singapore scholarship report

8/2/2019 Singapore Scholarship Report

1/56

Wf}bc Ub|dmikg Hf|khib Lc|h`sifk . S}`ikikg Xhafb`}xaiu =500

Haiks`k C`iy`


2/56

Iks}fc|hsifk

\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r =

Hfkslksx

Iks}fc|hsifk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8

Way Xikgùf}l nf} Ikci`6+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8Sal Xikgùf}l Ub|dmikg Xfhilsy ++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

S}ìkikg . ]lgixs}`sifk fn Ub|dml}x ++++++++++++++++ >

Sidlbikl++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

093++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

09>< 0970++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

097= 091

091> =55>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

=557 U}lxlks +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

Hfdu`}lc sf S}ìkikg ik Ikci`+ ++++++++++++++++++++ 1

090: @uu}lksihlxaiu S}ìkikg Xhaldl +++ 9

@c~`khlc fh`sifk`b S}ìkikg Xhaldl ++++ 9

Sal U\M fn Xikgùf}l ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 05

U\Mx S`gbikl ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 05

H|xsfdl} H+@+]+L+ Uaibfxfuay++++++++++++++++++++ 00

Oly Ul}nf}d`khl Ikcih`sf}x +++++++++++++++++++ 00

Hfclx kc Xs`kc`}cx fn Xikgùf}l ++++++++++++ 0=

Bihlkxikg fn Ub|dml}x nf} W`sl} Xl}~ihl +++ 08

W`sl} Hfkxl}~`sifk: @ Sfu U}if}isy +++++++++++ 03

Sl`ha sal Haibc}lk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 03

Af|xlafbc Hfkxl}~`sifk 05$Bis}l

Ha`bblkgl) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 07W`sl} Lnnihilks Afdlx +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 07

W`sl} Lnnihilks B`mlbbikg Xhaldl WLBX)+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 01

Ikc|xs}i`b & Hfddl}hi`b & Afslb Bl~lbHfkxl}~`sifk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =5

Xisl ixis: Dlsl} Slxsikg Wf}oxafu+ ++++++++++ =0

Sal @MH U}fg}`ddl ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =8

Xisl îxis: O`bb`kg ]i~l} Mixa`k U`}o ++++++ =8

Xisl ixis: Xikgùf}l Zff ++++++++++++++++++++++++ =+ Is ix ` xs}`slgih ikisi`si~l sfidu}f~l sal p|`bisy fn w`sl} `kc binl mya`}klxxikg sal n|bb ufslksi`b fn sal w`sl}$mfcilx+

My ikslg}`sikg sal c}ìkx" h`k`bx `kc }lxl}~fi}xwisa sal x|}}f|kcikg lk~i}fkdlks ik ` afbixsihw`y" sal @MH W`sl}x U}fg}`ddl ìdx sfh}l`sl ml`|sin|b `kchbl`k xs}l`dx" }i~l}x"`kc bòlx wisa ufxsh`}c$u}lssy hfdd|kisy xu`hlx

nf} `bb sf lkjfy+ My ~i}s|lfn sal d`xsl} ub`k" sald`jf} w`sl} xalcx `}lcl~lbfulc sf m}ikgulfubl hbfxl} sf salw`sl}x+

Sal}l `}l 01 x|hhlxxn|b@MH W`sl}x u}fjlhsx`}f|kc sal ixb`kc `x fn

=50=+ Ik sal klqs 05 sf0< yl`}x" f~l} 055 @MHW`sl}x u}fufx`bx a`~lmllk iclksinilc nf} idubldlks`sifk+ Salxl `}lg|iclc my `k ixb`kc$wicl @MH W`sl}x D`xsl}Ub`k |k~liblc ik =557+

Sal @MH W`sl}x U}fg}`ddl ìdx sf `hail~lsal nfbbfwikg fmjlhsi~lx:

Sf cl~lbfu sal w`sl} mfcilx mlyfkcsali} n|khsifk`b |xl `x }lxf|}hlx nf}

w`sl} hfbblhsifk" xsf}`gl `kc c}ìk`gliksf ~im}`ks" hbl`k `kc `lxsalsih`bbyubl`xikg binlxsybl `ss}`hsifkx wal}l}lh}l`sifk`b `kc hfdd|k`b mfkcikg`hsi~isilx h`k sòl ub`hl?

Sf sù icl`x" lqul}sixl `kc }lxf|}hlxn}fd sal Ulfubl$U|mbih$U}i~`sl 8U) ikcl~lbfuikg `kc d`k`gikg salh`shadlksx `kc w`sl} mfcilx `x klwhfdd|kisy xu`hlx" waibl hfksik|ikg sfx`nlg|`}c sal w`sl} p|`bisy `kc x`nlsysf sal hfdd|kisy?

