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Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited: Acacia woodmaniorum Assessment Mungada Ridge, Disturbed and

Undisturbed Areas, April 2017

maia

S i n o s t e e l M i d w e s t C o r p o r a t i o n L i m i t e d : A c a c i a w o o d m a n i o r u m A s s e s s m e n t

M u n g a d a R i d g e , D i s t u r b e d a n d U n d i s t u r b e d A r e a s , A p r i l 2 0 1 7

27 April 2017

Version 1

maia.net.au

Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited: Acacia woodmaniorum Assessment Mungada Ridge, Disturbed and Undisturbed Areas,

April 2017

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This document describes the results of an Acacia woodmaniorum assessment carried out in April 2017 by Maia Environmental Consultancy (Maia) for Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited (SMC) on Mungada Ridge. The assessment was carried out in specific areas where Acacia woodmaniorum has been recorded previously and that have been either directly impacted by exploration or mining activities or not impacted. The areas included some cleared on a Karara Mining Limited (KML) tenement for exploration and then either left as they were or rehabilitated, some cleared for exploration by SMC and then rehabilitated, some disturbed but not rehabilitated areas within SMC’s approved mining footprint and, some in areas on SMC’s tenements that have not been impacted by either exploration or mining activities.

Photographs on front page – left to right: a bund on the southern edge of SMC’s Mungada East pit; Acacia

woodmaniorum growing in undisturbed rock; Acacia woodmaniorum growing on the bund in the southwestern section

of SMC’s Mungada West pit; and, view from east to west looking at vegetation on southern side of Mungada East pit

and waste dump behind (all photographs taken by Maia).

Maia Environmental Consultancy Pty Ltd

ABN 25 141 503 184

PO Box 1213

Subiaco WA 6904

© 2017 Maia Environmental Consultancy Pty Ltd

Document Prepared By: RH, SH and CC

Document Reviewed By: CC

Document Version: 1

Document Reference Number: 17011

Date: 27 April 2017

This document has been prepared for SMC by Maia. Copyright and any intellectual property associated with the

document belong to Maia. The document may not be reproduced or distributed to any third party by any physical

or electronic means without the permission of Maia.


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Table of Contents

1 BACKGROUND 1

2 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM ASSESSMENT 2

2.1 SURVEY DESIGN 2 2.2 AREAS SELECTED 2 2.3 INFORMATION RECORDED AND METHODS 2

2.3.1 Acacia woodmaniorum 2 2.3.2 Soil Samples 3

2.4 SURVEY TIMING, RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE BEFORE THE SURVEY 3

3 RESULTS 5

3.1 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM ASSESSMENT AREAS AND TYPICAL LOCATIONS 5 3.1.1 Assessment Areas 5 3.1.2 Typical Locations 5

3.2 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM DATA 15 3.2.1 Acacia woodmaniorum Numbers 15 3.2.2 Acacia woodmaniorum Life Stage 16 3.2.3 Acacia woodmaniorum Aspect and Altitude 17 3.2.4 Health Rating 19 3.2.5 Height 21 3.2.6 Reproductive Status 22

3.3 TEMPORAL CHANGE 24 3.3.1 SMC Exploration Areas - Rehabilitated 24 3.3.2 SMC Mungada East Southern Bund Area - Disturbed 25 3.3.3 SMC Mungada East - Undisturbed 26

3.4 SOIL SAMPLES 28 3.5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 29

4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 33

5 PROJECT TEAM 37

6 REFERENCES 38

7 MAPS 39

TABLES

TABLE 3.1: ASSESSMENT AREA LOCATION, DISTURBANCE TYPE, DATE WHEN REHABILITATED AND AREA (HA) 5 TABLE 3.2: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM TYPICAL LOCATIONS 7 TABLE 3.3: DEAD AND LIVE ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY ASSESSMENT AREA, PRE IMPACT AND IN 2017 15 TABLE 3.4: NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF LIVE ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY LIFE STAGE AND ASSESSMENT AREA 17 TABLE 3.5: MEAN ALTITUDE (M) OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY LIFE STAGE AND ASSESSMENT AREA 18 TABLE 3.6: MEAN HEALTH RATING OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY LIFE STAGE AND ASSESSMENT AREA 19 TABLE 3.7: MEAN HEIGHT (CM) OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY LIFE STAGE AND ASSESSMENT AREA 21 TABLE 3.8: OLD FRUIT ON ACACIA WOODMANIORUM BY ASSESSMENT AREA, FRUITING SCALE AND OVERALL 22 TABLE 3.9: MEAN OF ALL OLD FRUIT CATEGORIES (0 TO 5) BY ASSESSMENT AREA 23 TABLE 3.10: CHANGE IN PLANT STATUS OVER TIME 24 TABLE 3.11: CHANGE IN PLANT STATUS SMC EXPLORATION AREAS – REHABILITATED, 2014 TO 2017 24 TABLE 3.12: CHANGE IN PLANT STATUS SMC MUNGADA EAST SOUTHERN BUND AREA – DISTURBED, 2015 TO 2017 25


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TABLE 3.13: PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN IN 2015 AND 2017 25 TABLE 3.14: CHANGE IN PLANT STATUS SMC – UNDISTURBED, 2014 TO 2017 27 TABLE 3.15: RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE OVER THE SIX MONTHS PRE-FLOWERING IN 2014 AND 2016 27 TABLE 3.16: SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS 29 TABLE 3.17: SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND ASSOCIATED PLANT DATA 31 TABLE 3.18: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM DENSITY, LIFE STAGE, HEALTH RATING AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS RESULTS SUMMARISED 32 TABLE 5.1: PROJECT TEAM 37

MAPS

MAP 7.1: ASSESSMENT AREAS 41 MAP 7.2: LIVE AND DEAD ACACIA WOODMANIORUM 2017 43 MAP 7.3: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM 2017 LIFE STAGES 45 MAP 7.4: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM 2017 HEALTH RATINGS 47 MAP 7.5: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM 2017 HEIGHT 49 MAP 7.6: ACACIA WOODMANIORUM 2017 REPRODUCTIVE STATUS 51 MAP 7.7: LIFE STAGE, HEALTH RATING AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM, SMC EXPLORATION AREAS – REHABILITATED,

2014 AND 2017 53 MAP 7.8: LIFE STAGE, HEALTH RATING AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM, SMC MUNGADA EAST SOUTHERN BUND AREA

– DISTURBED, 2015 AND 2017 55 MAP 7.9: LIFE STAGE, HEALTH RATING AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM, SMC – UNDISTURBED, 2014 AND 2017 57 MAP 7.10: HISTORICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACACIA WOODMANIORUM PRIOR TO ANY IMPACTS AND 2017 ASSESSMENT AREAS AND A.

WOODMANIORUM 59


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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ANOVA Analysis of variance

Aw Acacia woodmaniorum

BoM Bureau of Meteorology

cm Centimetres

DER Department of Environment Regulation

DPaW Department of Parks and Wildlife

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

GPS Global Positioning System

ha Hectare

km Kilometre

KML Karara Mining Limited

m Metre

Maia Maia Environmental Consultancy Pty Ltd

OEPA Office of the Environmental Protection Authority

PER Public Environmental Review

SD Standard deviation

SMC Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited

T Threatened flora

TPFL DPaW’s Threatened and Priority Flora List

WA Western Australia

WC Act Wildlife Conservation Act 1950


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Summary

Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited (SMC) proposes to extend its mining operations on tenements M59/595 and

M59/596 on Mungada Ridge at Blue Hills. A public environmental review (PER) for the proposal is currently under

assessment (Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion Project Assessment No. 2028) and SMC received some preliminary

feedback from the Office of the Environmental Protection Authority (OEPA) on the project in April 2017. The OEPA

advised SMC that the current level of impact to Acacia woodmaniorum is significant and will require an offset.

Specifically, the EPA advised that:

The OEPA notes that the proponent has conducted a habitat assessment for A. woodmaniorum to model the extent of

the species potential habitat in the local area, however there is currently a lack of evidence to support that translocation

of the species would be successful.

On receiving the preliminary advice from the OEPA SMC engaged Maia to carry out a brief assessment of any A.

woodmaniorum growing in selected disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge. SMC indicated that the purpose of the survey

was to collect data to show that A. woodmaniorum is producing / could produce a self-sustaining population in areas

that have been disturbed.

The assessment was carried out in April 2017 over seven specific areas where Acacia woodmaniorum has been

recorded previously and that have been either directly impacted by exploration or mining activities or not impacted.

