slide 1 illinois - railtec hazards associated with high

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Hazards Associated with High-Speed Rail (HSR) Operation Adjacent to Conventional Tracks

Chen-Yu LinDr. M. Rapik Saat

Dr. Christopher P.L. Barkan

4th June 2015NURail Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL

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Outline- Approaches to developing high-speed rail (HSR) and shared-use rail

corridor (SRC)

- Hazards associated with operating high-speed rail on shared-use corridor

- Hazard assessment

- High-risk locations

- Influencing factors

- Potential risk mitigation strategies

- Fault-tree analysis of hazards

- Ongoing work

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Two Key Decisions in High(er)-Speed Rail Development

• Approach to HSR

– Incremental upgrade of existing line

– New dedicated line

• Track and right-of-way

(ROW) usage

– Shared track

– Shared right of way

– Shared corridor

• Each has different implications regarding speed, performance, cost, operational, institutional, regulatory and safety considerations

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Shared-UseRail Corridor (SRC)

• Shared track: tracks shared between passenger and freight or other service

• Shared right of way (ROW):dedicated high-speed passenger tracks separated from freight or other service tracks up to 25 ft

• Shared corridor: dedicated high-speed passenger tracks separated from freight or other service tracks by 25 –200 ft

High-speed railservice

Freight or conventional passenger rail service

Adjacent trackcenters >25’ and ≤ 200’

Adjacent trackcenters ≤ 25’

Shared track & shared ROW

Shared corridor

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Shared-Use Implementation ChallengesSafety

Adjacent track accident (ATA)Loss of shunt problemPedestrian riskHighway/rail grade crossings

Infrastructure and Rolling StockWheel-load characteristicsTrack structure and componentsSpecial trackworkTrack geometryVehicle-track interaction (VTI)StationsSignaling systems and train control technology

Planning and OperationHost railroad negotiationTrain scheduling Capacity planningTrain control and operations

EconomicCapital cost sharingPassenger operation sustainabilityFreight level of service preservation

InstitutionalRegulatory compliancePerformance incentives/penaltiesGrant agreement structureLiability

Saat, M.R., and Barkan, C.P.L. Investigating Technical Challenges and Research Needs Related to Shared Corridors for High-Speed Passenger and Railroad Freight Operations: http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L04578

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• The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) set out to develop a

guidance document for SRC

• The document combines existing and proposed research to aid in the

proposal, design, and evaluation of planned HSR alignments

• The document provide risk assessment capabilities for potential

hazards of HSR operations on SRC as well as potential risk mitigation

strategies

Safety Issues of Operating High-Speed Rail (HSR) Adjacent to Conventional Tracks

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Development of the document and its final contents consider the following issues:

– Minimum track and Right-of-Way (ROW) spacing from adjacent railroad tracks without the use of additional protection

– Use of intrusion detection or protection devices and proper system characteristics and installation locations

– Use of physical barriers or crash walls; what conditions warrant use and basic design characteristics

– Other relevant considerations such as aerodynamics, effects of grading and track heights, and protection from activities along ROW access roads, etc

Safety Issues of Operating HSR Adjacent to Conventional Tracks

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• Derailment on adjacent tracks

• Shifted load on an adjacent track

• Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks

• Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry

• Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working on the adjacent track

• Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent track (non-derailment and grade-crossing collisions)

• Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or the adjacent track

• Evacuation of passengers from trains on the adjacent track

• Hazardous materials on the adjacent track

• Fire on the adjacent track

• Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks

List of Hazards Associated with Operating HSR Adjacent to Conventional Tracks

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Hazard Framework

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• Conduct comprehensive literature review (internationally and

domestic) on identified hazards

• Conduct survey to gain input from public and private sectors

• Identify high-risk locations for individual hazard

• Identify influencing factors affecting the likelihood and consequence of

individual hazard

• Identify potential risk mitigation strategies for individual hazard

• Prioritize hazards and conduct risk analyses

• Develop and evaluate risk mitigation strategies

Hazard Assessment Process

Figure on the right adapted from: Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the International Space Station (2002)

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High-Risk Locations of Hazards Hazard Locations

1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks 2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight train services 3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains

on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks, tunnels and stations where trains operate at high speed

4 Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry

Along a shared-use rail corridor where trains operating at high speed especially at locations with subgrade and track infrastructure conditions susceptible to vibrations, and at special track locations (e.g. switches and turnouts)

5 Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working the adjacent tracks

Along a shared-use rail corridor where track maintenance activities are frequently taken place and locations with limited clearances (e.g. bridges, tunnels)

6 Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent tracks (non-derailment collisions)

Along a shared-use rail corridor close to other rail or highway vehicles (e.g. yards, grade crossings)

