiness
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Economic Growth through production and productivity
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Increase in GDP and income per capita
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Enlarging choices through human capacities and capabilities
Poverty reduction and people-based development
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
life expectancy educational attainment
income per capita
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet there own needs
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Prevention of depletion and degradation of environmental resources while enhancing quality of life and reducing poverty
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
A series of social, economic, and environmental indicators
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Cost effectiveness & environmental economics, people’s well being
Concomitant growth of quality and quantity of national economies within ecological limits
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Conventional economic well being
Sustainable economic well being
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Evaluation of economic progress, sustainability of goals and strategies according to 1992 Rio agenda
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Prevention of resource depletion, preservation of ecological balance, enhancing quality of life and poverty reduction
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Socio-economic development
Sustainable production & consumption
Social capital
Population changes
Public health Climate change
& energy
Good governance Global participation Natural Resources
Sustainable transportation
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Thriving local & regional economy, Social well being
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Development & progress of economic state, competitiveness opportunities
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
People Business Place
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Enhancement of people’s well being while evaluating economic performance
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Wealth growth and social progress of people
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Sustainability Quality of life Material needs of life
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
National welfare using comprehensive/ composite index substituting GDP
Promotion of economic competitiveness, increase of human welfare and satisfaction
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Comparative livability Economic welfare
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Redefinition of prosperity emphasizing fulfilling material needs, life expectancy, infant mortality and education , coping with
economic crisis
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Sustainability of well being and attaining sustainable economy
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Individual capabilities
Socio- psychological needs
Material Needs
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Social development on the bases of subjective wellbeing of people
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Social progress and people’s well being
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Social well being Personal well being
Sense of goodness, life satisfaction, happiness, self confidence, flexibility
Supportive relationships, social trust, sense of belonging
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Revision of 1992 Rio sustainable development index in fulfilling basic needs while considering future needs
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Enabling people to meet their needs while enjoying quality of life within ecological limits
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Enhancement of
Environment
Natural resources protection
Climate change &
energy
Sustainable production & consumption
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Increasing productivity and achieving economic development through comparative advantages of countries
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Uplifting status of countries and cities by enhancing competitiveness
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index Concept
Capacity and ability to achieve higher state in different economic development dimensions
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Economic development via human capital, higher productivity, higher value added, quality of products, innovation and reaching high quality of life with high capability in competition
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Concept
Same as human development concept at city level, emphasizing equal opportunity, well being, city services and facilities
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Poverty reduction, equity, balanced and people-oriented development,
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
HEALTH PRODUC
TIVITY
INFRASTRAUCTURE
CDI
WASTE
Review
of experienced global and local indices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Concept
Poverty reduction, quality of life, preservation of balanced environment
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Preservation of natural resources, sustainability of urban environment
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Concept
Interrelated growth and development of different sectors of city
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
Sustainable development and determination of city functions in different sectors of city structure
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Concept
Recognition of latent capability and powers of cities for competitiveness and moving towards sustainability
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Capital investment attraction, provision of socio-economic and environmental security/ safety
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Concept
Responding to impacts and challenges of hasty growth of cities, attaining balanced and harmonious development,
increasing citizens’ satisfaction
Review
of experienced global and local indices
Well being and better quality of life for every one, achievement of good, sustainable, and prosperous city
Review
of exp
erienced
glob
al and
local in
dices
National and
Regional Index
City and local Index
Productivity
Infrastructure
Environmental sustainability
Quality of
life
Equity & social
inclusion
Contributes to economic growth and development,
generates income, provides decent jobs and equal
opportunities for all through effective economic
policies and reforms.
Ensures equitable (re)distribution of the
benefits of prosperity, reduces poverty
and the incidence of slums, protects the
rights of minority and vulnerable
groups, enhances gender equality, and
ensures civic participation in the social,
political and cultural spheres.
Provides adequate infrastructure – water,
sanitation, roads, information and
communication technology – in order to
improve living standards and enhance
productivity, mobility and connectivity.
Enhances the use of public spaces for the
sake of community cohesion and civic
identity, and guarantees individual and
material safety and security.
Values the protection of the urban environment and
natural assets while ensuring growth, pursues energy
efficiency, reduces pressure on surrounding land and
natural resources, reduces environmental losses
through creative, environment-enhancing solutions.