The areas included some cleared on a Karara Mining Limited (KML) tenement for exploration and then either left as

they were or rehabilitated, some cleared for exploration by SMC and then rehabilitated, some disturbed but not

rehabilitated areas within SMC’s approved mining footprint and, some in areas on SMC’s tenements that have not been

impacted by either exploration or mining activities.

Information collected on each A. woodmaniorum located included its life stage, height, reproductive state and amount

of fertile material if present. Soil samples were also collected from below selected adult plants.

Some general comments on the A. woodmaniorum growing in disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge follow:

Fewer A. woodmaniorum appear to grow in the areas that have been rehabilitated compared with areas that

have been disturbed but not rehabilitated. This is possibly because rehabilitated areas are lower down the

slope than the areas that have not been rehabilitated (KML areas) and there were fewer A. woodmaniorum

located in those areas pre impact anyway (KML and SMC areas).

The increase in A. woodmaniorum density compared with pre-impact density is greatest in the older KML

exploration areas where there have been 5-fold and 3-fold increases in plant density.

A. woodmaniorum grows in different locations in the disturbed areas i.e. in the centre of old tracks, drill pads,

windrows and track edges; however, they appear to be larger and the plants are more numerous in water

gaining areas i.e. at track edges, at the base of rock cuttings and at lower points in any disturbed but reshaped

areas - the soil in these areas would also have been compacted less than in the centre of tracks and drill pads.

In areas that were disturbed longer ago the A. woodmaniorum are taller, have more fruit still on them and

mean extrapolated seed number is higher than in the areas disturbed more recently or in the undisturbed

areas. Larger plants, more pods and potentially more seed probably reflects the reduced competition for light,

water and nutrients in these disturbed areas where the vegetation is less dense. It is also possible that the

rock is more broken up in these areas and plant roots can grow more easily.

In areas disturbed longer ago the proportion of adult to juvenile plants is similar to that in undisturbed areas.

However, in areas disturbed more recently the proportion of juveniles is higher than that of adults. As plants

classified as ‘adult’ in these disturbed areas had no old fruit on them (or on the ground around them) size is not


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an indicator of maturity re reproductive capacity. [Borger & Giltay (2012) recorded pods on some plants and

flowers on many when the areas to be rehabilitated in KML exploration areas were assessed in 2012, just three

years after exploration works ceased, whereas A. woodmaniorum in areas disturbed four years ago had no

pods – this could be related to the degree of disturbance i.e. exploration compared with mining.]

The A. woodmaniorum in the two KML exploration areas had more fruit on them than the plants in the

undisturbed areas, while there was a similar amount of fruit on the plants in the SMC exploration areas to that

in the undisturbed areas. The plants in the three disturbed areas on SMC’s tenements had no fruit on them.

As these have been growing for the shortest length of time the lack of fruiting material could reflect plant

immaturity rather than a lack of ability to produce fruit.

A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed and rehabilitated areas on KML’s tenement are producing flowers

and seed. The seed appears to be viable as a number of juvenile plants were located in the old exploration

areas.

Analysis of the soil and frass samples gathered from beneath adult plants in disturbed but not rehabilitated,

rehabilitated and undisturbed areas indicated that extrapolated mean seed number is greatest in samples

taken from beneath adult plants in exploration areas that have not yet been rehabilitated. The plants tended

to be larger in this area and had more fruit/pods on them than plants in the other areas. Extrapolated mean

seed amount in the KML exploration areas that had been rehabilitated was similar to that in the undisturbed

areas.

A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed areas are healthier than those growing in natural vegetation. This

could be a result of reduced competition in the sparser vegetation of the disturbed areas and also of the young

age of the plants.

A. woodmaniorum are regrowing in a number of disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge. The plants are tending to

grow in areas where there were large numbers of A. woodmaniorum before the area was cleared. As the soil

level in some of these disturbed areas is below the original land surface it is unlikely that they are all growing

from seed buried by ants but that some are being brought to these areas by other mechanisms, water flow,

birds or other mammals.

More A. woodmaniorum appear to be growing in areas that were disturbed and or rehabilitated longer ago and

in areas surrounded by vegetation where A. woodmaniorum was located previously and was relatively dense.

None of the rehabilitated or disturbed areas have been sown with A. woodmaniorum and therefore the seed is

from the local area. In some areas the A. woodmaniorum is now denser than it was pre any impact from

mining while in others the A. woodmaniorum are less dense than pre impact. The areas where the plants are

less dense tend to be those in large cleared areas and where the plants are not close to extant plants e.g. SMC

Mungada west bund area - disturbed.

A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed and rehabilitated areas are fruiting and producing seed. The

proportion of adult to juvenile plants in the KML exploration areas is similar to that in the undisturbed areas

and the plants are potentially producing more seed in these areas than plants in the undisturbed areas.


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Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited: Acacia woodmaniorum Assessment M U N G A D A R I D G E , D I S T U R B E D A N D U N D I S T U R B E D A R E A S , A P R I L 2 0 1 7

1 BACKGROUND Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited (SMC) proposes to extend its mining operations on tenements M59/595

and M59/596 on Mungada Ridge at Blue Hills. A public environmental review (PER) for the proposal is currently

under assessment (Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion Project Assessment No. 2028) and SMC received some

preliminary feedback from the Office of the Environmental Protection Authority (OEPA) on the project in April

2017. The OEPA advised SMC that the current level of impact to Acacia woodmaniorum is significant and will

require an offset. Specifically, the EPA advised that:

The OEPA notes that the proponent has conducted a habitat assessment for A. woodmaniorum to model the extent

of the species potential habitat in the local area, however there is currently a lack of evidence to support that

translocation of the species would be successful.

Maia Environmental Consultancy Pty Ltd (Maia) carried out a combined detailed Level 2 flora and vegetation and

targeted flora survey over tenements M59/595 and M59/596 (Maia, 2016) and the survey included a census of

Acacia woodmaniorum occurring in areas proposed to be disturbed by the project and in selected undisturbed

areas. Acacia woodmaniorum is listed as a threatened (T) flora species (Vulnerable) under the Western Australian

(WA) Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act).

On receiving the preliminary advice from the OEPA SMC engaged Maia to carry out a brief assessment of any A.

woodmaniorum growing in selected disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge.

SMC indicated that the purpose of the survey was to collect as much data as possible to show that A.

woodmaniorum is producing / could produce a self-sustaining population in areas that have been disturbed.


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2 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM ASSESSMENT

2.1 SURVEY DESIGN

In order to gather information to support the concept that Acacia woodmaniorum translocated or sown into

disturbed or rehabilitated areas on Mungada Ridge could be able to produce a self-sustaining population a

number of different areas were selected on Mungada Ridge from which to collect data. These included:

Areas where A. woodmaniorum could be found growing on disturbed and rehabilitated ground

Areas where A. woodmaniorum could be found growing on ground disturbed and rehabilitated at

different times

Areas where A. woodmaniorum could be found growing on ground disturbed to different degrees e.g. in

areas disturbed and rehabilitated post exploration programs and areas disturbed by mining

Undisturbed areas where A. woodmaniorum was assessed in June 2014.

2.2 AREAS SELECTED

The areas selected for assessment are described below and their locations are shown on Map 7.1, Section 7.

Karara Mining Limited (KML) exploration areas on Mungada Ridge (tenement M59/650). These areas

comprise tracks and drill pads cleared for exploration in 2009 and either rehabilitated or not).

SMC exploration areas on Mungada Ridge (tenement M59/596) that were cleared in 2007 and

rehabilitated in 2009.

Bund and disturbed areas around the pit at Mungada East (M59/595 and M59/596). A number of Acacia

woodmaniorum plants were located on a bund area around the southern section of the pit in June 2015.

This area is to be reassessed to determine if there have been any changes to the A. woodmaniorum in this

area since last assessed.

Any other areas around the Mungada East pit that have been disturbed by mining and where A.

woodmaniorum could potentially have regrown.

Bunds and disturbed areas around the pit at Mungada West (M59/595). Areas where A. woodmaniorum

used to grow and were cleared for the mine and the bund area to be assessed for any new plant growth.

Undisturbed areas close to SMC’s rehabilitated exploration areas. Three square blocks of vegetation to be

assessed – these areas were last assessed in June 2014 and will be reassessed to determine whether

there have been any changes in the health and number of plants since 2014.

