Prepared for the Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC03-76F00515 by Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University,Stanford, California. Printed in the United States of America. Available from National Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Commerce,5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

SLAC-R-605

The past is comprised of a myriad of significant events and details.You hold the proof in your hands. Each photograph represents onesignificant instant plucked from the 40-year existence of the StanfordLinear Accelerator Center. Collectively, they trace the ascending arcthat is the history of SLAC.

That 40-year history extends from 1962 through today. Beginning withthe visionaries who dreamt of the science that could be exploredthrough electron particle accelerators, it stretches through the lease ofthe land by Stanford University, to the numerous construction phases,and on through the contributions of thousands of people – scientists,engineers, staff and administrators – working with one another andcollaborating with other scientists from around the world to pushforward our understanding of physics.

I extend my gratitude and congratulations to Jean M. Deken, our SLACarchivist, and to the Scientific Arts Media team. Together, they havedone an exceptional job of presenting our proud history in thishandsome book.

It gives me great pleasure to share with you this unique visualdocumentation of the human face of SLAC’s science.

A Letter from the Director

Jonathan DorfanDirector of SLAC

Early schematic drawing of proposed SLAC site showing linearaccelerator, beam switch yard, offices and laboratory buildings.

Stanford representatives sign the $114 million contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.Pictured are Stanford University Trustees Morris M. Doyle and Ira Lillick, seated, with (left to right)Dwight B. Adams, university business manager; Project Director W. K. H. "Pief" Panofsky and RobertMinge Brown, university counsel.

Components of a section of the two-mile linear accelerator waveguide. The copper disks and rings were brazed together in ten-footsections to form the structure shown on the right.

SLAC civil engineer Bob Gould's whimsical cartoon creation, WizardGandalf the Grey, lobbies for support for the new accelerator adventureat Stanford.

6

7

Robert Mozley, Pief Panofsky and BurtonRichter (left to right) at SLAC Site Dedication onApril 10, 1962. Professor Robert Mozley (1917-1999) came to SLAC from the Stanford

University High Energy Physics Laboratory (HEPL). His first job at SLAC was as head of the ResearchPlanning Department. Professor Panofsky had been the Director of HEPL before he was named SLAC'sdirector in 1961. Stanford University Physics Department Assistant Professor Burton Richter (SLAC'ssecond director) came to SLAC as an Associate Professor in 1963.

Illustration of a portion of the SLAC two-mile linear acceleratorwaveguide. Arrow shows direction of electron movement alongthe linac from the electron source toward the beam switch yardand the end stations.

Aerial photo of SLAC construction taken April17, 1963 looking from what will be the Beam

Switch Yard end of the linac toward theinjector end. Sand Hill road appears in the

lower left-hand corner of the photo; JasperRidge is along the right.

8

Two scenes of civil construction ofthe linac. Twenty-five feet ofearth, serving as radiationshielding, eventually separatedthe completed housing and theklystron gallery built directlyabove it. (See color drawingbelow.) Along its two-mile length,the linac slopes one half of onedegree. This gradual drop inelevation allowed builders to takeadvantage of the natural terrainand minimize the amount of earthmoving required for construction.

9

July 1963 aerial of constructionshowing completed Test Labbuilding and nearly completedAdministration and Engineering(A&E) building (center). Thebeginnings of construction ofthe Mechanical FabricationShop and Electronics Buildingcan be seen in the upper right.

June 1964 view of installationof low conductivity water (LCW)supply and return lines in thelinac tunnel.

Construction progressin December 1963.

August 1964 beam's eye view of a SLAC quadrupole, a four pole magnetused to focus beams of accelerated particles (in this case electrons).

10

Wizard Gandalf services the beam inthis cross-section view of the linac.

11

October 26, 1964 photo of bubble and spark chamberdata analysts. Scanners seated at the vangard measuringmachines review scanned films, looking for events ofscientific interest. Before SLAC's bubble chamberprogram was operational, scanners here reviewed filmsfrom the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and otherlabs' machines.

This aerial photograph taken on February 14, 1965 shows construction inprogress on the two-mile linear acccelerator (linac) and the beam switchyard. On October 2, 1964, excavation on the south side of the switch yard(center left in photo) uncovered what turned out to be the most completeadult fossil encountered to date of the ten-million-year old, nine-footaquatic mammal Paleoparadoxia.