Sf `hs `x `k |dm}lbb` u}fg}`ddl nf}ikslg}`sikg `kc afbixsih`bby d`k`gikg

`bb ikisi`si~lx ik~fb~ikg h`shadlksx `kcw`sl} mfcilx? kc

Sf gls hfdd|kisy hbfxl} sf sal w`sl}`kc ikxsib xslw`}cxaiu+

Xisl îxis: O`bb`kg ]i~l} Mixa`k U`}o

Ik`|g|}`slc my sal U}idl Dikixsl} fk D`}ha07" =50=" ` jfiks hfbb`mf}`sifk mlswllkk`sifk`b w`sl} `glkhy U\M `kc sal K`sifk`bU`}ox Mf`}c" sal O`bb`kg ]i~l} E Mixa`k $ @kgDf Oif U`}o @MH W`sl}x U}fjlhs w`x clxigklcwisa ` afbixsih x|xsìk`mbl ùu}f`ha ik dikc"`kc wisa sal hfkhlus fn ikslg}`sikg sal u`}o

wisa sal }i~l}+

Nig|}l 80 $ îxis sf Mixa`k U`}o wisa D}+Hai` Wì Hafk `kc D}+Ciho}fxl D`x`b`d`ki+


24/56

Sal U\M fn Xikgùf}l

\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r =3

Fkl fn sal dìk nl`s|}lx fn sal}lcl~lbfudlks ix sal }lxsf}`sifk fn salhfkh}lsl h`k`b iksf ` k`s|}`bizlc }i~l} wisamif$lkgikll}lc }i~l} lcglx nig+ 88) |xikg `~`}ilsy fn ub`ksx `kc mlccikg d`sl}i`bx+ Saixu}fjlhs ix sal ni}xs fn isx oikc ik Xikgùf}l" `kcsal ikslg}`sifk fn sal }i~l} wisa sal u`}o ìdxsf dòl sal w`sl}w`y df}l `hhlxximbl sf salu|mbih waibl h}l`sikg df}l xu`hlx nf} salu|mbih sf lkjfy+

Sal k`s|}`bizlc }i~l} dl`kcl}xsa}f|ga sal u`}o `kc m}ikgx u`}o|xl}x hbfxl} sf sal w`sl}" xf salyh`k lkjfy is waibl ùu}lhi`sikg saliduf}s`khl fn hbl`k w`sl}+ Sal}i~l} ix clxigklc m`xlc fk ` nbffcubìk hfkhlus wal}lmy c|}ikg c}ywl`sal}" sal }i~l} nbfw ix hfkniklcsf ` k`}}fw xs}l`d ik sal diccbl fn sal }i~l}+ Sal glksby xbfulc }i~l}m`kox nf}d u`}s fn sal u`}onl`s|}lx" `kc u`}o |xl}x `}l `mbl sfw`bo `bfkg sal w`sl}x lcgl+ Ik sal

l~lks fn ` xsf}d" sal w`sl} bl~lb ik sal}i~l} }ixlx `kc sal `}l` `cj`hlks sf sal}i~l} ix |xlc `x ` nbffc ubìk sf hfksìk sal}ìkw`sl}+

Sal Mixa`k $ @kg Df Oif U`}o ix `b}l`cy

afdl sf ci~l}xl lhfbfgy" wisa lqixsikgw`sl} mfcilx ik sal u`}o ub`yikg `k

iduf}s`ks }fbl ik u}fdfsikg g}fwsa+ Salxlufkcx `}l cl~lbfulc iksf w`sl} nl`s|}lx wisaxfns" g}`c|`b lcglx" `kc ikslg}`slc xl`dblxxbywisa sal }i~l}+

Ik `ccisifk" ` w`sl} ub`yg}f|kc ix hfkxs}|hslc`x u`}s fn sal }lcl~lbfudlks" `bbfwikghaibc}lk sf a`~l n|k wisa w`sl} `kc ùu}lhi`slisx p|`bisilx `kc ~`b|l+ Sa}f|ga salxliksl}`hsifkx wisa w`sl}" is ix lk~ixifklc sa`s

sal }lcl~lbfudlks fn sal u`}o wibbmfsa lkg`gl sal u|mbih `kc nfxsl} `xlkxl fn hfdd|k`b fwkl}xaiu `kcùu}lhi`sifk nf} f|} w`sl}}lxf|}hlx+

Sal }lcl~lbfudlks `bxf ikhb|clxikkf~`sifkx biol hbl`kxikg mifsfulx nig+ 88) waiha wibb fnnl} lnnlhsi~lw`sl} s}l`sdlks waibl dìksìkikgk`s|}`b `kc ml`|sin|b lk~i}fkdlks`kc w`sl} h`xh`clx waiha wibb albusf idu}f~l sal w`sl} hi}h|b`sifk fn sal lqixsikg ufkcx+Nig|}l 8= $ @k @}sixs'x idu}lxxifk fn sal }lcl~lbfulc Mixa`k U`}o+

Nig|}l 88 $ SalMif$lkgikll}lc}i~l}mlc !|u) `kcMifsful xyxsldf} s}l`sdlks

|xikg k`s|}`bd`sl}i`bx+!}igas)


25/56


\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r =<

Xisl îxis: Xikgùf}l ZffSal Xikgùf}l Zff & Kigas X`n`}i ix sal fkbyu|mbih hfdublq ik sal wafbl fn Xikgùf}l|sibizikg isx fwk xlw`gl s}l`sdlks ub`ks+

@bb fsal} xlw`gl sa}f|ga sal ixb`kc ix hfbblhslc~i` sal CSXX`kc clbi~l}lc sf KLW`sl} ub`ksxxll KLW`sl} xlhsifk ) nf} }lhyhbikg+

