situation awareness, automation and the gmoc modelsituation awareness, automation and the gmoc model...
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Humans in complex dynamic systems
Situation awareness, automation and the GMOC model
Human-Computer InteractionDept of Information Technology
Uppsala University
Bengt Sandblad
http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Agenda
Human control of complex dynamic systems Control workOperatorsControl systems and interfaces
A model of human control (GMOC)Situation awarenessAutomation problems
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Some examples of complex dynamic control situationsWhat is “complex”?What is “dynamic”?What is “human control”?
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Train traffic control
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Train traffic control
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Train drivers
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
HSC bridge design
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Other examples
Forest harvesters
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Other examples
Stone crushers
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
More examples….
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Are there problems? Systems are complex and dynamic. Control is indirect, via a control system
and an interface. Demands are high (speed, accuracy,
quality, safety, ….) Control systems and operator interfaces
sometimes provide inadequate support. Operator performance not always
satisfying (optimality, errors…). Work environment problems. More.....
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
A model of control We need a model that helps us to
describe, analyse,design,
control of a complex dynamic system
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
The GMOC model
To control a dynamic system requires:
• Goal (G)
• Model (M)
• Observability (O)
• Controllability (C)
Observe
GoalModel
Process time
Control
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Goals Goals are often complex Contains conflicts (e.g. safety vs
speed) Are:
Formal - informalOrganisational - individual
Operators have their own goals… To relate design to the goals, we
must understand (all) the goals!
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Models Models are mental models. Models are individual and subjective. Models are (mainly) developed
during work. This takes time! Different operators often have
(very) different models. Organisational development of
models and control strategies (more unified) can solve many problems.
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Observability We can only observe what the
interface shows. We often lack information and
precision in information. Often observations require actions. We can overview much but
remember little. Example?? Difficulties to identify and
understand complex patterns (requires good design).
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Controllability We can only control what the
interface allows us to control. We can sometimes only control a
process at certain times. Different control modes can cause
confusion. Time delays make control complex. Problems with feed-back.
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
How to use the GMOC model? Structure for describing and
analyzing. Understand problems and difficulties
for the organisation and operator. Design so that all requirements are
fulfilled.
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Exemple Train traffic control:
Goals not related to observation and control possibilities
Can not observe decision relevant data How trains are moving, speed position Presentation not geographically correct
Observation do not support development of mental model
Control actions can not be taken when the decisions are made
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Situation awareness Situation awareness (SA) – to
always be “in control”, “in the loop”.
Endsley, Garland: Situation awareness analysis and measurements. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Situation awareness Three parts:
Perception (observation) Comprehension (understanding the
significance of the information) Projection (prediction, evaluation of
actions)
Perception means observation Comprehension means model Projection means dynamic
information and model
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
SA cont. Examples of SA? Examples where we do not have SA?
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Hum
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
SA cont. Two different approaches to control:
Control by exceptionControl by awareness
An operator can not work without SA An operator will always try to obtain
SAThis can, if not properly supported, be
extremely cognitive demanding and lead to stress, safety problems, cognitive overload etc.
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Show dynamic information
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Hum
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Hum
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Hum
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Automation problems Automation:
Mechanical or electronic replacement of human labour (physical or mental).
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
Problems with automation Automation surprises (hinders SA)
Difficulties to predict… The irony of automation
No help when it is needed… Allocation of functions (human vs.
machine)MABA-MABA analysisAuthority dilemmas (e.g. in aviation)
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
“Autonomy” The problems with autonomous
automatic systems (autopilots)The automatic systems does exactly
what it is told to do (non-autonomous)The automatic system has its own
plans (autonomous) – this can cause severe problems!
Example – operators turn the automatic system off (“irony of a”).
Hum
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Dept of Information Technology | Human-Computer Interaction | http://www.it.uu.se/research/hci/
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