skills, growth and borders research report

7/28/2019 Skills, Growth and Borders Research Report

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CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND ENTERPRISEInforming South African Policy

CDE Reserc 17

SkillS, GRowth anD BoRDERSMgg mgr Su afrcs eres


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The Centre or Development and Enterprise is one o South Arica's leading

development think-tanks, ocusing on vital national development issues and their

relationship to economic growth and democratic consolidation. Through examining

South Arican realities and international experience, CDE ormulates practical policy

proposals or addressing major social and economic challenges. It has a special

interest in the role o business and markets in development.

This project was unded by The Atlantic Philanthropies.

The under does not necessarily agree with the views expressed in this report.

Cover Images rom Gallo and Picturenet.


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SkillS, GRowth anD BoRDERS

Mgg mgr Su afrcs

eres

nvember 2010

CDE Reserc 17


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Published in November 2010 by

The Centre or Development and Enterprise

Transmedit Place, 5 Eton Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Arica

PO Box 1936, Johannesburg 2000, South Arica

Tel +2711 482 5140Fax +2711 482 5089

[email protected]

The Centre or Development and Enterprise

All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored, or

transmitted without the express permission o the copyright holder. It may bequoted and short extracts used, provided the source is ully acknowledged.

CDE Research Reports convey the ndings o major research projects undertaken

by the Centre or Development and Enterprise.

Series editor: Ann Bernstein

This report summarises the results o a seven-year CDE research project on South Arican

migration policy. It was written by Proessor Sandy Johnson, assisted by Antony Altbeker

and Ann Bernstein. The surveys and background research commissioned or the project are

listed in an appendix. This report is based on a longer CDE background resource document

entitled Skills, growth and borders: Managing migration in South Africas national interest.

This document is available rom CDE, and can be downloaded rom www.cde.org.za.


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Ces

Execuve summry 3

irduc 9

te cse fr sed mmgrs 9

Mgr pcy: cege fr ms cures 12

arcg ss: prmse d devery 14

irregur mmgrs d syum-seeers 18

a e pprc mgr pcy 22

Ccudg remrs 30

Appendix A: Research reports commissioned for this project 31

Endnotes 33


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This report makes the case or reducing South Aricas

skills shortages by recruiting large numbers o skilled

immigrants. The countrys rate o economic growth can

be accelerated by dramatically expanding the number

o skilled oreigners moving to South Arica.


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3November 2010 |

I we are to achieve

the ambitious growth

targets set by President

Jacob Zuma and other

senior leaders, South

Arica will have to

participate eectively

in the global skills

market

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

This report makes the case or reducing South Aricas skills shortages by recruiting largenumbers o skilled immigrants. The countrys rate o economic growth can be accelerated by

dramatically expanding the number o skilled oreigners moving to South Arica.

For nearly ten years, in response to mounting evidence o South Aricas growing skills shortage,

the government has been promising to improve the systems under which skilled immigrants

enter the country. I we are serious about achieving a much higher growth rate, a bold and

determined new approach to this issue is vital.

South Arica aces three challenges in respect o migration policy. The rst is to attract sig-

nicantly more skilled immigrants to alleviate the skills shortages that hold back economic

growth and national development. The second is to manage more eectively the high levels o

irregular migration, and the third is to alleviate pressures on the overloaded system or dealing

with asylum-seekers and reugees.

These challenges are interrelated. South Aricans are unlikely to accept the need or policies

that will acilitate much higher levels o skilled immigration so long as they lack condence in

the governments ability to control the countrys borders.

The case for skilled immigration

The United States provides the denitive example o the value o skilled immigrants. In 1990,

more than a third o engineers and other IT proessionals living and working in the United

States had been born elsewhere. Foreigners living in the United States were responsible or

more than 30 per cent o biotechnology inventions; generated a quarter o all global patent

applications originating in the United States in 2006; and ounded more than a quarter o

American companies, including Intel, Sun Microsystems, Yahoo and Google. Moreover, oreign-

ers received 33 per cent o all doctorates awarded in the United States in 2008, including 48

per cent o those awarded in physical sciences, and 60 per cent in engineering.

The most compelling proo o the importance o skilled immigrants can be seen in the lengths

to which the worlds most developed countries (and now East Asia and the Gul) go in order to

attract them. These eorts, which have created an increasingly competitive global market or

skills, refect the recognition that skilled migration is needed to keep developed world econo-

mies innovative and growing.

There is much South Arica can learn rom this. I we are to achieve the ambitious growth tar-

gets set by President Jacob Zuma and other senior leaders, South Arica will have to participate

eectively in the global skills market. It is impossible or the country to grow at 7 per cent a

year or a sustained period without alleviating our massive skills constraints.

Authoritative gures on skills shortages are hard to come by, but South Aricas current decit

is probably larger than the 502 000 reported in the Department o Labours National Scarce

Skills List or 2008.


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4 | CDE Research no 17

South Arica needs

to welcome with a

minimum o conditions

all skilled people whowish to immigrate

Executive summary

Many countries have skills shortages. However, three actors exacerbate and perpetuate South

Aricas decit:

Skilled people continue to emigrate from South Africa. A 2006 study estimated thatSouth Arica had lost more than 520 000 people between 1989 and 2003, o whom about

120 000 had ormal qualications. There are no reliable recent gures, but this trend con-

tinues today.

South Africas dysfunctional education and training system, which will take a gen-

eration or more to sort out. One reason or this is that we also lack the skills needed to

provide education and training in other words, the skills we need to create skills. Accord-

ing to the Department o Labours 2008 scarce skills list, the aggregate decit in teachers,

urther education and training lecturers and training and development proessionals was

51 390 people.

A pervasive skills shortage denialism obscures the issues. This comes in two orms.

One is that there are very large numbers o (mainly black) unemployed graduates. The

other is that imported skills somehow reduce prospects or South Aricans skilled and

unskilled by narrowing their opportunities or advancement. The rst o these belies is

simply alse: the market or skilled people is tight, and unemployment levels are very low.

The second ails to recognise that skilled people are essential drivers o growth, which in

turn creates jobs or unskilled people and improves prospects or the skilled.

Since the Immigration Act was passed in 2002, South Aricas ability to exploit the global market

in skills has been hampered by regulations that limit the number o skilled people who can enter

the country. This is achieved through a cumbersome system o permits and quotas. A measure

o the ineectiveness o this system is that in 2008, the year in which the Department o Labour

estimated skills shortages o over hal a million, just over 36 000 quota permits were made avail-

able or skilled oreigners to enter the country without a job oer. O these, only 1 133 were lled.

The notion that the state can determine our skills needs and provide or them via a quota sys-

tem is misguided. Equally erroneous and harmul is the idea that we need to impose quotas on

skilled immigration in order to prevent the country rom being fooded by unneeded engineers,

doctors and plumbers.

In reality, South Arica needs to welcome with a minimum o conditions all skilled people who

wish to immigrate. This should include people with entrepreneurial abilities, as well as skilled

trainers and educators, who could strengthen our domestic skills production system.

Irregular migrants

South Arica shares a continent with countries that are poor and prone to confict. As in similar

regions elsewhere in the world, this has created fows o irregular migrants rom neighbouring

states and urther aeld. The country accrues many underappreciated benets rom this, but

the process also creates or exacerbates some social and economic challenges.

International experience shows that, while physical border controls have a role to play in

migration management, they do not hold back the most determined migrants. In addition,

both physical barriers and the internal policing o migrants are very expensive. Both also have

unwanted side-eects.


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5November 2010 |

South Arica should

allow some unskilled

migrants to earn the

right to live and workin the country

Executive summary

This has been borne out by experience in South Arica. Despite military and police patrols and

expensive encing, border controls are largely ineective. Arresting, detaining and repatriating

irregular immigrants many o whom return repeatedly is expensive and ineective. It also

generates many opportunities or corruption. Given their uncertain status, irregular migrants

are exposed to exploitation and xenophobia.

Border controls must be maintained and improved as ar as is practically possible. However,

international and local experience shows that border controls are more eective i they are

accompanied by viable pathways or legal entry. South Arica should, thereore, allow some

unskilled migrants to earn the right to live and work in the country.

Managing a migrant population with legal status and o a known size and growth rate would

be preerable to dealing with an underground population o unknown size. And migrants would

make a larger contribution to the economy (by being registered or tax, or instance), while

gaining the benets o legal recognition, and a greater sense o inclusion and responsibility.

Achieving a workable, legitimate and eective system will not be easy, but the status quo

has little to commend it. One immediate benet o instituting legal channels through which

unskilled migrants can earn the right to live and work in South Arica is that it would help take

some o the burden o the overloaded asylum-seeking system.

Asylum-seekers and refugees

South Arica currently has the most heavily utilised asylum-seeking system in the world. The

vast majority o these applications are rom economic migrants who do not qualiy or reugee

status but who have no other way o entering the country legally.

While the Department o Home Aairs has perormed quite well, a large backlog o unpro-

cessed applications remains. Improvements to state capacity would be useul, but the ultimate

goal should be to reduce the number o people who apply or asylum. A task orce should be

established to clear the applications backlog, and divert economic migrants to a newly estab-

lished legal pathway. Those who do not meet the conditions would be deported.

In line with growing international practice, South Arica should negotiate partnership agree-

ments with neighbouring states and other transit countries in terms o which reugees would

be required to apply or asylum in the rst sae country they reach.

A new approach to migration policy

South Arica needs a much more eective migration policy. Immigrants will help spur economic

growth and national development. Policy-makers must recognised the importance o resolving

the countrys desperate need or a large-scale inusion o oreign skills. The departments o

labour and home aairs need input rom economic, education, health, and other departments.

A new approach must encourage and enable the recruitment o very large numbers o skilled

people. The policy o setting and enorcing quotas, which is at the heart o the present system,

is a waste o time and energy. It also sends the wrong signals.


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South Arica has put too

many obstacles in the

path o skilled oreigners

who want to live and

work here

Executive summary

Instead, South Arica should welcome, with a minimum o conditions, any migrant with skills.

The notion o skills must be dened widely so that it includes anyone with a ormal tertiary

qualication rom a recognised institution, as well as people with entrepreneurial ability (not

just investors with millions to invest, but proven smaller entrepreneurs). Our system must go

beyond the lling o existing skills gaps in large companies. We urgently need immigrants

to revitalise our altering public health, education, and skills production systems, and boost

innovation and entrepreneurship.

The determined, energetic, and strategic recruitment programme we need must be based on

a much better understanding o domestic and global labour markets. To get there, we need:

A more open, rank debate on the countrys skills crisis and the length o time it will take

or domestic skills production to ll the gap.

A re-conception o how we think about South Aricas skills shortage. In a country desper-

ate or skilled people, trying to predict what a dynamic market economys skills needs

will be, refects a misunderstanding o the nature o skills and how they can drive growth.

Skills quotas should be abolished. South Arica needs skills to create skills and skills to

create jobs.

A global campaign to attract very many skilled immigrants, including a scheme or

designer immigrants to be educated at local universities.

