skeleton & joints - fisiokinesiterapia · movements of the foot • dorsiflexion is raising of...
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Skeleton & Joints
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The Skeletal System• Overview of the skeleton• The skull• The vertebral column
and thoracic cage
• The pectoral girdle and upper limb
• The pelvic girdle and lower limb
• Adaptations to Bipedalism
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Overview of the Skeleton
• Regions of the skeleton– axial skeleton = central axis– appendicular skeleton = limbs and girdles
• Number of bones– 206 in typical adult skeleton
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Surface Features of Bones
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Axial and Appendicular Skeleton• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
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Major Skull Cavities
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The Skull
• 22 bones joined together by sutures• Cranial bones surround cranial cavity
– 8 bones in contact with meninges
• Facial bones support teeth and form nasal cavity and orbit– 14 bones with no direct contact with brain
or meninges– attachment of facial and jaw muscles
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Frontal Bone
• Forms forehead
• Forms roof of the orbit
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Parietal Bone
• Cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
• Temporal lines of temporalis muscle
Temporal lines
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Temporal Bone• Lateral wall and part of
floor of cranial cavity– squamous part
– tympanic part
– mastoid part
– petrous portion
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Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone
• Part of cranial floor
• Houses middle and inner ear cavities
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Occipital Bone• Rear and base of skull
• Foramen magnum
• Skull rests on atlas
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Sphenoid Bone• Body of the sphenoid
• Lesser wing
• Greater wing
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Maxillary Bones
• Forms upper jaw
• Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
• Forms anterior 2/3’sof hard palate
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Nasal Bones• Forms bridge of
nose and supports cartilages of nose
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• Only movable bone
• Holds the lower teeth
• Attachment of muscles of mastication
• Mandibular foramen
• Mental foramen
Mandible
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Ramus, Angle and Body of Mandible
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The Vertebral Column
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Newborn Spinal Curvature• Spine exhibits one
continuous C-shaped curve
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Adult Spinal Curvatures• S-shaped vertebral
column with 4 curvatures
• Secondary curvatures develop after birth– Cervical curvature
– Lumbar curvature
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Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
• Scoliosis
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
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Typical Cervical Vertebrae
• Small body and larger vertebral foramen
• Transverse process short with transverse foramen for protection of vertebral arteries
• Bifid or forked spinous process in C2 to C6
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Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
• Spinous processes pointed and angled downward
• Rib attachment
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Lumbar Vertebrae
• Thick, stout body and blunt, squarishspinous process
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Thoracic Cage
• Attachment site
• Protection
• Involved in respiration
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True and False Ribs• True ribs (1 to 7)
• False ribs (8-12)
• 12 pairs of ribs in both sexes
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Pectoral Girdle
• Attaches upper extremity to the body
• Scapula and clavicle
• Clavicle attaches medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula
• Scapula articulates with the humerus
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Clavicle
• S-shaped bone, flattened dorsoventrally
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Scapula
• Triangular plate overlies ribs 2 to 7
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Upper Limb• 30 bones per limb
• Brachium
• Antebrachium
• Carpus
• Manus
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Brachium and Antebrachium
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Carpal Bones
• Form wrist
• 2 rows (4 bones each)
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Metacarpals and Phalanges• Phalanges are
bones of the fingers
• Metacarpals are bones of the palm
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Sesamoid Bone
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Pelvic Girdle• Girdle
• Pelvis
• Supports trunk on the legsand protects viscera
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Os Coxae (Hip Bone)• Acetabulum is hip joint socket
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Ischium
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Comparison of Male and Female
• Female lighter, shallower pubic arch( >100 degrees), and pubic inlet round or oval
• Male heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical, coccyx more vertical, and pelvic inlet heart-shaped
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Femur and Patella
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Tibia
• Tibia is thick, weight-bearing bone (medial)
• Broad superior head with 2 flat articular surfaces
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Fibula• Slender lateral strut
stabilizes ankle
• Does not bear any body weight
• Joined to tibia by interosseousmembrane
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The Ankle and Foot• Tarsal bones are shaped and
arranged differently from carpal bones
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Distal row of tarsal bones
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The Foot• Remaining bones of foot
are similar in name and arrangement to the hand
• Metatarsal I is proximal to the great toe (hallux)
• Phalanges– 2 in great toe– 3 in all other toes
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Bipedalism and Limb Adaptations
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Bipedalism and Upright Stance
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Bipedalism and Head Position
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The Skeletal System Summary
• Overview of the skeleton• The skull• The vertebral column and thoracic cage• The pectoral girdle and upper limb• The pelvic girdle and lower limb• Adaptations to Bipedalism
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Joints• Joints Classification
– bony– fibrous– cartilaginous
• Synovial joints• Types of Movement• Anatomy of Some Joints
– Humeroscapular– Elbow– Coxal– Knee
• Joint Disease
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Joints Classification
• Arthrology
• Kinesiology
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Joints Classification• Classified by freedom of movement
– diarthrosis– amphiarthrosis– Synarthrosis
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined – fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial
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Bony Joint
• Gap between two bones ossifies
• Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous joint
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Fibrous Joints
• Collagen fibers span the space between bones– sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
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• Immovable fibrous joints
• Serrate - interlocking lines
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
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• Lap - overlapping beveled edges
• Plane - straight, nonoverlapping edges
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
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Types of Sutures
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Fibrous Joint -- Gomphoses
• Attachment of a tooth to its socket
• Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
• Some movement while chewing
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• Two bones bound by ligament only
• Most movable of fibrous joints
Fibrous Joint -- Syndesmosis
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Cartilaginous Joint
• Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
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Cartilaginous Joint -- Symphysis
• 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
• Only slight amount of movement is possible
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Synovial Joint
• Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
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General Anatomy
• Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
![Page 61: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
General Anatomy
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
• Tendon
• Ligament
![Page 62: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa
• Tendon sheaths
![Page 63: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Components of a Lever• A lever is a rigid object that rotates around
a fixed point called a fulcrum
• Rotation occurs when effort overcomes resistance
![Page 64: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
• Two kinds of levers– lever that helps increase output of force
– lever move object further and faster
![Page 65: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Mechanical Advantage
• Mechanical advantage is calculated from the length of the effort arm (Muscle moment) divided by the length of the resistance arm (Joint moment)
![Page 66: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
First-Class Lever
• Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance
![Page 67: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Second-Class Lever
• Resistance between fulcrum and effort
![Page 68: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Third-Class Lever
• Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum
![Page 69: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Range of Motion• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and capsule
– action of the muscles and tendons
![Page 70: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Axes of Rotation
• Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint
• Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
![Page 71: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints
![Page 72: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Types of Synovial
Joints
![Page 73: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
• Multiaxial joint
![Page 74: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
• Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next
• Biaxial joints
![Page 75: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Saddle Joints
• Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other
• Biaxial joint
![Page 76: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Gliding Joints
• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other
• Limited monoaxial joint
![Page 77: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Hinge Joints
• One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone
• Monoaxial joint
![Page 78: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Pivot Joints
• One bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another
• First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
![Page 79: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Types of Movement
![Page 80: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension
![Page 81: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
![Page 82: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Abduction and Adduction
• Abduction– Hyperabduction
• Adduction
![Page 83: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Elevation and Depression
• Elevation
• Depression
![Page 84: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Protraction and Retraction
• Protraction
• Retraction
![Page 85: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Circumduction
![Page 86: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Rotation• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation
![Page 87: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Supination and Pronation• In the forearm and foot
• Supination
• Pronation
![Page 88: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Movements of Head and Trunk
• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
![Page 89: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Rotation of Trunk and Head
• Right rotation of trunk; rotation of head
![Page 90: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Movements of Mandible
• Lateral excursion• Medial excursion • Protraction
![Page 91: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Movement of Hand and Digits• Radial and ulnar
flexion• Abduction of
fingers and thumb• Opposition is
movement of the thumb to approach or touch the fingertips
• Reposition is movement back to the anatomical position
![Page 92: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Movements of the Foot
• Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
![Page 93: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Shoulder Joint
![Page 94: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Humeroscapular Joint• Most freely movable joint in the body
– shallowness and looseness
• Supported by ligaments and tendons– 3 glenohumeral, coracohumeral,
transverse humeral and biceps tendon
![Page 95: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Humeroscapular Joint• Supported by rotator cuff musculature
• 4 Bursae associated with shoulder joint
![Page 96: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Stabilizers of the Shoulder Joint
![Page 97: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Tendons of Rotator Cuff Muscles
![Page 98: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Dissection of Shoulder Joint
![Page 99: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Elbow Joint
![Page 100: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The Elbow Joint• Single joint capsule
enclosing the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
![Page 101: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Elbow Joint
![Page 102: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Hip Joint
![Page 103: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
The Coaxal (hip) Joint
• Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
![Page 104: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Hip Joint
![Page 105: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Dissection of Hip Joint
![Page 106: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Knee Joint
![Page 107: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The Knee Joint• Most complex diarthrosis
– Patellofemoral
– Tibiofemoral
![Page 108: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
The Knee Joint• Joint capsule anteriorly
consists of patella and extensions of quadriceps femoris tendon
![Page 109: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Knee Joint – Sagittal Section
![Page 110: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Knee Joint – Anterior and Posterior Views
• Anterior and lateral cruciate ligaments
• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
![Page 111: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Knee Joint – Superior View
• Medial and lateral meniscus absorb shock and shape joint
![Page 112: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Dissection of Knee Joint
![Page 113: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Joint Disease
![Page 114: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Arthritis
• Arthritis is a broad term for pain and inflammation
![Page 115: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis results from years of joint wear
![Page 116: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Arthritis• Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune
attack on joint
![Page 117: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
![Page 118: Skeleton & Joints - Fisiokinesiterapia · Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011906/5f3c4d9bcbf3405aaa1f9853/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Summary• Joints Classification
– bony– fibrous– cartilaginous
• Synovial joints• Anatomy of Some Joints
– Humeroscapular– Elbow– Coxal– Knee
• Joint Disease