single stack - wade...the single stack system is an engineered single-stack drainage concept for...

Wade Specifica on Drainage Products • 11910 CR492, Tyler, TX, 75706 • Phone: 800‐638‐9537 Fax: 888‐879‐9233 • www.wadedrains.com

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Single Stack Design Manual 119

Single Stack DWV System

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Single Stack


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INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE STACK

The Single Stack system is an engineered single-stack drainage concept for multi-story buildings typically three stories and taller. Two primary fittings, the Aerator and De-aerator, in conjunction with standard DWV pipe and fittings make the Single Stack concept unique by accomplishing the function of drainage, waste and venting within one vertical pipe instead of two. This along with the elimination of individual fixture vents results in reduced costs, reduced labor, and reduced space requirements.

HISTORY

The Single Stack system was developed in Switzerland in the 1950’s and represented the first time a scientific approach was taken to the protection of trap seals in sanitary systems. The hydraulic and pneumatics characteristics of intermittent flows were studied using a 10-story testing tower complete with measuring instruments. It was found that controlled flow velocities reduced the excessive pressure excursions that can occur in traditional systems. The unique interior geometry of the Single Stack fitting provides this control and maintains these pressures within acceptable limits. Once fully perfected, the Single Stack system was marketed to other industrialized counties around the world. Developed initially in cast iron, Single Stack was introduced to the United States marketplace in the mid-1960s in the form of a copper DWV system. In 1977, Single Stack became available in hubless cast iron, which offered superior noise suppression characteristics and ease of assembly.

APPROVALS

Single Stack Aerator and De-Aerator fittings are manufactured to conform to ASTM A1109.

Code approval procedures for Single Stack systems continue to change as model codes are revised and updated to reflect new and different approaches to plumbing. Most model codes, including various city and state versions, do not specifically address Single Stack systems and the approval process will differ slightly in each jurisdiction. Single Stack approvals are often granted under Alternate Material & Methods or Alternate Engineered Design sections of the prevailing code. In some cases, the approval must be sought for each individual project in a particular jurisdiction.

Many areas require the manufacturers review and approval of the design and usually must bear the seal of a Registered Professional Engineer having a license in that jurisdiction.

DESIGN

Wade Specification Drainage Products can assist with the approval process with respect to technical data and plan review services. While traditional DWV plumbing systems certainly work well, the inventor and subsequent developers of Single Stack have provided the industry with design criteria and techniques to engineer DWV systems. This results in performance and savings that are attractive to the professionals of the plumbing industry is evidenced by the fact that they continue to specify, install, and promote the use of Single Stack. The savings realized with the use of this proven technological advancement in plumbing helps to maintain a healthy construction industry. Single Stack is safe, economical, and functional. The performance record is excellent. Contact our office for ways Cast Iron Single Stack can help you with your next multi-story project.

Single Stack Aerators and De-aerators may be used with stacks, branches, and run-outs made from any acceptable DWV material providing proper transition couplings are used. Penetrations of floor/ceiling assemblies, shafts, and fire rated assemblies must be incorporated in accordance with the Building Code requirements. The definition of sweeps and bends shall be based on cast iron hubless fittings. The written rules shall prevail. Illustration drawings are included for interpretation and clarity only. Designs and conditions not outlined in this manual shall be submitted for approval. In accordance with our policy of continual product improvement, we reserve the right to amend specifications without prior notification. Although every effort is made to ensure accuracy, Wade Specification Drainage Products cannot be held responsible for errors and omissions in the printing of this manual. All Single Stack technical data provided by Wade, including but not limited to drawings, catalogs, and consultations remain the exclusive property of Wade. Use of this information for purposes other than Single Stack products made by Laperle is strictly prohibited.

Single Stack


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Aerator Fittings Submittal

A3R A3L

A4R A4L

A3D

A4D

Painted Single Stack Aerator fitting with hubless connections, integral baffle and auxiliary inlet.

Material Specification: Cast Iron ASTM A48/A48M

Standard Specification: ASTM A1109

Date

Project

Engineer

Contractor

Model A/B C/D G H I J K N Q

A3R 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8

A3L 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8

A4R 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4

A4L 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4

A3D 3 3 2 19 1/2 8 1/4 5 6 1/4 4 3 5/8

A4D 4 4 3 24 3/4 10 3/4 7 7 5 1/4 4 3/4

•

Single Stack


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De-Aerator Fittings Submittal

Painted Single Stack De-Aerator fitting with hubless connections.



• Model A B C D E

DA3 3 3 2 10 3/4 4

DA4 4 4 3 12 3/4 4 5/8

Date

Project

Engineer

Contractor

Single Stack


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Pressure Relief Fittings Submittal

• Model A B D E

PRL3 3 3 5 12 5/8

Painted Single Stack pressure relief fitting with hubless connections.



Date

Project

Engineer

Contractor

Single Stack


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The Single Stack system controls the flow within the pipe to keep pressure excursions from exceeding +/- one-inch of water column which is the standard for sanitary drainage systems. The system consists of a vertical stack open to the atmosphere, horizontal branches to each fixture, Aerator fittings, and De-aerator fittings.

