site selection for dams & reservoirs (original)
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Site Selection forDams and Reservoirs
Dr. P. Sarathbabu
ANU
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Dam
Barrier that stores water at two levels.
The primary purpose of dam is to store
water whenever available in plenty foruse durin scarcity.
Built across rivers
!"cess water is released to river anduseful water is transferred thro canals
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Dams are constructed for water storae forcommunity and industrial use# irriation# flood
control# hydro electric power# river canali$ation.
Dams depends on environmental conditionsparticularly the eoloy of the site.
Safety is the first consideration and than cost as that
the failure of a dam results in sevior loss of life andproperty.
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%omponents of Dam
Body of Dam &oundation
Top road
'ates and liftin devices
Spill way or Sluice
%anal
Reservoir
(ain river course
Stillin Basin
Drainae allery
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%omponents ) &orces in Dams
Reservoir
*ater
&oundation Soil
Dam Body
&oundation
Upstream Down Stream
Drainae 'allery
Spill *ay
'ate
Sluice ateStillin Basin
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Upstream
Down Stream
Reservoir
*ater
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Abutment
Abutment
Main River Course
Riht ban+ %anal
Reservoir
,eft Ban+ %anal
Upstream
Downstream
Plan of Dam
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Reservoir
*ater
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Preliminary -nvestiations for Dam site
This investiations are made to ascertain itsimportant merits or demerits. This +ind ofinvestiation is necessary# so that detailedinvestiations which are much more e"pensive#e"tensive and laborious should be made only if the
site is approved. The important informationcollected at this stae is as follows.
. ,itholoy
/. Structure0. Physioraphy 1Toporaphy2
3. 'round *ater %onditions
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Site selection criteria for the dams and reservoirs
Basin on the analysis of dam problems# failures and ha$ards
it may be concluded that the dam sites to satisfy the followinre4uirements.
. The roc+ should be sound and resistant to the e"pectedstatic and dynamic forces includin earth4ua+es.
/. The valley slope should be stable when the reservoir isfull. This re4uirement also applies to the roc+abutments.
0. The foundation of the dam should be safe from slidin#
especially in the case of ravity dam.
3. The roc+ used for the foundation should be of oneeoloic classification to avoid variations in the values
of modulus of elasticity.
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5. The foundation and the reservoir wall should be watertiht.
6. The roc+ at the site should be resistant to solution#
erosion# decomposition and other detriment effects ofwettin and dryin free$in and thawin.
7. The reservoir drainae area includin roc+s andoverburden should be resistant to erosion and therefore
not li+ely to contribute such heavy silt loads to thereservoir.
8. The eoloy and toporaphic conditions should permitfavourably for the location of spillways and diversiontunnel# power house and outlet conduits.
9. The location of construction materials particularlyconcrete areate should be with in an economically
:ustified distances.
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Function Example
Powergeneration
Hydroelectric poweris a major source of electricity in the world. manycountries have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for powergeneration purposes. For eg, the taipuon the Paran! "iverin #outh $mericagenerates %& '(and supplied )*+ of the energy consumed by Paraguayand-+ of that consumed by ra/ilas of --0.
#tabili/e waterflow 1 irrigation
2ams are often used to control and stabili/e water flow, for agriculturalpurposes and irrigation. 3hey can help to stabili/e or restore the water levelsof inland la4es and seas. 3hey store water for drin4ing and other direct humanneeds,
Flood prevention 2ams are created for flood control.
5andreclamation
2ams 6often called dy4es or levees7 are used to prevent ingress of water to anarea that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its reclamation for humanuse.
(ater diversion 2ams are used for the purpose of diversion.
&UN%T-;NS ;& DA(S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power -
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%,ASS-&-%AT-;N 1T
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. ST;RA'! DA( ;R -(P;UND-N' DA(
-t is constructed to create a reservoir to storewater durin periods when there is hue flow
in the river 1in e"cess of demand2 for
utilisation later durin periods of low flow
1demand e"ceeds flow in the river2.
*ater stored in the reservoir is used for
irriation# power eneration# water supplyetc. By suitable operation# it can also serve
as a detention dam.
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/. D!T!NT-;N DA(
-t is primarily constructed to temporarily
detain all or part of the flood water in a river
and to radually release the stored water
later at controlled rates so that the entirereion on the downstream side of the dam is
protected from possible damae due to
floods.