Sal Xikgùf}l Zff waiha ix afdl sf xfdl fn sal niklxs }lusiblx `kc `kid`bx" a`x sal}lu|s`sifk fn m}llcikg sal dfxs `kid`bx ikhùsi~isy" `bxf }lp|i}lx a|gl `df|ksx fn w`sl}nf} sal hbl`kbiklxx `kc aygilkl fn salh}l`s|}lx+

Sal clxigk fn sal Zff ldubfyx ` |kip|lxs}`slgy" sal }lhyhblc w`sl} n}fd sals}l`sdlks ub`ks ix |xlc nf} x|uuby sf sal ni}lx|uu}lxxifk xyxsld wisa ni}l ayc}`ksx `s l~l}y75 dlsl}x" m|s sal x`dl x|uuby ix `bxf |xlc nf}hbl`kbiklxx u|}ufxlx fn sal `kid`bx+

Ik h`xl fn ` ni}l `kc ik`clp|`hy fn s}l`slcw`sl} ha`khlx `}l sal s`kox hf|bc ml ldusilc

f} dic$w`y c|l sf w`xaikg }f|siklx)" is ixmlbil~lc sa`s sal `cjfikikg Xlbls`} }lxl}~fi}h`k ml sùulc iksf+ Sal iksl}lxsikg n`hs ix sa`ssal s`kox |xlc `}l sf swf syulx: G`b~`kixlcI}fk `kc Xsìkblxx Xsllb nig+ 8 $ Sal Xlw`gl S}l`sdlks Ub`ks fn sal Zff+

Nig|}l 8< $ Sal GI S`ko fn blns `kcXsìkblxx Xsllb S`ko fk ]igas+


26/56


\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r =>

Ikkf~`sifkx ik xlkxikg w`sl}cixs}im|sifk u}fmbldx+@ u}fsfsyul klswf}o fn =< xlkxf} u`ho`glxsa`s }luf}s ik }l`b sidl fk w`sl} u}lxx|}l" nbfw

}`sl `kc cixiknlhs`ks bl~lbx a`x mllk ikxs`bblcik Xikgùf}lx hlks}`b m|xiklxx cixs}ihs nig+ 89)+Lkhf|}`gikg }lx|bsx fk sal bfkg$sl}d `hh|}`hyfn sal xlkxf}x `kc sal `mibisy fn sal klswf}o sfbfh`sl uiul m|}xsx a`~l mllk fmsìklc c|}ikgsal s}i`b+ Lka`khldlksx sf sal xyxsld `}l|kcl}w`y `kc" fkhl n|bby cl~lbfulc" wibb`|sfd`sl dfkisf}ikg fn w`sl} p|`bisycl~i`sifkx `kc blòx ik Xikgùf}lx lksi}lw`sl} cixs}im|sifk xyxsld+

U\M `kc sal D`xx`ha|xlssx Ikxsis|sl fn Slhakfbfgy DIS) `}l cl~lbfuikg" slxsikg `kcidubldlksikg sal bfw$hfxs xyxsld ik

hfbb`mf}`sifk wisa sal Hlksl} nf}Lk~i}fkdlks`b Xlkxikg kc Dfclbikg x u`}s fn sal Xikgùf}l DIS @bbi`khl nf} ]lxl`}ha `kcSlhakfbfgy u}fg}`ddl+ Xfb`} u`klbx f} salxs}lls bigasikg xyxsld h`k ml |xlc sf ufwl}sal u`ho`glx ci}lhsby+

Sal icl`" `hhf}cikg sf A`}}y Xlà" ci}lhsf} fn U\M Xikgùf}lx Slhakfbfgy `kc W`sl} P|`bisyFnnihl" ix sf cl~lbfu ` df}l lnnihilks `kc

}lbi`mbl clslhsifk xyxsld sa`s wibb xl}~l `x `kl`}by$w`}kikg" l~lks$bfh`sikg `kc w`sl}$

cld`kc u}lcihsifk xyxsld+ X|hhlxxn|bcl~lbfudlks fn sal n|bb xyxsld wibb dòl is fn g}l`s hfddl}hi`b ~`b|l+

Sal u`ho`glx fn xlkxf}x" waiha ikhb|cl

`hf|xsih ayc}fuafklx" lqslkc `mf|s 05 hdiksf cixs}im|sifk uiulx fn bl`xs =5 hd ikci`dlsl}+ Sal xlkxf}x dl`x|}l w`sl}u}lxx|}l" w`sl} nbfw" hfkc|hsi~isy" uA `kcfqic`sifk }lc|hsifk ufslksi`b F]U)+ S}`kxilksha`kglx ik u}lxx|}l nf} lq`dubl" h`|xlc my `blò f} m|}xs uiul" `}}i~l `s `kc `}l xlks n}fdcinnl}lks xlkxf}x `s cinnl}lks sidlx clulkcikgfk xlkxf} bfh`sifk+ @ hlks}`b hfdu|sl}