7 Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or adjacent tracks

Along a shared-use rail corridor especially at high-precipitation/snow areas, vegetation and with insufficient drainage systems

8 Evacuation of passengers from trains on adjacent tracks

Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks

9 Hazardous material transportation on adjacent tracks

Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight trains transporting hazardous materials

10 Fire on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight trains transporting flammable liquids and/or gases, and other locations near fuel-based activities (e.g. power stations, gas stations)

11 Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks

Along a shared-use rail corridor where the high-voltage overhead catenary wires present

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Key Influencing Factors of Hazards Hazard Key Influencing Factors

1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure, train control systems

2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, train control systems

3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks

Track center spacing, train speed, train equipment design, wind condition


Track center spacing, train speed, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure, soil foundation/subgrade characteristics


Track center spacing, train speed, human factor


Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, train control systems


Track center spacing, soil foundation/subgrade characteristics, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure


Track center spacing, train equipment design, human factor


Track center spacing, train equipment design, hazardous materials traffic volume

10 Fire on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train equipment design, human factor, flammable product traffic volume


Train equipment design, type of rail infrastructure, train control systems

Major common influencing factors:- Track center spacing- Train speed- Human factor- Track geometry- Train equipment design

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Proposed Risk Mitigation of Hazards Hazard Potential Risk Mitigation Strategies

1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training

2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training on cargo securement

3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks

Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, reduced train speed


Proper track center spacing, reduced train speed


Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training, reduced train speed


Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training, grade crossing protection


Proper track center spacing, soil improvement, improved drainage


Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training on safe passenger evacuation, enhanced rail equipment design


Proper track center spacing, building physical barriers, temporal separation, enhanced rail car design to prevent hazardous material release

10 Fire on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, building physical barriers, temporal separation, enhanced rail equipment design


Improved employee training, better rail equipment design to prevent or reduce electromagnetic field effect

Major potential risk mitigation strategies:- Proper track center spacing- Installation of intrusion detection- Physical barriers- Improved employee training- Enhanced rail equipment design

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• Risk management planning

• Risk identification

• Risk assessment

− Qualitative and quantitative

• Development and evaluation of risk mitigation strategies

• Risk monitoring

Shared-Use Rail Corridor Risk Management

Figure on the right adapted from: Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the International Space Station (2002)

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• A deductive process to break down a top event into basic events and all possible paths and elements for this event to occur are systematically deduced

• A graphical representation of the various contributors of failures that lead to the occurrence of the top event (SRC hazard)

• The probability of the top event can be calculated by calculating the probabilities of basic events

Fault-Tree Analysis

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• Event symbols

- Basic event

- Conditioning event

- Undeveloped event

• Gate (Logic) Symbols

- And

- Or

- Exclusive or

- Priority and

- Inhibit

Fault-Tree Analysis Configuration

- Intermediate event

- External event

• Transfer Symbols

Top Event

BA

C D E F G

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Fault Tree Analysis for Adjacent Track Collision

3-2

Infrastructure (T)

Human factor (H)

Signal and control system

(S)

Miscellaneous (M)

Collision between trains on two adjacent tracks

Initial derailment Intrusion from derailed equipment

Train presence on the adjacent track

Equipment (E)