2.3 INFORMATION RECORDED AND METHODS

2.3.1 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM

Information to be collected from each Acacia woodmaniorum located growing in these areas included:

Life stage (seedling, juvenile or adult)

Height (recorded to the nearest 10 centimetres (cm))

Reproductive state (vegetative, flowering, fruiting)

o If plants flowering and/or fruiting – information on the number of flowers and pods and their

maturity to be collected. A scale to be used for this information rather than exact numbers. The

scale to relate to an estimate of the percentage of flowering/fruiting on each plant (e.g. 0 = no

flowers or fruit, 1 = 1-20% flowers or fruit, 2 = 21-40%, 3 = 41-60%, 4 = 61-80% and 5 = 81-100%).

[Although, most flowering and fruiting in A. woodmaniorum has been recorded during surveys

carried out by Maia in June and September and the plants might not have any fertile material left

on them in April. FloraBase records indicate fertile material was recorded on A. woodmaniorum


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collected in March (seed and pod material), July (flowers and buds) and September (flowers)

(Western Australian Herbarium, WAH, 1998-). The results of a search of the Threatened and

Priority Flora List (Department of Parks and Wildlife, DPaW, reference # 36-0715FL) indicated

records for A. woodmaniorum in flower in the months of June and July.]

2.3.2 SOIL SAMPLES

In addition to the information listed above soil samples were collected from a set area (e.g. 20 cm x 20 cm or

equivalent area) beneath an adult plant (with pods or evidence of past fruiting). When possible three soil samples

to be collected from beneath adult plants in selected areas i.e. three from KML exploration areas – not

rehabilitated, three from KML exploration areas – rehabilitated, three from SMC exploration areas – rehabilitated,

three from SMC area rehabilitated post mining and three from under plants growing in undisturbed areas. Where

there is no evidence of past fruiting on the plants in an area soil samples will not be collected.

More information on the samples collected is included in Section 3.4.

2.4 SURVEY TIMING , RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE BEFORE THE SURVEY

The survey was carried out on April 6, 7 and 8, 2017.

WA rainfall and temperature information for a three month period before the survey (1 January to 31 March,

2017) is shown in Figures 2.1 to 2.3 (BoM, 2017). The survey area is indicated by a black dot on each figure.

Rainfall deciles in the vicinity of the survey area were above average for the three months before the survey

(Figure 2.1). Rainfall received over those three months was between 150% and 200% of the long-term mean for

the same three months (Figure 2.2), while the mean temperature decile was average (Figure 2.3). Therefore with

above average rainfall and average temperature the vegetation in the survey area could be expected to have been

in above average condition when the survey was carried out in early April 2017.

Figure 2:1 Western Australian Rainfall Deciles 1 January to

31 March, 2017 (BoM, 2017) Figure 2:2 Western Australian Rainfall Percentages 1

January to 31 March, 2017 (BoM, 2017)


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Figure 2:3 Western Australian Mean Temperature Deciles 1 January to 31 March, 2017 (BoM, 2017)


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3 RESULTS

3.1 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM ASSESSMENT AREAS AND TYPICAL LOCATIONS

3.1.1 ASSESSMENT AREAS

Acacia woodmaniorum was located in seven areas assessed on KML and SMC tenements on Mungada Ridge. The

areas are listed by location, disturbance type, rehabilitation status and area in Table 3.1 and shown on Map 7.1,

Section 7. Information on exactly when the areas on KML’s tenement M59/650 were cleared for exploration and

then rehabilitated was not available. However, a draft report produced in 2012 (Borger and Giltay, 2012) includes

maps showing areas to be rehabilitated (disturbed) and those already rehabilitated and they were therefore

rehabilitated sometime between 2009 and August 2012. Since that survey was carried out (6-8 August, 2012) an

area indicated as disturbed but not rehabilitated has been rehabilitated. The two rehabilitated areas are shown

on Map 7.1; however, this area of more recent rehabilitation has been included with the earlier rehabilitation

areas for KML exploration areas – rehabilitated (because no A. woodmaniorum were located in the area in the

past or in 2017) and on following maps both areas are shown in the same colour.

Table 3.1: Assessment area location, disturbance type, date when rehabilitated and area (ha)

# Assessment Area Disturbance type (date of most recent disturbance)

Rehabilitated? (year when rehabilitated)

Area Assessed

(ha) 1 KML, M59/650, Mungada

Ridge (Gully and Skyhook) Exploration (2009) Rehabilitated (2009-?2013) (most

areas rehabilitated sometime between 2009 and 2012 and a smaller area after August 2012)

4.04

2 KML, M59/650, Mungada Ridge (Gully, Tor, Wagon Wheel and Skyhook)

Exploration (2009) Not rehabilitated 5.34

3 SMC, M59/596 Exploration (2007) Rehabilitated (early 2009) 0.31

4 SMC M59/596 and M59/595, Mungada East pit southern bund area

Mining (2013) Disturbed / not rehabilitated 0.60

5 SMC M59/596 and M59/595, Mungada East pit other bund areas and surrounds


6 SMC M59/595, Mungada West pit bund area and surrounds


7 SMC, M59/596, undisturbed vegetation

Undisturbed Undisturbed 0.27

3.1.2 TYPICAL LOCATIONS

In each of the assessment areas that had been previously disturbed the A. woodmaniorum was found in different

location - they were located on windrows, at the base of cuttings and in the flatter track or drill pad areas i.e. they

were found in all topographic locations of the altered landscape. However, plants tended to be denser and

appeared healthier in areas where water gain or run-on occurs e.g. in depressions at the base of slopes, at the

base of rock fractures / cuttings and along track edges. Photographs of A. woodmaniorum growing in the different

locations at each of the assessment areas are included in Table 3.2.


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Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited: Acacia woodmaniorum Assessment Mungada Ridge, Disturbed and Undisturbed Areas, April 2017

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Table 3.2: Acacia woodmaniorum typical locations

1 Acacia woodmaniorum at KML exploration areas - rehabilitated

Aw at edge of rehabilitated area Aw in centre of rehabilitated area Aw centre left of rehabilitated area

Aw at edge of rehabilitated area Aw at edge of rehabilitated area Aw in centre of rehabilitated area


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2 Acacia woodmaniorum at KML exploration areas – not rehabilitated

Aw on windrow Aw on windrow Aw on windrow

Aw on windrow Aw at track edge Aw at track edge


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2 Acacia woodmaniorum at KML exploration areas – not rehabilitated

Aw at track centre Aw at drill pad edge Aw at drill pad or track centre

Aw at track edge Aw at track edge Aw in mid track, very healthy juvenile


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3 SMC exploration areas – rehabilitated

Aw at centre of rehabilitated drill pad area

4 Acacia woodmaniorum at SMC Mungada East southern bund area – disturbed

Aw on windrow/bund at base of bund area Aw at base of bund area in a depression Large Aw base of bund area


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Multiple juvenile Aw on slope of bund area Juvenile Aw on bund slope Multiple juvenile Aw on bund slope

Aw on top of bund area View across top of eastern section of bund area View across western section of bund area


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View over bund, west to east, from middle View over bund, east to west, from base

5 Acacia woodmaniorum at SMC Mungada East selected areas – disturbed

Aw on crest of haul road bund Aw at edge of western pit bund (south section) Aw at edge of western pit bund (south section)


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5 Acacia woodmaniorum at SMC Mungada East selected areas – disturbed

Aw in gully southwest of pit (boundary of disturbed

area) Aw in northwestern end of eastern pit bund Aw northwest section of eastern inner pit bund

Aw southeast section of eastern outer pit bund Aw southeast section of eastern outer pit bund


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6 Acacia woodmaniorum at SMC Mungada West bund area – disturbed

Aw growing on disturbed waste rock at edge of pit

7 Acacia woodmaniorum – undisturbed

Adult Aw Adult Aw growing out of rock fissure Aw juvenile

Note: Aw = Acacia woodmaniorum.


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3.2 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM DATA

Each Acacia woodmaniorum located in disturbed ground (fully or partially disturbed) was waypointed and

information was collected on its life stage, health, height and reproductive status. Any A. woodmaniorum on the

edges of the disturbed areas where the ground had not been disturbed were not recorded. Cells highlighted pink

in the tables in this section indicate the highest number, percent or mean in a column and cells highlighted blue

the lowest number.

3.2.1 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM NUMBERS

A total of 728 A. woodmaniorum were recorded in fully or partially disturbed ground in the areas assessed; of

these 728 plants, 704 were live (97%) and 24 dead (3%)). When the assessment areas are intersected with original

pre impact A. woodmaniorum locations, 598 A. woodmaniorum were located in these areas previously (Table 3.3).