}lhli~lx sal `|sfd`sih }luf}sx n}fdsal xlkxf}x ~i` sal 8G dfmibl uafklxyxsld+ Sal hfdu|sl} salk ikslg}`slx`bb sal }l`b$sidl ayc}`|bih c`s` iksf `dfclb fn sal w`sl} cixs}im|sifk xyxsldsa`s w`x lxs`mbixalc |xikg LU@klsxid|b`sifk xfnsw`}l n}fd sal \XLk~i}fkdlks`b U}fslhsifk @glkhy+

Sal dfclb h`k bfh`bixl sal u}fmbld sfwisaik `k `~l}`gl fn `mf|s 35 d `kcxlkc f|s `k `b`}d+ B`xs yl`}" salcl~lbfudlks sl`d slxslc sal xyxsld|xikg ni}l ayc}`ksx sf xid|b`sl m|}xsw`sl} dìkx nig+81)+ @ klw }f|kc fn lqul}idlks`sifk ikslg}`sikg mfsa`hf|xsihx `kc u}lxx|}l ix `b}l`cy

|kcl}w`y+

Nig|}l 89 $ @ Xlkxf} u`klb ik sal HMC `}l` fn Xikgùf}l+

Nig|}l 81 $ Ld|b`sifk fn ` m|}xs w`sl} dìk w`x p|ihobyclslhslc my ` kligamf|}ikg xlkxf} kfcl fn Xikgùf}lxu}fsfsyul dfkisf}ikg klswf}o+


27/56



Cl~i`sifkx ik sal p|`bisy fn sal w`sl} x|uuby`}l clslhslc my sal F]U `kc uA xlkxf}x sa`su}f~icl ` dl`x|}l fn cixiknlhs`ks bl~lbx" x|ha`x sal hfkhlks}`sifk fn habf}ikl+ W`sl} p|`bisyixx|lx h`k ml bfh`bixlc ik sal x`dl w`y `xblò`glx+

@x sal wi}lblxx xlkxf} klswf}o ix cl~lbfulc`kc slxslc n|}sal}" is wibb g}`c|`bby mlidubldlkslc sa}f|gaf|s sal w`sl}cixs}im|sifk klswf}o ik Xikgùf}l+

Xisl îxis: Ub|dmikg ]ls}fnissikg`kc S`ko Xsl}ibiz`sifk+D}+ Xsl~lk S`kg" sal Glkl}`b D`k`gl} fn D&x Xs`hl Ikslg}`slc M|ibcikg Xl}~ihl Usl+Bsc+ ik hff}cik`sifk wisa sal Xikgùf}lUb|dmikg Xfhilsy w`x oikc lkf|ga sf`}}`kgl ` xisl ~ixis ik sal J`b`k X|bs`k

`}l` fn Xikgùf}l+

Sal hfdublq ix ` hfkcfdiki|d m|ibcikgwal}l lqixsikg dibc xsllb w`sl} x|uubyal`cl}x `kc }ixl}x wl}l mlikg }lub`hlcwisa dfcl}k UU$] ufbyu}fuyblkl$

}`kcfd) uiulx? sal wf}o `bxf ikhb|clclka`khldlks fn sal u|duikg xyxsld `kchbl`kikg fn sal w`sl} xsf}`gl s`kox+ Ik |x|`bh`xlx" xd`bbl} af|xlx dfxs fn sal u}l$w`}af|xlx `kc xafu af|xlx) |u sf 8 xsf}lyx cfkfs }lp|i}l xsf}`gl s`kox" c|l sf sal`~ìb`mibisy fn =3&7 x|uuby `kc 3 m`}x u}lxx|}lik sal U\M x|uubilc biklx" `x iknf}dlc myD}+S`kg+ @bxf is d`y ml kfslc sa`s U\M a`x

~l}y xs}ihs g|iclbiklx nf} hbl`kikg fn s`kox+

@x dlksifklc ik sal U|mbih \sibisilx W`sl}X|uuby) ]lg|b`sifkx `kc Xikgùf}l Xs`kc`}cHU31 Hfcl fn U}`hsihl nf} W`sl} Xl}~ihlx

ky ul}xfk }lxufkximbl nf} sal dìkslk`khl fn `ky u`}s fn ` w`sl} xl}~ihl ikxs`bb`sifk a`~ikg` w`sl} xsf}`gl s`ko xa`bb lkg`gl" `s bl`xs fkhl l~l}y 0= dfksax" ` bihlkxlc w`sl} xl}~ihl

ub|dml} sf ikxulhs" `kc wal}l klhlxx`}y sfhbl`k `kc cixiknlhs" `kc hl}siny sal w`sl} xsf}`gl s`ko +

Saix lkx|}lx sa`s:

sal w`sl} xsf}`gl s`ko ix nis `kc x`nlnf} sal xsf}`gl fn w`sl} nf} a|d`khfkx|dusifk?

sal w`sl} hfksìklc ik sal w`sl}xsf}`gl s`ko ix n}ll n}fdhfks`dik`sifk f} ufbb|sifk `kc sa`ssal}l ix kf biolbiaffc fn sal x`dl?

sal w`sl} xsf}`gl s`ko ix u}ful}bydìksìklc? kc

sal}l ix kf blò`gl `kc kf biolbiaffcfn blò`gl ik sal w`sl} xl}~ihlikxs`bb`sifk" ikhb|cikg sal w`sl} s`ko+