None o this will be possible i we look at skilled immigration in isolation rom other migration

issues. The recruitment o oreign skills on the scale we need will not easily be accepted by a

public that is anxious about exaggerated estimates o foods o asylum-seekers and irregular

migrants.

Tough law enorcement alone is not the answer. The 2002 Immigration Act already grants the

authorities powers to detain and deport. Devoting ever more resources to trying to make this

work better will be expensive, divert resources rom the more important task o ghting crime,

and create more opportunities or corruption.

The better approach is to create a legal pathway or economic migrants rom some SADC

countries. Designing such a programme is not simple. Nevertheless, South Arica must devise

a viable legal pathway or entry or a reasonable number o economic migrants.

The status quo is too damaging to be allowed to continue, and stricter law enorcement will

cost ar more, with very limited returns coupled with adverse consequences.

Concluding remarks

South Arica has put too many obstacles in the path o skilled oreigners who want to live and work

here, and whom the country desperately needs. Little eort has been made to recruit the many

thousands o skilled people who could accelerate economic growth, create employment, and

drive development. The situation has been worsened by the emigration o many skilled people.

The government has ailed or years now -- to manage the infow o large numbers o

(ormally) unskilled people. It is, however, impractical to wall o our borders, so we need to

balance more eective border control with creating legal channels or migration.


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7November 2010 |

Executive summary

This twin ailure to recruit and retain skilled people, and manage the entry o unskilled people

is holding back South Aricas prospects or growth and development, and exacerbates some

social tensions.

Migration cannot be stopped or r igidly controlled. This is not a bad thing: the history o human-

ity is a history o migration. Invariably, it has beneted migrants, their countries o origin, and

their destinations.

With smart leadership, and policies that put South Arica rst, the nation could reap enormous

benets rom welcoming the brave, energetic people risk-takers who choose to migrate to

this country in search o a better lie.


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Skills, growth and borders

The history o human progress is a story o migration.

The lesson o this history is that movement towards

areas o increased opportunity invariably benets

migrants, their countries o origin, and their

destinations. I careully managed, migration is a

resource o immense potential. South Arica should

start managing it with this rame o mind.


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9November 2010 |

irduc

his repor Makes t c ducng sut ac ll tg by cut-ng lg numb lld mmgnt. in t t nd lng tm, t cunty

t cnmc gwt cn b ccltd by dmtclly xndng t numb

lld mgnt mvng t sut ac. hwv, t t l gu tt mtng

ll cnnt b td m t mgtn u, uc t tt m sut

ac blgtn twd ug nd ylum-. T u ntdnd-

nt bcu sut acn ctzn wll nt ly cct t nd t mt lld l

ty lc cndnc n t gvnmnt blty t mng t w ylum-

nd gul mgnt c t cunty bd. T y qutn w t mng

t w nd cu uc cndnc wll b ddd n t g tt llw.

in wlcm dvlmnt, t sut acn gvnmnt cnwldgd tt t

mgtn gm ndqut, nd clld ntnl dbt n nw c t

mgtn. T t t nd tvly t t gvnmnt cll, nd t tmu-

lt nd cntbut t t ntnl cnvtn nd t t ductn nw mgtn

lcy mw.

te cse fr sed mmgrs

Ss srges d Su afrcs gr prspecs

sut ac lcy-m v d tt ty n t mult t gwt t

t BriC (Bzl, ru, ind nd Cn) gu dly gwng dvlng cn-

m. in augut 2010, pdnt Jcb Zum tld Cn udnc tt ln w

bng dvld t l sut ac cv n nnul cnmc gwt t t lt

7 cnt n t n utu.1

hwv ludbl t gl my b n , t mtnt t ut t n ctv.

Btwn 2004 nd 2007, t t bun cycl, sut ac mngd n v-

g t gwt jut v 5 cnt y t bt mnc n dcd. T

undln t ct tt g t gwt wll nt b ly cvd unl mj

t md t dd tuctul ct mdng t cnmy. all tld

ncludng t gvnmnt g tt t ndmc tg lld l n

t mt mtnt tuctul cntnt n cnmc gwt. Ty l ncngly

g tt t ll cnnt b ducd dmtclly n t t t mdum tm, nd

tt lld l mut, t, b cutd m bd. indd, utttv tud-

t sut acn cnmy ncludng t cnductd by t ogntn

ecnmc C-tn nd Dvlmnt (oeCD) wll t hvd-bd nl

cnmt dvng t Ntnl uy cntnu t nt tt ll tg

y cntnt n t sut acn cnmy, nd tt lld mmgtn wuld bt

cnmc gwt wll jb ctn.2

The endemic shortage

o skilled people is one

o the most important

structural constraintson economic growth


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Our domestic skills

production system is

grossly inecient

Gvn t, t t b d tt t gvnmnt ln cvng 7 cnt gwt

wll nclud t t nc lld mmgtn ubtntlly.

sut ac nd mny m lld l t cnmy t gw. Wt m ll,

w culd ttct m nvtmnt, m btt u tcnlgy, buld t ycl

ntuctu ndd t cclt cnmc gwt, tn m sut acn, mv

ublc lt c, nd l nu tt t unmlyd nd undmlyd nd m

ductv w. T n lbl tmt t numb lld l tt t

cunty nd, but w cndnt tt t wll v t tmt 502 000 ubld

by t Dtmnt Lbu n 2008.

T cunty dmtc ll ductn ytm gly nfcnt: cldn bdly

n lmt vy ntntnl tt ltcy nd numcy; t tnng tcncn

nd tn ll but gund t lt; nd unvt duc t w ngn,

mng, nd t lld l. m mtt w, lld l v bn

lvng t cunty t n lmng t ( bx, t g).

Gvn t cl nd dt t cllng, numu t mut b tn t t

ll l u wc: u cl mut b mvd, u ll ductn ytm

dgultd nd ctld, u vt tnng ccty xndd, nd u unv-

t ly undd.

Nn t mu wll gnt lg quntt lld w n t t tm,

wv. scl t lng tm t mv, nd vn wn ty v, ty t tm

t duc wll-tugt ln. T ductn tcncl ll dnd, n t t

ntnc, n t nc l wt t ncy ubjct nwldg wll t

d nd blty t mt t t t. Unvt lg nd lugg buucc

wc t y t m. exnc mtnt qulctn: nwly quld

gdut nd y n t jb t cqu t judgmnt nd xnc t

unctn ctvly nd t n lvl.

T cllng gng u u ductn nd tnng ccty t mt t cunty

ll nd lluttd by fcl tmt ductn nd tnng ll tg.

in 2008, ccdng t t gvnmnt Ntnl scc sll Lt, sut ac lcd

m 51 000 tc, ut ductn nd tnng (Fe) lctu, nd tnng nd

SKILLED SOUTH AFRICANS KEEP EMIGRATINGLike many other developing countries, South Arica loses a signicant proportion o its skilled

workorce every year. The losses began in the 1970s, but have accelerated since 1994.3 Numbers

are dicult to estimate because people going to live and work abroad, even permanently, oten

do not declare themselves to be emigrants. One way to make up or this underreporting is to use

receiving country censuses and other data. Drawing on these sources, one study estimated that

more than 520 000 South Aricans had emigrated between 1989 and 2003, with the numbers

growing by about 9 per cent a year.4 About 120 000 o those emigrants had proessional qualica-

tions, amounting to about 7 per cent o the total stock o proessionals employed in South Arica,

and more than eight times the number o proessional immigrants in the same period.5

CDE 2010


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11November 2010 |

Managing migration in South Africas national interest

dvlmnt nl6 nly 10 tm t 5 611 tc w gdutd n tt

y.7 T mv g d nt t nt ccunt t l tc tug tmnt,

gntn, dt nd lln, wll t ct tt m gdut t dvntg

t tunt ntd by ll-ungy cnmy.

T m tutn l n lmt vy ct t sut acn cnmy. T nly

wy mng gd n t tg ltvly qucly tug mmgtn. Wl

t glbl ll mt lung wy mny lld sut acn, t cn l b ud

t cut lld l m lw. hwv, sut ac mgtn gm

cntntly ld t xlt t tntl t mt.

te gb mre ss

T Untd stt vd t dntv xml t vlu lld mmgnt. in

1990 m tn td t ngn nd t i nl lvng nd wng n

tt cunty d bn bn utd t.8 indd, t bn ntd ut tt gn

lvng n t Untd stt w nbl m tn 30 cnt btcnlgy

nvntn; gntd qut ll glbl tnt lctn gntng n t Untd

stt n 2006; nd undd m tn qut amcn cmn, ncludng intl,

sun Mcytm, Y nd Ggl. Fgn l cvd 33 cnt ll dct-

t n t Untd stt n 2008, ncludng 48 cnt t nd n t ycl

cnc, nd 60 cnt n ngnng. 9

smlly, rcd humnn t knndy scl Gvnmnt ntd tt 55

cnt ll wng l wt dctt n t Untd stt w bn lw.10

T mt cmllng t mtnc lld mmgnt t t md

by t wld mt dvld cunt t ttct tm.

in t lt 1990 t glbl mt ll bcm ncngly cmttv vl

t wld mt dvld cnm cng blm ggng gwt nd gng

ultn td u t t t ttct lld mmgnt. T mlctn

vn n t Untd stt, w t Wngtn-bd Mgtn plcy inttut

gud tt t Untd stt cn n lng um t wll, by dult, ttct t wld

bt nd bgtt w nd tudnt t dd mt t 20t cntuy. 11

in cnt y, Gmny, t Untd kngdm, Fnc, t Ntlnd, Cnd, nd

autl v ll tn t t ttct m gly lld w. F xml:

Fnc ctd ll nd tlnt mt gn wt qulctn judgdt b mtnt t Fnc cnmy.12

T Untd kngdm ntducd nt-bd mmgtn ytm dgnd t

m t gly lld yung w t nt t cunty.13

T Untd stt ncd t numb v gly lld l m

65 000 t 95 000 y.

in 2005 nd 2006, 130 000 t 140 000 nwcm ntd autl c y, dubl

t numb t md-1990.14

T eun Unn dtd Blu Cd lld mmgnt,15 mdlld n

t Gn Cd d n t Untd stt.16

aggv cutmnt ll l ccu n t Mddl et, tcully t l tt t Gul, wc v ld tt t bt wy ctng jb t ltvly

The only way to make

good our skills

shortages quickly is

through immigration


16/40



Countries with sound

and eective migration

policies can benet

enormously rom them

lw-lld ultn t mt t lld l ndd t t dvntg t

gn ntul uc.

slld l ly vtl l n tmultng cnmc gwt. hwv, nc t 1980

sut ac tdly lt mny m lld l tn t lcd. T utt cu mgtn v nt d, nd t ct dly xndng u l

ll m u wn uc nt gd n t t tm. plc ttctng lld

mmgnt vtl, but ty mut b tutd n wd cllng mgtn lcy.

Mgr pcy: cege fr ms cures

s

kiLLeD iMMiGraioN is ( uld b) t lt cntntu ct mgtn

lcy. ot m c-bd mgtn m cntvl, nd m

dfcult t mng.