The Single Stack conveys waste from the upper levels of the building to the base of each stack. Flow through a vertical stack will cling to the interior wall surface and proceed downward in a swirling motion leaving the center portion as an open airway. As long as this airway exists, pressures are balanced within the stack. Left uncontrolled, the flow will increase in speed to a point known as terminal velocity and can form a complete cross-sectional blockage of the tube. This will result in positive and negative pressures ahead and behind the flow that may cause trap seal failures through induced siphonage and/or blowback. The Single Stack system eliminates the formation of the “hydraulic plug” and maintains a core of air throughout the vertical stack.

The horizontal branches connect to the plumbing fixture and direct wastes to the Single Stack. Single Stack branch sizing criteria allocates approximately 75% of the cross-sectional area for venting purposes. Single Stack branch design remains the key to flexibility and the developed length limitations that exclude additional re-vent piping far exceed those of “traditional” systems. The branch size may telescope allowing a possible run-out of fifty-seven feet without a return vent pipe. Developed length is determined by measuring along the centerline of all horizontal piping located in the ceiling and/or wall space. The vertical drop distance is not included in the calculation. A Single Stack system does not use the traditional “S-trap” configuration rather it employs a sizing criteria designed to eliminate self-siphonage and provide proper venting. A typical Single Stack branch connection to a lavatory would consist of a 1-1/4” tailpiece, a 1-1/2” trap-arm, and a 2” vertical drop making it impossible to completely fill the 1-1/2” trap-arm with a 1-1/4” tailpiece – much less the 2” vertical drop.

The third component of a Single Stack system is the Aerator fitting. Aerators are placed in the vertical stack usually at each typical floor level and must remain in a full upright position. They contain no moving parts and require no special tools for maintenance. Their ability to balance the pressure excursions stem from the geometry of the full size waterways through the body of the fitting. Two distinct chambers are found in the body of the Aerator fitting. One is called an offset chamber where flows from the upper floors enter the fitting and actually “offset” around the horizontal branch inlets. This offset is designed to reduce the flow velocity and also break up any “hydraulic plug” formation associated with terminal velocity. Once leaving the offset chamber it will again cling to the interior surface of the pipe leaving the center area open for air. This occurs as the flow reaches Aerator fittings at each floor and also eliminates the need for the “yoke-vents” required in “conventional” systems. Vertical distance between Aerators must not exceed twenty feet. Interior baffles are situated to control the effects of flow through the Aerator. To guard against blocking the cross-sectional area of the stack with a horizontal discharge, a second chamber is provided adjacent to the offset chamber. This mixing chamber is completely separated from the vertical stack flow through the use of a separation baffle. As horizontal flow enters the Aerator fitting, it must transition to a vertical flow before smoothly uniting with any stack flow. These actions take place on an intermittent basis as both stack and branch flows may not be present simultaneously. At the top of the separation baffle, a vent aperture or opening can be found. This provides the venting action between the branches and stack, which balances any pressure fluctuations. A second baffle is located perpendicular to the separation baffle in the mixing chamber to prevent cross-flow from opposing branch inlets.

The final component of the Single Stack system is the De-aerator fitting. It is located at the base of each stack and at any horizontal stack offset. It is designed to effectively deal with the pressure fluctuations that occur when vertical flow transitions to horizontal flow. This phenomenon is referred to as hydraulic jump and in some cases, can cause a complete cross-sectional blockage of the horizontal pipe. The De-aerator fitting has two features designed to overcome these adverse effects. The first feature is an internal nosepiece, which reduces the flow velocity prior to the horizontal transition. It also allows the air and waste to separate thus balancing the internal pressures. The second feature of the De-aerator fitting is the Pressure Relief Line (P.R.L.). The P.R.L. outlet is located on top of the De-aerator and is routed from the De-aerator to the horizontal drain. It connects to the horizontal drain above the centerline at a minimum of distance of ten pipe diameters downstream from the stack. The ten pipe diameters are based on the stack size (i.e. 4” stack = 40” minimum) and this places the P.R.L. connection beyond the hydraulic jump zone. Note that all connections into the horizontal drain must meet this minimum distance requirement. The Single Stack system terminates at the P.R.L. connection point to the horizontal drain

How Single Stack Works

Single Stack


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Table A

Fixture Type Trap Size Fixture Unit

Bar Sink 1-1/2 2.0

Bath Group (Full) * 6.0

Bathtub 1-1/2 2.0

Bidet 1-1/2 2.0

Clothes Washer 2 4.0

Dishwasher 1-1/2 2.0

Disposer 1-1/2 3.0

Drinking Fountain 1-1/4 1.0

Floor Drain (2”) 2 2.0

Floor Drain (3”) 3 5.0

Kitchen Group *** 5.0

Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0

Fixture Type Trap Size Apartments &

Bar Sink 1-1/4 0.5

Bath Group (Full) * 3.0

Bath Group (Half) ** 2.0

Bathtub 1-1/2 3.0

Bidet 1-1/2 1.0

Clothes Washer 2 4.0

Dishwasher 1-1/2 2.0

Table A-1 (Fixture Units for Water Saving Fixtures)

Disposer 1-1/2 0.5

Drinking Fountain 1-1/4

Floor Drain (Emergency) 2 thru 4 0.0

Kitchen Group *** 3.0

Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0

Service Sink 3 3.0

Shower 2 2.0

Sink 1-1/2 2.0

Urinal 2

Water Closet 3 3.0

Water Closet (Public) 3

Office Buildings &

0.5

2.0

0.5

0.0

1.0

3.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Hotels & Motels

0.5

4.0

3.0

3.0

1.0

0.0

0.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

3.0

Table A (continued)

Fixture Type Trap Size Fixture Unit

Lavatory 1-1/4 1.0

Service Sink 3 5.0

Shower 2 2.0

Sink 1-1/2 2.0

Urinal 2 4.0

Water Closet 3 6.0

All Other Fixtures

1-1/4 1.0

1-1/2 2.0

2 3.0

2-1/2 4.0

3 5.0

4 6.0

* Bath Group (Full) consists of (1) Water Closet (1) Lavatory and (1) Tub/Shower.

