skeletal, muscular & integumentary systems 1. skeletal system 2 functions: supports the body ...
TRANSCRIPT
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Skeletal, Muscular & Integumentary Systems
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Skeletal System
2
FUNCTIONS:
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Provides for movement – levers act with muscles
Stores mineral reserves
Provides a site for blood formation
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Skeletal System Divisions
3
Axial – supports the central axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular – bones of the arms, legs, pelvis & shoulder
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Bone Structure
4
Bones are living tissue – a solid network of cells & protein fibers that are surrounded by hardened deposits of calcium salts
Outer layer = periosteum (tough connective tissue)
Thick inner layer = compact bone with Haversian canals
Second inner layer = spongy bone
Innermost layer = bone marrow
• Yellow marrow – mostly fat cells• Red marrow – produces rbc, some wbc, platelets, contains stem cells
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Bone Development
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An embryo skeleton is almost entirely cartilage
Strong, flexible connective tissue No blood vessels
Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of ossification
Ossification begins 6-7 months before birthBone growth occurs at the ends of long bones
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Bone Connections
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Joint – place where one bone connects to another bone
Bones connect to bones through ligaments
Joint Types:
Immovable joint (fixed joints) – allow no movement between bones that touch each other (skull)
Slightly movable joint – small amount of restricted movement (slight separation from each other) (vertebrae)
Freely movable joint – permit movement - ball-and-socket - hinge - saddle - pivot
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Muscular System
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Muscles are specialized tissue that can contract and relax. Muscles work with the skeletal system to allow movement.
Three types of muscles:
Skeletal – attached to bonesto allow voluntary movement
Smooth – usually not under voluntary control
Cardiac – heart muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
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Alternating light & dark bands (striation)
Usually voluntary control
Large cells that can have many nuclei
Found all over the body – usually attached to bones
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Smooth Muscle
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Spindle –shaped cells
One nucleus
Found in walls of hollow structures (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)
Involuntary control
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Cardiac Muscle
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Striated
Has one or two nuclei per cell
Usually involuntary control
Found ONLY in the heart
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
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Skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibers
Bundles of muscle fibers are composed of individual muscle fiber cells
Each muscle fiber consists of myofibrils that have light & dark bands (striations)
Each myofibril is made up of thick filaments (myosin protein) & thin filaments (actin protein)
A unit of alternating actin & myosin = sarcomere, separated by a dense “Z band” matter
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Muscle Contraction Control
14
The axon terminal contains vesicles with the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach).
An action potential causes the vesicles to release the Ach across the neuromuscular synapse.
This causes the release of Ca+ in the muscle fiber causing actin & myosin to interact.
As long as Ach is released, the muscle will contract. As soon as the Ach is stopped, the muscle relaxes.
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Muscles and bones
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Skeletal muscles connect to bones through tendons.
There are usually several tendons connecting many muscles around a joint. Muscles usually act in opposing pairs.
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Integumentary System
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Integument = “covering”
SkinHairNailsSome glands (found in skin)
Skin primary functions:Barrier against infection & injuryHelps regulate body temperatureRemoves waste productsProtection against UV radiation
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Skin Anatomy
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Epidermis-Two layers: dead outermost layer & inner living layer-Keratin-Melanin-No blood vessels
Dermis-Next inner layer-Collagen-Many blood vessels-Nerve endings-Sensory receptors-Glands: sweat & sebaceous-Smooth muscles-Hair follicles
Hypodermis-Mainly fat storage-Contains larger blood vessels & larger nerve fibers
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Hair & Nails
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Formed from keratin (fibrous protein)Forms horns, reptile scales, bird feathers, porcupine quills
Hair is produced at the base by hair follicles
Sebaceous (oil) glands help maintain hair health
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19
Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells = nail root.