Review of experienced global & local indices
The Wheel of Urban Prosperity
UN-Habitat 2012
City Prosperity Index: 1. Productivity 2. Infrastructure 3. Quality of Life 4. Equity & Social
Inclusion 5. Environmental
Sustainability
Review of experienced global & local indices The UN-Habitat City Prosperity Index, 2012-2013
Dimensions Definitions/variables
Productivity The productivity index is measured through the city product, which is composed of the variables: capital investment, formal/informal employment, inflation, trade, savings, export/import and household income/ consumption. The city product represents the total output of goods and services (value added) produced by a city’s population during a specific year.
Quality of life The quality of life index is a combination of four sub-indices: education, health, safety/security, social capital and public space. The sub-index education includes literacy, primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment. The sub-index health includes life expectancy, under-five mortality rates, HIV/AIDS, morbidity and nutrition variables.
Infrastructure development
The infrastructure development index combines two sub-indices: one for infrastructure, and another for housing. The infrastructure sub-index includes: connection to services (piped water, sewerage, electricity and ICT), waste management, knowledge infrastructure, health infrastructure, transport and road infrastructure. The housing sub-index includes building materials and living space.
Environmental sustainability
The environmental sustainability index is made of four sub-indices: air quality (PM10), CO2 emissions, energy and indoor pollution.
Equity & social inclusion
The equity and social inclusion index combines statistical measures of inequality of income/consumption (Gini coefficient) and social and gender inequality of access to services and infrastructure.
Contextualizing “CPI” for slum upgrading evaluation
Proposition: Prosperity in slum areas is a collective achievement. Community spirit will lead to sense of belonging, hope and striving parallel to outsiders’ efforts. Community is essential for achieving sustainable development (social integration and environmental stewardship).
Old Neighborhood Fist in Ramedan, Tehran
FGDs in Slum Areas of Iran
Contextualizing “CPI” for slum upgrading evaluation: “ SUI ”
Quality of Life
Equity & Social
Inclusion Infrastructure
Productivity
Environmental Sustainability
Community Development
Slum Upgrading
Index
“SUI” is more about outcomes and less about outputs.
“SUI” is not addressing causes and process.
“SUI” is concentrated on outcome of slum upgrading efforts with emphasis on societal results as well as social solidarity with the city.
“SUI” can be calculated as two main components separately: First, 5 measures like CPI and second, community development index to be combined later.
Contextualizing “CPI” for slum upgrading evaluation: “ SUI ”
Conclusion: “ SUI ” components & composition
Slum Upgrading Index 2015
Productivity The productivity index is measured through the slum area product, which is composed of the variables: capital investment, formal/informal employment, inflation, trade, savings, export/import and household income/ consumption. The slum area product represents the total output of goods and services (value added) produced by a slum’s population during a specific year.
Quality of life The quality of life index is a combination of four sub-indices: education, health, safety/security, social capital and public space. The sub-index education includes literacy, primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment. The sub-index health includes life expectancy, under-five mortality rates, HIV/AIDS, morbidity and nutrition variables.
Infrastructure development
The infrastructure development index combines two sub-indices: one for infrastructure, and another for housing. The infrastructure sub-index includes: connection to services (piped water, sewerage, electricity and ICT), waste management, knowledge infrastructure, health infrastructure, transport and road infrastructure. The housing sub-index includes building materials and living space.
Environmental sustainability
The environmental sustainability index is made of four sub-indices: air quality (PM10), CO2 emissions, energy and indoor pollution.
Equity & social inclusion
The equity and social inclusion index combines statistical measures of inequality of income/consumption (Gini coefficient) and social and gender inequality of access to services and infrastructure.
Community Development
The community development index combines 5 sub-indices for: spiritual health (suicide, crime, mental disorder, faith based membership), social integration (sport & cultural events, representation, court cases), public participation (voting, CBO, NGO, CSO), and urban facilities (town hall, sport & recreation, police & fire station).
Conclusion: “SUI” components & composition
Some topics to be discussed:
Are the proposed indices representative of community development?
Should we just follow the slum households criteria (i.e., water, sanitation, durable housing, sufficient living area, security of tenure)?
How to incorporate the evaluation of progress and continuity of efforts?
Can we consider proactive measures?
What methods of data gathering is best for these indicators?
Do the indicators have equal weight in “SUI”?
Dilapidated old urban fabric, Iran
Thank you for your attention
Iranian Urban Development & Revitalization Corporation
The Regional Slum Upgrading Working Group: “RSUWG”