** Bath Group (Half) consists of (1) Water Closet and (1) Lavatory.

*** Kitchen Group consists of (1) Sink Trap with Dishwasher and Disposer.

Drainage Fixture Unit Values

Single Stack


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Table B (Single Stack Loading)

Stack Size (Inches) Maximum Drainage

Fixture Units

3” * 64

3” (Over 7 Floors) * 102

4” 504

5” 1,010

6” 2,200

8” 3,900

* No more than 12 water closets are permitted on 3” stacks. The 3” stack will use a 4” De-Aerator at the base of the stack.

Table C (Building Drain Loading) Maximum Drainage Fixture Units

Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping

1/4” Per. Ft. Slope


4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640

Note: This Table is also used for sizing horizontal stack offsets.

Single Stack fittings are manufactured in accordance with ASTM A1109-18 Standard Specification for Special Fittings for Single-Stack Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe Fittings for Sanitary, Waste and Vent Piping Applications

Table D (Branch Loading) Maximum Drainage Fixture Units

Branch Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



2” 6 ** 5 **

3” 16 13

4” 90 72

** No water closets are permitted on 2” branch lines. Clothes washing machine branch lines (2”) shall not exceed five feet (5’-0”) in developed length.

Table E

(Dimensions and Tolerances for Spigots and Barrels for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings)

Inside Diameter

Outside Diameter

Barrel

Outside Diameter

Spigot

Width Spigot Bead

Thickness of Barrel Gasket Positioning

Lug T

B J M N Nominal Minimum W

2” 1.96 ± .09 2.35 ± .09 2.41 ± .09 .25 ± .13 .16 .13 1.13

3” 2.96 ± .09 3.35 ± .09 3.41 ± .09 .25 ± .13 .16 .13 1.13

4” 3.94 ± .09 4.38 ± .09 4.44 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.13

5” 4.94 ± .09 5.30 +.09 –.05 5.36 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.50

6” 5.94 ± .13 6.30 +.09 –.05 6.36 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .19 .15 1.50

8” 7.94 ± .13 8.38 +.13 –.09 8.44 ± .09 .31 ± .13 .23 .17 2.00

Note: Tolerances and dimensions for stack, soil and waste inlets on Aerators and De-Aerators are in accordance with CISPI Standard 301-04 for Hubless Pipe and Fittings

Pipe Size (Inches)

Drainage Fixture Unit Values

Hubless Pipe and Fitting Dimensions and Tolerances

Single Stack


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Aerator and Stack Rules

(A) The stack size shall be in accordance with Table B based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1.

(B) The stack shall not telescope or decrease in size and must be continued full size through the roof. (Drawing 1)

Drawing 1 Sizing Requirements


See Table ‘B’ for vertical stack

Extend stack full size thru roof

See to Table ‘C’ for horizontal drain sizing

Refer to Table ‘D’ for horizontal branch sizing

Table B (Single Stack Stack Loading)

Stack Size (Inches) Maximum Drainage

Fixture Units

3” * 64

3” (Over 7 Floors) * 102

4” 504

5” 1,010

6” 2,200

8” 3,900

* No more than 12 water closets are permitted on 3” stacks. The 3” stack will use a 4” De-Aerator at the base of the stack.


Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640

Note: This Table is also used for sizing horizon-tal stack offsets.

Single Stack


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(C) An Aerator fitting is required at each level where the following horizontal branches enter the stack: (Drawing 2) (1) Any soil branch (2) A waste branch the same size as the stack size (3) A waste branch one pipe size smaller than the stack size.

(D) The Aerator fitting must be placed in a vertical plane. Tilting the Aerator to offset the Single Stack stack is not permitted.

Drawing 2 Required Aerator Connections


Aerator Fi ng

De‐Aerator Fi ng

Extend stack full size thru roof

Single Stack


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(E) At any level where an Aerator is not required, an “in-line” offset consisting of two one-eighth bends and one quarter bend may be used. The vertical distance between Aerators or “in-line” offsets shall not exceed twenty feet (20’-0”). No more than two consecutive “in-line” offsets are permitted. (Drawing 3)

Drawing 3 In-Line Offset Requirements

In‐Line offsets are made using (1) quarter bend

and (2) eighth bends.

Maximum of (2) In‐Line Offsets are permi ed.