12

Construction progress in the BeamSwitch Yard (BSY) (upper left) andon End Stations B (left) and A(right) in 1965.

By July 12, 1965 civil construction of the research area was wellunder way. Inspecting progress are (from left to right): Pief Panofsky,David Coward, Ed Garwin, and Ken Johnson.

Another aerial photo from February 14, 1965 shows progress alongthe whole two-mile length of the acccelerator.

13

By February 1966, the linac and klystron gallery were enclosed, and construction was well underway on EndStations B and A in the research area (foreground). Note the highway overpass -- leading from nowhere tonowhere -- in the upper right. Construction of Interstate 280 was a few years away, but SLAC was able to makearrangements with the State of California to complete this particular overpass ahead of schedule, so that thedriving of heavy piles deep into the earth on either side of the klystron gallery would not interfere with thedelicately balanced alignment of the linac.

September 1965 photo and schematic of thecompleted accelerator. Resting on a large aluminumlight pipe backbone, it receives power from feedsdescending from klystron generators housed in thegallery above. Alignment is checked by flipping aFresnel target into a laser beam that runs the fulllength of the accelerator. This was the first laseralignment system used anywhere. If the alignmentneeds correcting, it is done by means of a series ofadjustable jack supports (marked in photo).

14

Mr. L. A. Mohr, Manager of the Palo Alto Area Office of the U.S.Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) wields the wrench for the final bolttightening on the SLAC linac on February 10, 1966. Immediately afterthis special golden bolt is secured, the group that gathered for theceremony poses for a photo: (left to right) Fred Pindar (AssociateDirector, Business Services), Matt Sands (Deputy Director), CliffRasmussen, L. A. Mohr, Bob Nicholson, Pief Panofsky (Director), DavidChambers, Bob Moulton (Acting Director, Personnel), RichardFuendeling, Arnold Eldredge (Head, Mechanical Design andFabrication), and two unidentified AEC officials.

15

A: The Beam gets to Sector 1! Inthe foreground, left to right: MattSands, Pief Panofsky (pointing), andGreg Loew (on the telephone).

B: The Beam gets stuck in Sector11! Standing in foreground, PiefPanofsky and Dick Neal confer asKen Crook (with cup) and otherslook on. Seated at the console, leftto right, are Matt Sands, Greg Loew(on phone) and Dieter Walz.

C: The Beam appears in Sector 12.

This sequence of photographs was taken on the evening of May 21, 1966. It records reactions in the maincontrol room on the evening that the beam first traveled through the full two miles of the SLAC machine.When the photographs were first published, it was noted that in the last photo, a SLAC artist had "taken theliberty of restoring some of the hair that was pulled out during SLAC's construction," causing SLAC staff tomysteriously resemble a famous "Fab Four" then popular on the music scene.

THE BEAM HITS SECTOR 20!

A

B

C

Director Pief Panofsky's official congratulations to the staff on the first beam.

16

August 1966 photo of a SLAC Control Room.

17

Klystrons from five different manufacturers, including SLAC, used to powerthe linac in 1966. (Left to right: EIMAC, SPERRY, LITTON, SLAC, and RCA.)Klystron lifetimes turned out to be much longer than initially estimated, soSLAC was eventually able to build all of its own klystron amplifiers.

Installation of powerlines in SanMateo County from atop the coastalhills to SLAC, a distance of fivemiles. A helicopter was used totransport and place poles so thatinstallation would involve minimaldisturbance to the naturalenvironment. Poles used werespecifically designed for the SLACproject so they would tend to blendinto the landscape.

Charged particle shower in a streamer chamber.

In 1960-1961, summer study reports from SLACshowed that linear electron machines could producesecondary beams that could be used in the then-mainstream bubble chamber research.

Somewhat to the surprise of the bubble chambercommunity, SLAC turned out to be a powerful sourceof useful secondary particles.

May 18, 1967 photos of streamer (top) and spark(bottom) chamber events.

Bubble chamber crew working on the82-inch bubble chamber.

20

Another view of the 82-inch bubble chamber.

Schematic of the End Station A8 GeV spectrometer.