Btwn 1985 nd 2010 t numb mgnt n t wld dubld m 111 mlln t 214

mlln.17 T gu mll ltv t t wld ultn. hwv, muc t

mvmnt ccud n w gn tt md by wd dt n cnmc dvl-

mnt. T lg mgtn w n t gn v mtnt ct n bt ndng

nd cvng cunt, nd l nt lcy-m wt m t mt u nd

ntctbl cllng. T bcu lg-cl mgtn tyclly nvlv cnct-

ng ntt nd vlu. T nclud u uc umn gt nm, td nd

dm mvmnt, wll ntnl cuty, ntnl dntty, ctzn, nd cl

ntgtn.

Mgtn cntvl vn n cunt tt v bntd nmuly m mm-

gtn. in mny t ct, lt gu, wc tnd t b m cmltn nd

btt ductd, vw mgtn qut dntly m t t t ultn, mny

wm ul t cnmc cnqunc ncd mgtn, nd m

wm l m cultully cnvtv. on cnqunc tt cunt nd l-

ul nd -gtd ld ty t v nd dbt but mgtn lc.

evn lld nd cugu ld nt lwy nug. plcy-m l nd

ccut nmtn but vu ct mgtn, tug t tn d t

btn. enumtng t xtnt t bn dn m ndng cunty dfcult

nug; tmtng t vlum llgl gul mgtn t cvng cunty nxt t mbl. evn t tm ud t dcb t mgnt vlu-ldn nd

cntvl ( bx, cng g).

Dvn nd judc tv n t lc ccut nmtn. Mgudd bl, ,

nd wul tnng l vnt m gu dcun lcy tn. ptcully

unlul t vw tt mgtn cn b tund n nd l t ccdng t

nd, tt, wt ufcnt ltcl wll, gul mgtn cn b ltd.

T dfcult d, t cl tt cunt wt und nd ctv mgtn

lc cn bnt nmuly m tm. in tcul, mgtn cunt t

blty ccng cc ll nd ntnul ngy. indd, vn t Untd

stt, wt t ltvly wll-ductd ultn, njy nmu gn bcu t


17/40

13November 2010 |


l bl t ttct gly lld gn. N wnd t glbl w tlnt n

wc cunt dvld nd dvlng ng t ttct mny bl

t 20 cnt t wld wng ultn wt tty qulctn.18

a e pprc mgr pcy?snc 1994, t u nd tunt dvng t mvmnt l c sut

ac bd v ntnd nd multld.

sut ac ndng cunty m wc lg numb mgnt (mny tm

lld) lv t uu tunt lw. it l cvng cunty, n tw

n. on t n nd, mll numb lld l nt t cunty v t cn-

nl vdd by u mgtn lw. on t t, mny m l, dt t w

nd , dwn by t gt tunt nd wd d by ac

lgt nd mt dvd cnmy.

sut ac n t t u nd tunt v bn ly cncvdnd bdly mlmntd. W v ld t ttct dqut numb lld l n

cmttv glbl lbu mt, nd w v lt mny lld ctzn. W v l

ld t mng t nux gul mgnt lng jb, mny wm lc t

ml qulctn tt wuld nbl tm t btn dnc mt, but w tn

v m ll nd ngy ndd t m n cnmc cntbutn. at t m tm,

d ylum- tn u ylum nd ug ytm t t bn cll.

on t blm tt t tn dfcult t dtngu btwn ylum- nd

wt t gvnmnt t cnmc mgnt.

WHATS IN A NAME?

Dierent terms are used to reer to people who migrate outside ocial channels, oten refect-

ing varying perceptions o the challenges they present, and how they should be dealt with.

Illegal immigrants: This term is generally used by those who insist that unauthorised entry is

a criminal oence and hope to control it via strict law enorcement. An extreme case is Malay-

sia, whose immigration law provides or whipping illegals. In December 2004 the Deputy

Minister o Home Aairs in Malaysia announced that more than 18 000 immigrants had been

whipped since 2002.19

Undocumented migrants: Used by those who conceive o migration issues in human rightsterms, including granting status to the immigrants concerned through amnesties, temporary per-

mits, and so on. However so many undocumented migrants have orged or corruptly acquired

genuine documents a problem in most receiving countries and especially in South Arica that

the term can be highly misleading.

Irregular or unauthorised migrants: These more neutral terms the ormer used by the

United Nations, and the latter by the American government are increasingly widely used.

Economic migrants: A term used by the South Arican government to reer to people who are

attracted by economic opportunities in South Arica which do not exist in their own countries.

Generally they cannot gain legal entry, or choose not to, and either seek asylum hoping or

reugee status, or remain irregular immigrants.

CDE 2010

It is oten dicult to

distinguish between

asylum-seekers and

what the government

reers to as economic

migrants


18/40



The government has

recognised the

current shortcomings

in migration policy andits implementation

T gvnmnt cgnd t cunt tcmng n mgtn lcy nd t

mlmnttn. a w ll , t v bn m gnun mvmnt, but

mlmnttn bn lw. in ct, m dnt Tb Mb t clld

n ugnt vw lc t ttct ll t sut ac nly dcd g.20 it

tm tt bn td by t Zum dmnttn.

rcnt gvnmnt ttmnt nd nttv wc ndct nw c nclud:

m n tnc n lld mmgtn;

cgntn t nd t mng cnmc mmgtn n wy tt mt

ntnl nd gnl dvlmnt;21 nd

ttmt t tcl t blm Zmbbwn w n sut ac wtut

utty.

T n m tn gnl yt, nd dmctc gvnmnt tn tuggl t

cncl t ll nd t cnm, t umn gt blgtn, nd t u-

cn nd t ctzn n ct mgtn lcy. hwv CDe c,

wll ntntnl xnc nd bt ctc, w tt t gvnmnt mvng

n t gt dctn.

arcg ss: prmse d devery

a

s NoeD earLier, t gvnmnt cnwldgd tt sut ac nd

lld mmgnt, nd t mmgtn lld l mvd n t t

v y.

enty lld l gultd by ytm x mt: gnl; xctnl ll;

cc ll qut; ct nd nt-cmny; nd bun. T Dha dtb, t

wc CDe c w gvn cc, cd ttl 79 626 w mt v-

ng bn gntd n v ctg (bun mt w xcludd) btwn 2003 nd

2008.22 Numb gntd nnully nly dubld (m 11 781 n 2003/4 t 21 848 n

2007/8).23 T gu nt wlcm tnd, but uld b n n ctv.

Btwn 1994 nd 2003 t nt nnul vg ll l w m tn 9 000. 24 Fgu

unlly t v lln gncntly nc tn, gvn tt tttud uvy tudnt

nd nl v t t dcd v uggtd tt mny wnt t mgt. in 2008, t Dtmnt Lbu Ntnl scc sll Lt ( bx, cng g)

tmtd sut ac vll ll dct t 502 335, m tn l mlln

l,25 ncludng dct 51 390 n t numb tc nd tn.

T gu ductn nd tnng ll m t cl tt sut ac tg

nt cnnd t t vt ct. F xml:

T Dtmnt hlt (Dh) tmt tt sut ac nd 6 450 m dc-

t n t ublc vc t c t nm lw-ncm cunt (v dct

10 000 l).26

T DBsa hlt rdm (2008) tmtd t dct lt nl n

sut ac t btwn 64 000 nd 80 000.27


19/40

15November 2010 |


in 2006 t oeCD clcultd tt t w m tn 12 000 sut acn dct

n t mmb cunt.28

Dt t bvu nd, sa lmt t l m wc t cn cut dct, wt t

Dh vng t tngnt l-md tctn n cutng dct m dvlng

cunt, clly n m saDC. in ny vnt, t n mt dct

t mdcl nl (xct 300 c nd dvlmnt mclgt) n

t 2008 W pmt Qut Lt, udly dvd m t Ntnl scc sll Lt,

nd t cul udt t cunty nd.

SKILLS qUOTAS: A WASTE OF TIME AND ENERGY

At the heart o the skills migration system are two instruments, the National Scarce Skills List,

and the Work Permit Quota List. The ormer is produced by the Department o Labour, and

the latter by the Department o Home Aairs.29 The rst lists shortages o skilled people in a

number o categories, and the second meant to be based on the rst lists the quotas or

work permits in a number o occupational categories. The scarce skills list is compiled on the

basis o consultation with Sector Education Training Authorities (SETAs) and line departments

involved in a skills committee o the governments economic cluster. The Department o Labour

claims the list refects the skills that are most needed in our country and on which we need to

ocus eorts in acquiring and developing. It is intended to guide the Department o Labours

skills development interventions, the Department o Educations course development and

career guidance activities; and DHAs compilation o the Work Permit Quota List, and evaluation

o employer-sponsored applications or work permits.30

The list and quota system sounds sophisticated, but it does not bear close examination: the

method used to calculate the skills gaps is questionable, and the numbers o scarce skills

identied change rom year to year. The whole idea o quotas is premised on two equally fawed

ideas. The rst is that ocials are able to predict what skills a dynamic economy needs. The

second is that the South Arican labour market is in some danger o being swamped by highly

skilled oreigners. Even i that were true, the only consequence would be that the premium

skilled workers can command in the labour market would all.

CDE 2010

Wl t nnul nc n mt gntd bvuly wlcm, m t nt vw

ll lt nd ll gnd, sut ac my v dn lttl m tn b vn

btwn 2003 nd 2008. W v ctnly md n gncnt nd nt t mv

ll bclg n cucl uc lt nd ductn. indd, t m lly tt

w wnt bcwd, bcu vtully ll t nc n mt gntd w n tw ct-

g: ct nd nt-cmny. int-cmny mt gntd nly tw

y, nd ct mt, tug nt td t xd tm, dgnd t llw bg

cmn t mt lld l cc jct.

all t ctg ncludng t lgt, gnl mt, w ttc btwn 2003

nd 2008, wt t qut ytm bng tcully dntng. in 2008, 36 350 qut

There are no permits

or doctors or other

medical proessionals

on the 2008 WorkPermit Quota List


20/40



The quota system

represents two fawed

ideas: that we are

in danger o being

swamped by engineers

and other highly

skilled people and

that bureaucracies can

predict the skills needs

o the economy

mt w vlbl, lttl v 7 cnt t tmtd tg n t cc ll

lt. o t, nly 1 132 qut mt w tn u.

Wt t dt m cl tt w nw btt bl tn b t ty t dmnd

lg cmn lmtd nggmnt nd jct-dvn ll mmgtn. hw-

v, t tll t w nw dnt ctzn t cntbut t t cnmy nd t

u lng ublc ductn nd lt ytm. W nd t m u t cutmnt

lld mgnt.