Single Stack


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(F) Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary fitting. (Drawing 4)

Table F (Single Stack Waste Branch Siz-

Stack Size (Inches)

‘A’

Maximum Waste Size

‘B’

3” 2”

4” 2 1/2”

5” 3”

6” 4”

* Clear Waste water branches only. No soil branches from water closets are permitted


Drawing 4 Direct Stack Connections

Stack Size ‘A’

Stack from upper floors

Stack Size ‘A’

Single Stack


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(G) Horizontal stack offsets exceeding sixty degrees (60°) from vertical require a De-aerator fitting and Pressure Relief

Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line connects to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the offset. Soil and waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the offset. These connections should be made between the two vertical portions of the stack at a minimum distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream of the higher vertical stack. Branch connections to a horizontal stack offset less than ten pipe diameters in length should be made as far downstream on the horizontal as possible. Soil and waste branches must not connect where the offset makes a horizontal change of direction. Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on buildings with battery type water closet installations. Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections must not be made into any vertical portion of the PRL. Clothes washers must not connect to the PRL. Horizontal stack offsets should be sized per Table ‘C’ based on the total fixture unit load of all fixtures connecting to the offset and fixtures upstream. The entire stack size must not be smaller than the largest horizontal offset size. (Drawing 5)


Drawing 5 Stack Offset Requirements


Single Stack


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(H) Single Stack stacks may be combined before entry into the main sewer connection. The stacks should combine downstream of each Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point. The total fixture unit load of the combined stacks determines collection main line sizing. (Drawing 6)


Drawing 6 Combining Stacks

Stack from upper floors Stack from upper floors

The PRL connection to the horizontal drain terminates the

Single Stack system

Single Stack


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(I) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may offset prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR). The horizontal vent header and VTR should be increased one pipe size when exceeding twenty feet (20’-0”) in horizontal length. (Drawing 7)

Drawing 7 Vent Offset Requirements


4” Stack

4” Stack

Single Stack


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(J) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may be combined prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR) with one vertical stack extending through the roof. The one combined vertical stack must be one pipe size larger than the largest of the combined stacks. If the distance between any stack and the VTR exceeds twenty feet (20’-0”), the horizontal offset shall be increased one (1) pipe size larger than the downstream stack. (Drawing 8)

Drawing 8 Vent Offset Requirements


4” Stack

4” Stack 4” Stack

4” Stack

Single Stack


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De-Aerator and Building Drain Rules

(A) A De-aerator fitting is required at the base of each stack. The De-aerator fitting shall be installed in the vertical portion of the stack. The distance between the De-aerator fitting and the Single Stack building drain shall not exceed five feet (5’-0”). (Drawing 9)


Drawing 9 Base of Stack Requirements


Single Stack


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(B) The Single Stack building drain size shall be in accordance with Table ‘C’ based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1. The transition to a larger Single Stack building drain size shall be made in the vertical stack below the Deaerator fitting, except as noted in paragraph “L”. (Drawing No. 10)

Drawing 10 Base of Stack Requirements



Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640


Piping downstream of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL) is considered conven onal

plumbing and shall be sized by the prevailing Plumbing Code or Table C, whichever is

applicable. Fixture unit values shall be based on data from Table A or Table A‐1.


The Pressure Relief Line connection to the horizontal drain terminates the

Single Stack system

Single Stack


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(C) The De-Aerator fitting requires a Pressure Relief Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) connects to the Single Stack building drain a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the centerline of the stack. The PRL connects to the Single Stack building drain above the centerline of the drain. The PRL may be rolled to the side providing the bottom of the PRL is above the centerline of the Single Stack building drain. (Drawing 11)

Drawing 11 Pressure Relief Line Requirements

Minimum Pressure Relief Line Elevation Requirements


Table G (Pressure Relief Line)

Single Stack Stack Size

(Inches)

Pressure Relief Line Distance

(Minimum)

3” 30”

4” 40”

5” 50”

6” 60”

8” 80”

Note: Minimum distance requirements shall apply to any connection in the hori-zontal drain

Stack Size

Single Stack


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(D) The installed slope for the Single Stack building drain and PRL is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot (2%). Installed slopes of one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted, however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of 0.8 as shown in Table C. Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited. (Drawing 12)


Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640


Drawing 12 Installed Slope Requirements



Building Drain Line

Single Stack


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(E) Soil and waste branches may connect to the Single Stack building drain BETWEEN the centerline of the stack and the termination point of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL). All connections shall be made a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the centerline of the stack. (Drawing No. 13)

See Table ‘C’ for Horizontal Single Stack Drain Sizing


Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640


Note: Minimum distance requirements apply to any connection into the horizontal drain.

Drawing 13 Base of Stack Connections

Note: Recommended Lavatory waste is 1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2” trap arm.

Min. 10 Pipe Diameters (Based on Stack Size)

Stack Size

Single Stack


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Drawing 14 Base of Stack Connections

(F) Soil and waste branches cannot connect where the Single Stack building drain makes a horizontal change of direction. (Drawing 14)

Single Stack


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Drawing 15 Branch Connections to P.R.L.

(G) Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on battery type installations. Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall not be made into any vertical portion of the PRL. Clothes washers must not connect to the PRL. (Drawing No. 15)

Table H (Maximum Branch Size) Maximum Drainage Fixture Units

PRL Size (Inches)

Max. Branch Size

PRL Max. DFU’s

3” 2 1/2” 16

4” 3” 90

6” 3” 90

Note: Minimum distance requirements apply to any connection into a horizontal drain line. Connections to PRL are for clear water waste only—No soil waste allowed; No clothes washers; No connections allowed on any vertical portion of the PRL.