This view, looking down on thethree spectrometers, shows the railsystem on which they rotatedaround a common pivot point.

Three spectrometers in EndStation A in January 1967. The1.6 Giga electron Volt (GeV), 20GeV, and 8 GeV spectrometers(left to right in the photo) allconverge at the target.

21

Bill Kirk (Research Division Assistant Director) inthe early 1960's with one of the original SLAC

klystrons. Each tube was capable of delivering upto 24 million watts of peak power. Two hundredand forty such tubes were needed to accelerate

the electrons in the linac.

Side view of the two larger End Station Aspectrometers in August 1967.

22

An IBM representative (left) hands over the key for SLAC's new IBMSystem 360 to Bill Miller (Computation Group Leader) on July 6, 1967.

SLAC dedication day, September 9, 1967. (Left to right) GlennSeaborg (Director, Atomic Energy Commission -- predecessor agencyto the present-day Department of Energy), Pief Panofsky (SLACDirector), Wallace Sterling (Stanford University President), Don Hornig(U.S. Presidential Science Advisor) and Edward L. Ginzton (formerProfessor of Applied Physics, Stanford University, and the Director ofProject M). Prof. Ginzton (1915-1998) stepped down as Director in

1961 -- the same year that the project was officially namedThe Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

23

Left to right: Luis Alvarez (Lawrence Radiation Lab), BobWatt, Joe Ballam (Associate Director, Research) and PiefPanofsky (Director) stand on the steps of the remodeled 72-inch (increased at SLAC to 82-inch) bubble chamber after itstransfer across the bay from Lawrence Radiation Laboratoryto SLAC in 1967.

Left to right: Les Cottrell, Mike Brown, Hobey DeStaebler and anunidentified researcher at work in the ESA counting house.Experiments conducted in ESA from 1966-1978 by Richard Taylor(SLAC), Henry Kendall (MIT), and Jerome Friedman (MIT) studiedhow high-energy electrons bounce off the protons and neutrons in atarget. Surprisingly, the experiments revealed extremely small,dense objects moving around in the protons and neutrons. Thesetiny particles are the quarks.

Bill Spicer (Stanford University)memorandum of June 18, 1968,

making a very early request thatPief Panofsky consider the

possibility of using "cyclotron" (latercalled synchrotron) radiation fromthe planned SLAC storage ring for

solid state studies.

24

Henry Kendall (MIT) at work onthe electronics in End Station A(ESA) in 1968.

Richard Feynman (CalTech) lecturing on his partonmodel at SLAC in October 1968.

James Bjorken (Theory) is the first to suggest,in his 1968 Varenna Lectures, that deepinelastic electron scattering might provideevidence of elementary constituents.

25

On July 1, 1969, physicist and arms control specialistProfessor Sidney Drell became Deputy Director of SLAC.

In 1969 SLAC Director Pief Panofskywas awarded the U.S. NationalMedal of Science, "for classicexperiments probing the elementaryparticles of matter and forcontributions to advancing the meansof experimentation in thischallenging field." He received themedal in a White House ceremonyon February 16, 1970.

26

French President Georges Pompidouvisited SLAC on February 27, 1970.After his helicopter landed on theSLAC lawn, Pompidou was given aVIP tour and briefing. In this photo,taken in the linac visitors' gallery, heis accompanied by Director Panofskyand by Greg Loew, Head of theAccelerator Physics Department.

Aerial photo taken April 27, 1969,showing exterior of completed End

Stations and klystron gallery.

May 28, 1970 photo of Clive Field with the two-joule ruby laser used at SLAC to produce photonbeams of up to 9 billion electron volts. The highly pure light from the laser was directed againstthe SLAC high-energy electron beam. Those photons from the laser which collided with electronsand were scattered backwards from their original direction picked up energy in the process. Theresulting high-energy photon beam was directed into the SLAC 82-inch bubble chamber, where itwas used in the study of vector mesons.

27

Early photograph of the 40-inchHydrogen Bubble Chamber (HBC) froman exposure from the annihilationphoton beam. In the early 1970s thischamber was modified to be rapidcycling for experiment BC-42.

Experimental Group D's streamerchamber research facility in 1970.On floor (left to right) LeroySchwartz, Robert Mozley (Head,Experimental Group D) and Al Odian.