-t may also be used as a storae dam.
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0. D-=!RS-;N DA(
-t is constructed to divert part of or all
the water from a river into a conduit or
a channel.
&or divertin water from a river into an
irriation canal# mostly a diversion weiris constructed across the river.
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3. %;&&!R DA(
-t is a temporary dam constructed toe"clude water from a specific area. -t is
constructed on the u>s side of the site
where a dam is to be constructed sothat the site is dry.
-n this case# it behaves li+e a diversion
dam.
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5. D!BR-S DA(
It is constructed to catch and retain debris flowing in a
river
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BAS!D ;N ?
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. ;=!R&,;* DA( ;R ;=!R&A,, DA(
-t is constructed with a crest to permit overflow
of surplus water that cannot be retained in the
reservoir.
'enerally dams are not desined as overflow
dams for its entire lenth.
Diversion weirs of small heiht may be
desined to permit overflow over its entire
lenth.
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/. N;N@;=!R&,;* DA(
-t is constructed such that water is not
allowed to overflow over its crest.
-n most cases# dams are so desined that part
of its lenth is desined as an overflow dam1this part is called the spillway2 while the rest
of its lenth is desined as a non@overflow
dam.
-n some cases# these two sections are not
combined.
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BAS!D ;N (AT!R-A, ;&
%;NSTRU%T-;N
. R-'-D DA( /. N;N@R-'-D DA( 1!(BAN(!NT DA(S2
. R-'-D DA(
-t is constructed with riid material such as stone#
masonry# concrete# steel# or timber.
Steel dams 1steel plates supported on inclinedstruts2 and timber dams 1wooden plan+s supported
on a wooden framewor+2 are constructed only for
small heihts 1rarely2.
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/. N;N@R-'-D DA( 1!(BAN(!NT DA(S2
-t is constructed with non@riid material such as earth#
tailins# roc+fill etc.
!arthen dam ravel# sand# silt# clay etc
Tailins dam waste or refuse obtained from mines
Roc+fill dam roc+ material supportin a water tiht
material on the u>s face
Roc+fill composite dam Roc+fill on the d>s side and
earth fill on the u>s side
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!arthen dams are provided with a stone
masonry or concrete overflow 1spillway2
section. Such dams are called compositedams.
-n some cases# part of the lenth of the damis constructed as earth dam and the rest
1e"cludin the spillway2 as a masonry dam.
Such dams are called masonry cum earthen
dams.
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BAS!D ;N STRU%TURA, B!?A=-;UR
'RA=-T< DA(
AR%? DA( BUTTR!SS DA(
!(BAN(!NT DA(
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'RA=-T< DA(
-t is a masonry or concrete dam which
resists the forces actin on it by itsown weiht. -ts c>s is appro"imately
trianular in shape.
Straiht ravity dam A ravity dam
that is straiht in plan.
%urved ravity plan A ravity dam
that is curved in plan.
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%urved ravity dam 1Arch ravity dam2
-t resists the forces actin on it by
combined ravity action 1its own weiht2and arch action.
Solid ravity dam -ts body consists of a
solid mass of masonry or concrete ?ollow ravity dam -t has hollow
spaces within its body.
(ost ravity dams are straiht solidravity dams.
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%oncrete 'ravity Dams
*eiht holds dam in place
,ots of concrete 1e"pensive2
These dams are heavy and massive
wall@li+e structures of concrete in
which the whole weiht acts vertically
downwards
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As the entire load is transmitted on the small
area of foundation# such dams are constructed
where roc+s are competent and stable.
Bha+ra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia
and the second highest in the world.
Bha+ra Damis across river utle! in "imachal #radesh
$he construction of this pro!ect was started in the year
%&'( and was completed in %&)* .
It is +', ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight
concrete dam being more than three times the height of
-utab Minar.
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,enth at top 58.6m 17CC feet2 width at
base 9C.5m 16/5 feet2# and at the top is
9.3m 10C feet2
Bha+ra Dam is the hihest %oncrete 'ravity
dam in Asia and Second ?ihest in the world.
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/. AR%? DA(
-t is a curved masonry or concrete dam# conve"
upstream# which resists the forces actin on it by
arch action.