Minimum 10 Pipe Diameters (Based on Stack Size)


Single Stack


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(H) Soil and waste branches may connect downstream of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point providing conventional plumbing rules are applied. The vent header from these fixtures may connect to the vertical portion of a Single Stack stack below an Aerator fitting through a sanitary tee installed with the flow radius down. The vent load of these fixtures shall be added to the fixture unit load on the Single Stack stack. (Drawing No. 16)

Drawing 16 Conventional Remote Venting

Remote “conventional” plumbing. Size waste and vents per local code.


Note 1: the Pressure Relief Line (PRL) connection to the horizontal drain terminates the Single Stack System.


Single Stack


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(I) Soil and waste branches may connect to the vertical stack below the De-aerator fitting. These connections shall be made through a wye-type fitting or through an Aerator fitting. (Drawing No. 17)

Drawing 17 De-Aerator Transition Details

PRL = Pressure Relief Line

W.C. = Water Closet

PRL = Pressure Relief Line

F.M.B.O. = Floor Mount Back Outlet

W.C. = Water Closet

Single Stack


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(J) Entry to the Single Stack building drain from the stack shall be made using a short sweep, long sweep, two one-eighth bends, or a combination wye & one-eighth bend fitting. (Drawing No. 18)

Drawing 18 De-Aerator Transition Details

Single Stack


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(K) Fixtures considered too remote from the Single Stack may be plumbed by conventional methods. This waste and vent area shall be sized in accordance with local prevailing ordinances. (Drawings 16 & 19)

Drawing 19 Remote Plumbing Connections



Stack continues to lower floors

Single Stack


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(L) Commercial building battery type installations and Single Stack stacks serving clothes washers shall use a De-Aerator fitting equal in size to the Single Stack building drain serving that stack. A four-inch (4”) De-aerator fitting will be required on three-inch (3”) Single Stack. (Drawing 20)

Drawing 20 Battery Installations

Single Stack


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Branch Line Rules

(A) The maximum developed length of a three-inch (3”) soil branch shall not exceed twelve feet (12’-0”). (Drawing 21)

Soil Branch Rules

Drawing 21 3” Soil Branch Developed Lengths

(B) The maximum developed length of a four-inch (4”) soil branch shall not exceed twenty-seven feet (27’-0”). (Drawing 22)

Drawing 22 4” Soil Branch Developed Lengths

Maximum 12’-0”

Maximum 27’-0”

Single Stack


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Soil Branch Rules

(C) Developed lengths are measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall areas. Vertical drops from trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Developed

length distances include 45⁰ elevation changes. (Drawing 22)

Drawing 22 3” & 4” Combined Soil Branch Developed Lengths

Maximum 12’-0”

Maximum 27’-0”

Single Stack


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(D) The maximum developed length of a two-inch (2”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”). The maximum developed length of a three-inch (3”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”). Developed lengths are measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall areas. Vertical drops from trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary fitting. (Drawing 23)

Clear Waste Branch Rules

Drawing 23 Waste Branch Developed Lengths

Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

3” 3” 3”

3”

Developed length distances shall

include 45° elevation changes


Single Stack


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(E) Telescoping branches are allowed; each size can accommodate the maximum developed length for that size: A two-inch (2”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”); a three-inch (3”) waste branch shall not exceed fifteen feet (15’-0”); a four-inch (4”) waste branch shall not exceed twenty seven feet (27’-0”). Developed lengths are measured along the centerline of all horizontal branch piping located in ceiling and wall areas. Vertical drops from trap arms or fixtures are not included in the developed length calculations. Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary fitting. (Drawing 24)

Waste Branch Rules


Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 27’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

Single Stack


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(F) Branch sizing shall be in accordance with Table D based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1. The installed slope for horizontal branches is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot (2%). Installed slopes of one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of 0.8 as shown in Table D. Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited.

(G) Branches having three ninety degree (90°) horizontal changes of direction shall be increased one pipe size at the third ninety degree ( 90°) change of direction nearest the stack. (Drawing 25)

Waste Branch Rules

Drawing 25 Change of Direction Branch Detail

(H) This increase is not required if one of the directional changes can be made with two one-eighth bends or a short sweep radius bend. (Drawing 26)


Single Stack


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Waste Branch Rules

(I) The transition from a horizontal or vertical branch to another horizontal branch must be made with a wye-type fitting. (Drawing 27)

(J) Horizontal branch piping at the base of a vertical drop exceeding forty inches (40”) in height shall be increased one pipe size. This increase is not required when the lower portion of the drop is made at forty-five degrees (45°) and the upper vertical portion is less than forty inches (40”). (Drawing No. 28)

Drawing 28 Branch Sizing—Vertical Drops

40” or Less

Over 40”

40” or Less

Over 40”


Note: Recommended Lavatory waste is

1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2” trap arm.

Single Stack


35

Waste Branch Rules

(K) Branch piping with vertical drops exceeding ten feet (10’-0”) shall be increased one pipe size. (Drawing 29)


Single Stack


36

Waste Branch Rules

Drawing 30 Soil Branch Connection Detail

(L) A three-inch (3”) soil branch shall be increased one pipe size at the connection point of other fixtures. This increase is not required when computing fixture unit loads from Table A-1. (Drawing 30)

(M) Two fixtures using 1-1/4” tailpiece/trap sizes may combine into a single two-inch (2”) vertical drop. (Drawing 31)

Drawing 31 Combining Branches into a Vertical Drop

Note: Recommended Lavatory

waste is 1‐1/4’ tailpiece with 1‐1/2”

trap arm.