Therefore in April 2017 the total number of live A. woodmaniorum in all assessment areas was approximately

117% of the pre impact number recorded in the same areas.

Table 3.3: Dead and live Acacia woodmaniorum by assessment area, pre impact and in 2017

Area # Assessment area

Pre impact

2017

Live Dead Live Total

# # % # % # %

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 5 1 0.14 26 3.57 27 3.71

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 73 5 0.69 236 32.42 241 33.10

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 19 1 0.14 7 0.96 8 1.10

4 SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed

150 4 0.55 193 26.51 197 27.06

5 SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed

35 0 0 35 4.81 35 4.81

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed

115 0 0 6 0.82 6 0.82

7 SMC - undisturbed 201 13 1.79 201 27.61 214 29.40

Total 598 24 3.31 704 96.70 728 100

Area # Assessment area

Area Live Acacia woodmaniorum (Aw)

Pre impact 2017 Change in number per

ha ha Number of Aw

per ha Number of Aw per ha

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 4.04 1.24 6.44 Increase

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 5.34 13.67 44.19 Increase

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 0.31 61.29 22.58 Decrease


0.60 250.00 321.67 Increase


5.66 6.18 6.18 No change


2.56 44.92 2.34 Decrease

7 SMC - undisturbed 0.27 744.44 744.44 No change

Total / overall 18.87 31.84 37.49 Increase


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No dead plants were recorded in two of the assessment areas - Mungada West bund area – disturbed and

Mungada East selected areas - disturbed. Most dead plants were recorded in the undisturbed areas on SMC

tenements (1.79%) (Table 3.3).

Pre impact live plant density was highest in the SMC – undisturbed area (744 plants per ha) and lowest in the KML

exploration areas - rehabilitated areas (1 plant per ha). In 2017 plant density was highest in the undisturbed areas

(still 744 plants per ha) and lowest in the SMC Mungada West bund area – disturbed (2 plants per ha). Plant

density has increased in both KML exploration areas and SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed, has

decreased in SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated and SMC Mungada bund area – disturbed and there has been

no change in plant density in the SMC Mungada East selected areas – disturbed and the SMC – undisturbed areas.

Over all areas assessed plant density increased in 2017 compared with pre impact plant density (37 plants and 32

plants per ha respectively).

Live and dead A. woodmaniorum recorded in the areas assessed are shown on Map 7.2, Section 7.

3.2.2 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM LIFE STAGE

The three A. woodmaniorum life stages used are defined below.

Seedling: plant is ≤ 10 cm in height, bipinnate leaves still present at its base and no reproductive material.

Juvenile: plant has no bipinnate leaves, the plant stems have not divided much (one or two stems) and

the phyllodes are not lengthy, no evidence of reproductive material.

Adult: no bipinnate leaves, the stems are divided multiple times and the phyllodes are more or less

lengthy and reproductive material may or may not be present.

Juvenile and adult plants were recorded in the areas assessed – no seedlings were recorded in any of the

assessment areas. The life stage summary data for all live A. woodmaniorum located in the areas assessed are

presented in Table 3.4 and are shown by life stage (juvenile and adult) on Map 7.3, Section 7.

Approximately 76% of the 704 live A. woodmaniorum recorded in the areas assessed were adult and 24% were

juvenile. Most juveniles (109, 15.5%) were recorded in the SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed.

No juveniles were recorded in SMC exploration areas – rehabilitated or in the SMC Mungada West bund area -

disturbed.


April 2017

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Table 3.4: Number and percentage of live Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

Area # Assessment area Adult Juvenile Total

# % # % # %

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 25 3.55 1 0.14 26 3.69

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 220 31.25 16 2.27 236 33.52

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 7 0.99 0 0 7 0.99

4 SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed 84 11.93 109 15.48 193 27.41

5 SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed 11 1.56 24 3.41 35 4.97

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed 6 0.85 0 0 6 0.85

7 SMC - undisturbed 182 25.85 19 2.7 201 28.55

Total 535 75.99 169 24.01 704 100

Typical juvenile plant Typical adult plants (variable height, max 130 cm at

this location)

3.2.3 ACACIA WOODMANIORUM ASPECT AND ALTITUDE

The aspect each A. woodmaniorum faced was determined using the rotation function in Google Earth

(DigitalGlobe, 2016). The percentage of adult, juvenile and all live plants by aspect and assessment area is shown

in Figure 3.1.

SMC’s section of Mungada Ridge is aligned in an approximately east-west direction. Just east of and adjacent to

SMC’s M59/596 eastern boundary, Mungada Ridge curves around and changes direction and the section on KML’s

M59/650 runs in a north-south direction.

The plants assessed on SMC’s tenements tended to be on south-facing slopes and those on KML’s section tended

to be on west- to southwest-facing slopes. None of the A. woodmaniorum assessed on SMC’s tenements were

located on west-, east- or north-facing slopes.


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Figure 3:1: Percentage of Acacia woodmaniorum plants shown by life stage, aspect and assessment area

Global Positioning System (GPS) altitude data recorded with each individual plant waypoint was used to calculate

the mean altitude for the A. woodmaniorum recorded at each assessment area (Table 3.5 and Figure 3.2).

Of the 704 live A. woodmaniorum recorded in the different areas assessed, the plants located on KML exploration

areas - not rehabilitated are at the highest mean altitude (480.67 ± 22.70 m). The plants recorded in the SMC

Mungada West bund area – disturbed are at the lowest mean altitude (363.29 ± 0.33 m).

Table 3.5: Mean altitude (m) of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

Area # Assessment area Adult Juvenile Live overall

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 420.96 11.19 404.01 420.31 11.45

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 480.66 22.79 480.91 22.03 480.67 22.70

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 427.68 7.07 427.68 7.07


391.66 3.57 388.30 3.89 389.76 4.10

5 SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed 395.12 20.92 431.69 18.12 420.19 25.44

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed 363.29 0.33 363.29 0.33

7 SMC - undisturbed 422.50 6.98 421.46 6.90 422.41 6.97

Overall mean / standard deviation (SD) 440.34 39.05 407.05 31.00 432.35 39.88

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

Ad

ult

Juve

nile

Live

KMLexploration

areas -rehabilitated

KMLexplorationareas - not

rehabilitated

SMCexploration


SMC MungadaEast southern

bund area -disturbed

SMC MungadaEast selected

areas -disturbed

SMC MungadaWest bund

area -disturbed

SMC -undisturbed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f p

lan

ts b

y as

pe

ct f

or

eac

h lo

cati

on

(%

) N NE E SE S SW W


April 2017

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Figure 3:2: Mean altitude (m, ± standard error) of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

3.2.4 HEALTH RATING

Each live A. woodmaniorum recorded was given a health rating from 1 to 4 (1 = healthiest, 2 = healthy with some

signs of phyllode death or damage, 3 = average condition, 4 = poor condition) and dead plants were rated as 5.

Table 3.6 summarises the mean health rating for each of the life stages and for all live plants overall; photographs

of healthy (health rating 1) and unhealthy (health rating 4) A. woodmaniorum are also included. This information

is also shown in Figure 3.3 and on Map 7.4, Section 7. The lower the mean the healthier the plants are at a

particular location.

Overall, the A. woodmaniorum plants in all areas where plants were assessed are relatively healthy (2.21 ± 0.95)

(Table 3.6). The plants assessed on SMC’s disturbed areas (SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed,

SMC Mungada East selected areas – disturbed and SMC Mungada West bund area – disturbed) are healthier than

the plants recorded at the four other assessment areas. The A. woodmaniorum assessed in both areas on KML’s

tenements are healthier than the A. woodmaniorum recorded in the undisturbed areas on SMC’s tenements. The

plants in the SMC exploration areas -rehabilitated are slightly healthier than those in the undisturbed areas on

SMC’s tenements. Health of the plants assessed in the different areas on KML’s tenement is similar but plants in

the rehabilitated areas are healthier than the plants in the not rehabilitated areas.