The only arch dam in -ndia -du++i dam 1double
curvature in plan2 concrete arch dam
Arch Dams
Arch shape ives strenth
,ess material 1cheaper2 Narrow sites
Need stron abutments
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These type of dams are concrete or masonrydams which are curved or conve" upstream inplan
This shape helps to transmit the ma:or part ofthe water load to the abutments
Arch dams are built across narrow# deep riverores# but now in recent years they havebeen considered even for little wider valleys.
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0 BUTTR!SS DA(
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0. BUTTR!SS DA(
-t consists of water retainin slopin membrane or dec+on the u>s which is supported by a series of buttresses.These buttresses are in the form of e4ually spacedtrianular masonry or reinforced concrete walls orcounterforts.
The slopin membrane is usually a reinforced concreteslab. -n some cases# the u>s slab is replaced by multiplearches supported on buttresses 1multiple arch buttressdam2 or by flarin the u>s ede of the buttresses to span
the distance between the buttresses 1bul+head buttressdam or massive head buttress dam2. -n eneral# thestructural behaviour of a buttress dam is similar to thatof a ravity dam.
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Buttress Dam -s a ravity damreinforced by structural supports
Buttress a support that transmits aforce from a roof or wall to another
supportin structure
This type of structure can be
considered even if the foundationroc+s are little wea+er.
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Buttress Dams
ace is held up by a series of supports
lat or curved face
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. !(BAN(!NT DA(
-t is a non@riid dam which resists the forces actinon it by its shear strenth and to some e"tent alsoby its own weiht 1ravity2.
-ts structural behaviour is in many ways different
from that of a ravity dam.
!arth or roc+
*eiht resists flow of water
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!arth Dams
They are trape$oidal in shape.
!arth dams are constructed where the foundation orthe underlyin material or roc+s are wea+ to supportthe masonry dam or where the suitable competent
roc+s are at reater depth.
!arthen dams are relatively smaller in heiht andbroad at the base.
They are mainly built with clay# sand and ravel#hence they are also +nown as !arth fill dam or Roc+fill dam
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Classification of /ams
Based on Si$e
Based on function
Based on material used
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%lassification based on Si$e
Small Dam 1EC m hih2
(edium si$e Dam 1C /5 m hih2
,are Dam 1F/5 m hih2 (a:or Dam 1F5C m hih2
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Classification based on #urpose
?ydro@electric dam
-rriation dam
*ater supply dam for city for the purposes of drin+in
water# recreation# naviation thro canals# industrial use.
&lood %ontrol
?abitat dam for fishes ) wild life
!ffluent containin dams from industry# mine# factory
etc.
(ulti@purpose dam
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Classification based on Material of construction
(asonry Dam
%oncrete Dam
Timber Dam
Steel Dam
!arth Dam
Roc+fill Dam %omposite Dam
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%lassification based on action
'ravity Dam
Arch Dam
Saddle Dam
%hec+ Dam
Diversion Dam
;verflow Dam
%offerdam
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'ravity Dam Timber Dam
Steel DamSan ,uis Dam near ,os Bonos#
%alifornia an !mban+ment
Dam
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Spillway
?oover Arch Dam
Power eneration Plant
%offerdam
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Steel Dam
Timber Dam
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Arch Dam
Solid 'ravity Dam
Roc+fill Dam
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%ombined !arth ) Roc+fill Dam
!arth Dam
DA( S-T!S ;& S;(! -ND-AN DA(S
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DA( S-T!S ;& S;(! -ND-AN DA(S
Bha+rananal DamG It is situtated in the gorge of
utle! River where roc0s consist of alternating bands of lightred clays and fairly hard1 thic0 bedded sandstones with a
steep down stream dip1 varying between +,C2(,C with the
hori3ontal.
?ira+ud DamG $he dam is situated across theMahanadi river. $he foundation of roc0s consists of Granitewith schistose bands1 Granitic gneisses1 shales and
4uart3ites.
Beas DamG $he foundation roc0s at the 5eas dam siteconsists alternate layers of sandstones and shales of siwali0
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Naar:unasaar DamG $he roc0 types e6posedin and around the dam site are the granite gneisses of
the peninsular gneissic comple6 and the 4uart3ites andshales belonging srisailam stage of cuddapah system.
Srisailam DamG $he main roc0 types are 4uart3iteboulders1 sand intermi6ed with clay.
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Real 7ife
Give an e6ample or real life anecdote
ympathi3e with the audience8s situation if appropriate