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Waste Branch Rules

(N) Fixtures using 1-1/2” tailpiece/trap sizes and larger require separate vertical drops from each trap arm or may combine into a single vertical drop that is increased one pipe size. This increase is not required if the change in elevation is made at forty-five degrees (45°). The fixture trap arm shall be one pipe size larger than the fixture tailpiece and this increase may be made at the wall. (Drawing 32)



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Waste Branch Rules

(O) Clothes washer branches shall be three-inch (3”) in size. Clothes washer branches with no vertical drops and developed lengths five feet (5’-0”) or less may be two-inch (2”) in size. (Drawing 33)

Drawing 33 Clothes Washer Branch

Maximum 5’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

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Waste & Soil Branch Rules

(P) Soil branch connections to the Single Stack shall be made through the “C” and/or “D” inlet of the Aerator fitting. Soil branch developed lengths shall not exceed 12’-0” for a three inch branch size or 27’-0” for a four inch branch size. (Drawing 34)

Maximum 12’-0”

Maximum 27’-0”

Drawing 34 Soil Branch Developed Lengths

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(Q) Pressure Equalizing Lines may be used as an alternate to the rules concerning increased branch sizes. Pressure Equalizing Lines shall rise vertically above the branch and connect to the Single Stack stack above the flood rim of the fixtures they serve. Pressure Equalizing Lines may be routed directly through the roof.

(R) Soil branch lengths beyond the limits stated in paragraph (P) will require a conventional vent or a 2” Pressure Equalizing Line (PEL). The vent header or PEL may connect to the Single Stack stack a minimum of 3’-0” above the Aerator fitting. (Drawing 35)

Waste Branch Rules

Drawing 35 Clothes Washer Branch

Over 27’-0”

Over 15’-0”

Table I (Minimum Pressure Equalizing Line)

Branch Size (Inches) Pressure Equalizing

Line Size (Inches)

4” 2”

3” 1-1/2”

2” 1-1/4”

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Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

Maximum 27’-0”

Maximum 15’-0”

(S) Waste branch developed lengths shall not exceed 15’-0” for two or three inch pipe sizes; Waste branch developed lengths shall not exceed 27’-0” for four inch pipe sizes. Developed lengths beyond these limits require a convention vent or a Pressure Equalizing Line (PEL). The vent header or PEL may connect to the Single Stack a minimum of 3’0” above the Aerator fitting. (Drawing 36)


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Drawing 37 Waste & Soil Branch Connections

(T) Waste branches one pipe smaller than the pressure relief line (PRL) may connect to the PRL. Soil branches and washing machine connections are not allowed. No connections are permitted into any vertical portion of the PRL. Note 1: Soil and waste branches may connect to the horizontal drain between the Single Stack stack and the PRL termination provided the connection is a minimum of 10 pipe diameters downstream of the stack centerline. The De-Aerator fitting may be installed above the finished floor providing it is within 5’-0” of the horizontal drain. (Drawing 37)


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(U) Horizontal stack offsets shall be sized per Table ‘C’ based on the drainage fixture unit loading of all upstream fixtures. Increasing the horizontal drain size at this point will require an increase of the entire stack size from just above the lowest level de-aerator fitting and continued to the vent terminal. The pressure relief line (P.R.L.) shall connect to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the offset. The horizontal drain at the base of the Single Stack shall be sized per Table ‘C’ and shall not be smaller than the required stack size. (Drawing 38)

Drawing 38 Multiple Offset Stack Requirements


Drain Size (Inches)

Horizontal Piping



4” 120 96

5” 350 280

6” 850 680

8” 2,700 2,160

10” 3,900 3,120

12” 5,800 4,640


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Drawing 39 Multiple Vent Header Sizing Requirements

(V) Multiple Vent Header Sizing Requirements. (Drawing 39) Note 1: The horizontal portion of each individual vent header that exceeds 20’-0” in length shall be increased one pipe size larger than the downstream stack size. Note 2: The vent header from two combined vent headers shall be increased one pipe size larger than the largest individual vent. This increased sizing does not apply if previously made as noted above. Note 3: Sizing for three or more combined vent headers is based on the cumulative drainage fixture unit total from each stack and capacities shown in Table J.

Table J

Vent Header Size (Inches)

Maximum D.F.U. Load

5” 600

6” 1380

8” 3600

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Drawing 40 Multiple Single Stack Connections

(W) An additional Single Stack may be connected to another Single Stack if a De-Aerator fitting is incorporated below the stack Aerator fitting and a pressure relief line connects below the branch. The connection must be made with a wye type fitting. Sizing of the branch is established by the drainage fixture units upstream of the connection. Sizing for the main Single Stack is the total drainage fixture units of the combined stacks. (Drawing 40)

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Aerator Rough-In and Block-out

Single Stack is adaptable to most mul ‐story projects with minimal structural impact and in many instances reduces space

requirements for DWV systems. The available space for dropped ceilings will alter the Aerator fi ng loca on and the resul ng slab

penetra on. The following illustra ons are minimal cored opening or block‐out condi ons for 4” pipe size Aerator fi ngs.