W`sl} x`dublx sòlk n}fd sal w`sl} xsf}`gls`kox a`~l sf ml xlks sf ` Xikgùf}l

@hh}lcis`sifk Hf|khib$XIKGB@X hh}lcislcb`mf}`sf}y nf} slxsikg fn ufs`mbl w`sl} p|`bisysf u`xx sal ùu}fu}i`sl haldih`b `kc

Nig|}l 35 $ Ik sal U|du ]ffd c|}ikg ` }ls}fnis ikxs`bb`sifk+

Nig|}l 30 $ Sal Cfdlxsih W`sl} Xsf}`gl mlikg hbl`klc+


28/56



m`hsl}ifbfgih`b lq`dik`sifkx+ Sal dikid|du`}`dlsl}x sf ml slxslc `kc salhf}}lxufkcikg syuih`b ~`b|lx saly d|xs hfdubywisa `}l xafwk ik sal s`mbl `bfkgxicl+ Salhfdublsl u}fhlc|}l waiha h`k ik~fb~l =3af|}x fn xsfuu`gl fn x|uuby) sf ml nfbbfwlc ix`~ìb`mbl fk sal U\M wlmxisl `sassu:&&www+u|m+gf~+xg&glkl}`b&Cfh|dlksx&U}fhlc|}lNf}Ikxulhsifk@kcXsl}ibix`sifkFnW`sl}Xsf}`glS`kox+ucn

Sal x|uuby uiuikg w`x fn sal xidib`} k`s|}lmlikg h`}}ilc f|s ik Ikci`" wal}l ` hlks}`bdìk ix bffulc `s sal }ffn bl~lb wisa cfwk$hfdl}x+ Saf|ga sal cfwk$hfdl}x wl}likxs`bblc wisa u}lxx|}l$}lc|hl} ~`b~lx `slblxhfuih `}}`kgldlks nf} uiul xizikg ix kfs|x|`bby u}`hsixlc+

Uayxih`b" Haldih`b .M`hsl}ifbfgih`b Ha`}`hsl}ixsihx

Syuih`b W`sl} P|`bisy^`b|lx sf mlhfdubilc wisa

Uayxih`b @k`byxix U`}`dlsl}x

Hfbf|} !A`zlk \kis) 255 yl`}x+ Xs`kcikg `ssal hfknb|lkhl fn ~`}if|x hi~ibix`sifkx"Xikgùf}l a`x mllk ` a|m nf} s}`cl `kc h|bs|}lsa}f|gaf|s aixsf}y" isx w`sl}x `kc m`kox nibblcwisa ~lxxlbx" ~ixisf}x" s}`cl}x" b`mf|}l}x `kch}`nsxdlk n}fd Haik`" Ikci`" Wlxs @xi` `kcx|}}f|kcikg }lgifk+

Sal Xikgùf}l ]i~l} `kc sal `cj`hlks a`}mf|}mlh`dl sal hlks}l fn g}l`s lqu`kxifk ik s}`cl`kc m|xiklxx c|}ikg Xikgùf}l hfbfki`b ul}ifc+

Xs`}sikg ik sal 0115x" sal}l w`x al`~y s}`nnihfk sal Xikgùf}l ]i~l} c|l sf }ùic|}m`kiz`sifk `kc lqu`kcikg s}`cl+ @s sal x`dlsidl" is m}f|gas ik w`sl} ufbb|sifk h`|xlc mysal cixufx`b fn g`}m`gl" xlw`gl `kc fsal} my$u}fc|hsx fn ikc|xs}ilx bfh`slc `bfkg sal }i~l}'xm`kox+ Sal xf|}hlx fn w`sl} ufbb|sifk iksf salXikgùf}l ]i~l} `kc O`bb`kg M`xik xll nig+ 33. 3> ) ikhb|clc uig w`xslx n}fd uig `kc c|hon`}dx" |kxlwl}lc u}ldixlx" xs}lls a`wol}x

`kc ~lgls`mbl wafblx`bikg+ ]i~l}ikl `hsi~isilxx|ha `x s}`kxuf}s" mf`s m|ibcikg `kc }luì}xwl}l `bxf nf|kc `bfkg sal Xikgùf}l ]i~l}+Xfdl 7


31/56

Sal Nf|} Sùx fn Xikgùf}l

\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 80

ikhikl}`sifk" waibl a`wol}x wl}l ixx|lcbihlkxlx `kc u}f~iclc xulhinilc `}l`x wisau}ful} xlwl}`gl `dlkisilx+ Sal c}lcgikg fn

sal }i~l} mlc `kc sal }ldf~`b fn a|kc}lcx fn sfkx fn clm}ix waiha a`c mllk uiblc |u f~l}sal yl`}x albulc d`}ikl binl sf }ls|}k sf salsic`b }i~l}+