Table 3.6: Mean health rating of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area



1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 2.32 0.63 1.00 - 2.27 0.67

350

370

390

410

430

450

470

490

510

KMLexploration



rehabilitated

SMCexploration





areas -disturbed


area -disturbed

SMC -undisturbed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Me

an a

ltit

ud

e (

m)

Adult Juvenile Live


April 2017

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2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated

2.57 0.68 1.94 1.00 2.53 0.72

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 2.43 1.13 - - 2.43 1.13


1.50 0.55 1.10 0.38 1.27 0.50


2.36 0.81 1.17 0.38 1.54 0.78


1.17 0.41 - - 1.17 0.41

7 SMC - undisturbed 2.98 0.69 1.84 0.69 2.88 0.76


Typical healthy plant (health rating of 1) Typical unhealthy plant (health rating of 4)

Figure 3:3: Mean health rating (± standard error) of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

KMLexploration



rehabilitated

SMCexploration


SMCMungada East

southernbund area -disturbed

SMCMungada Eastselected areas

- disturbed

SMCMungada

West bundarea -

disturbedSMC -

undisturbed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Me

an h

eal

th r

atin

g

Adult Juvenile Live


April 2017

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3.2.5 HEIGHT

The height of all A. woodmaniorum assessed was measured to the nearest 10 cm. Table 3.7 summarises mean

height data for the plants located in the seven areas assessed and for live plants overall. Mean height by life stage

data for each location is also shown in Figure 3.4 and on Map 7.5, Section 7.

Table 3.7: Mean height (cm) of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

Area # Assessment area Mean height (cm)

Adult Juvenile Live overall


1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 94.80 33.93 50.00 93.08 34.38

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 107.73 37.77 26.88 9.46 102.25 41.84

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 70.00 27.08 70.00 27.08


65.12 37.63 38.81 23.08 50.26 32.91


70.91 41.10 18.75 11.54 35.14 34.50

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed 98.33 17.22 98.33 17.22

7 SMC - undisturbed 88.96 42.08 25.26 14.29 82.94 44.38


Figure 3:4: Mean height (cm, ± standard error) of Acacia woodmaniorum by life stage and assessment area

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

KMLexploration



rehabilitated

SMCexploration





areas -disturbed


area -disturbed

SMC -undisturbed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Me

an h

eig

ht

(cm

)

Adult Juvenile Live


April 2017

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The overall mean height of all live A. woodmaniorum located in the areas assessed was 78.45 ± 45.48 cm. Plants

located on KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated were tallest (mean of 102.25 ± 41.84 cm) followed by plants

on SMC Mungada West southern bund area - disturbed (mean of 98.33 ± 17.22 cm) and those on KML exploration

areas - rehabilitated (mean of 93.08 ± 34.38 cm). The smallest plants were located at SMC Mungada East selected

areas – disturbed (35.14 ± 34.50 cm). The plants in undisturbed areas on SMC’s tenements are slightly taller than

those in the SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated (82.94 ± 44.38 cm compared with 70.00 ± 27.08 cm).

3.2.6 REPRODUCTIVE STATUS

No flowers were observed on any of the A. woodmaniorum located in the areas assessed.

Some plants had old pods that had not yet been shed - no seeds were seen in any of the pods that were checked.

Any pods noted on live A. woodmaniorum plants were assigned to one of three age groups: immature, ripe or old.

The amount of fruiting material (pods) on each plant and the age of the fruit were estimated using the following

range: zero fruit present, 1-20%, 21-40%, 41-60%, 61-80% and 81-100%.

The pods on all plants recorded with fruiting material were old. The distribution of vegetative and fertile plants is

shown on Map 7.6, Section 7. Summary data for the pods/fruit recorded on all live A. woodmaniorum is

presented in Table 3.8 and shown on Figure 3.5. No pods/fruit were recorded on plants in the three disturbed

areas on SMC’s tenements (Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed, Mungada East selected areas –

disturbed or in the Mungada West bund area – disturbed) (Table 3.8). Most plants with old fruit were in the two

KML exploration areas - 65.38% on the KML exploration areas - rehabilitated and 60.17% on the KML exploration

areas – not rehabilitated. The proportion of plants with old fruit in SMC exploration areas – rehabilitated and the

SMC undisturbed areas was similar (28.57% and 24.88% respectively).

Overall, approximately 30% of the plants had old fruit on them and the dominant old fruit presence range was the

1-20% of the plant with old fruit (approxilately 23%) and no plants were recorded in the 81-100% old fruit range.

Table 3.8: Old fruit on Acacia woodmaniorum by assessment area, fruiting scale and overall

Area #

Assessment area

Old fruit present on plants # with fruit

overall Zero 1-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%

# % # % # % # % # % # % # %

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated

9 34.62 16 61.54 1 3.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 65.38


94 39.83 101 42.80 27 11.44 12 5.08 2 0.85 0 0 142 60.17

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated

5 71.43 2 28.57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 28.57

4

SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed

193 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


35 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 SMC - undisturbed

151 75.12 46 22.89 4 1.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 24.88

Overall total / mean 493 70.03 165 23.44 32 4.55 12 1.70 2 0.28 0 0 211 29.97


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Figure 3:5: Adult Acacia woodmaniorum in each fruit category and assessment area

A mean was calculated for all old fruit categories recorded at each assessment area and over all areas (Table 3.9).

Table 3.9: Mean of all old fruit categories (0 to 5) by assessment area

Area # Assessment area Live plants overall

Mean SD

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated 0.69 0.55

2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated 0.84 0.88

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated 0.29 0.49

4 SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed 0 0

5 SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed 0 0

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed 0 0

7 SMC - undisturbed 0.27 0.49

Overall mean and standard deviation (SD) 0.39 0.68

Old pods on Acacia woodmaniorum in April 2017

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

KMLexploration



rehabilitated

SMCexploration





areas -disturbed


area -disturbed

SMC -undisturbed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ad

ult

pla

nts

an

d o

ld f

ruit

cat

ego

ry (

%)

None present 1-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%


April 2017

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More old fruit per plant was recorded at the two KML areas than on the A. woodmaniorum in SMC’s rehabilitated

area and undisturbed area. The amount of old fruit recorded on the plants in SMC’s exploration areas was similar

to that on the A. woodmaniorum in the undisturbed areas. [Note that the old pods recorded in April 2017 were

those left after flowering in 2016 and only provide an estimate of actual fruiting capacity as many will have fallen

off the plants and there would have been more pods on the plants in late 2016.]

3.3 TEMPORAL CHANGE

Change in plant status in disturbed areas over time is assessed only for those assessment areas where repeat

assessments have been carried out. The three areas are highlighted green in Table 3.10 and any changes between

assessment times are discussed in the following subsections.

Table 3.10: Change in plant status over time

Area # Location - treatment Comment on availability of data collected previously

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated Data collected in 2012 not available and change in disturbed areas between 2012 and 2017 cannot be assessed 2 KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated Data collected in 2014

4 SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed Data collected in 2015

5 SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed No data previously collected from these areas

6 SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed No data previously collected from these areas

7 SMC - undisturbed Data collected in 2014

3.3.1 SMC EXPLORATION AREAS - REHABILITATED

Change in plant status between 2014 and 2017 data for this area is included in Table 3.11 A, B and C and shown on Map 7.7, Section 7. Plant numbers decreased in these areas by 12 since 2014, the plants are healthier than they were in 2014 and they were more fertile in 2017 than in 2014. Plant height was not measured in 2014 and any change in mean height cannot be calculated. The difference in plant number most likely reflects the fact that only plants lying in partially or fully disturbed areas were recorded. Plants within the boundary of the exploration area polygons but not in areas that had been partially or completely disturbed were not recorded. A number of A. woodmaniorum were noted at the edge of and within the polygons indicating disturbance, but they were not actually in disturbed ground.

Table 3.11: Change in plant status SMC exploration areas – rehabilitated, 2014 to 2017

A 2014 2017 Change

Life stage and # of plants

LS LJ LA D Total live



0 5 14 2 A 19 0 0 7 1 J 7 0 -5 -7 +1 J, 2 A -12

B 2014 2017 Change in mean

Health rank (mean)

Live adult Live juvenile All live Live adult Live juvenile All live -0.57 (healthier)

3.43 1.80 3.00 2.43 - 2.43

C 2014 2017 Change in fertility

Reproductive status and # of plants

Veg (J + A)

Fl Fr % Fertile Veg (A) Fl Fr % fertile +18.04

17 2 0 10.53 5 0 2 28.57

Note: LS = live seedling, LJ = live juvenile, LA = live adult, J = juvenile, A = adult Veg = vegetative, S = seedlings, J = juveniles and A = adults, Fl = flowering, Fr = fruiting.


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3.3.2 SMC MUNGADA EAST SOUTHERN BUND AREA - DISTURBED

Data on change in plant status in this area between 2015 and 2017 is presented in Table 3.12 A, B and C and Map 7.8, Section 7 and photographs of the area in 2015 and 2017 in Table 3.13.