T qut ytm, wc w ntd t t lt mmnt nt t immgtn act (2002),

nt tw wd d wc v tyd sut ac c t lld mm-

gtn. T t tt w n dng bng wmd by ngn nd t gly

lld l m wm u wn lld l nd tctn. T cnd t

qully wd d tt buucc cn dct t ll nd t cnmy.

in ctc, t mnt tt mmgtn lcy dtmnd by clcultn dlv-

ng ll lt wc, n t wd t gvnmnt wn umn uc lnn

nt cdbl, cntnt, cmmn.31 T ult lcy tt gudgngly nvt

mll numb gly cld l tyct, xml t mmgt

t sut ac, vn w nd m 72 000 l wt i ll, but v ducd jut

18 000 btwn 1996 nd 2007.32 sm t, n dubt, v nc mgtd.

ou mgtn lcy mut m t mt t glbl nd gnl ll mt by

cutng m ggvly. W uld tt by blng qut tt b lttl

ltn t u nd. W mut l tn m l-md bn, uc t n n

cutng lt nl n ac. T mly dv dct w wnt t lv

t wn cunt ut t acn cntnnt ltgt. F xml, t m

tn 9 000 saDC mdcl nl (xcludng sut acn) n oeCD cunt,

nd mny m m t acn tt.33 T tntlly utul cutng l

sut ac, wc ccumvnt cntv ctd wt cutng dct dctly

m acn t dvlng cunt.

i t nd lld mmgnt t b ntly d, ll tg ctc nd

dnlt v t b nggd ( bx, cng g). it l mtnt t ngg wt

t vtd ntt ncludng ublc ct unn nd mny nl nd t

gntn tt vw lld mmgtn tt t tn n tunty.

sut ac ll dct nt cnnd t ml d ll, but xtnd t t

uc ntnu. T mt ytm cgn t n t m bu-

n mt, but t cndtn tctv bcu wuld-b mmgnt qudt nvt cndbl um mny n sut ac. W uld tn uc cndtn

n d t ttct mmgnt wt bd ng ll nd ttud.

altug gncnt numb lld sut acn wll bbly cntnu t lv

t cunty, w cn ttct m lld nd tlntd l m t cunt. amng

t ttg, w cn u u cmtv dvntg n g ductn t jn t

ll-ungy cunt uc t Untd stt, t Untd kngdm nd Mly n

t cmttn gn tudnt, wt n utty cll dgn mmgnt.34

T yung l wt gt tntl w dmttd t t cvng cunty

unvt nd ncugd t mn dnt t gdutn. T mmgnt

nt nly gly quld, but v gd g t lngug nd lcl wng c-tc. Ty v l bn ductd n cu ttund t lcl cnmc nd.


21/40

17November 2010 |


CONFRONTING THE SKILLS SCEPTICS

CDEs research shows that many South Aricans understand the countrys need to import skilled

people.35

Despite this, some opinion-makers remain suspicious o skilled immigration. They can beound in government and the ruling alliance as well as, surprisingly enough, organised business.

Skills shortage denialists argue that South Arica cannot lack skills because many domestic

graduates are unemployed. In 2008, or example, Jimmy Manyi, subsequently appointed (and

later suspended) as director-general o the Department o Labour, declared that talk about a

skills shortage was a euphemism or the belie that South Arica needed more white people. He

said that skilled black people were being underutilised.36

This is both inaccurate and irrelevant. The global skills market includes skilled and energetic

people rom all over the world, and South Arican businesses have been more than happy

to employ skills rom Arica and Asia. In any case, recent research has shown that gradu-

ate unemployment has been greatly overstated. Rather than previous estimates o 100 000

unemployed graduates, one recent study puts unemployed people with degrees, diplomas and

certicates at 15 475.37 Other estimates range rom 3 per cent to 5 per cent o graduates.38

Government ocials have sometimes created the impression that i we take account o retir-

ees capable o returning to work, people in the wrong jobs, and people in the diaspora, South

Arica does not have a skills shortage at all. As one government adviser put it in 2006, Our

priority is to recruit scarce skills within South Arica rather than going abroad or talent. 39 This

is a particularly good example o conused thinking about skills shortages and immigration: i

these skills could be recruited within South Arica, they would not be scarce.

Similarly, at the launch o JIPSA, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, at the time deputy president o

the country, spoke o addressing the skills shortage by drawing on people who had wrongly

deployed themselves in the economy.40 The truth is that our labour market is more complex

and sophisticated than our policy-makers believe, which leads to mistaken ideas about avail-

able skills. We live in an enterprise society (albeit one that is less than perect), not a planned

economy. When people wrongly deploy themselves it is because that is what people do in a

ree society which oers them opportunities.

Some opinion-makers also seem to believe that the nancial turmoil o the past two years will

dampen the global competition or skills. It is true that quotas or skilled immigrants to the

United Kingdom rom outside the European Union have been reduced in some (though not all)

categories. However, any reduction in what the World Economic Forum calls the global war or

talent is likely to be short-lived, or three reasons:

Policy-makers in the developed world are well aware that cuts in government expenditure

and borrowing alone will not resolve their economic problems; only renewed and revital-

ised growth will do this; and that this requires more skilled people.

The changing age structure o the European workorce means that it will continue to

absorb talented workers rom the rest o the world.

The United States continues to attract talent to eed innovation and entrepreneurship, while

renewed growth in Asia will sustain demand or skills in commodity-producing countries

(including Australia, one o the main destinations or South Arican skilled emigrants).

CDE 2010

Government ocials

have sometimes

created the impression

that South Arica does

not have a skills

shortage at all


22/40



A more realistic

gure or all irregular

migrants in the country

is about 2,5 million

irregur mmgrs d syum-seeers

irregur mmgrs: prbem r resurce?

sut ac t lgt nd mt dvd cnmy n t gn. it l lng,

u bd, m wt nd cnct-n ngbu. T nd td

ld nt-u mgty u n t gn wc v bn utnd by sut

ac g lvl cnmc gwt. T gv cll Zmbbw cn-

my ddd c-dvn qulty t t gnl mvmnt l.

Gvn t mj dt n cnmc dvlmnt nd tunty btwn sut

ac nd t t t gn, t nvtbl tt m l w d nt v -

mlly-cgnd ll wll mv t sut ac by ny mn ty cn. T nclud

vtyng v, cng bd llglly, nd ung t vc umn muggl

nd t ntmd.

T cllng n cng wt t lty gtnd by unctnty v numb.

extmly g tmt t numb gul mmgnt v mtm gnd

wd nd unctcl cctnc. an tmt 9,84 mlln w wdly qutd n t

md n 2006, xml, nd ucd dclly nc tn. T b t

clcultn w t multly t numb nnul dttn by u, n t bty

umtn tt vy gul mgnt dtd, u g undtctd, nd t dd t

nnul gu dt t lt tn y. T ultng gu 9,84 mlln

cmltly mlubl; t w tu, m tn n n n v n sut ac wuld

b n llgl mmgnt.

smlly, gu t mlln Zmbbwn n sut ac wdly cctd

tu, ltug t n b n cdbl c. in ct, wt w nw t dmg-

y bt sut ac nd Zmbbw uggt tt t ntd.

a m ltc gu allgul mgnt n t cunty but 2,5 mlln. T

md u v vty nd l w ntd t cunty llglly nd t v n

dcumnt v cutly cqud tm.41 T nt n ngncnt numb, nd t

ct tt ty v uccdd n ntng nd mnng n t cunty cu cncn.

Wtv t numb, mny gul mgnt cn nd d m mtnt cntbu-

tn t t sut acn cnmy. intntnl vdnc, dt ducd by t, nd

CDe c n Wtbn nd Jnnbug tngly uggt tt mmgnt, ncludng

gul n, ly tv l n t cnmy. Cnductd n 2006 nd 2008 c-

tvly, CDe tud wd tt mgnt w gncntly l lly t b ut w

tn lcl l, wt but 20 cnt bng unmlyd, cmd t t 38 cnt

sut acn dult.42 in Wtbn, nly 16 cnt mmgnt w unmlyd

vy lw gu by sut acn tndd.

T ndng tngly uggt tt mmgnt m nml ll

t ttud wc t unmt dmnd nd/ tt ty v t ll nd

ngy ndd l-mlymnt. indd, t numb mmgnt nvlvd n


23/40

19November 2010 |


ntnul ctvt dntd n CDe uvy w mv. T tcully

mtnt bcu lvl ntnu n sut ac cntntly lw tn

ntntnl vg.43 Tu, mny 44 cnt Jnnbug-bd mgnt,

wll 32 cnt Wtbn mgnt, w l-mlyd, cmd t 1216 cnt

sut acn dult n Gutng. Mv, 12 cnt mmgnt mlyd tl, vgng u t mmb nt. imtntly, lmt l t

mly w sut acn.

addtnl c n Jnnbug, cnductd CDe by t Fcd Mgtn stud

pjct t Wt Unvty, cnmd t.44 Nt nly w t ll b (mud

n tm cmltd g ductn) wd mmgnt tn sut acn,

but t ntnul xnc w l gt. accdng t t uvy, mny

mgnt wng n sMMe w ldy tbld bunl n t cunt

gn, w wng n nl tn. Tu, t tudy ntd tt wl 45,1

cnt sut acn d nt wd b cmng t Jnnbug, nly 12,1

cnt gn d bn unmlyd. almt 17 cnt d un bun b

cmng t t cty cmd t jut v 3 cnt sut acn.45

T ductnl l w cnmd n nt uvy Zmbbwn n Jnn-

bug cnductd CDe. T, 62 cnt w und t v d mtc, wl 32

cnt d t-cndy ductn ( dlm, nl qulctn unv-

ty dg).46 Mt ndnt wv d lw-lvl jb, wc uggt tt t ll

acn mmgnt lgly undutld.

T ct ntwttndng, gul mgtn nvtbly m m ct n t

cvng cunty. T nclud gt cmttn jb; unctnt but, nd

ncd u n, t lnnng nd vn vc, clly n cm-

munt; cl tnn tt d xnb; t n ublc cndnc n ttgnc tt unbl t c; nd ncd tunt cutn.

in t c t lt, sut ac lcy-m v t c t bt bl

mx lw ncmnt nd t ntvntn mngng gul mmgtn, wll

t bt c t cmmunctng t gvnmnt ttgy mngng mgtn.

Frress Su afrc?

