skeletal system a. functions 1. structure & support 2. protection 3. levers for movement 4....
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Skeletal System
A. Functions1. Structure & support2. Protection3. Levers for movement4. Mineral storage 5. Blood cell production
Skeletal System
B. Classification of Bones1. By Location
A) Axial skeleton (80 bones)1) includes the bones making up the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
B) Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)1) includes the bones of the arms, legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
Skeletal System2. By Shape
A) Long - longer than wide (arms & legs)B) Short - roughly cube-shaped (carpals & tarsals)C) Sesamoid (round) bones - develop within a tendon (patella)
Skeletal System
D) Flat - thin, flattened, and usually slightly curved (skull bones) E) Wormian – within a skull sutureF) Irregular - fit none of the previous categories (vertebrae & os coxa)
Skeletal SystemC. Structure
1. Long boneA) Diaphysis
1) Medullary (marrow) cavity
B) Epiphyses1) Epiphyseal
line – adult
Skeletal System
2) Epiphyseal plate – children
3) Covered with articular cartilage
C) Outer portion – compact bone tissue
D) Inner portion & Ends – spongy bone tissue
Skeletal SystemE) Periosteum
1) outer CT covering
2) Sharpey’s fibersa) connect the
periosteum to the underlying bone tissue
F) Endosteum1) inner CT lining
Skeletal System
2. Short, Flat & Irregular bonesA) Periosteum & endosteum are
presentB) Contains marrow but has no marrow
cavityC) No epiphyses or diaphysisD) Resembles a sandwich
1) Diploe – internal spongy bone layer of short, flat, & irregular bones
Skeletal System
D. Bone Markings*review outline*
E. Bones of the Axial Skeleton1. Cranial Bones (8)
A) frontal bone1) coronal suture
a) separates frontal from parietal bones
Skeletal System
B) parietal bones1) sagittal suture
a) separates right and left parietal bones
2) lambdoid suturea) separates parietal bones from occipital bone
3) squamous suture a) separates parietal bones from temporal bones
Skeletal System
C) temporal bones1) external acoustic meatus
a) external opening of auditory canal2) internal acoustic meatus
a) internal opening of auditory canalb) passageway for the facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
Skeletal System
3) stylomastoid foramen a) passageway for the facial (VII) nerve
4) carotid canala) passageway for carotid artery
5) jugular foramena) passageway for internal jugular vein,
glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) nerves
Skeletal System
6) styloid processa) attachment point for tongue and
neck muscles7) mastoid process
a) attachment point for neck muscles8) mandibular fossa
a) articulation point between the temporal bone and the mandible
Skeletal System
D) occipital bone1) foramen magnum
a) passageway for the brain stem and the accessory nerve (XI)
2) hypoglossal canal a) passageway for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve
Skeletal System
3) external occipital protuberance a) attachment point for neck and back
muscles4) occipital condyles
a) articulate with the atlas of the vertebral column
Skeletal System
E) sphenoid bone1) sella turcica
a) houses the pituitary gland2) optical canal
a) passageway for the optic (II) nerve
Skeletal System
3) superior orbital fissurea) passageway for occulomotor (III),
trochlear (IV), trigeminal (V), and abducens (VI) nerves
4) foramen rotunduma) passageway for the trigeminal (V)
nerve
Skeletal System
F) ethmoid bone1) crista galli
a) attaches to membranes of the brain and helps stabilize it within the cranial cavity
2) cribiform platesa) passageways for the olfactory (I) nerve
Skeletal System2. Facial Bones (14)
A) nasal bonesB) lacrimal bones
1) lacrimal fossaa) houses components of the
lacrimal (tear) apparatusC) zygomatic bonesD) palatine bones
1) forms part of the hard palate of the oral cavity
Skeletal System
E) vomer1) forms part of the nasal septum
F) inferior concha1) form part of the lateral walls of the
nasal cavityG) maxilla
1) alveolar margina) houses the upper teeth
Skeletal System
2) palatine processesa) compose the majority of the hard palate of the oral cavity
H) mandible1) only movable bone of the skull2) mandibular condyle
a) articulation point between the mandible and the temporal bone
Skeletal System3. Vertebral column