The number of plants in this area has increased by 96 over the two years. The plants were a little less healthy in 2017 than in 2015. This reflects the increase in number of adult plants in 2017 and the mean health rank for adult plants is lower than that for juvenile plants. The reproductive status of the plants in this assessment area has not changed, they were all vegetative, as in 2015, and there was no evidence of any old pods in the areas around the older plants. The plants appear to need to achieve a certain age before they flower and then fruit and this is probably the better indicator of a plant becoming a mature adult rather than a particular size being achieved. Plant height was not measured in 2015 and any change in mean height cannot be calculated.

Table 3.12: Change in plant status SMC Mungada East southern bund area – disturbed, 2015 to 2017

A 2015 2017 Change





0 96 1 1 J 97 0 109 84 1 J, 3 A 193 0 +13 +83 +3 A +96

Note: LS = live seedling, LJ = live juvenile, LA = live adult, J = juvenile, A = adult.

B 2015 2017 Change in mean

Health rank (mean)

Live adult Live juvenile All live Live adult Live juvenile All live +0.27 (less healthy)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.10 1.27

C 2015 2017 Change in status


Veg Flowers Fruit Veg Flowers Fruit

97 0 0 193 0 0 No change

Note: Veg = vegetative

Table 3.13: Photographs taken in 2015 and 2017

2015 2017

July 2015: southern bund area view from lower far west to east April 2017: southern bund area view from top west to east


April 2017

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2015 2017

July 2015: southern bund area view from lower middle west to east

April 2017: southern bund area view from mid middle west to east

July 2015: southern bund area view from lower east to west April 2017: southern bund area view from lower east to west

3.3.3 SMC MUNGADA EAST - UNDISTURBED

The change in plant status between 2014 and 2017 in the undisturbed areas is listed by factor (life stage, health rank and reproductive status) in Table 3.14 A, B and C and shown in Map 7.9, Section 7.

Overall, this subset of plants has not changed much over the almost three years since they were last assessed. The number of plants has remained the same, the plants have become slightly healthier and there has been a small increase in the fertility of the plants assessed.


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Table 3.14: Change in plant status SMC – undisturbed, 2014 to 2017

A 2014 2017 Change in number of plants


L S L J L A D Total live



2 7 192 40 201 0 19 182 13 201 -2 +12 -10 -27 0

Note re A above and B below: L S = live seedling, L J = live juvenile, L A = live adult, J = juvenile, A = adult.

B 2014 2017 Change in health rating

Health rank (mean)

L A L J L S All live L A L J L S All live -0.55 (plants have become more

healthy) 3.46 3.00 2.00 3.43 2.98 1.84 - 2.88

C 2014 2017 Change in

fertility


Veg (S, J +

A) Fl Fl + Fr Fr

% fertile

Veg (S, J + A)

Fl/Fl + Fr Fr % fertile

152 46 2 1 24.38 151 0 50 24.88 +0.50

Note: Veg = vegetative, S = seedlings, J = juveniles and A = adults, Fl = flowering, Fr = fruiting.

These small changes could reflect either the nature of the data being collected and the scales used or the rainfall and temperature in summer and autumn pre-flowering in 2016 and assessment in 2017 compared with the rainfall and temperature in summer and autumn pre-flowering and assessment in June 2014.

The rainfall and temperature information in the assessment area for the six months pre-flowering in 2014 was average (rainfall decile), between 100% and 125% of the long-term mean (rainfall percentage) and very much above average (mean temperature deciles), while in the six months pre-flowering in 2016 rainfall decile was above average, rainfall percentage 125 – 150% of the long-term mean and mean temperature decile was average (Table 3.15; assessment area indicated by a black dot on each figure).

Table 3.15: Rainfall and temperature over the six months pre-flowering in 2014 and 2016

Pre-flowering 2014 Pre-flowering 2016

WA rainfall deciles 1 Dec 2013 – 31 May 2014 WA rainfall deciles 1 Dec 2015 – 31 May 2016


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Pre-flowering 2014 Pre-flowering 2016

WA rainfall percentages 1 Dec 2013 – 31 May 2014 WA rainfall percentages 1 Dec 2015 – 31 May 2016

WA mean temperature deciles 1 Dec 2013 – 31 May 2014 WA mean temperature deciles 1 Dec 2015 – 31 May 2016

3.4 SOIL SAMPLES

Soil samples were collected from beneath 10 adult Acacia woodmaniorum (Table 3.16; Map 7.1, Section 7).

When present, frass and other old plant material that had accumulated on the soil surface were collected along

with the soil. The samples were independently analysed at the Australian Research Council, Centre for Mine Site

Restoration at Curtin University of Technology.


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Table 3.16: Soil sample locations

Sample Number Location

1 KML exploration areas –not rehabilitated




4 KML exploration areas –rehabilitated



8 Undisturbed vegetation



The 10 bags of soil (each containing between 400 – 600 grams of soil, rock and plant material) were analysed by

sifting the materials and estimating the seed in each sample using the number of pods as a surrogate.

Note that:

1. Pods contain up to 12 seeds per pod, with an average of 9 per pod.

2. Seed bulges indicate the presence of a viable seed.

3. Using samples of five un-dehisced pods point 2 above was verified.

4. The seeds have a white aril and based on past experience with semi-arid zone arillate seed, all seed is

harvested by ants and removed often to depth and beyond the sampling capacity.

The results of the soil sample analysis are indicated in Table 3.17.

The high variability in the seed numbers is reflective of the intense rocky nature of the sites where soil fissures

and areas where plant materials can accumulate would be highly variable. Though no seeds were directly

observed - the seed of this species being very hard seeded means it would be resident in fissures and deeper in

the soil profile due to the soil burial action of ants which are the primary agents of dispersal of arillate seeds such

as these. With more detailed analysis of the spatial area of each collection zone and proximity to the projected

canopy area of plants of Acacia woodmaniorum it would be possible to extrapolate the total number of seed likely

to be resident in the substrate.

Mean extrapolated seed number is highest in the samples taken from beneath adult plants in KML’s exploration

areas that have not been rehabilitated (Table3.17); this mean is also higher than that for the samples taken from

undisturbed areas. The plants were larger in the KML exploration areas that had not been rehabilitated and had

more fruit/pods on them than in the other two treatment groups.

3.5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Table 3.18 summarises the results for each parameter assessed and they are discussed in Section 4.


April 2017

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Table 3.17: Soil sample analysis and associated plant data

Sample # Location Extrapolated seed # Plant height to nearest 10 cm Plant health rating Fruit rating

1

KML exploration areas – not rehabilitated

171 220 3 2

2 42 180 2 1

3 45 160 2 4

5 7 110 2 2

Mean 66.25 167.50 2.25 1.75

4

KML exploration areas – rehabilitated

0 40 2 0

6 29 100 2 2

7 15 100 2 1

Mean 14.67 80.00 2.00 1.00

8

SMC - undisturbed

13 70 2 1

9 10 140 2 0

10 16 60 3 1

Mean 13.00 90.00 2.33 0.67

Note: plant health ratings on a scale where- 1 = very healthy and 5 = dead; fruit rating - 0 = no fruit, 1 = 1% to 20%, 2 = 21% - 40%; 3 = 41%-60%; 4 = 61%-80%; 5 = 81%-100%.


maia Page 32

Table 3.18: Acacia woodmaniorum density, life stage, health rating and reproductive status results summarised

Area #

Assessment area

Approximate # of years since disturbance / rehabilitation

Area Original live

plant # pre any impact*

Live plant # 2017

Acacia woodmaniorum (Aw) live plant

density – Aw per ha

Life stages (live plants) – number and proportion of live plants

located at each assessment area and overall

Health rating (live

plants)

Height (live

plants)

Live plants with fruit

Soil sample analysis

ha Pre impact

2017 Adult #

Adult %

Juv #

Juv %

Mean Mean (cm)

% Mean extrapolated

seed #

1 KML exploration areas - rehabilitated

?7 4.04 5 26 1.24 6.44 25 96.15 1 3.85 2.27 93.08 65.38 14.67


8 5.34 73 236 13.67 44.19 220 93.22 16 6.78 2.53 102.25 60.17 66.25

3 SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated

8 0.31 19 7 61.29 22.58 7 100 0 0 2.43 70.00 28.57

4

SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed

4 0.60 150 193 250.00 321.67 84 43.52 109 56.48 1.27 50.26 0

5

SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed

4 5.66 35 35 6.18 6.18 11 31.43 24 68.57 1.54 35.14 0


4 2.56 115 6 44.92 2.34 6 100 0 0 1.17 98.33 0

7 SMC - undisturbed

- 0.27 201 201 744.44 744.44 182 90.55 19 9.45 2.88 82.94 24.88 13.00

Total / mean / overall 18.87 598 704 31.84 37.49 535 75.99 169 24.01 2.21 78.45 29.97 34.80

Note: # = number; juv = juvenile; plant health ratings on a scale where 1 = very healthy and 5 = dead; fruit category ratings on a scale where 0 = no fruit on a plant and 5 = 81%-100% of

branches with fruit; cells highlighted pink indicate highest number and cells highlighted blue the lowest. * Original plant numbers are those from Acacia woodmaniorum data collected by

Woodman Environmental Consultancy, Ecologia and Maia on Mungada Ridge. Most of the assessment areas were cleared after this data was collected.