Scanner at scanning table in 1970.

April 28, 1970 photo of bubble chamber hardware.

28

June 15, 1970 photo showing, from left to right, a series of four wire sparkchambers followed by a large gas Cerenkov counter. These chambers completed ajob -- begun upstream by three similar chambers followed by a magnet -- oftracking pi mesons produced by the decay of a rho meson in a liquid hydrogentarget. Inset shows the path of the mesons from the hydrogen target (rectangle onleft) through the spark chambers.

SLAC Library staff began publishing their popularand authoritative weekly list of new preprints in

particle physics in 1962. In 1969, with seed moneyfrom the National Science Foundation and the

Atomic Energy Commission, the local SLAC weeklywent international as "Preprints in Particles and

Fields (PPF)." Shown here in 1971 reviewing aprinters' paste-up are, (left to right) Barbara Rupp

at the Library's computer terminal to the IBM360/91, Bob Gex, Louise Addis, Rita Taylor and

Bennie Hicks (standing).

Beginning of the Stanford Positron ElectronAccelerating Ring (SPEAR) construction,January 1971. SPEAR was created out of theSLAC operating budget after three differentattempts to obtain separate funding for ithad failed.

SPEAR construction in March 1971. Visible in the photoare the West and East pits, the beginnings of the powersupply and control buildings, alignment monuments and

girder footings, and the Building 101 assembly area.

29September 3, 1971 SPEAR construction progress.

December 12, 1971 SPEAR construction progress.

October 8, 1971 view of continuing SPEAR construction progress.

30

31

Red and blue arrows drawn over a photograph of SPEAR show the paths of charged particles as they leavethe source, travel around the storage ring and smash in collision in an interaction region.

first full-scaletest of SLED

Richter & Ting awarded Nobel Prize

Inelastic muon scattering eventphoto from Experiment BC-42 onthe 40-inch Hydrogen BubbleChamber (HBC), 1972. This wasone of the first triggered bubblechamber experiments.

John Mark, Head of the Hydrogen Target Group,with a target assembly in December 1973.

First People's Republic of China visitors to SLAC, in thespring of 1973, led by Chang Wenyu. Dr. Chang isbehind Pief Panofsky with Dick Neal (AssociateDirector, Technical Division). In the foreground of thephoto, Joe Ballam, (Associate Director, ResearchDivision), greets a member of the delegation.

March 1973 aerial view of SLAC site.

34

View of the SPEAR vacuum chambershowing the tangential spout constructedto allow synchrotron radiation producedover about six inches of curved path (11.5milliradians) in a SPEAR bending magnetto travel to the experimental stations.

Photograph taken on September 20, 1973 showing the SPEAR ring, PilotProject alcove and outdoor hutch which housed the Ultra-High Vacuum(UHV) photoemission chamber. Data collection continued as theconstruction of the first Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project (SSRP)building proceeded with the experimenters negotiating around theconcrete forms and relying on plastic sheets to protect the hutch and theUHV chamber from rain.

The Large Aperture Superconducting Solenoid (LASS)spectrometer under construction on March 19, 1974. The newand unique idea of the solenoid incorporated in LASS was theproduct of a critical study of magnetic-spark spectrometersconducted by L. Madansky (John's Hopkins), George Luste(SLAC) and David Leith (SLAC). Conceived as a system that wasas universally usable as a bubble chamber, LASS progressedbeyond the bubble chamber's capabilities by operating at muchhigher rates and by also producing digital output.

35

1974 model of SLAC, shownfrom above, indicating plans

for PEP construction.

April 1974 drawing of plans for the first Stanford Synchrotron RadiationProject (SSRP) beam lines, showing how 11.5 mrad of horizontal divergencefrom a SPEAR bending magnet was shared by five simultaneouslyoperational experimental stations, each with a monochromator. Insetdrawing at upper right shows the project's placement on SPEAR.

SLAC Minority Affairs Committee at a January 21, 1974 meeting with Director Pief Panofsky inhis office. Left to right are Panofsky, Kenneth Stewart, Frankie McLaughlin, Marie La Belle, ViolaBelton, John Brown, Lucille Wilson, John Valverde, Paul Regalado, Richard Jeong, CornellWatson, and Tatiana Hunter.