Slk yl`}x b`sl} ik 0917" sal hbl`k$|u fn salXikgùf}l ]i~l} `kc O`bb`kg M`xik w`xhfdublslc+ Ik Xlusldml} 0917" sal Dikixs}y fn sal Lk~i}fkdlks sfglsal} wisa fsal}gf~l}kdlks dikixs}ilx `kc xs`s|sf}y mf`}cxhlblm}`slc sal x|hhlxx fn sal hbl`k$|u wisa `kl~lks h`bblc sal -Hbl`k ]i~l}xHfddldf}`sifk-+ @nsl} sal d`xxi~l hbl`k$|u"ulfubl h`k kfw lkg`gl ik `hsi~isilx x|ha`x w`y`kg ul}nf}d`khlx fk ` m|dmf`s"~`}ilsy xafwx xs`glc fk ufksffkx `khaf}lc iksal }i~l}" `kc mf`s }`hlx+ Sfc`y" xullcmf`sx"c}`gfk mf`sx" ulc`b$mf`sx kc x`du`kx h`k mlxllk ubyikg fk sal hbl`k w`sl}w`yx fn sal

Xikgùf}l ]i~l}+ Sal Mf`s P|`y" sfc`y" afxsxxfdl fn sal niklxs l`sl}ilx kc }lxs`|}`ksx+

Nig|}l 3> $ Sal O`bb`kg ]i~l} h+ 0155x !Xf|}hl? U\M)

Nig|}l 37 Hbfhowixl n}fd Sfu: A`wol}x `bfkg sal Xikgùf}l ]i~l} h}l`slc |kx`kis`}y hfkcisifkx ik 0975 r Ufbb|slchfkcisifk fn Xikgùf}l }i~l} ik 09


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\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 8=

Sal Xl~lksllk ]lxl}~fi}x

Mlcfo ]lxl}~fi} : ix ` }lxl}~fi} bfh`slc ik sall`xsl}k u`}s fn Xikgùf}l" sf sal kf}sa fn Mlcfo Klw Sfwk+ Mlcfo ]lxl}~fi} w`xhfkxs}|hslc |kcl} sal X|kgli Xlbls`}&MlcfoW`sl} Xhaldl" hfdublslc ik 091>+ Salxhaldl ik~fb~lc sal c`ddikg fn X|kgliXlbls`} sf nf}d ` }lxl}~fi} Bfwl} Xlbls`}]lxl}~fi})" sal h}l`sifk fn Mlcfo ]lxl}~fi}n}fd ` nf}dl} x`kc p|`}}y mlswllk 09>> `kc097= `kc sal hfkxs}|hsifk fn MlcfoW`sl}wf}ox+ Isx |kip|l nl`s|}l w`x salhfkxs}|hsifk fn kikl xsf}d$w`sl} hfbblhsifk

xs`sifkx sf sù sal xsf}d }|kfnnx fn salx|}}f|kcikg |}m`kixlc h`shadlksx+

J|}fkg Bòl : ix ` n}lxa$w`sl} bòl `kc}lxl}~fi} bfh`slc ik sal wlxsl}k }lgifk fn Xikgùf}l nf}dlc wisa sal c`ddikg fn X|kgliJ|}fkg n|}sal} cfwkxs}l`d+ Ik `ccisifk sf `k|dml} fn `}sinihi`b ixb`kcx x|ha `x sal Haiklxl nig+39) `kc Jù`klxl G`}clkx" sal bòl ixub`kklc sf ml ` n|s|}l }lh}l`sifk`b a|m nf} sal

wlxsl}k xicl fn sal ixb`kc+

O}`kji ]lxl}~fi} : ix ` }lxl}~fi} ik salkf}sal}k u`}s fn Xikgùf}l? kl`} sal Xs}ìsx fn

Jfaf} w`x ` nf}dl} n}lxaw`sl} }i~l} sa`snbfwlc f|s iksf sal xl` sa`s c`ddlc `s isx

df|sa sf nf}d ` n}lxaw`sl} }lxl}~fi}+ Is h`k`bxf ml hb`xxinilc `x `k lxs|`}y+ Sal c`d a`x `}f`c m}icgikg sal swf m`kox" kc kfw u}l~lksx

sal xl` n}fd hfdikg ik" `kc ix afdl sf` d`}xa+ Sal nf}dl} O}`kji ]i~l} a`x sa}lldìk s}im|s`}ilx $ X|kgli Ulkg Xi`kg" X|kgliO`kgo`} kc X|kgli Slkgà+

Sal \uul} `kc Bfwl} Uli}hl]lxl}~fi}x : Bfwl} Uli}hl ix fkl fn salfbclxs }lxl}~fi}x ik Xikgùf}l+ Is ix bfh`slckl`} sal D`h]ishail ]lxl}~fi} `kc sal \uul}Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi}+ Is w`x f}igik`bby h}l`slc `xsal Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi} m|s w`x clxigk`slc `x

bfwl} |ufk sal h}l`sifk fn sal \uul} Uli}hl]lxl}~fi}+ Sal }lxl}~fi} ix salxf|}hl fn sal O`bb`kg ]i~l}" salbfkglxs }i~l} ik Xikgùf}l+

F}igik`bby okfwk `x sal O`bb`kg]i~l} ]lxl}~fi}" Xikgùf}l'xxlhfkc }lxl}~fi} w`xiduf|kclc `h}fxx sal bfwl}}l`halx fn sal O`bb`kg ]i~l} ik