A) 5 regions1) cervical vertebrae (7; C1-C7)
a) atlas (C1)i) articulates with the skull
(occipital condyles)b) axis (C2)
i) dens (odontoid process) (a) projection around which the
atlas rotates
Skeletal System
c) transverse foraminai) passageways for vertebral arteries feeding the brain
2) thoracic vertebrae (12; T1-T12)3) lumbar vertebrae (5; L1-L5)
Skeletal System
4) sacrum (1)a) sacral
foraminai) passageway for sacral spinal nerves and blood vessels
Skeletal System
b) sacral canali) passageway for the distal spinal cord
5) coccyx (1)
Skeletal System
B) Main components of the vertebrae1) centrum (body)2) spinous process3) transverse
processes4) vertebral
foramena) passageway
for the spinal cord
Skeletal System
5) superior & inferior articulating surfacesa) articulation
points between successive vertebrae
b) create a movable joint
Skeletal System
6) intervertebral foraminaa) created by
notches between inferior and superior articulating surfaces of successive vertebrae
b) passageway for spinal nerves
Skeletal System
7) intervertebral discsa) composed of
fibrocartilage; found in cervical through lumbar regions
b) provide cushioning between successive vertebrae
Skeletal System
4. Thoracic (rib) cageA) sternum
1) manubriuma) jugular
notchb) clavicular
notch2) body3) xiphoid
process
Skeletal System
B) ribs (12 pair)1) true ribs (7)2) false ribs (5)
a) floating ribs (2; 11-12)
3) costal cartilage
Skeletal System
5. HyoidA) makes up
superior aspect of larynx
B) does not articulate with any other bone
Skeletal System
F. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Skeletal System
1. Pectoral girdleA) scapula
1) glenoid cavitya) articulates with the head of the humerus
Skeletal System
2) acromion processa) articulates
with clavicle
Skeletal System
B) clavicle1) articulates
with the acromion process of scapula and the clavicular notch of the manubrium
Skeletal System
2. ArmA) humerus
1) head articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula
2) deltoid tuberosity
Skeletal System
B) radius1) circular head
articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and radial notch of the ulna
Skeletal System
C) ulna1) olecranon
process & trochlear notch articulate with the trochlea of the humerus
Skeletal System
2) head articulates with the ulnar notch of the radiusa) only major long
bone whose head is located at the distal end
Skeletal System
D) carpals (8)1) hamate2) pisiform3) triquetral4) lunate5) trapezoid6) trapezium7) scaphoid8) capitate
Skeletal System
E) metacarpals (5)1) numbered 1-5
starting at the thumb (pollex)
Skeletal System
F) phalanges1) numbered 1-5
starting at the thumb
2) proximal (5)3) middle (4)4) distal (5)
Skeletal System3. Pelvic girdle
A) os coxa (ossa coxae)1) ilium
a) largest bone of the os coxab) sacroiliac joint
i) joint between the os coxa & the sacrum
c) greater sciatic notchi) passageway for the sciatic nerve
Skeletal System
2) ischiuma) lesser sciatic notch
i) passageway for numerous blood vessels & nerves (but not the sciatic)
3) pubisa) pubic symphysis
Skeletal System
4) acetabuluma) articulates with the head of the
femur5) obturator foramen
a) in spite of its large size, very few blood vessels & nerves pass through it
b) almost completely closed by a fibrous membrane
Skeletal System
4. LegA) femur
1) largest bone in the body
2) head articulates with the acetabulum
Skeletal System
3) linea asperaa) roughened
posterior ridge serving in muscle attachment
4) greater & lesser trochantersa) attachment site
for thigh and buttock muscles
Skeletal System
B) tibia1) its medial & lateral condyles
articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femura) separated by the medial and lateral meniscii) composed of fibrocartilageii) provide cushioning for the joint
Skeletal System
2) anterior crest3) medial malleolus
a) forms the medial bulge of the ankle
Skeletal System
C) fibula1) articulates at
both ends of the tibia via the head and lateral malleolus
2) lateral malleolusa) forms the
lateral bulge of the ankle
Skeletal System
D) tarsals (7)1) calcaneus2) talus3) navicular4) medial cuneiform5) intermediate
cuneiform6) lateral cuneiform7) cuboid
Skeletal System
E) metatarsals (5)1) numbered 1-5
starting at the great toe (hallux)
Skeletal System
F) phalanges1) numbered 1-5
starting at the great toe
2) proximal (5)3) middle (4)4) distal (5)