36

An early SSRP Experimental Station used a Sears "Garden Shed"mounted on the concrete roof of SPEAR. Ian Munro (third from right,wearing a tie), a visitor for one year from Daresbury, was the keyscientist in the development of this station. He provided haggis anddrinks to celebrate the first light. On Munro's right are Ben Salzburg, Axel Golde, Sebastian Doniach (first Director of SSRP) and George Brown.

Dedication of the SLAC IBMcomputers, March 23, 1974.

Jim Stanford, Vern Jones, and Victor Rehn(left to right) of the US Naval WeaponsCenter-China Lake with mirror for the eightdegree experimental station on the firstSSRP beam line. At the time, this mirror wasthe smoothest piece of copper in the world.

37

Gerson Goldhaber (left) of the Lawrence BerkeleyLaboratory, Martin Perl (center) and Burton Richter (right)

of SLAC meeting in late 1974 in the control room ofSPEAR. A psi decay in the Mark I detector traces animage of the Greek letter psi on the monitor at right.

(clockwise) Martin Breidenbach (seated), Gerson Goldhaber,Ewan Paterson, Herman Winick and Francois Vannucci in theSPEAR Experimental Control Room analyzing data rolling in onNovember 11, 1974.

Second from the left in this 1974 photo is George Trilling of UC-Berkeley, whowas one of the leaders of the Berkeley physics group that collaborated withSLAC Experimental Groups C and E in the remarkably productive SPEAR studiesof hadron production in the early 1970's. The others, left to right, are SLACphysicists Rudy Larsen, Ewan Paterson, David Fryberger and Burt Richter.

38

Although all of high-energy physics was excited about the experimentalresults coming from SPEAR in late 1974 and early 1975, Bob Gould'scartoon here imagined the reaction of non-SLACers to the news.

On February 5, 1976, SLAC was blanketed in snow for the secondtime in its existence. (The first snowfall was in 1963).

Injector equipment in May 1975.

39

April 21, 1976 views of interior of SLAC'sComputing Services Building.

40

On April 12, 1976, a Bigge Crane preparesto pick up the Iron Ball detector.

Iron Ball detector group meetingin April 1976. Left to right: Bill

Ford, John Learned, TerryRhoades, Bob Morse, UgoCamerini and John Linton.

41

Another view of the Iron Ball detector, onits way into the East Pit of SPEAR.

Cullie Sparks of the Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory led the team that did the searchfor superheavy elements at SSRP in 1976.The synchrotron radiation experimentsdefinitively showed that the claims for thepresence of superheavy elements in someminerals were inaccurate.

42

Sally Hunter, a stanford graduatestudent working with Professor Artie

Bienenstock, loads a sample forEXAFS measurements on Beam Line

1-5. The blue box was the original"hutch" at SSRL and was constructed

so as to be radiation safe when thebeam was on, but simple and quick

to access when the beam was off. Asthe complexity of the experiments

has grown over time, so has the sizeof the hutches.

SSRL published a document in 1976that summarized the experience withsynchrotron radiation research on the

SPEAR storage ring and describedscientific and technical opportunitiesfor future research with synchrotronradiation. This document, compiled

and edited by Keith Hodgson and GilChu, set the stage for the future

expansion of SSRL as well ascontributing significantly to the

worldwide development ofsynchrotron radiation.

43

Working on SSRL beam line 1-5 (left to right), postdoctoral fellow Marguerite Yevitz, ProfessorKeith Hodgson, postdoctoral fellow Alex Wlodawer and graduate student James Philips did aseries of experiments that demonstrated the significant value of synchrotron radiation for proteincrystallography measurements. The group, including postdoctoral fellow Julia Goodfellow, andDrs. Paul Phizackerley and Ethan Merrit, also exploited the variable wavelength nature ofsynchrotron radiation. Below is one of the first protein diffraction images recorded withsynchrotron radiation (left) compared to the same crystal studied with a conventional x-ray source(right) (from Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 128-132 (1976).

44

Carl Gustav, King of Sweden, presents Burton Richter the Nobel medalon December 11, 1976 for "... pioneering work in the discovery of aheavy elementary particle of a new kind," the J/Psi.

