Single Pilot CRM

Single Pilot CRMand Automation ManagementAutomation Surprises

Hans-Peter Schuele (H.-P.)Grew up in the Swabian Alb region of GermanyStarted soaring in 1977German Air Force (F-4 Phantom)Graduate Fighter Weapons Instructor CourseGraduate USAF Advanced Instrument SchoolUnited Airlines (B727, A319/320)Academic and Simulator Instructor (ENJJPT)Responsible for Instrument Refresher ProgramFAASTeam Member / CFIIWhat I will talk aboutPilot ToolboxFlying vs. ManagingSmall Distraction Big EffectDistraction and Spatial DisorientationRisk Management / Mitigation

General GA CharacteristicsSingle PilotNo Formal Training ProgramSelf taught on how to use equipmentNo Company SOPNo go / no-go rulesNo QA5Launch DecisionRests with the PICBased on:TrainingLaw of Primacy Previous ExperienceJudgmentConfidence in ability to manage tasksPerceived ProficiencyPilot ToolboxThe things available to pilotsPilot ToolboxInternalVOR/DMEGPSHSI/MFDILS TCASXM WeatherUHF/VHF RadioExternalATCSeparationTraffic InformationWeather RadarWeather HIWASFlight Watch / ServiceATISandYour Brain

ContentsAircraft SystemsRules & RegulationsFormulasAircraft Configurations Pitch and Power settingCRM skillsPrior experienceAbility to analyze performanceYour BrainContentsAircraft SystemsRules & RegulationsFormulasAircraft Configurations Pitch and Power settingCRM skillsPrior experienceAbility to analyze performance

Flying vs. ManagingStick and RudderInformation Manager

OverviewWhy are we talking about this?The New Way Glass CockpitDistractions and Spatial DisorientationPros and ConsCockpit Set-up and ManagementHelpful HintsDiscussion / Questions / War StoriesQuotes Local Pilot Talk:I just put one of those digital engine monitors in, its more important now than anything else, even the attitude indicator.

Crew Communication:What is this doing now? Is it supposed to do that? Look, it did it again!

From Simulator TrainingSituation:Engine fire during take off and subsequent engine shutdown. The pilot is setting up for a single engine ILS approach.

Question:Sir, I cannot remember the threshold steer point for RWY 33C.

AND WHY WOULD THIS BE IMPORTANT?

From Simulator TrainingSituation:Pilot is executing a missed approach due to weather and has to divert.

Action:While executing the missed approach the pilot diverts attention to setting up onboard avionics for the divert to the alternate airfield. The aircraft enters a right bank and begins to descent.

Passing 500 AGL, in IMC, the aircraft was in an unrecoverable attitude.

Shortly after that, the screens went red and the pilot was caught by surprise, he was unaware of what had just happened.

RIP

15

Relied on Flight DirectorPilot either forgot or was unaware of system limitationsMonkey Bars

Glass Cockpit OffersOn the GroundChecklistsVarious calculatorsDA, take-off and landing performanceAirport informationFrequenciesTaxi diagramsDecision making toolsIn the AirPositional awarenessRouting on MFDTerrain awarenessObstaclesOnly the ones knownTons of flight data infoApproach platesFlight directors

91.103 Preflight action.Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. Glass Cockpit OffersOn the GroundChecklistsVarious calculatorsDA, take-off and landing performanceAirport informationFrequenciesTaxi diagramsDecision making toolsIn the AirPositional awarenessRouting on MFDTerrain awarenessObstaclesOnly the ones knownTons of flight data infoApproach platesFlight directors

91.103 Preflight action.Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. AND A LOT OF BUTTONS

Small Distraction Big EffectHow messing with these things can mess you up

Prior Planning Prevents Poor PerformanceThe 5 Ps

Distractions and Spatial Disorientation (SD)

22SD FactorsDistraction

Time

Illusion 23There are three factors that exist, in some degree, when a pilot encounters spatial disorientation.You MUST have:Distraction factorTime factor This is NOT required, but makes it worseIllusion factorDistraction Demonstration part oneRead words left to right24DemonstrationFind the student that looks the sleepiest. Volunteering will wake him/her up.REDGREENBLUEREDGREENBLUEREDGREENBLUEREDGREENGREENBLUEGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEGREENREDREDBLUEREDREDBLUEREDBLUEGREENBLUEGREENREDGREENREDGREENBLUERED25Time the student reading the color of the wordsNo distractionDistractionNowTell me the color of the words (left to right again), not what the words say26have the same student say the COLOR of the words out loud; time him or her again.

