single case experimental designs (intra-subject replication designs)
TRANSCRIPT
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SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTALDESIGNS
(INTRA-SUBJECT REPLICATION DESIGNS)
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Evaluation of treatment effects inclinical and applied research
Developed in the field ofApplied Behaviour Analysis
Shaping of appropriate verbal responses ina four-year old autistic boy by means of
electric shock
SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
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Idiographic (usually – sort of)
Avoids the problem of within-groupvariability in nomothetic designs
SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
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Pre-test Post-test
Treatment
Control
between-group variabilitywithin-group variability
F =
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Pre-test Post-test
Treatment
Control
between-group variabilitywithin-group variability
F =
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If within-group variability is high:
Might find no statistically significant differencebetween groups, even though the treatment workswell for some individuals
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Aim of single case designs is to demonstratethat the treatment caused
any observed change in behaviourand not some other factor
Rule out potential independent variables
(threats to validity)
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If X, then Yand
If not X, then not Y
Evidence for the efficacy of a treatment isobtained if and only if a change in behaviour
is observed when and only whenthe treatment is applied
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BASELINE
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
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BASELINE
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA
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Behavioural Assessment:
Target behaviours clearly defined
Inter-rater reliability assessed, where appropriate
Stable baselines established
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BASELINE
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA
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BASELINE
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA
If X, then Y; but notif not X, then not Y
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ABAB (REVERSAL) DESIGNS
BASELINE A
TREATMENT PHASE B
TREATMENT PHASE B
REVERSAL PHASE A
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A B A B
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A B A B
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MULTIPLE BASELINE DESIGNS
Do not require reversal phase Multiple baselines across:Participants
BehavioursSituations
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Multiplebaselinesacross
participants
Requires independenceof participants
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Pates et al. (2005)
Effects of music on flow statesand shooting performance amongnetball players
Flow data
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Pates et al. (2005)
Effects of music on flow statesand shooting performance amongnetball players
Performance data
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Callow & Waters (2005)
Effect of kinaesthetic imageryintervention on sport confidenceof flat-race horse jockeys
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Multiplebaselinesacross
behaviours
Requires independenceof behaviours
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SWAIN & JONES (1995)
Effects of goal-setting intervention on selectedbasketball skills
Multiple baselines across participants and behaviours:
Offensive rebounds
Defensive rebounds
Steals
Turnovers
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SWAIN & JONES (1995)
Participants assessed on performance across8 games and then selected one aspect ofperformance to work on
Intervention: Individualisedgoal-settingprocedure
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MORE ADVANTAGES
Complex intervention packages
Comparing different interventions
Improving interventions
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MORE ADVANTAGES
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS
How many ‘successful’ interventions do we need
to be confident that the treatment
is having an effect?
How many ‘failures’ can we tolerate?
Internal validity
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS
External validity
How many times do we need to replicate
the findings in order to be able
to generalise?
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS
Non-specific treatment effects
Attention effects, participant expectations
of benefit and demand characteristics
of the experimental situation may be
particularly problematic in single case designs
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS
Trends towards change during baselinecan make interpretation difficult
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Single case designs are idiographic and
yet quantitative. We gain some of the richness
and in-depth understanding of qualitative
research methods whilst being able to quantify
change and maintain a relatively objective
stance towards the data and its interpretation
CONCLUSION