F mny l, muc m gu nd xtnv lcng sut ac bd

m t bvu lutn t t blm wc ty blv unlld mmgnt

cu: cmttn jb, cmmunty tnn, nd u n gvnmntuc. Dt t gvnmnt cnwldgmnt tt t ld t mng t

ug gul mgnt, wll t nt nn t nw c, g-

u lw ncmnt l mnd t fcl vnu t mvmnt n t Dha

sttgc pln 2008/9-2010/11. T w md cl by mng t dvlmnt nd

mlmnttn t lw ncmnt ttgy t y mnc ndct n cv-

ng t ttgc bjctv mngng llgl mmgtn fcntly nd ctvly.47

it gubl, wv, wt gtly mvd bd cntl uld b t l vn

dmnnt c t mngng mgtn. suc lcy t wn ct cl nd

ltcl, umn nd dlmtc. mlmnt lcy mngng gul mgtn

tug lw ncmnt, xml, sut ac wuld v t t vy lg um mny m t t t ntnl budgt t cntuct t lbt nc nd

Not only was the

skills base wider or

immigrants than or

South Aricans, but

their entrepreneurialexperience was

also greater


24/40



Show me a ty-oot

wall, and Ill show you

a ty-one-oot ladder

lctnc uvllnc ytm tt wuld b qud. Fndng nd undng t lld, dd-

ctd, nd ncutbl cuty nnl t tl t nc wuld b vn m dfcult.

exnc nd lw wn tt bd cntl nt c n ml.

intntnl xnc clly n t Untd stt uggt tt, wl ycl

bd cntl bvuly v l t ly, ty nt nc. in t t lc ty

vy xnv: t Cngnl rc svc tmtd tt jctd

1 126-lmt nc ( t tn t 3 140-lmt bd wt Mxc) wuld

ct $49 blln v t 25-y l n.48 Mv, vn uc nc w dbl

nd ctv, n tmtd 4050 cnt unutd mmgnt n t Untd

stt ntd t cunty lglly nd ubquntly vtyd tw vltd t

tm t nty. T wuld b ntly unctd by t qulty ny nw nc. 49

Mv, t ct lcng bd nt cnnd t t ct lcng on t

bd. a cnt tudy mmgtn lcng n Gutng und tt t lc -

vc nt m tn n qut t budgt n lcng mgnt, dt t ct tt

mmgtn nc ntbly tt bng n t cunty wtut uttn nt ty cm t saps.50 T nt nt tt t utl cunty t ty

t cntl t bd; t t t nblty ny gvnmnt. hwv, t d

t u w mny m uc wll v t b dvtd t mmgtn lc-

ng t mv t dg cntl cvd t nt.

T blm wt t mntlty d nt t t bd nc. um nd c-bd

td cntbut gncntly t t sut acn nd gnl cnm. in cnt y,

lgl vl m acn cunt mnly n saDC v ncd by wll v l

mlln y, m 5,5 mlln n 2005 t m tn 7 mlln n 2008. in Jnuy 2010 ln,

541 423 tut vl w cdd m saDC cunt.51 Muc c-bd td nd

tum wuld b md bd cntl w tgtnd, wt mtnt mlctn lvl cnmc ctvty n sut ac nd t ngbu.

sut ac ctzn v gt t xct tt t gvnmnt uld m -

u t t mng nd cntl t cunty bd. hwv, t ly n cntl ln

t mng c-bd mgtn wuld b t cmmt ug uc t jct tt

lttl ct ucc: n amcn mmgtn xt tld CDe w

t t Mxcn mmgnt ut t Untd stt by ncng t bd,

sw m ty-t wll, nd ill w yu ty-n-t ldd.52

asyum-seeers

sut ac ytm ug dtmntn bd n u cmmtmnt t umn

gt, du c, nd ndvdul dtmntn. it ttct lg numb l w

ng ltcl cutn nd dcmntn n t wn cunt, nd w

t lgtmt ug dnd by t lvnt tt nd ttut. T ytm

l ttct l w ng lng cllng cnm, nd w ttu

ug m dubtul. in ctc, wv, t tn dfcult t tbl w

blng n wc ctgy, nd t ytm ttu dtmntn bn ud

bynd t lmt t ccty n cnt y

accdng t t Untd Ntn hg Cmmn rug (UNhCr), sut ac

d t c m tn 458 000 ndvdul ylum lctn nc 2002, wc


25/40

21November 2010 |


m u ytm t mt vly utld n t wld.53 in ct, n 2006 sut ac

cvd m ndvdul ylum lctn tn ny t cunty n t wld

(53 400), nd w cnd nly t t Untd stt n 2007 (45 600). in 2008 t numb

lctn by nly 400 cnt t 207 206, lvng t Untd stt dtnt c-

nd t 49 600. T cndng gu 2009 w 222 000 sut ac lmt mny t 27 mmb tt t eun Unn cmbnd nd 44 000 t

Untd stt.54 Lttl wnd, tn, tt by t nd 2008 sut ac d 227 125 nd-

ng ylum lctn, 155 cnt nc v t tt tt y.55

sut ac nt t nly cunty wc t dl wt lg numb lctn

ylum, nd t vd nctuy t ug. in mny t dvlng cunt,

wv, ylum- ud n cm untl ty cn b cd. sm vn

lg numb cgnd ug n cm.

altug ty v muc mll numb ylum-, dvld cunt v

wd d t c wt t ct ng w. Ty v dn t by ntdctng

cng ylum- b ty c t bd, nd by nvlvng td-tytt n ndlng cctng tm, uully wt ncd d t tn

gmnt. agmnt btwn tt t eun Unn (t Dubln rgultn)

wll n btwn t Untd stt nd Cnd l cy nblt ng

ylum clm n t t gnty tt ntd by t clmnt.

T Untd kngdm wd dt t b tug n ylum-, tgtnng

bd cntl nd nttng t lvnt tt nd cnvntn m tctly. a

ult, t numb lctn gn dwn. in xlnng t, wv, t df-

cult t dtngu lcy cng m cngng ttn ltcl cnct n cunt

gn. Wt m, n cnttutnl dmccy, nw lcy nt ml gv-

ng dnt ntuctn t fcl. in 2005 n t Untd kngdm, xml, 20 cnt ntlly unvubl dtmntn ttu w vtund n l.

Wt m cl tt w dntn nd ntttn clm t ttu lgt-

mtly d, w du c nt bn bndnd, w lgl nttutn

ndndnt ltcl nunc, nd w t tng cvl cty cultu

umn gt tctn, dtng tug c t mgtn nt y.

F ll t n, ug w nt sut ac wt m dfcult cllng.

on t n nd, w my wnt t tgtn cntl. on t t, t culd dlut u

cmmtmnt t lgl c n ug dtmntn , xml, w cndd

clmnt gt t l. T wuld bbly ld t lgl bttl, nd l m

ntntnl ml utty. T ct dtng t ltntv mdl ug

mngmnt cm, m t tn ndvdul dtmntn clm, nd UNhCr

ld t c wuld l b ubtntl, bt n tm dct cl ct

nd n tm t cuty nd cl blm tt ug cm gnt.

N t tgtwd sut ac t ngtt tn wt ngbung

cunt tug wc ylum- nd ug tvl. Bd t qutn wt

sut ac mgt t ngbu, td cunty c t wttnd

lgl cllng, t cunt wll v t v ml umn gt nd cnttutnl

dntn sut ac, nd ug gt ml t t t wc ty

nttld n sut ac.

In 2009, South Arica

received 222 000

applications or asylum,

more than the 27

member states o

the EU combined


26/40



Poor implementa-

tion and a reputation

or corruption have

undermined belie in

governments ability tomanage migration in

the national interest

a e pprc mgr pcy

soUh aFriCas iMMiGraioN lc nd lw v bn tcw n-cl nd cmm. excbtng t blm, mlmnttn nd

uttn cutn v undmnd ctzn bl n t gvnmnt blty t

dlv wt t cunty lly nd, nmly t und mngmnt mgtn n t

ntnl ntt. W nd t t ublc cndnc n ytm tt bn und

gt dl u.

a nw c wuld v t cv t gl:

rt t cdblty t tt wt ct t mmgtn lcy nd t

mlmnttn;

rl t cnmc tntl mmgtn by ctvly cutng lg numb

lld mgnt; nd t u u tugglng ylum cng nd ncmnt ytm.

on t b ntntnl xnc, nd u wn c, CDe blv uc n

c uld b bd n t llwng gudln.

1. Restoring pulic condence

rng numb ylum- (m ut nd ut ld), lg numb

mgnt m Zmbbw, t My 2008 vlnc, nd t Dha uttn cu-

tn ll cntbut t ublc mn tt mgtn ut cntl. Lttl wnd

tt l blv t ug undgund ultn, nd tt t tt tsut acn cty.

plcy m ddng ll t mn cl mgnt lld, gul, nd ylum-

wll b bl nly sut acn ctzn v cndnc n t ccty

gvnmnt gnc t mng mgtn ctvly. in t bnc ctv mng-

mnt, t c muc m n lcy twd lld mgtn wll nt b d.

What do we need to get there?

immgtn lcy bn mtt ublc cncn y wtut bng ytmt-

clly dbtd. Mny nlyt nd cl ld cncntt n ntnc xnb

t tn n t cunty nd ll. at n tm t bn u dcun

t ct m ctv bd cntl, t mny dnt wy n wc l

nt sut ac utd t gul cnnl. ot tc tt v nt bn uly

d jut w mny gul mgnt t , nd wt t tn dlng

wt tm.

in d t mdy t, n gvnmnt gu uld vd cl ld n

ct mgtn lcy. T t ty t m t c lld mmgtn

m ctvly, nd t ngg wt ll tg ctc nd dnlt. T cnd t

ld t wy t btt ublc undtndng w nd wy gul mgnt nt t

cunty, w mny nd wt ty cntbut t t cunty.


27/40

23November 2010 |


a qut mng mgtn lcy ctv ltcl ld. intntnl

xnc w tt mgtn cn nly b uccully mngd wn gvnmnt

bl t u vt tt ty v und lc, nd ctv ytm ml-

mntng tm. imvng cntl lng bd nd t bd t ntl ublc

cndnc t b bult.

What does this require in practice?

sn gvnmnt gu nd ltcl ld uld vd cl ld n ct

mgtn lcy by:

aung ctzn tt t ntt cm t, nd dmnttng tt t t c

wn bl. T nclud dung nd t ntnc xnbc vlnc wn

lcl cmmunt nd t b ud tt gvnmnt wll dd t undlyng

u tt ul cmmunty ng (cutn nd cnym, vc dlvy, t

bnc mlymnt tunt, tc) t tn lyng xcluvly n lw-

nd-d c t lcng lcl l.

emng t tv cntbutn mny mgnt t sut ac gwt nd

dvlmnt, nd wy wll-mngd mmgtn n t ntnl ntt.

iung dctv t ll gvnmnt unctn t n m ung unttd t-

mt t numb mmgnt n t cunty; nd t t ng t mgnt

n wy tt cu ublc cnun but t lgl ttu nd gt dnt ct-

g mgnt.

Clly llng ut wt t cunty xct m mmgnt, ntbly tt ty

uld ct t ul lw nd t vlu mbdd n t cnttutn.

2. Managing orders efectively

a ntd l, sut ac bd lng nd u, nd cnnt b ld wt

t uc lly t b vlbl t t. T d nt mn tt lcy uld

b bd n t d tt u bd uld b n, tt mgtn mngmnt

wll lwy l. Wt t d mn tt mgtn lc cnnt b bd n t l

xcttn tt ll gul ntnt cn b t ut. intd, w mut ct vbl

nd cdbl cnnl tug wc mgtn mngd n t ntnl ntt. T

mn dvlng t mtt nd mt ct-ctv mtd dlng wt gu-

l mgtn, nd cgnng tt gwng gnl td nd cnmc ntgtn wll

ncug ut mmgtn.


ectv bd mngmnt qu gd bd ntllgnc. elmnt t nclud:

an ctv ytm mngmnt t lnd, , nd t bd tt gd

w cn m t wt u lmtd uc.

a cmnv dtb vnt nd cndtn n ngbung tt tt culd

gnt w gnun ug.

a cl undtndng u nd ull ct t ct, bt nd n t wn

cunt tt ncug, mtm cml l t mgt.