Locomotivefailure

Railcarfailure

Common failure

E1 E2 E3

Employeecondition

H3

Train overspeed

Brake operation

Failure to obey or display signal

H4

H5

H2

Switches/ switching

rules

Mainline rules

Radio error

H1

Other human factors

H6H7

H8

Broken rail or welds

Rail defects

Track geometry

T1 T2 T3

Turnout defects

Buckled track

Roadbed defects

Other track and

structure defects

M1 S1

T4 T5 T6

T7

Excessive lateral displacement

toward adjacent track

Crash wall failure Containment failure

Lack of crash wall

Damaged crash wall

Damaged containment

Lack of containment

Failure to stop clear of the initial

derailment

Direct presence of the train on an

adjacent track

Failure to brake

Crash wall damaged

before intrusion

Crash wall destroyed

by intruding train

Containment damaged

before intrusion

Containment destroyed by

intruding train

Equipment Failure

Human Error Failure

H2EB

Intrusion detection

failure

1. Initial derailment2. Intrusion from derailment equipment3. Train presence or the adjacent track

Shared-use rail corridor hazards

Intrusion hazards Other hazards

Obstruction hazard

Passenger evacuation

Train aerodynamic interaction

Hazardous material

transportationEMI Train fire Drainage

problemOther

hazardsMoW

intrusion

1

The intrusion of MoW

equipment/ personnel an adjacent track when on duty

The present of another train

on the adjacent track

Raking collision

between MoWequipment/

personnel and the train

Adjacent track accidents

Initial derailment

The intrusion of

derailed equipment

Collision between trains on

two adjacent tracks

Initial collision on one track

Direct side collision/

raking collision

on multiple tracks

3-3

The intrusion of

derailed equipment

The present of another

train on the adjacent

track

3-1

The present of another

train on the adjacent

track

Collision between trains on

two adjacent tracks

3-2

A train carrying hazmat derails

Shifted load hazards

The intrusion of shifted cargo on an adjacent

track



Raking collision

between the intruding rail car and the

train

2

Release of hazardous material

Passenger casualties due

to released hazmat

- Poisonous- Flammable- Explosive- Radioactive

The presence of a passenger train on the

adjacent track

4

Cargo falling off

Grade crossing accident

The intrusion of fallen cargo

The present of another train on the

adjacent track

Debris collision

between the train and the fallen cargo

The intrusion of collided

railcar or road vehicle

The present of another train on the

adjacent track

Debris collision

between the train and the

collided railcar or road

vehicle

5-1 5-2

Evacuation situation

The intrusion of passenger onto

an adjacent track



Passenger casualties due to the collision between the train and the passenger

6

Two trains on adjacent tracks passing each

other

Excessive suction force dragging two trains close to

each other

Raking collision

between trains on two

adjacent tracks

7

Train control system

malfunct-ion

Passen-ger

casualti-es due to train fire

Subgrade and track geometry problem

Subgrade and track geometry problem

Risk assess-

ment

8 9 10 11

Ground borne

vibration

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Fault Tree Analysis for Adjacent Track Collision

3-2

Infrastructure (T)

Human factor (H)


(S)

Miscellaneous (M)

Collision between trains on two adjacent tracks

Initial derailment Intrusion from derailed equipment

Train presence on the adjacent track

Equipment (E)

Locomotivefailure

Railcarfailure

Common failure

E1 E2 E3

Employeecondition

H3

Train overspeed

Brake operation


H4

H5

H2

Switches/ switching

rules

Mainline rules

Radio error

H1

Other human factors

H6H7

H8


Rail defects

Track geometry

T1 T2 T3

Turnout defects

Buckled track

Roadbed defects

Other track and

structure defects

M1 S1

T4 T5 T6

T7

Excessive lateral displacement

toward adjacent track

Crash wall failure Containment failure

Lack of crash wall

Damaged crash wall

Damaged containment

Lack of containment

Failure to stop clear of the initial

derailment

Direct presence of the train on an

adjacent track

Failure to brake

Crash wall damaged

before intrusion

Crash wall destroyed

by intruding train

Containment damaged

before intrusion

Containment destroyed by

intruding train

Equipment Failure

Human Error Failure

H2EB

Intrusion detection

failure

1. Initial derailment2. Intrusion from derailment equipment3. Train presence or the adjacent track

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• Holistic risk assessment is able to identify the potential hazards for the shared-use rail corridors operations, including their eminent locations, influencing factors, and potential risk mitigation strategies

• Fault tree analysis is an essential method in both qualitative identification and characterization and quantification of SRC hazards

• The risk model developed can provide the industry both quantitative result from fault-tree analysis and risk assessment procedure

• Future work includes complete fault-tree analysis on hazards and quantitative risk model development as well as the development of an integrated risk assessment framework

Conclusion and Future Work

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Acknowledgement

National University Rail Center (NURail Center)

A Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC) under the US Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Assistant Secretary for

Research & Technology (OST) program.

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Thank you!Questions and comments are

Welcomed!www.sharedcorridors.org

Chen-Yu Lin 林陳佑

Graduate Research Assistant

Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC)

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

Email: [email protected]

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Updated Fault Tree for Passenger Train Derailment

Infrastructure (T)

Human factor (H)


(S)

Miscellaneous (M)

Initial derailment

Equipment (E)

Locomotivefailure

Railcarfailure

Common failure

E1 E2 E3

Employeecondition

H3

Train overspeed

Brake operation


H4

H5

H2

Switches/ switching

rules

Mainline rules

Radio error

H1

Other human factors

H6H7

H8


Rail defects

Track geometry

T1 T2 T3

Turnout defects

Buckled track

Roadbed defects

Other track and

structure defects

M1 S1

T4 T5 T6

T7

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Updated Fault Tree for Freight Train Derailment

Infrastructure (T)

Human factor (H)


(S)

Miscellaneous (M)

Initial derailment

Equipment (E)

Locomotivefailure

Railcarfailure

Common failure

E1 E2 E3

Employeecondition

H3

Train overspeed

Brake operation


H4

H5

H2

Switches/ switching

rules

Mainline rules

Radio error

H1

Other human factors

H6H7

H8


Rail defects

Track geometry

T1 T2 T3

Turnout defects

Buckled track

Roadbed defects

Other track and

structure defects

M1 S1

T4 T5 T6

T7

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