0905+ Ik 09==" is w`x }lk`dlcUli}hl ]lxl}~fi} ikhfddlkc`sifk fn sal xl}~ihlxfn ]fml}s Uli}hl" waf w`x sald|kihiu`b lkgikll} fn Xikgùf}l n}fd 0950 sf 090>+

Ik 097


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|uul} }l`halx fn sal Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi}" nf}dikgsal \uul} kc Bfwl} Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi}x+

Sal \uul} Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi} w`x fnnihi`bbyfulklc my salk U}idl Dikixsl} Bll O|`kYlw ik 0977 al w`x sal fkl waf ikisi`slc sal]i~l} Hbl`kikg h`duìgk ik Xikgùf}l)+ Saixxlhfkc kc b`}glxs }lxl}~fi} fn Xikgùf}l a`x

hù`hisy fn =7+1 dibbifk fn w`sl} f~l} 853alhs`}lx fn w`sl} x|}n`hl+

\uul} . Bfwl} Xlbls`} ]lxl}~fi}x : Xlbls`}]lxl}~fi} xll nig+9+

Sal wf}bc$}lkfwklc Xikgùf}l Zff `kc KigasX`n`}i `}l bfh`slc fk sal m`kox fn \uul}Xlbls`} ]lxl}~fi}+ Sal ni}l u}l~lksifk xyxsldikxs`bblc nf} salxl n`hibisilx `hp|i}lx w`sl}n}fd sal \uul} Xlbls`} ]lxl}~fi} `kc bfh`bizlc

Xlw`glS}l`sdlks Ub`ks

sal fkl `kc fkbyXSU fsal} sa`kKlw`sl} Ub`ksx ikXikgùf}l)+ I a`~llbihislc df}l fksal Xikgùf}l Zffw`sl} x|uubydf}l ik ` h`xl$xs|cy n|}sal}+

U}lxlksby" U\M ixhfkxs}|hsikg `

>5DGC w`sl}wf}ox ikxs`bb`sifk

`s Bfwl} Xlb`s`} ]lxl}~fi} nf} x|uuby sf salixb`kc k`sifk+ xll nig+31)

D`h]ishail ]lxl}~fi} : ix sal fbclxs }lxl}~fi}fn Xikgùf}l+ Sal }lxl}~fi} w`x hfdublslc ik01>1 my iduf|kcikg w`sl} n}fd `k l`}sa

ldm`kodlks" `kc w`x salk okfwk `x salIduf|kcikg ]lxl}~fi} f} Safdxfk ]lxl}~fi}+

Ik 01=8" M}isixa ]lxiclks Jfak H}`wn|}cu}fufxlc sal m|ibcikg fn ` }lxl}~fi} `kcw`sl}wf}ox" xlssikg `xicl #0"555 nf} salxlub`kx m|s kfsaikg h`dl fn sald+ @kfsal} ub`ksa`s lkclc |u ik xdfol w`x sal icl` sf sù salal`cw`sl}x fn Xikgùf}l H}llo+

Nik`bby" ik 01


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Hfkxs}|hsifk w`x l~lks|`bby hfdublslc ik01>1 m|s sal u|dux `kc cixs}im|sikg klswf}owl}l kfs nikixalc |ksib 0177+ My saix sidl"u|mbih hfkniclkhl ik sal gf~l}kdlks'x `mibisyw`x clkslc+

Ik 011=" ik ` df~l sf x`b~`gl isx }lu|s`sifk"sal D|kihiu`b Hf|khib l}lhslc ` nf|ksìk ikN|bbl}sfk Xp|`}l ik afkf|} fn S`k Oid Xlkg+

Sal nf|ksìk w`x b`sl} df~lc sf P|llkLbiz`mlsa W`bo" wal}l is xs`kcx sfc`y+

Ik 0190" sal afbcikg hù`hisy fn salIduf|kcikg ]lxl}~fi} f} Safdxfk ]lxl}~fi}"

`nsl} isx clxigkl} Jfak S|}km|bb Safdxfk" w`xlqu`kclc sf f~l} 3>< dibbifk idul}i`b g`bbfkx

="005"555 d8)+ D|kihiu`b Lkgikll} J`dlxD`h]ishail f~l}x`w saix #8="555 lqu`kxifk`kc sal }lxl}~fi} w`x k`dlc `nsl} aid ik09==+ Ik sal 0195x" al a`c |}glc salgf~l}kdlks sf m|y sal Ha`xxl}i`| Lxs`sl nf}|xl `x ` }lxl}~fi} m|s is w`x kfs |ksib d|hab`sl} sa`s sal u|}ha`xl w`x d`cl+

Afwl~l}" sal }lxl}~fi}'x 3 dibbifk idul}i`bg`bbfkx 01"555 d 8) ` c`y w`x xsibb ikx|nnihilks

sf dlls cld`kc+ W`sl} w`x u|dulc iksf sal}lxl}~fi} n}fd sal |uul} xlhsifk fn O`bb`kg]i~l}" fkl fn sal ixb`kc'x miggl} xf|}hlx fn n}lxa w`sl}+ Fsal} n}lxa w`sl} x|uubilx Bfwl} Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi} kc Xlbls`} ]lxl}~fi} wl}l hfdublslc ik 090= `kc 09=5}lxulhsi~lby+ Afwl~l}" sal gf~l}kdlks}l`bixlc sa`s Xikgùf}l wf|bc kfs ml `mbl sfdlls isx fwk n}lxa w`sl} kllcx+ Ik 09=7" `

w`sl} s}l`sy w`x xigklc wisa sal X|bs`k fn Jfaf}+ Xikgùf}l }lhli~lc isx ni}xs x|uuby fn w`sl} n}fd Jfaf} ik 098= df}l a`x mllklbihislc |kcl} Iduf}slc W`sl} xlhsifk fn saix

