slide 1 fig. 13.1, p. 294 mediterranean sea gaza west bank lebanon egypt aswan high dam lake nasser...
TRANSCRIPT
Slide 1
Fig. 13.1, p. 294
MEDITERRANEANSEA
GAZAWEST BANK
LEBANON
EGYPT
AswanHigh Dam
Lake Nasser
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
SAUDIARABIA
YEMEN
UNITED ARABEMIRATES
QATAR
BAHRAIN
KUWAIT
JORDAN
OMAN
OMAN
IRANIRAQ
SYRIA
TURKEY ARMENIA
BLACK SEA GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN
CASPIANSEA
Slide 2
Fig. 13.2, p. 296
Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater
Biota0.0001%
Rivers0.0001%
Atmosphericwater vapor
0.001%
Lakes0.007%
Soilmoisture0.005%
Groundwater0.592%
Ice capsand glaciers
1.984%
0.014%
Slide 3
Fig. 13.3, p. 297
Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
Infiltration
Water tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowingartesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
ConfinedRecharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable materialsuch as clay
Confining permeable rock layer
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Slide 4
Fig. 13.4, p. 298
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Wat
er u
se (
cub
ic k
ilom
eter
s p
er y
ear) Total use
Agricultural use
Industrial use
Domestic use
Year
Slide 5
Fig. 13.5, p. 298
United States China
Industry 11% Public 10%
Powercooling
38%
Agriculture41% Agriculture 87%
Public 6% Industry 7%
Slide 6
Fig. 13.6, p. 298
1 automobile
1 kilogramcotton
1 kilogramaluminum
1 kilogramgrain-fed beef
1 kilogramrice
1 kilogramcorn
1 kilogrampaper
1 kilogramsteel
400,000 liters(106,000 gallons)
10,500 liters(2,400 gallons)
9,000 liters(2,800 gallons)
7,000 liters(1,900 gallons)
5,000 liters(1,300 gallons)
1,500 liters(400 gallons)
880 liters(230 gallons)
220 liters(60 gallons)
Slide 7
Fig. 13.7a, p. 299
0-25
25-50
50-75
0-25
25-50
50-75
Average annual precipitation (centimeters)
Slide 8
Fig. 13.8b, p. 299
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with populationgreater than 1 million
Slide 9
Fig. 13.8, p. 300
High None
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica Stress
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australia
Slide 10
Fig. 13.9, p. 301
Large lossesof water throughevaporation
Flooded landdestroys forestsor cropland anddisplaces people
Downstreamflooding is reduced
Downstreamcropland andestuaries aredeprived ofnutrient-rich silt
Reservoir isuseful forrecreationand fishing
Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)
Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted
Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland
Slide 11
Fig. 13.10, p. 304
Dam
Aqueductor canal
Upper Basin
Lower Basin
IDAHO
WYOMING
UTAH
Salt Lake City
Las Vegas
CALIFORNIA
Boulder City
Los Angeles Palm
Springs
San DiegoMexicali
Yuma
Phoenix
Tucson
LOWERBASIN
ARIZONA
GrandCanyon
UPPERBASIN
Grand Junction
Denver
COLORADO
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque
MEXICO
LakePowell
GlenCanyonDam
All-AmericanCanal Golf of
California
0
0
100 mi.
150 km
Slide 12
Fig. 13.11, p. 304
• Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries
• Deposit silt that maintains deltas
• Purify water
• Renew and nourish wetlands
• Provide habitats for aquatic life
• Conserve species diversity
Slide 13
Fig. 13.12, p. 305
KAZAKHSTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
ARALSEA
2000
1989
1960
Slide 14
Fig. 13.13, p. 306
North BayAqueduct
South BayAqueduct
California Aqueduct
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA UTAH
MEXICO
Central ArizonaProject
Colorado RiverAqueduct
Los AngelesAqueduct
Shasta Lake
Oroville Dam andReservoir
FeatherRiver
Lake Tahoe
Sacramento
Fresno
Hoover Damand Reservoir(Lake Mead)
Salton SeaPhoenix
Tucson
ARIZONA
ColoradoRiver
SacramentoRiver
San Francisco
San Luis Damand Reservoir
Santa Barbara
Los Angeles
San Diego
Slide 15
Fig. 13.14, p. 307
CANADA
UNITED STATES
NEWFOUNDLAND
ATLANTICOCEAN
ONTARIO
JamesBay
HudsonBay Chisasibi
QUEBEC
New YorkCity
Chicago
II
I
II
Slide 16
Fig. 13.15, p. 307
Initial water table
Cone ofdepression
Originalwater table
Loweredwater table
Slide 17
Fig. 13.16a, p. 308
GroundwaterOverdrafts:
High
Moderate
Minor or none
Slide 18
Fig. 13.16b, p. 308
Subsidence:
High
Moderate
Minor or none
Slide 19
Fig. 13.17, p. 308
Major irrigationwell
Well contaminatedwith saltwater
SaltwaterIntrusion
NormalInterface
Freshgroundwater
aquifer
Interface Interface
Saltwater
Sea LevelWater table
Slide 20
Fig. 13.18, p. 309
WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
COLORADO
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
NEW MEXICO
TEXAS
0 100Miles
Kilometers
Less than 61 meters (200 ft)
61-183 meters (200-600 ft)
More than 183 meters (600 ft)(as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft.in places)
0 160
Slide 21
Gravity Flow(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)
Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.
Drip Irrigation(efficiency 90–95%)
Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to
individual plant roots.
Center Pivot(efficiency 80% with low-pressure
sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler)
Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from
mobile boom with sprinklers.
Fig. 13.19, p. 311
Slide 22
Fig. 13.20, p. 313
• Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches
• Leveling fields with lasers
• Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation
• Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary
• Polyculture
• Organic farming
• Growing water efficient crops using drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties
• Irrigating with treated urban waste water
• Importing water intensive crops and meat
Slide 23
Fig. 13.21, p. 313
No electronic rights for this image.
Slide 24
Fig. 13.22, p. 314
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Slide 25
Fig. 13.23, p. 316
No electronic rights for this image.
Slide 26
Fig. 13.24a, p. 316
Oxygenreleased byvegetation
Diverseecological
habitat
Evapotranspiration
Trees reduce soilerosion from heavyrain and wind
Agriculturalland
Steadyriver flow
Leaf litterimprovessoil fertility
Tree rootsstabilize soil andaid water flow Vegetation releases
water slowly andreduces flooding
Forested Hillside
Slide 27
Tree plantation
Evapotranspiration decreases
Ranchingacceleratessoil erosion bywater and wind
Winds removefragile topsoil
Gullies andlandslides
Heavy rain leachesnutrients from soiland erodes topsoil Rapid runoff
causes flooding
After DeforestationFig. 13.24b, p. 316
Roadsdestabilizehillsides
Agriculture landis flooded andsilted up
Silt from erosion blocksrivers and reservoirs andcauses flooding downstream
Slide 28
Fig. 13.25, p. 317
Extremely severe
Very severe
Moderately severe
Somewhat severe
Not severe
Slide 29
Fig. 13.26, p. 317
• Not depleting aquifers
• Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems
• Preserving water quality
• Integrated watershed management
• Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources
• Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations
• Marketing of water rights
• Wasting less water
• Decreasing government subsides for supplying water
• Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste
• Slowing population growth