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4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The main findings from the data collected (Table 3.18) are discussed in the following paragraphs.

More Acacia woodmaniorum were located in total in the assessment areas in 2017 than were in these areas

before any impact; the density of the A. woodmaniorum was also higher in 2017 than it was pre impact.

A. woodmaniorum has regrown in disturbed areas that have been rehabilitated and in disturbed areas that have

not been rehabilitated.

No seed was spread over the rehabilitated or disturbed areas and the new plants have therefore either

germinated from seed buried by ants (in those areas where not much of the original surface was removed) or

from seed brought into the areas from the surrounding vegetation by e.g. birds and mammals.

A. woodmaniorum growing on KML exploration areas that were disturbed in 2009 but have not been rehabilitated

were flowering and had fruit on them in 2012 (Borger and Giltay, 2012), just 3 years after exploration ceased in

the area. Those areas have now been relatively undisturbed for about 8 years and approximately 60% of the 236

plants (163 more than were originally recorded in the area before impacts) in that area had old pods on them

(which is much higher than the 25% of plants with old pods in the undisturbed areas). Adult and juvenile plants

were recorded in the assessment area, the proportion of adults to juveniles was 96% to 4% and these proportions

are similar to those in the undisturbed areas assessed (91% adults and 9% juveniles). The A. woodmaniorum in

this area were relatively healthy, were the tallest plants (102 cm) of those in the seven assessment areas and the

mean extrapolated seed number (66) was highest in soil and frass collected from this area. The A. woodmaniorum

growing in this area appear to be thriving as a result of the disturbance, possibly due to more friable rocks and soil

in which to grow, reduced competition for resources, as the vegetation in this area is less dense than in the

surrounding undisturbed vegetation, and increased access to water – potentially less run-off in the flatter

disturbed areas. The high number of A. woodmaniorum in this area also probably reflects the high number of

plants that were recorded in this section of Mungada Ridge before clearing (Map 7.10).

Fewer A. woodmaniorum were located in the areas that had been rehabilitated in KML’s exploration areas

approximately 7 years ago. This is probably because these areas are lower down the slope of the ridge and there

weren’t many A. woodmaniorum in those areas before clearing in the area (Map 7.10). In fact there are now

more A. woodmaniorum in these areas than there were before clearing (26 in 2017 and 5 pre impact). The

proportion of adult to juvenile plants is similar to that in KML’s not rehabilitated areas, as is plant health and

proportion of plants with old pods (65%). The mean extrapolated seed number from soil and frass samples taken

in this area was 15, which is much less than the 66 extrapolated for the neighbouring not rehabilitated areas.

Some exploration areas were rehabilitated on SMC tenements eight years ago and only seven plants were located

in these areas, they were all adults, were approximately 70 cm tall, relatively healthy and 29% of them had old

pods. The fewer plants in this area can probably be explained by the fact that there were not many A.

woodmaniorum in these areas before they were cleared (Map 7.10). Also, some plants within the disturbance

polygons had not actually been disturbed by the exploration and rehabilitation works and were not recorded in

2017; however, pre impact plants in these undisturbed areas were included in the counts.

A. woodmaniorum is also growing in areas that have been disturbed but not rehabilitated on SMC’s tenements. It

has now been four years since the three areas in this category were disturbed. A. woodmaniorum in SMC’s

Mungada East southern bund area are now more numerous than before clearing for the mine (193 A.

woodmaniorum in 2017 compared with 150 pre impact). This could be due to a number of factors - the friable

nature of the waste rock distributed over this area, the lack of competition from other plants and the availability

of resources (including water) because of the different substrate. The high numbers in this area probably also

reflects the density of plants generally in this area before clearing for the mine (Map 7.10). There are more


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juveniles (56%) than adults (44%) in this area, the A. woodmaniorum are very healthy, relatively short (50 cm) and

none were fertile. Mungada East selected areas has the same number of A. woodmaniorum now as there were

pre impact (35 plants). Currently, 69% of the plants are juvenile and 31% adult, they are very healthy, short

(35 cm) and none were fertile. The lower numbers in this assessment area compared with others reflects the fact

that there were few A. woodmaniorum in the areas comprising this assessment area before impact anyway

(Map 7.10). There are fewer A. woodmaniorum in the Mungada West bund area than were there pre impact (6 in

2017 compared with 115 pre impact). This probably reflects the fact that there were generally fewer A.

woodmaniorum in these areas anyway and also that most of the areas comprising this assessment area are

surrounded by disturbed areas rather than native vegetation. It is surprising that these six plants were found in

this area given that the land surface has been completely disturbed and built up with waste rock. The plants are

growing in loose friable areas of waste rock not far from the edge of the pit.

The A. woodmaniorum growing in the undisturbed areas were more numerous and more dense than in any other

assessment area, they were the least healthy group of plants, and of moderate height (83 cm). The plants were

91% adults and 9% juveniles and 25% of the plants had old pods on them. It is likely that competition from the

surrounding plants in what is quite dense vegetation and the age of the plants (probably much more than eight

years old) has resulted in the shorter, less healthy and less fertile plants than in some of the other assessment

areas. The mean extrapolated seed number was also lowest in the soil and frass samples collected from this area.

Temporal change is evident in the two disturbed areas that have been assessed twice since 2014. There were fewer plants in SMC rehabilitated exploration areas in 2017 than pre impact; however this most likely reflects the fact that plants in partially disturbed and disturbed areas only were recorded in 2017, while some plants in undisturbed areas probably fall within the boundary of the polygons and are included in the pre impact numbers. The plants in this area were slightly healthier in 2017 and were also more fertile than when previously assessed.

The A. woodmaniorum in the Mungada East southern bund area have also changed since last assessed in 2015. The number of plants has almost doubled, the plants are less healthy (probably reflecting increased age) and there has been no change in fertility – the plants are probably still not old enough to reproduce.

Compared with these two disturbed areas there has been no change in plant numbers in the undisturbed areas, the plants have become slightly healthier and slightly more fertile as did the plants in the rehabilitated SMC exploration areas.

While repeat measurements have not been made on any of the plants located in KML exploration areas, Borger and Giltay (2012) carried out a survey for conservation significant flora species in the areas where rehabilitation works were proposed in August 2012 (KML exploration areas – not rehabilitated). The location of all conservation significant flora species (including A. woodmaniorum) occurring in the areas to be rehabilitated and also within 5 m of these sites were recorded. Maia does not have access to the data to compare A. woodmaniorum numbers between August 2012 and April 2017, however, in August 2012, 238 A. woodmaniorum were located in the areas to be rehabilitated or close to the edge on areas which may need landscaping (Borger and Giltay, 2012). In April 2017, 236 A. woodmaniorum were recorded in the disturbed areas to be rehabilitated (excluding some steep scree slopes that were not safe to access). It is likely that plant numbers have increased since they were last assessed but without plant location data this cannot be confirmed. In August 2012 some plants had old pods with no remaining viable seed in them and most plants were flowering therefore these A. woodmaniorum became reproductive about three years after germination. Plant health was described as ranging from very poor to excellent with most in the moderate to very healthy range.


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Some general comments on the A. woodmaniorum growing in disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge follow:

Fewer A. woodmaniorum appear to grow in the areas that have been rehabilitated compared with areas

that have been disturbed but not rehabilitated. This is possibly because rehabilitated areas are lower

down the slope than the areas that have not been rehabilitated (KML areas) and there were fewer A.

woodmaniorum located in those areas pre impact anyway (KML and SMC areas).

The increase in A. woodmaniorum density compared with pre-impact density is greatest in the older KML

exploration areas where there have been 5-fold and 3-fold increases in plant density.