Note: Dimensions of Aerator rough‐in can be

altered if a slab relief is provided on the bo om

of the cored opening or a larger diameter core

is u lized.

Slab Block-out

Cored Slab

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De-Aerator Rough-In

The De-Aerator fitting is often located above the finish floor to reduce ceiling space requirements. The following illustrations show dimensional data for connection methods to the De-Aerator fitting.

4” De-Aerator w/ PRL Fitting 4” De-Aerator w/ Upright Wye & Cap

4” De-Aerator w/ Quarter Bends 4” De-Aerator w/ Quarter Bends & Eighth Bends

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Supplemental Illustrations

The following pages are to be used for interpretation and clarity of the written rules listed on the preceding pages. The written rules shall take precedence over all illustrations. All possible scenarios are not covered by these illustrations. Designs and conditions not shown may require approval by the manufacturer.

System Page

Water Closet Connections (Floor Mount Floor Outlet)……………………………………………... 49

Water Closet Connections (Wall Hung Foot Support)……………………………………………….50

Water Closet Connections (Floor Mount Back Outlet)……………………………………………... 51

Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub)…………………………………………… 52



Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub) Back to Back…………………………… 55

Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Shower / Bidet)………………………………. 56

Bathroom Connections (Water Closet / Lavatory / Tub / Shower / Sink)………………………… 57

Miscellaneous Connections (Floor Drain / Water Cooler / Shower / Mop Sink / Sink)…………. 58

Commercial Building Connections (Water Closets / Urinals / Floor Drains)…………………….. 59

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Typical Layouts

Water Closet Connections Typical Floor Mount Floor Outlet

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Typical Layouts

Water Closet Connections Wall Hung Foot Supported

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Typical Layouts

Water Closet Connections Typical Floor Mount Back Outlet

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Typical Layouts

Bathroom Connections Water Closet / Tub / Lavatory (Back to Back)


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Typical Layouts



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Typical Layouts


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Typical Layouts


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Typical Layouts

Bathroom Connections Water Closet / Shower / Lavatory / Bidet


Single Stack


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Typical Layouts

Bathroom Connections Water Closet / Tub / Shower / Lavatories / Sink


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Typical Layouts

Miscellaneous Fixture Connections Wash Machine / Shower / Sink / Water Cooler / Mop Sink

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Typical Layouts

Commercial Building Connections Water Closets / Floor Drains / Urinal

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Terms and Condi ons of Sale

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Terms and Condi ons of Sale

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Specifica on and Manufacturer Services

We suggest the following specification.

The Cast Iron Single Stack DWV system shall be installed in accordance with approved construction plans and specifications, and in compliance with criteria set forth by Design Manual #119 as published by Wade Specification Drainage Products.

The cast iron single stack Aerator and De-aerator fittings shall be manufactured and distributed by Wade. The Aerator and De-aerator fittings shall be in compliance with ASME Standard A1109 as published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Contact Wade Specification Drainage Products by phone at 800-638-9537 or fax at 888-879-9233 for additional information.

MANUFACTURER SERVICES

In addition to normal business services, Wade Specification Drainage Products will:

Furnish complete technical assistance and information on the latest techniques of design, installation and inspection of the Cast Iron Single Stack system.

Provide design/drawing assistance, plans check, and drawing review.

Provide Value Engineering assistance.

Provide field inspection service with written reports furnished to all designated parties. Inspections and reports will be subject to a negotiated, equitable fee.

Provide assistance in training of designers, installers and inspectors on an as needed, invitational basis. Seminars will be subject to a negotiated, equitable fee.

These services assume the obvious. Wade Specification Drainage Products shall furnish all Cast Iron Single Stack products and the design shall comply with all appropriate criteria set forth by Design Manual #119.

DESIGN NOTES

All Cast Iron Single Stack technical data provided by Wade including but not limited to drawings, catalogs, and consultations remain the exclusive property of Wade Specification Drainage Products. Use of this information for purposes other than Single Stack products made by Wade is strictly prohibited and may result in the assessment of fees or charges.

The Wade Single Stack system represents a logical advancement in the technology of sanitary drainage systems. This

manual is intended to address basic plumbing rules that apply when designing, installing, or inspecting a Cast Iron

Single Stack system.

The use of Single Stack Design Manual #119 along with good plumbing practices and techniques will assure a safe and modern

plumbing system. Installation requirements such as clean-outs, hydraulic integrity, support systems, slab penetrations and fireproofing

do not differ from traditional DWV practices and continue to be the responsibility of the designers, installers and inspectional

authorities.

Single Stack Aerators and De-aerators may be used with stacks, branches, and run-outs made from any acceptable DWV material

providing proper transition couplings are used. Penetrations of floor/ceiling assemblies, shafts, and fire rated assemblies must be

protected in accordance with the Building Code requirements.

The definition of sweeps and bends shall be based on cast iron hubless fittings manufactured in accordance with ASTM Standard

A888.

In reference to Design Manual #119, the written rules shall prevail. Illustration drawings are included for interpretation and clarity only.

Designs and conditions not outlined in this manual shall be submitted for approval to Wade Specification Drainage Products.

In accordance with our policy of continual product improvement, we reserve the right to amend specifications without prior notification.

