six fundamental movements of major body segments

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Six Fundamental Movements of Major Body Segments There are six fundamental movements that occur between the body segments: 1) Flexion is defined as a decrease in the angle between two body segments and is present at the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints - an example of flexion can be found in exercises for lower back pain such as pelvic presses, knees to chest, windshield wipers, lumbar rolls, and hamstring stretch 2) Extension is defined as the increase of angle between two body segments or the opposite of flexion and occurs at the knee - an example of extension can be found while performing leg extensions 3) Abduction is defined as the movement of the body part away from the midline and can be seen in the arm/shoulder area - an example of this is found during the execution of a lateral raise using dumbbells 4) Adduction is defined as movement of a body part toward the midline and is present in the leg/hip region - an example of this is while the legs come back together after an abduction on the hip adductor machine 5) Rotation is defined as circular movement of a body segment about a long axis and is present in the upper arm - an example of this is when someone is hitting a tennis ball back-handed, and 6) Circumduction is defined as the movement of a part, extremity, in a circular direction and can be found in the shoulder/arm region - an example of this is a circular arm warm-up exercises moving the arms forward and backward. One example of an exercise using a combination of several of these movements together would be a standing squat while using free weights. The muscles in the trunk and legs must contract in order to hold the body in the correct position for stabilization. In the effort phase of this exercise hip extension/slight adduction, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion are the movements involved. During the recovery phase of this exercise hip flexion/slight abduction, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion are the joint movements involved. This is simply

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Page 1: Six Fundamental Movements of Major Body Segments

Six Fundamental Movements of Major Body Segments

There are six fundamental movements that occur between the body segments:

1) Flexion is defined as a decrease in the angle between two body segments and is present at

the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints - an example of flexion can be found in exercises for

lower back pain such as pelvic presses, knees to chest, windshield wipers, lumbar rolls, and

hamstring stretch 2) Extension is defined as the increase of angle between two body segments

or the opposite of flexion and occurs at the knee - an example of extension can be found while

performing leg extensions 3) Abduction is defined as the movement of the body part away from

the midline and can be seen in the arm/shoulder area - an example of this is found during the

execution of a lateral raise using dumbbells 4) Adduction is defined as movement of a body part

toward the midline and is present in the leg/hip region - an example of this is while the legs

come back together after an abduction on the hip adductor machine 5) Rotation is defined as

circular movement of a body segment about a long axis and is present in the upper arm - an

example of this is when someone is hitting a tennis ball back-handed, and 6) Circumduction is

defined as the movement of a part, extremity, in a circular direction and can be found in the

shoulder/arm region - an example of this is a circular arm warm-up exercises moving the arms

forward and backward.

One example of an exercise using a combination of several of these movements

together would be a standing squat while using free weights. The muscles in the trunk and legs

must contract in order to hold the body in the correct position for stabilization. In the effort

phase of this exercise hip extension/slight adduction, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion

are the movements involved. During the recovery phase of this exercise hip flexion/slight

abduction, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion are the joint movements involved. This is simply

Page 2: Six Fundamental Movements of Major Body Segments

one example outlining the combination of the fundamental movements in our bodies. There are

countless combinations of exercises and workout routines that will utilize these same principles.

Important knowledge about these fundamental movements coupled with the anatomical

musculoskeletal mastery of every joint, muscle, origin, and insertion in the body will help me in

the preparation and execution of designing appropriate and safe workouts for my clients. The

human body is a complex machine, and when all components are running smoothly than we

can see it operating at its highest capacity of efficiency and functionality.

Hatfield, Frederick C. PhD , Fitness: The Complete Guide Official Text for ISSA Certified Fitness

Trainer Course, Edition 9.0, p. 114-130