A. woodmaniorum grows in different locations in the disturbed areas i.e. in the centre of old tracks, drill

pads, windrows and track edges; however, they appear to be larger and the plants are more numerous in

water gaining areas i.e. at track edges, at the base of rock cuttings and at lower points in any disturbed

but reshaped areas - the soil in these areas would also have been compacted less than the centre of

tracks and drill pads.

In areas that were disturbed longer ago the A. woodmaniorum are taller, have more fruit still on them

and mean extrapolated seed number is higher than in the areas disturbed more recently or in the

undisturbed areas. Larger plants, more pods and potentially more seed probably reflects the reduced

competition for light, water and nutrients in these disturbed areas where the vegetation is less dense. It

is also possible that the rock is more broken up in these areas and plant roots can grow more easily.

In areas disturbed longer ago the proportion of adult to juvenile plants is similar to that in undisturbed

areas. However, in areas disturbed more recently the proportion of juveniles is higher than that of adults.

As plants classified as ‘adult’ in these disturbed areas had no old fruit on them (or on the ground around

them) then size is not an indicator of maturity re reproductive capacity. [Borger & Giltay (2012) recorded

pods on some plants and flowers on many when the areas to be rehabilitated in KML exploration areas

were assessed in 2012, just three years after exploration works ceased, whereas A. woodmaniorum in

areas disturbed four years ago had no pods – this could be a result of the degree of disturbance i.e.

exploration compared with mining.]

The A. woodmaniorum in the two KML exploration areas had more fruit on them than the plants in the

undisturbed areas, while there was a similar amount of fruit on the plants in the SMC exploration areas as

in the undisturbed areas. The plants in the three disturbed areas on SMC’s tenements had no fruit on

them. As these have been growing for the shortest length of time the lack of fruiting material likely

reflects a lack of plant maturity rather than a lack of ability to produce fruit.

A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed and rehabilitated areas on KML’s tenement are producing

flowers and seed. The seed appears to be viable as a number of juvenile plants were located in the old

exploration areas.

Analysis of the soil and frass samples gathered from beneath adult plants in disturbed but not

rehabilitated, rehabilitated and undisturbed areas indicated that extrapolated mean seed number is

greatest in samples taken from beneath adult plants in exploration areas that have not yet been

rehabilitated. The plants tended to be larger in this area and had more fruit/pods on them than plants in

the other areas. Extrapolated mean seed amount in the KML exploration areas that had been

rehabilitated was similar to that in the undisturbed areas.


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A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed areas are healthier than those growing in natural vegetation.

This could be a result of reduced competition in the sparser vegetation of the disturbed areas and also of

the young age of the plants.

A. woodmaniorum are regrowing in a number of disturbed areas on Mungada Ridge. The plants are

tending to grow in areas where there were large numbers of A. woodmaniorum before the area was

cleared. As the soil level in some of these disturbed areas is below the original land surface it is unlikely

that they are all growing from seed buried by ants but that some are being brought to these areas by

other mechanisms, water flow, birds or other mammals.

More A. woodmaniorum appear to be growing in areas that were disturbed and or rehabilitated longer

ago and in areas surrounded by vegetation where A. woodmaniorum was located previously and was

relatively dense. None of the rehabilitated or disturbed areas have been sown with A. woodmaniorum

and therefore the seed is from the local area. In some areas the A. woodmaniorum is now denser than it

was pre any impact from mining while in others the A. woodmaniorum are less dense than pre impact.

The areas where the plants are less dense tend to be those in large cleared areas and where the plants

are not close to extant plants e.g. SMC Mungada west bund area - disturbed.

A. woodmaniorum growing in the disturbed and rehabilitated areas are fruiting and producing seed. The

proportion of adult to juvenile plants in the KML exploration areas is similar to that in the undisturbed

areas and the plants are potentially producing more seed in these areas than plants in the undisturbed

areas.


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5 PROJECT TEAM The survey and reporting tasks carried out for this scope of works were undertaken by the ecologists listed in

Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Project Team

Project Team

Name Qualification Project Role DPaW Flora License Number (expiry)

Christina Cox PhD Survey and report SL011784 ( exp. 30 April 2017)

Scott Hitchcock BSc Survey and report SL011785 ( exp. 30 April 2017)

Rochelle Haycock BSc Report Not applicable


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6 REFERENCES Borger, J. and Giltay, T. (2012). Level 1 Flora Survey of Mungada Ridge for the Rehabilitation Program for Gindalbie

Metals Ltd. 6th

– 8th

August 2012. Draft report.

Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (2017). Maps of recent and past conditions. Available:

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/maps/. Accessed: April 19, 2017.

DigitalGlobe (2016). Google earth version 7.1.8.3036. Image from 2 April 2015, 29° 08’ 52.53”S, 116° 53’ 19.58”E, Eye

alt 500 m – 1.5 km. Available: http://www.earth.google.com. Accessed: 12 April, 2017.

Maia Environmental Consultancy (Maia) (2016). Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited: Blue Hills M59/595 and

M59/596 Detailed (Level 2) Flora and Vegetation Assessment – Version 4, 31 March 2016.

Western Australian Herbarium (WAH) (1998-). FloraBase-the Western Australian Flora. Department of Parks and

Wildlife. Available: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/. Version: 2.9.21. Accessed: April 2017.

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/maps/


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7 MAPS


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Assessment areas and soil samples!(

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Port Hedland Soil sample locationsSMC tenement boundariesKML tenement boundary

LocationMap

Soil sample locationsAssessment areas:

1a - KML exploration areas - rehabilitated approximately 20091b - KML exploration areas - rehabilitated approximately 20132 - KML exploration areas - not rehabilitated3 - SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated4 - SMC Mungada East southern bund area - disturbed5 - SMC Mungada East selected areas - disturbed6 - SMC Mungada West bund area - disturbed7 - SMC - undisturbed

Map: 7.1Prepared for: SMCDrawn by: RHDate: 24/04/2017Version: 1 Size: A3Datum: GDA 1994, MGA 50

±0 0.5

Kilometres

M59/595 M59/596

M59/650


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Live and dead Acacia woodmaniorum2017

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LocationMap Map: 7.2

Prepared for: SMCDrawn by: RHDate: 24/04/2017Version: 1 Size: A3

Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017:LiveDead

Assessment areas:1 - KML exploration areas - rehabilitated2 - KML exploration areas - notrehabilitated3 - SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated4 - SMC Mungada East southern bundarea - disturbed5 - SMC Mungada East selected areas -disturbed6 - SMC Mungada West bund area -disturbed7 - SMC - undisturbed

Assessment areas1 and 2


Assessment area6


Datum: GDA 1994, MGA 50±


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Live Acacia woodmaniorum life stages2017

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Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017:AdultsJuveniles




Assessment area6




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Live Acacia woodmaniorum health ratings2017

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Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017:Health rating 1 (healthiest condition)Health rating 2Health rating 3Health rating 4 (poor condition)




Assessment area6




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Live Acacia woodmaniorum height ranges2017

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Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017:10 - 40 cm>40 - 80 cm>80 - 120 cm>120 - 160 cm>160 - 220 cm




Assessment area6




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Live Acacia woodmaniorum reproductive status2017

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Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017:Vegetative1 - 20% of old fruit present on plant21 - 40% of old fruit present on plant41 - 60% of old fruit present on plant61 - 80% of old fruit present on plant




Assessment area6




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Life stages, health ratings and reproductive statusof Acacia woodmaniorum,

SMC exploration areas - rehabilitated,2014 and 2017

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Life stages:Adults - liveJuveniles - liveSeedlings - liveDead

Health:Health rating 1 (healthiest condition)Health rating 2Health rating 3Health rating 4 (poor condition)

Reproductive status:FlowersFruitVegetative


2014 - life stages 2014 - health 2014 - reproductive status


2017 - health 2017 - reproductive status2017 - life stages


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Life stage, health ratings and reproductive statusof Acacia woodmaniorum,

SMC Mungada East southern bund area,2015 and 2017

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Life stages:Adults - liveJuveniles - liveDead


Reproductive status:Vegetative






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Life stages, health ratings and reproductive statusof Acacia woodmaniorum,

SMC undisturbed,2014 and 2017

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Life stages:Adults - liveJuveniles - liveSeedlings - liveDead


Reproductive status:FlowersFruitFlowers and fruitVegetative






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Assessment areas, known distribution ofAcacia woodmaniorum pre-impact and 2017

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Acacia woodmaniorum (T) - knownlocations prior to impactsAcacia woodmaniorum (T) - 2017




Assessment area6




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