Improving border

management is essential

i public condence is

to be built


28/40



South Arica should

actively explore the

development o

partnerships with

neighbouring countriesto manage migration

more eectively

a tug nwldg md nty by gul mgnt, nd w t cng

v tm.

a muc m utttv nd ltc t ndct n t cl t cllng

ctng mgtn n t gn t nm lcy dvlmnt nd mlmnttn.

a tng lw ncmnt cu n gnd tfc nd muggl, wc mgt bbl t duc t w gul mgtn wtut undu vltn umn gt.

T c mgt l u mult m ctv bd cntl lc, nd

ct tt undmn tm. it culd l b ud t dnty t mt ct-ctv wy

dlng wt gul nty. T Dha tn gncnt t wd by ung nw

tcnlgy n t m advncd png pcng tvll ntng sut

ac, wc mt muc m cul mnt cuty nd nn-

cmlnc wt t cndtn t mt ud t vng ng. T Dha

uld b nbld t utl ny ut tcnlgcl dvnc n t ct. Muc

t tnl w bd mngmnt dn by t lc nd t saNDF, bt

wc nd t u cc uc wly bl.

sut ac uld ctvly xl t dvlmnt tn wt ngbung

cunt t mng mgtn m ctvly . suc ngmnt wt cunt m

wc mgnt gnt tug wc ty n t wy t t dtntn

mtm clld mblty tn. Ty v bcm tu mgtn mn-

gmnt lc n mj cvng cunt, clly n eu. Tug sut ac

w uc tn t dvld cunt tt v ngttd uc gmnt

wt ndng nd tnt cunt, t wt xlng wt d nd ncntv cn b

ngttd n t gn n d t btt mng gnl tnt ut. Tu sut

ac mgt b bl t cu m gu lcng by t Mzmbcn utt

ut ud by mgnt m cunt n et ac nd a n tun tnc

wt t bd cntl ntuctu nd tcnlgy ng u m m

c-bd mvmnt Mzmbcn td.

Physical barriers: T xnc dvld cunt w tt ycl b t

gul mgtn c lng lnd bd vy xnv nd ldm ttlly

ctv. at m nytng l, mny gul mgnt tn nt cunty lglly,

nd tn vty. F t n, ttg ctng, mvng, xtndng nd

mntnng ycl b t mgtn uld b guly ttd, nd t ct-

ctvn tugly d. on ct-ctv tn culd b mt tl w,

cung n nwn ut nd n w gul mgnt tnd t lv.

What does this mean in practice?

in t t tm:

enu tt t Dha t umn nd nncl uc t t dvntg

t tcnlgy gtng nd cng ntllgnc but t mv-

mnt l.

enu tt ll bd, clly n twn nd tnt ut, ly

dmctd nd lcd.

m ctv t t cunt cutn mng Dha fcl, bd t nd

lc fc.


29/40

25November 2010 |


sut mgtn lcy-mng nd mlmnttn by gtly xndng t

cunty ccty t cllct, nly, nd cmmunct lbl dt n ll ct

mgtn; m m nd btt u ndndnt nd ctd nlyt; nd

mv t Dha cblt.

in t lng tm:

Tug dlmtc ngttn nd t vn ncntv, dvl tn

mgtn mngmnt wt ngbung tt.

3. Realising the economic potential o immigration

it ntl t cgn tt mgtn lcy mly n cnmc u, wt n-

mu tntl t cntbut t sut ac gwt. Mgtn lcy uld nt b

mtt t Dha ln; cnmc lcy-m mut ly muc bgg l. hw mny

ll w gt m lw vtl t t Ntnl uy, t Ntnl plnnng Cmm-

n, t Mnty ecnmc Dvlmnt, nd t Dtmnt d nd induty.

Untl nw, nt-dtmntl c-tn m t v bn m cncnd wt

lcng lmt n t numb lld l llwd t nt sut ac tn wt

xltng t tntl lld mmgnt. W nd n mmgtn lcy w

ncl u t ggv cutmnt lld l t tn ttng nd

ncng qut. T vtl t cnmc dvlmnt, ductn, nd tnng.

in ctc, t mn tt sut ac nd t wlcm, wt mnmum cnd-

tn, ny mgnt wt ll. Mv, t ntn ll mut b dnd wdly

tt t nclud nyn wt ml tty qulctn m cgnd nttutn,

wll l wt ntnul blty. ou nd ntnu nt cnnd

t nvt wt mlln t nvt, w uld wlcm vn mll ntnu

w wnt t tt nw bun n t cunty. ou lc uld l m t d m

tn jut ll xtng ll g n t ct wld; w ugntly nd mmgnt t

vtl u ltng ublc lt, ductn nd ll ductn ytm, nd t

bt nnvtn nd ntnu.

cv t, w qu m ctv mmgtn ytm lld mgnt. T

mut nclud m ctv nd ttgc cutmnt gmm bd n muc btt

undtndng bt t dmtc nd glbl lbu mt.


Ftly, sut ac ll c uld b muc m nly nd xtnvly dbtd.

T ct nd cnqunc sut ac dyunctnl ll tnng nd ductn

ytm mut b cnwldgd, nd ll tg dnlt nd mmgtn ctc

mut b cnntd. T ct tt w nt l-lnt n ll mut b md wdly

nwn, nd t tm ndd t cty t md cl.

T ttg tnng u wn lld l nd ncugng mmgtn tn

tyd cntdcty nd vn ntgntc. T nt t c: ty cml-

mnty. slld mmgnt l v y l t ly n mvng u ductn nd

tnng ytm.

South Arica needs

to welcome, with a

minimum o conditions,

any migrant with skills


30/40



The immigration skills

quotas are a waste o

energy and send the

wrong signals. Theyshould be abolished

sn gvnmnt fcl v tld but t nd lld mmgnt nc t

md-1990, wn t vty u ll tg bcm vdnt. hwv, ty v

bcd dwn t t t gt tn m vtd ntt, nd lcy l

md t llwng m lld mmgnt v bn dd. T mut t. Wtut

nt nd bv ld, t c lld mmgtn wll nt b md.

scndly, cnmc lcy-m mut ly lg l n multng mgtn

lcy. T Dha, wll t dtmnt Lbu nd eductn, wc cml nd

dmnt t cunt ll qut, nt t mt t dtmnt t -

ct t cnmc gncnc lld mmgtn. T Ntnl uy, Ntnl

plnnng Cmmn, nd t cnmc mnt mut ly m mnnt l.

Tdly, t wy n wc t cunty cncv t ll tg nd t b tugt.

W nd t mv wy m ng t mc-mng ll ctg nd twd

vn bd n t d tt w nd ll t ct ll, nd ll t ct jb. in

cunty dt lld l, t mmgtn ll qut wt ngy,

nd nd t wng gnl. Ty uld b bld.

Futly, t gvnmnt uld lunc cmgn t ttct lld mmgnt bd

n ntntnl bt ctc


W mut:

Cmmunct unmbguuly tt lld mmgtn nt nly cmtbl wt,

but ntl dvlng lcl ll. slld mmgnt uld b n m

gn dct nvtmnt, wt ndvdul nvtng t d-nd ll nd c-

blt, d ubdd by t gvnmnt, n ctvt tt wll xnd u

cnmy; nc mlymnt; nd dvl ct, twn nd ul .

Dv lcy tt nvt, cut nd wlcm ny mgnt wt ll, dnd

bdly bl.

Mt sut ac dtntn lld l lng w n ny ct,

ncludng ublc vc uc lt nd ductn

Fcu n ublc lt t nd y wn t dmntt t mtnc -

gn ll vc dlvy, ntlly tgtng t saDC nd wd acn d

n oeCD cunt, wll mdcl nl n cunt l t pln

nd ind wt tdtn xtng mdcl ll.

Dv cm dgn mmgnt t b ductd t sut acn unv-t, ung bu, ln, nd ccltd cc t mnnt dnc t

w gdut. in dng t, w uld tgt ll cunt w unvt l t

dqut tunt bl yung l, clly n ct tcncl

ll w nd bdly.

4. Asylum-seekers and reugees

F vu n, lg numb l n ac nd lw ng ylum n

sut ac. Wl t Dha gncntly mvd t clm-cng mnc,

t vlum lctn gntd gncnt bclg. Futu vlum

lctn bynd u cntl, nd t lmt t wc t Dha cn b ucd


31/40

27November 2010 |


t dl wt t. obvuly, ny mvmnt n t ccty wuld b wlcm, but t

ultmt gl uld b t duc t numb t l w ly ylum.


T ct tt 90 cnt lcnt l t cu ug ttu t cmbl t

mny eun cunt mn tt t gvnmnt bbly cct n clmng

tt mny ylum- ctully cnmc mgnt t tn ug. on

t ncl ncntv vng dbt but lgl twy cnmc mgnt

( blw) t t t u t ylum ytm, nd t dl wt cnmc

mgnt n t wn gt. hwv, t mut l b cgnd tt m tn

ylum- gnun ug.


in t t tm:

a cl t c t cl t lctn bclg mut b tbld. i twy

t lglty w n t cnmc mgnt, nd wt t gmnt t ndvdul

cncnd, t t tm culd dvt m lcnt t tt gmm. it wuld

l qu t ccty t dt unuccul lcnt.

in t lng tm, w uld:

Dvl td cunty ytm n t gn v tn gmnt wt

cunt w umn gt gm ml t u.

rc t l ylum- (clly t m ld), ncludng

t mtvtn cng sut ac nd t ut cc, n d ttbl w t dcug m l cmng m .

5. Irregular migrants

rmng u c t lld mgtn t gt u mgtn lcy -

t bcu t tt t gtt tntl bnt t b und. hwv,

t cnnt b dvcd m t bd nd t mng ll m mgtn m

ctvly. T nvlv ll mgnt w cnmc tunty n sut ac by

mn t tn nty und t mt ytm, wll mny w ylum .

T w gul mmgnt n sut ac tn uggtd by mt t t-mt tt v gnd ublc cuncy. immgnt l m mll dmnd n

ublc vc tn gnlly blvd, nd cntbut m t t cnmy tn

uully cgnd. hwv, t d nt vd gund cmlcncy. T lt-

cl nd cl cllng unlld mgtn nd t b ctvly mngd. it cl

tt w gul mgnt lly t t, tug ty wll uctut wt cng-

ng ltcl, cnmc, dmgc nd vn clmtc cndtn n ub-sn ac.

W nd lc tt cgn t lt wll t lmt t wt cn b cvd.


T utt cuntly v gncnt lgl w t vnt t nty l, ndt t nd dt gul mgnt. indd, t saps xndng lt tm, ngy

The political and social

challenges o unskilled

migration need to be

actively managed


32/40



Creating a legal

pathway or unskilled

immigrants rom SADC

could ensure that

migrants make a bigger

contribution to South

Aricas economy than

they do at present

nd uc n dng cly tt. T nt vntd t gwt n und-

gund ultn tt mtm bulld nd d by cut lc fc, nd

wc ccnlly nd tl t t cnt dngu lcl tnn.