REDGREENBLUEREDGREENBLUEREDGREENBLUEREDGREENGREENBLUEGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEGREENREDREDBLUEREDREDBLUEREDBLUEGREENBLUEGREENREDGREENREDGREENBLUERED27This time there is a distractionDiscuss what happens when you are in the aircraft and a distraction makes you take two to three times as long to do a task.DistractionSimple TaskSmall DistractionCompartmentalize and DefeatNow that you cant be distractedOn next slide: Count the number of tennis balls

29Get ready to flash next slide for 35 secondsstudents will count the number of balls and try to keep track of the time in their headAll students will participate in this demonstration.

30Have students count the number of tennis ballsHave them write down how much time was given to do thisHow much time elapsed?35

31The actual time allowed was 35 secondsLead in to next slide--temporal distortion40 tennis balls.Temporal Distortion15 seconds to 2 minutesDistraction over time = SDHow long since you have looked at the ADI?

Time slowed down

32Time FactorA distraction must work over a period of time to cause a problemThe victim of a disorientation episode typically focuses attention on something other than the task of flying for 15 to 90 secondsThe period of time however, seems much less to the aircrew member. This phenomena is known as temporal distortion.Discuss time slowing down and speeding upThis class is taking foreverreally???Example: F-117 going Downtown Baghdad on the first night of warstealth check and time to completeExample: Ever talk to someone that has ejected? T-38 bailout exampleengine gauges, blackouts, etc.Example: Car accident that happens in slow motionDemonstration part deux

(If youve seen it before, dont ruin it.)Demonstration Part DeuxWhite Shirts - Bounce Passes?

White Shirts - Overhead Passes?

Notice anything odd?

Watch again.

Type I SDSometimes called MisorientationUnrecognized by definitionDistraction may not be strongLasts a relatively long time38Type I SD, is unrecognized and commonly called "Misorientation"The distraction itself may not be strong, but its influence on the pilot is dominating for a relatively long period of timeHowever, the period of time will not seem excessive to the pilot because of temporal distortionIf an illusion exists, it will usually speed up the disaster, but its presence is not essential to the episodeThe key characteristic is that the pilot is unaware of the orientation error.Quotes I just put one of those digital engine monitors in, its more important now than anything else, even the attitude indicator.Thats not what I wanted to do!What is it doing now?Why is it doing that?How would you do that?39ScenarioYou are inbound to the IF/IAF and get a routing change, holding, different approach, etc.The autopilot is not doing the right thing so you disconnect it while you troubleshoot the avionics and set up for the procedure.Hand-flying / Buttons / DistractionAll the ingredients for spatial disorientation are there!Fly the AirplaneIf you feel behind, FLY THE AIRPLANE first, slow down and catch up or hold.Find out where you need to go, you should know where you are at all times, shouldnt you?If you cant figure it out, ask for help.Use good Resource Management . ATC is a resource too!

The New Way

Garmin 100043

What else do we need?Positional AwarenessA MapIFR Low/High Chart, VFR SectionalMFD Display

Approach GuidanceApproach PlatesPaper CopyMFD DisplayCockpit Set-up and ManagementGeneral GA CharacteristicsSingle PilotNo Formal Training ProgramSelf taught on how to use equipmentNo Company SOPNo go / no-go rulesNo QA47SOP - How the Big Boys do itSolid preflight planningTake off/landing data, density altitude, weather, alternates etc is all known before boardingSpecific way to set up COM and NAVSpecific way to program FMS, GPS, INS, etc.Departure, route, arrival, approachConfirm / Cross CheckClean up the boxDeparture, Arrival, Approach Brief / Compare / ConfirmExample Radio Set-upAir COM 1, GND COM2Departure PrepCOM 1:TWR ACTIVEDEP STBY

COM 2:Get Clearance, thenGND ACTIVEATIS - STBY

Approach PrepCOM 1:APR ACTIVETWR STBY

COM 2:GND ACTIVEATIS STBY

Helpful HintsUse a Checklist - PreflightWeatherAlternatesNOTAMS TOLDSID / STAR

Include GPS NOTAMSInclude NavData NoticesUse a Checklist - InflightApproach ChecklistWeatherHoldingObtain ClearanceLetdown Plate ReviewDescent checkSpeedsApproach BriefingMinimumsAltimeter/AirspeedsInitial Rate of DescentLost CommunicationsMissed ApproachAlternatesNavaidsDisciplined ApproachDevelop a flow that works for youSet up cockpit the same way every timeSet up departure, route, arrival and approach the same way every time

Know your systems, interfaces and limitationsAircraft, avionics, FMS, autopilot and GPS

Develop and use your checklistDont forget the iPad / TabletBecome familiar with the programGive some thought on how to set up iPad for Ground operationsDepartureEnrouteApproach and landingFavorite Quotes"Don't let your aircraft get anywhere your brain hasn't been to 3 minutes earlier.

"Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance

"THINK"

Contact InformationHans-Peter Schuele

Web:http://www.signalcharlie.net/H.-P.+Schuele

Email:Hans-Peter.Schuele@att.net