Burt Richter chats with Stanford University Physics NobelLaureates Robert Hofstadter (1961) (left) and Felix Bloch(1952), as an admirer looks on.

Richter accepts congratulations from SLACcommunity members at the October 18, 1976celebration of his Nobel Prize in Physics (sharedwith Sam Ting of MIT).

45

Plan for the Positron Electron Project (PEP) Colliding Beam Storage Ring,which began construction in 1977 after 7 years of design studies. PEP wasbuilt collaboratively by SLAC and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL).

Al Odian and Eliazer Kogan in theControl Room for SLAC Experiment

123B in April 1977.

April 1977 photo of the LaboratoryElectronics Equipment Pool (LEEP) staff

of SLAC's Instrument Repair andCalibration Shop. Left to right, back row:Bill Laden, Ed Schulte, Robert Radsdale,

Carl Caldwell. Kneeling: TonyBennedetti, Herbert McIntye Sr.

PEP group at the End Station overlookon February 2, 1977: (left to right)Fred Pindar, Tom Elioff (PEP DeputyLeader), Pief Panofsky, John Rees(PEP Project Leader), Paul H. Gilbert(President, PBQ&D -- the constructioncontractor for PEP), and Elwyn King(PBQ&D PEP Project Manager).

48

From left to right, Sebastian Doniach (SSRL Director), Bill Miller(Stanford Provost), Arthur Bienenstock (Professor), Andrew Sessler(LBL Director), Pief Panofsky (SLAC Director), Stan Stamp (DOESLAC Site Office), Herman Winick (SSRL Deputy AssociateDirector). George Pimentel (Deputy Director, NSF) is the speaker.

PEP groundbreaking ceremony June 2, 1977.Senator Alan Cranston is holding the shovel.

Lending their shovels on October 27, 1977 to the SSRLexperimental hall groundbreaking on the south arc of SPEARwere (left to right) Stig Hagström (Xerox, Stanford), BillOosterhuis (NSF), Arthur Bienenstock, Andrew Sessler (LBLDirector), Bill Miller (Stanford Provost), Herman Winick, PiefPanofsky, Stan Stamp (DOE SLAC Site Office), George Pimentel(Deputy Director, National Science Foundation).

49

The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project (SSRP) became theStanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) with a formaldedication ceremony on October 27, 1977. George Pimentel,National Science Foundation, was the principal speaker. At thesite of the October dedication, an expanded facility housing 19new experimental stations was built with $6.7 million infunding from the National Science Foundation.

1977 photo of Farrell Lytle (Boeing Corporation), one ofthe pioneers in the technique known as Extended X-rayAbsorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). With the availabilityof intense tunable x-ray beams from SSRP in 1974,EXAFS was transformed from a laboratory curiosity to apowerful tool of analytic chemistry. Lytle became amajor user of SSRP/L, which now awards the LytlePrize annually to recognize contributions by SSRL staffand users.

Carl Friedberg (LBL) working on the SLAC-LBLDetector (later known as Mark I) at SPEAR in 1978.

50

Roy Schwitters works on the wiring for the SLAC-LBL Detector, 1978.

Crystal Ball detector underconstruction. Proposed in 1975 andconstructed over a period of 3 years,the Crystal Ball began taking data atSPEAR on May 5, 1978.

51

Matt Allen of the PEP group with the first production RFaccelerating cavity for PEP in April 1978.

1978 view of SLAC from WhiskeyHill area looking toward Interstate280 and most of the SLAC site.Stanford University main campusis in the upper portion of thephoto, with Hoover Tower visibleon the left.

Shots of PEP construction at SLAC.Digging of the tunnel wascompleted in 1978.

52

James Spencer, the designer of thewiggler, crouching in the SPEARtunnel next to the first one, 1978.

Herman Winick sitting on the first SSRLwiggler prior to its installation on thebeam line in 1978.

53

Charles Sinclair with the high-powerlaser used with the PEGGY II polarizedelectron source in experiment SLAC-E-122. Confirming the asymmetry in left-and right-hand scattering of electronspredicted in the Weinberg-Salammodel, this 1978 experiment providedthe first example of parity-violation ina "neutral-current" interaction.