Wt t ct lmntng t undgund ultn by mn m g-

u, l cut, m fcnt u t w t utt ldy v? evn

uc ttgy w u t w, t lly ct nclud:

T dct ct ncd numb btt-qud lc nd mlty nnl,

wll t ntuctu t ut tm, ncludng nc lng m t bd.

T tunty ct ndng mny n t wy nd nt n m cnmclly

ductv n.

T dlmtc nd td ct m ntnv gultn nd lcng c-

bd w l nd gd.

T nvbl ct ncng t ncntv cutn tt tct lw nc-

mnt wll gnt.

ant ct t b bn n mnd t lmtd lld ndng nug cmtnt,

fcnt nd ncutbl nnl t cy ut lg-cl, ngng tn tt

wll nd, ld nd dt undcumntd nl bt, cul cntuctn lbu,

nd d. W nd t wt uc nnl mgt b btt mlyd n

ndng l cmnl.

Ctng lgl twy unlld mmgnt m saDC culd nu tt mgnt

m bgg cntbutn t sut ac cnmy tn ty d t nt. a nwn

nd lgl mgnt ultn wuld b t mng nd wuld m bgg cn-

tbutn t t cnmy (by bng gtd tx, ntnc) tn n unnwn nd

undgund n.

suc cm culd l duc tunt cutn, xlttn, xnb,

nd cm. T budn n lw ncmnt wuld b ducd; t wuld b l ncn-

tv l muggl t t, nd lw ncmnt t culd b btt tgtd

t m u m cmnlty. Mv, muc t ncntv bung t y-

lum ytm wuld ll wy. sut ac wuld b bl btt t dcg t blgtn

t ylum- nd ug, nd t utt wuld b bl t cncntt n t

mnng lctn.

st gnt t tntl bnt, t numu cllng tt mut b cn-

ntd nd ddd. T cn b lluttd by ng t mlt qutn but

ny cm t llw tmy cc t sut ac by cnmc mgnt:

suld t b gut w gmm (tt , xd dutn nd wt bult-n

tun) twy t mnnt dnc?

Wc ngbung tt uld tct?

suld t numb mt b xd nt?

hw wuld w tt gul mgnt w ldy ? Wuld w n

mnty nt tt ty tun m t ly lgl ttu?

hw wuld uc cm b lcd, nd w wuld t ytm b t

cutn?

hw wuld t u cc t sut ac by cl mly mmb t b

tmy w mt b ddd, gvn tt mly unn t ngl lgtctgy mmgnt nty t t Untd stt?


33/40

29November 2010 |


an ndctn tt t gvnmnt bgun t cnd uc ct-bnt clcultn

gvn by t cl dntn Zmbbwn ntnl n sut ac ( bx,

t g).


sut ac uld ty t nd lubl lgl twy cnmc mgnt. at

t m tm, t tt uld cm t ct nd bnt t c wt

t cntnung t ttu qu, ntnyng lw ncmnt. Ultmtly, w nd

A NEW DEAL FOR ZIMbAbWEANS

In April 2009 the DHA announced plans to create a new permit or economic migrants rom

Zimbabwe, which would allow them to live and work in South Arica as well as access health

care and education.56 In May 2009 the department made this proposal more concrete and less

generous, proposing that a ree 90-day visa waiver be granted to Zimbabweans, and that they

should be allowed to do casual work.57 In June 2009, however, the Minister o Home Aairs,

Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, sent this proposal back to the drawing board.58 In October 2009,

the deputy minister, Malusi Gigaba, announced that the department had presented the cabinet

with a proposal to grant a special dispensation to Zimbabweans in terms o which applicants

would be automatically granted work and residency permits. It appeared that these special

permits would be valid or three years.59

The most concrete result o this conused process was a moratorium on the deportation o

Zimbabweans rom South Arica. South Arican government sources indicated that Zimbabwes

inability to provide its citizens with the documents (such as passports) that would make this

kind o scheme workable was a major constraint to urther developing the scheme.

In early September 2010 the South Arican government announced that the special dispen-

sation would be ended by agreement with the Zimbabwe government, and undocumented

Zimbabweans would henceorth be deported.

Undocumented in this sense appears to mean without Zimbabwean documents as well (pre-

sumably) as without South Arican documents: As part o this agreement, the Zimbabwean

government undertook to issue documents to all undocumented nationals. 60 The statement

also included an undertaking to issue relevant permits to all Zimbabweans who were working,

studying or running a business in South Arica, provided they have valid Zimbabwean docu-

ments.61 Ending the dispensation was justied in terms o seeking to ensure that all oreign

nationals who reside in South Arica are documented and their presence regularised.62 The

deadline or issuing documents (both by the Zimbabwean and South Arican authorities) was

set as 31 December 2010, and the process will be extended to other neighbouring countries.

Delivering on this policy initiative is a signicant administrative challenge, especially i the tight

deadline is to be met, and doubts have been expressed about its easibility. Depending on how

the process works in practice, it could provide valuable lessons in developing a more strategic

policy or regularising the presence o nationals rom neighbouring countries in South Arica.

CDE 2010

We need a policy that

will invite and welcome

many more skilled

migrants, and which

will also allow some

unskilled migrants to

earn the right to live in

South Arica


34/40



The status quo is

too damaging to be

allowed to continue,

and stricter law

enorcement will cost

ar more and haveuncertain results.

We have to consider

alternatives

lcy tt wll nvt nd wlcm mny m lld mgnt, nd wll l llw m

unlld mgnt t n t gt t lv n sut ac.

Dvlng uc lcy wll nt b y; gmm t t n t cunt

ltclly cntntu, nd t mct dfcult t n dvnc. T dbt t

n ugntly, wv; t t b nt, n, nd wll-nmd. T ttu qu

t dmgng t b llwd t cntnu, nd tct lw ncmnt wll ct m

nd v unctn ult. W v t cnd ltntv.

Ccudg remrs

soUh aFriCa has ut t mny btcl n t t lld gn w mgt

wnt t lv nd w , nd wm t cunty dtly nd. W v mdlttl t t cut t tund lld l tt culd cclt cnmc gwt,

ct mlymnt, nd t wt cl nd cnmc dvlmnt. W v md t

lttl t t dnty ll mng ug Zmbbwn t m u w u tm t

bt ct. T tutn bn wnd by t mgtn mny lld l.

at t m tm, t gvnmnt ld t mng t nw lg numb

(mlly) unlld l, wt cnmc mgnt ug. it mctcl t

tw u wll und u bd, w nd t blnc m ctv bd cntl

wt t ctn ltntv lgl cnnl mgnt.

T twn lu t cut nd tn lld l, nd mng t nty unlld

l ldng bc u ct gwt nd dvlmnt, nd xcbtng

cl tnn.

T lt utlnd n t t mut b bugt m t ll sut acn. Mgtn

cnnt b td gdly cntlld. T nt ncly bd tng; t ty

umn g ty mgtn. T ln t ty tt mvmnt

twd ncd tunty nvbly bnt mgnt, t cunt

gn, nd t dtntn. i cully mngd, mgtn uc mmn

tntl. sut ac uld tt mngng t wt t m mnd.

Wt mt ld nd wll-dgnd lc tt ut sut ac t, t ntn

culd nmu bnt m wlcmng t bv nd ngtc l t -t w w t mgt t t cunty n c btt l.


35/40

31November 2010 |

appedx a: Reserc reprs cmmssed

fr s prjec

Resurce repr

sll, Gwt nd Bd: Mngng mgtn n sut ac ntnl ntt.

Reserc surveys

All surveys were conducted by Professor Lawrence Schlemmer in collaboration with

MarkData.

immgnt n Jnnbug: Fgn mmgtn t sut ac lgt mtl,

uvy cmmnd by CDe, augut 2007.

T sut acn ll c t cmny lvl: imlctn gvnmnt lcy,

uvy cmmnd by CDe, al 2007.

Btwn tlty, cctnc nd : Fgn mmgtn n Wtbn, uvy

cmmnd by CDe, Nvmb 2005.

Reserc reprs d ppers

Nulul kuml nd Lyl Cud, Cntxt nd cntnt t saDC ptcl n

clttn mvmnt n, t cmmnd by CDe, Jun 2009.

Mnt Gu sut ac, sc-cnmc ct nd bnt dnt c

t mngng sut ac bd, t cmmnd by CDe, My 2009.

alxnd Jntn, immgtn nd cutmnt n sut ac ublc lt ct,

t cmmnd by CDe, My 2009.

Ctn C nd t, Mgtn mngmnt cllng n sut ac

2010-2020, t cmmnd by CDe, Mc 2009.

alxnd Jntn, intntnl tnd n ug lcy nc 1990, t

cmmnd by CDe, Jnuy 2009.

Mxn rtz, Xnb n sut ac, t cmmnd by CDe,

Nvmb 2008.

Cty Mullnd, emgtn lt nl m sut ac, t

cmmnd by CDe, augut 2008.

Mttw stn nd amnd Jtng, immgtn lcy nd t mt ytm:

Cngng lw, cngng mndt, t cmmnd by CDe, July 2008.


36/40


Appendix

Cml Mc, sll nd mmgtn: T ttu gn tudnt n sut ac,

t cmmnd by CDe, Mc 2008.

Dn Vgnwn, rmng sut acn mmgtn gvnnc: a uvy

t lcy mw, t cmmnd by CDe, July 2007.

Mxn rtz, a ctcl vlutn t multn nd mlmnttn sut

acn mmgtn lcy, t cmmnd by CDe, July 2007.

Ln Lndu, Mgtn n ubn lcy u n sut ac my ct, t

cmmnd by CDe,Jun 2007.

ingd plmy, Mgtn, cm nd lcng n sut ac, t cmmnd by

CDe, My 2007.

Lynll Jn, Mtng t ctcl ll tg m bd: pvncl nd muncl

ctv, t cmmnd by CDe, My 2007.

Dn Gyn, T dblty nd blty cutng mt nd cnc tcm ind, t cmmnd by CDe, My 2007.

Mxn rtz, igul mgnt: pctn t mct n sut acn cty,

t cmmnd by CDe, al 2007.

Ln Lndu, immgnt ntnu: otunt nd btcl n cntl

Jnnbug, t cmmnd by CDe, al 2007.

plz nd Ln Lndu, Xnbc vlnc, bun mtn, nd

utnbl lvld: C tud olvnutbc nd Mtwll, t

cmmnd by CDe, Mc 2007.

Lyndt Wll, T cunt tt mgtn mngmnt n sut ac, t

cmmnd by CDe, Nvmb 2006.

Lyndt Wll, pl n immgtn svc n t lgltv c ldng

t t 2002 immgtn act, t cmmnd by CDe, Nvmb 2006.

sn ac, stg lld lbu nd t sut acn cnmy: a uvy

u, t cmmnd by CDe, My 2006.

pll Gn, atttud nn m t mmgnt, t cmmnd by

CDe, octb 2005.