Although every effort is made to ensure accuracy, Wade Specification Drainage Products cannot be held responsible for errors and

omissions in the printing of this manual.

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Single Stack Aerator Rules

(A) The stack size shall be in accordance with Table B based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1.

(B) The stack shall not telescope or decrease in size and must be continued full size through the roof.

(C) An Aerator fitting is required at each level where the following horizontal branches enter the stack:

Any soil branch

A waste branch the same size as the stack size.

A waste branch one pipe size smaller than the stack size

The Aerator fitting shall be placed in a vertical plane. Tilting the Aerator to offset the Sovent® stack is not permitted.

At any level where an Aerator is not required, an “in-line” offset consisting of two one-eighth bends and one quarter

bend may be used. The vertical distance between Aerators or “in-line” offsets shall not exceed twenty feet (20’-0”).

No more than two consecutive “in-line” offsets are permitted.

(F) Waste branches two pipe sizes smaller than the stack size may connect directly to the stack through a sanitary

fitting.

(G) Horizontal stack offsets exceeding sixty degrees (60) from vertical require a De-aerator fitting and Pressure Relief

Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) shall connect to the vertical portion of the stack downstream of the offset.

Soil and waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the offset. These connections shall be made

BETWEEN the two vertical portions of the stack at a minimum distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size)

downstream of the higher vertical stack. Branch connections to a horizontal stack offset less than ten pipe diameters in

length shall be made as far downstream on the horizontal as possible. Soil and waste branches shall not connect where

the offset makes a horizontal change of direction. Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure

Relief Line (PRL), except on office building battery type installations. Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size

smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall not be made into any vertical portion of the PRL. Clothes

washers shall not connect to the PRL. Horizontal stack offsets shall be sized per Table C based on the total fixture unit

load of all fixtures connecting to the offset and fixtures upstream. The entire stack size shall be no smaller than the

largest horizontal offset size.

(H) Wade Single Stack may be combined before entry into the main sewer drain. The stacks shall combine downstream

of each Pressure Relief Line (PRL) termination point. The total fixture unit load of the combined stacks determines

collection drain line sizing.

(I) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may offset prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR). The horizontal

vent header and VTR shall be increased one pipe size when exceeding twenty feet (20’-0”) in horizontal length.

(J) Stack vent headers above the highest fixture may be combined prior to the vent thru roof penetration (VTR) with one

vertical stack extending through the roof. The one combined vertical stack shall be one pipe size larger than the largest

of the combined stacks. If the distance between any stack and the VTR exceeds twenty feet (20’-0”), the horizontal

offset shall be increased one (1) pipe size larger than the downstream stack.

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Single Stack De‐Aerator Rules

(A) A De-aerator fitting is required at the base of each stack. The De-aerator fitting shall be installed in the vertical portion of the stack.

The distance between the De-aerator fitting and the building drain shall not exceed five feet (5’-0”).

The building drain size shall be in accordance with Table C based on the total fixture unit load determined by Table A or A-1. The

transition to a larger building drain size shall be made in the vertical stack below the Deaerator fitting, except as noted in paragraph

“I”.

(B) The De-aerator fitting uses a Pressure Relief Line (PRL). The Pressure Relief Line (PRL) connects to the Single Stack system

building drain a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size) downstream from the centerline of the stack. The PRL

connects to the Single Stack building drain above the centerline of the drain. The PRL may be rolled to the side providing the bottom

of the PRL is above the centerline of the Single Stack system building drain.

(C) The installed slope for the Single Stack system building drain and PRL is recommended to be one-quarter inch per foot (2%).

Installed slopes of one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are permitted however pipe capacity is reduced by a factor of 0.8 as shown in Table

C. Installed slopes less than one-eighth inch per foot (1%) are strictly prohibited.

(D) Soil and waste branches may connect to the building drain BETWEEN the centerline of the stack and the termination point of the

Pressure Relief Line (PRL). All connections shall be made a MINIMUM distance of ten pipe diameters (based on stack size)

downstream from the centerline of the stack. Soil and waste branches shall not connect where the building drain makes a horizontal

change of direction.

(E) Waste branches may connect to the horizontal portion of the Pressure Relief Line (PRL), except on battery type installations.

Waste branches shall be at least one pipe size smaller than the PRL. Waste branch connections shall not be made into any vertical

portion of the PRL. Clothes washers shall not connect to the PRL.

(F) Soil and waste branches may connect downstream of the PRL termination point providing conventional plumbing rules are applied.

The vent header from these fixtures may connect to the vertical portion of a stack below an Aerator fitting through a sanitary tee

installed with the flow radius down. The vent load of these fixtures shall be added to the fixture unit load on the Single Stack system.

(G) Soil and waste branches may connect to the vertical stack below the De-aerator fitting. These connections shall be made through

a wye-type fitting or through an Aerator fitting. Entry to the building drain from the stack shall be made using a short sweep, long

sweep, two one-eighth bends, or a combination wye & one-eighth bend fitting.

(H) Fixtures considered too remote from the Single Stack system may be plumbed by conventional methods. This waste and vent

area shall be sized in accordance with local prevailing ordinances.

(I) Office building battery type installations and Single Stack systems serving clothes washers shall use a De-aerator fitting equal in

size to the building drain serving that stack. A four-inch (4”) De-aerator fitting will be required on three-inch (3”) Single Stack system.

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