In collaboration with Klaus Halbach (LBNL), the first undulator (below)was designed in 1979, installed at SPEAR in 1980, and usedexperimentally for the first time in 1981. The undulator utilizedpermanent magnets, instead of superconducting magnets which posedcomplications for the high-energy physics uses of SPEAR.

George Brown with theapparatus for one of the firstEXAFS experiments at SSRL.

Photograph of the lower half of the nine-polewiggler (7 full poles with two half poles at eitherend) installed in SPEAR in 1980.

February 28, 1979 at 7 a.m. Burt Richter snapped this photo in theSPEAR Control Room after the successful checkout of the wiggler andBeam Line 4. From left to right, back row: Gary Warren (SLAC HealthPhysics), Gary Johnston (SPEAR Operator), Robert Cronin (SSRLMechanical Engineer), Ben Salzburg (SSRL Engineering Manager),John Cerino (SSRL Operations Manager), Jim Spencer (SLAC & SSRLPhysicist), Ken Underwood (SPEAR Operator). Center: Herman Winick(SSRL Deputy Director). Front: John Yang (SSRL Electrical Engineer),Joe Jurow (SPEAR Vacuum).

54

Assembling the Direct Electron Counter(DELCO) detector for SPEAR in 1979. Thelarge cylinders contain phototubes whichview the Cerenkov light produced whenvery fast charged particles pass throughthe gases contained in the detector.

A group of eight scientists from the People'sRepublic of China visited SLAC during theweek of January 15-19, 1979 as a part oftheir overall visit to each of the large highenergy physics laboratories in the UnitedStates. In this photo the delegation is touringSLAC's Standards Lab.

With the increased demand for beamtime, experimenters stayed at theirstations for days on end. The photoshows a visitor from LBL at the firstexperiment station using an undulatorbeam, beam line 3-3, in 1981.

55

On November 23, 1979, a 107-ton doughnut-shapedsuperconducting electromagnet arrived at SLAC fromChicago. The magnet was used at SLAC in the HighResolution Spectrometer (HRS) detector on PEP.Transporting it over U.S. highways at no more than25 mph took 120 wheels and two traffic lanes.

The Magnetic Calorimeter (MAC)detector for PEP, under constructionin July 1979.

A Bob Gould cartoon of Director Panofskypulling the Wizard Gandalf up a mountain ofresearch graced the cover of Pief's card at theMay 4, 1979 celebration of his 60th birthday.

Wyleacy Morgan, John Beach,Rosario Roberts and Dorothy Ellison(left to right) model the new SLACT-shirts in April 1979.

56

HRS magnet installation at PEP.

An electron beam was stored for the first time in the PEPstorage ring at SLAC on the morning of April 21, 1980.Among those celebrating the occasion were, left to right,Adele Panofsky, Pief Panofsky, Robin Gray, Phil Morton,John Rees (PEP Director), Dave Tsang, Alex Chao, andEwan Paterson. Not pictured: Helmut Wiedemann,supervisor of the shift that stored the beam.

May 1980 aerial view of PEP encirclingthe linac end station area.

January 15, 1980 layout of SSRL after the Phase 2expansion. Drawing shows the north arc building(120), with two operational bending-magnet beamlinesand an extension for a new wiggler line, and the newsouth arc building (131) for bending-magnet beam line3, wiggler beam line 4 and future beam lines.

57

PEP RF cavities in June 1980.

First polarization dependent NEXAFS spectrum ofa chemisorbed molecule, CO on Ni(100), recordedin 1980. This marked the beginning of NEXAFSspectroscopy on low-Z molecules containing C, N,and O, made possible by improved optics in thegrasshopper monochromator.

Axel Golde, SSRL's first facilities manageroversaw the growth of the laboratory fromits initial building (1120, housing theoriginal beam line 1) through manysubsequent expansions, including the twostory expansion for the structural molecularbeam line (beam line 9).

58

SSRL staff scientists Ingolf Lindau and Jo Stöhrtaking a break from experiments in 1978.

Zahid Hussain and David Shirley at the Jumbomonochromator around 1981.

MARK III detector under construction, 1980. It was completed andinstalled on SPEAR in 1981. Especially well-suited for the study ofthe psi family of quark resonances, it was the third general-purpose detector for high-energy experiments at SPEAR.

59