Lbby humy nd Lwnc sclmm, sll, c-bd mgtn, xnbnd t cnmy: a lttu vw, t cmmnd by CDe, octb 2004.


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33November 2010 |

Edes

1 rut, sut ac mng 7 cnt nnul gwt Zum, 25 augut 2010.

2 s oeCD, Gng gwt, p, 2010, 225; oeCD, rlzng sut ac mlymnt tntl, n

Economic assessment of South Africa, p, 2008; Jm Lvnn, w lc t llvt unmlymnt

n sut ac, Unvty Mcgn nd sa uy, 2007, 8-20.

3 M stn nd G szlnt, immgtn lcy n sut ac: D t m cnmc n? Development

Southern Africa, vl 23 n 1, Mc 2006, 123-145.

4 CDe tmt bd n stn nd szlnt, immgtn lcy n sut ac, bl a1.

5 stn nd szlnt, immgtn lcy n sut ac, 128.

6 Dtmnt Lbu, Ntnl scc sll Lt, 2008.

7 rly by t Mnt Bc eductn t qutn d wttn ly n t Ntnl ambly.

8 a sxnn, Te New Argonauts, Cmbdg, Ma: hvd Unvty p, 2006, 48.

9 Nature Biotechnology, amc gt tlnt cn t t?, 28, 181, 2010.

10 rcd humn, nttn t sa rv Bn, 23 Jun 2010.11 Mgtn inmtn suc, tn mgtn u 2005, tt://www.mgtnnmtn.g/

tu/dly.cm?iD=357, ccd n 11.9.06.

12 New York imes, Fnc v mmgtn lw tt v lld w, 30 Jun 2006.

13 BBC Nw, immgtn nt ytm utlnd, tt://nwvt.bbc.u/m/gtl/nt/nw.bbc.

c.u/2//u_nw/ltc, ccd n 3.7.06.

14 Te Australian, hwd nd t m l mgtn ty, 21 Dcmb 2005.

15 T eU-wd w mt w ntducd by Cuncl Dctv 2009/50/eC n Jun 2009.

16 tt://www.mgtnnmtn.g/Ftu/dly.cm?iD=667

17 pl Mtn, Mngng lbu mgtn: Ln sut ac, CDe, augut 2010. T UN

dn mgnt mn w nt t lt y utd t lnd / bt.

18 pll Mtn, nl cmmunctn, augut 2010

19 Xnu nw gncy, ov 18 000 llgl mmgnt n Mly wd, 8 Dcmb 2004, tt://nw.

xnunt.cm/ngl/2004-12/08/cntnt_2310401.tm

20 Tb Mb, stt t Ntn add, Fbuy 2001.

21 Dtmnt hm a, Mgtn lcy nd ttgy lcy tn , al 2008.

22 T ctn bd n c cmmnd by CDe nd cnductd by Dvlmnt Ntw ac

(DNa); nd Mttw stn nd amnd Jtng, immgtn lcy nd t mt ytm: Cngng lw,

cngng mndt, c t CDe, July 2008.

23 stn nd szlnt, immgtn lcy n sut ac.

24 ibd

25 Dtmnt Lbu, Ntnl scc sll Lt, 2008.

26 T tg mdcl dct n sut ac, c md by n cdmc cntum t

Dtmnt hlt, Mc 2008.

27 DBsa hlt rdm, Nvmb 2008, ld 38, tt://www.db.g/rc/Dcumnt/

hlt%rdm.d.28 oeCD, nd n ntntnl mgtn, 2005, Qutd n Wld hlt ogntn, Wld hlt rt

2006, 100.

29 T t ud t Ntnl scc sll Lt 2008, t mt cnt vlbl.

30 ibd, 1-3.

31 Dtmnt eductn, humn ruc Dvlmnt sttgy sut ac, al 2009, 13, tt://

www.n.gv.z/vw/DwnldFlactn?d=117580

32 su Bln, sll g i m wd v uvvl,Business Day, tt://www.bundy.c.z/

tcl/Cntnt.x?d=110252

33 Fgu dvd m M a Clmn nd G ptn, Nw dt n acn lt nl bd, Human

Resources for Health, vl 6 n 1, Jnuy 2008, tt://www.umn-uc-lt.cm/cntnt/6/1/1, bl

1: pycn bn n ac ng n cnu nn cvng cunt cc 20008.

34 r sldn, Glblztn, lld mgtn nd vty llvtn: Bn dn n cntxt, Wng 15,

Dvlmnt rc Cnt n Mgtn, Glbltn nd pvty, Unvty sux, Nvmb 2005.


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Endnotes

35 CDe, immgnt n sut ac: pctn nd lty n Wtbn, mdum-zd ndutl twn. CDe

Fcu n 9, My 2006, 7; CDe, immgnt n Jnnbug: etmtng numb, ng mct, CDe

in Dt n 9, augut 2008, 36.

36 sm, sll tg umm w nd m wt l, Mnywb, 11 augut 2008,

tt://www.mdvwnt.cm/ndx./20080811389/excluv-/sll-tg---umm--

W-nd-m-wt-l..37 Nc Clt (d), rndng t t ductnl nd t-cl yut, Cnt hg eductn

nmtn, C wn, 2009. Qutd n Unvty Wld Nw, sut ac: hg tun m t-

cl ductn, 20 Dcmb 2009.

38 sll tg: Ubn lgnd ct? T ductn t sut acn wc, www.cnmt.c.z/

md/sa_ductn_t_2008.d, ld 25.

39 Nlnl Mjl-Mncub, cnmc dv t Duty pdnt pumzl Mlmb-Ngcu, n rzn

Mun, Dnu bc t t utu, Financial Mail, 17 Mc 2006

40 Business Day, sll vlutn y t gwt bd pumzl, 28 Mc 2006.

41 F ctcl vw tmt mgnt numb n sut ac, CDe, sll nd bd: Mngng

mgtn n t ntnl ntt, 36-40.

42 CDe, immgnt n Jnnbug: etmtng numb nd ng mct; CDe, immgnt n sut

ac: pctn nd lty n Wtbn; sut acn um, 2008 annul um rt, stmb

2009, andx 8, 114.

43 s, ntnc, t 2008 Glbl entnu Mnt t sut ac wc td

sut ac gncntly blw t vg mddl t lw-ncm cunt c ng

ntnu ndct, tt://www.gmcntum.g/tcl.x?d=102.

44 Fcd Mgtn stud pgmm, immgnt ntnu: otunt nd btcl n cntl

Jnnbug, c t CDe, al 2007.

45 ibd, 6.

46 Dnl Mn, a l Zmbbwn mgnt n Jnnbug, n CDe, Mgtn m Zmbbw:

Numb, nd, nd lcy tn, al 2008 15-20.

47 Dtmnt hm a, sttgc pln 2008/9-2010/11, 37.

48 Te New Republic, T bd nc lly, 30 Jun 2008.

49 ibd.

50 Fcd Mgtn stud pgmm, on Budn t mny? a ct-bnt nly mmgtnlcng n Gutng, Mc 2010.

51 F 2005 nd 2006 gu stt sa, rt-03-51-02 um, 2006, 12 Mc 2008, tt://www.tt.

gv.z/ublctn/ttdwnld.?ppN=rt-03-51-02&sCh=4120; stt sa, rt-03-51-02

um, 2006, 12 Mc 2008, nd tt://www.tt.gv.z/ublctn/ttdwnld.?ppN=rt-

03-51-02&sCh=4120. F t 2008 gu, sut acn Gvnmnt inmtn, Mnt vn sclwy

t wlcm cmgn t bd, md l, 11 augut 2009.

52 m Jcby, dnt nd Ceo immgtnW Usa. s CDe, Mngng mgtn n t ntnl

ntt: Ln m ntntnl xnc, CDe rund bl n 12, octb 2009, 9.

53 UNhCr, 2008 Glbl nd: rug, ylum , tun, ntnlly dlcd nd ttl n,

16 Jun 2009, 15.

54 UNhCr, sa mn dtntn ylum-, 20 Jun 2010.

55 UNhCr, 2008 Glbl nd, 14-17; UNhCr Glbl nd 2008, stttcl ndc tbl 1, 10 Jun

2009.

56 Wln Jw, Zmbbwn gt v- sa nty,Business Day, 31 Mc 2009, tt://www.bundy.

c.z/tcl/tt.x?iD=BD4a974052

57 Lu Flngn, hm a t dwn tctn n Zmbbwn, Te Star, 22 My 2009, tt://www.

tt.c.z/gnl/nt_tcl.?atclid=4988338

58 sapa, N v vw, y hm a, Mail & Guardian, 9 Jun 2009, tt://www.mg.c.z/

tcl/2009-06-09-n-v-vw-y-m-

59 Sunday Independent, scl dntn v mtd Zmbbwn, 11 octb 2009, tt://www.

undyndndnt.c.z/ndx.?atclid=5198162.

60 sut acn Gvnmnt inmtn, sttmnt n Cbnt mtng, 1 stmb 2010, tt://www.

n.gv.z/c/Dynmcactn?gd=461&d=12640&td=16960

61 ibd.

62 ibd.


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Previous CDE Research Reports

Land reorm in South Arica: Getting back on track (May 2008)

Doubling or growth: Addressing the maths and science challenge in South Aricas

schools (October 2007)

Land reorm in South Arica: A 21st century perspective (June 2005)

From laggard to world class: Reorming maths and science education in South Aricas

schools (November 2004)

Key to growth: Supporting South Aricas emerging entrepreneurs (June 2004)

Johannesburg, Aricas world city: A challenge to action (October 2002)

Policy-making in a new democracy: South Aricas challenge or the 21st century

(August 1999)

South Aricas discarded people: Survival, adaptation, and current policy challenges

(October 1998)

Pretoria: From apartheids model city to an Arican rising star? (July 1998)

People on the move: A new approach to cross-border migration in South Arica

(June 1997)

People on the move: Lessons rom international migration policies (June 1997)

The East Rand: Can South Aricas workshop be revived? (June 1997)

Durban: South Aricas global competitor? (October 1996)

Cities and the global economy: New challenges or South Arica (October 1996)

South Aricas small towns: New strategies or growth and development (May 1996)

Post-apartheid population and income trends: A new analysis (September 1995)

Prduced by acume Pubsg Sus, Jesburg.Pred by lpr, Jesburg.


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BOARD

L Dippenaar (chairman), A Bernstein (executive director), F Bam, E Bradley, C Coovadia,

M Cutiani, B Figaji, F Hoosain, S Maseko, I Mkhabela, S Ndukwana,

W Nkuhlu, S Ridley, E van As

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATE

Peter L Berger

Transmedit Place, 5 Eton Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Arica

P O Box 1936, Johannesburg 2000, South Arica

Tel 27 11 482 5140 Fax 27 11 482 5089

[email protected] www.cde.org.za

CDEs work on migration including this publication has been

unded by The Atlantic Philanthropies.

skills, growth and borders research report

Documents