}luf}s )+

Sal cl~lbfudlks fn sal D`h]ishail ]lxl}~fi}m}f|gas sal nf}lxs cl~`xs`sifk `}f|kc sal`}l` sf ` a`bs+ Sal nf}lxs x|}}f|kcikg sal}lxl}~fi} a`x mllk u}fslhslc `x ` w`sl}h`shadlks }lxl}~l+ Sal nf}lxslc `}l`xx|}}f|kcikg sal fsal} swf }lxl}~fi}x" Uli}hl]lxl}~fi} kc \uul} Xlbls`}]lxl}~fi} nf}dl}by Xlbls`} ]lxl}~fi}) wl}l`bxf u}fslhslc walk salxl }lxl}~fi}x wl}lcl~lbfulc+

Nig|}l


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\kip|lby Xikg`uf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 8<

D`}ik` ]lxl}~fi} : Nf}dlc`nsl} hfdublsifk fn D`}ik`M`}}`gl " ` c`d xu`kkikg salD`}ik` Ha`kklb+ Xikg`uf}lx0


36/56


\kip|lby Xikg`uf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 8>

g`slx nig+


37/56



Sal U`kc`k ]lxl}~fi} af|xlx sal Xikgùf}l@d`sl|} ]fwikg @xxfhi`sifk `kc ix ufu|b`} nf}nixaikg h`snixalx `kc ul`hfho m`xx `s swf fn isxclxigk`slc xufsx+ Saf|ga sal U\M ix ~l}y xs}ihs`mf|s |xikg bi~l f} f}g`kih mìsx `kc fkby

`bbfwx }sinihi`b mìsx+

Ufy`k . Slkgla ]lxl}~fi}x : J|xs biolU`kc`k" `}l }lxl}~fi}x ik sal Wlxsl}k W`sl}H`shadlks fn Xikgùf}l+ Nf}dlc my c`ddikgX|kgli Ufy`k `kc X|kgli Slkgla }lxulhsi~lby"mlnf}l ldusyikg ik sf sal Xs}ìsx fn Jfaf}"salxl }lxl}~fi}x sff `}l ` u`}s fn sal }lxs}ihslcX@NSI ni}ikg }l`+

U|b`| Slofkg ]lxl}~fi} : U|b`| Slofkg ix salb`}glxs ixb`kc fn Xikgùf}l waiha ix dìkby|xlc `x ` s}ìkikg m`xl nf} dibis`}yikxs`bb`sifkx+ Sal }lxl}~fi} xl}~lx sal dibis`}yikxs`bb`sifkx fk saix ixb`kc+

X`}idm|k ]lxl}~fi} : @gìk ` u`}s fn salX@NSI Ni}ikg @}l`" X|kgli X`}idm|d sff w`xc`ddlc sf nf}d sal }lxl}~fi} `kc mlhfdl ù`}s fn sal Wlxsl}k W`sl} H`shadlks+ Saliksl}lxsikg n`hs `mf|s saix }lxl}~fi} ix sa`s sal

ni}xs Jù`klxl s}ffux b`kclc kl`} al}l ik 093=sf bl`~l ` d`}o ik sal aixsf}y fn Xikgùf}l+

U|kggfb . Xl}`kgffk ]lxl}~fi}x : `}l sal~l}y }lhlks `ccisifkx sf sal ixb`kc k`sifk fn

Xikgùf}l+ Sal fulkikg hl}ldfky w`x albc fkJ|by 58" =500" saf|ga sal ub`kx wl}l ha`bolcf|s `x l`}by `x D`}ha 9" =551+ Sfglsal} salxlswf }lxl}~fi}x wibb `cc |u


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Sù = $ Iduf}slc W`sl}

X|mxlp|lks sf sal hfdublsifk fn D`h]ishail"Xlbls`} `kc Uli}hl ]lxl}~fi}x" Xikgùf}lgf~l}kdlks }l`bixlc is w`x kfs `mbl sf dllssal w`sl} cld`kcx fn Xikgùf}l `kc xigklc `k`g}lldlks wisa sal X|bs`k fn Jfaf}l ik 09=7 nig+ 0+\kcl} salxl `g}lldlksx salu}ihl fn w`sl} ix xls `s ` ~l}y bfw

bl~lb fn blxx sa`k 0 hlks ul}

0"555 idul}i`b g`bbfkx 3"


39/56



dlls 5 waibxsclx`bik`sifk xll Clx`bik`sifk xlhsifk)ik~lxsdlks wibb }ìxl f|su|s sf dlls 85, fn kllcx+ My sal lqui}y fn sal 09>= w`sl}`g}lldlks ik =5>0" sal klhlxxisy nf}D`b`yxi` w`sl} iduf}s ix lqulhslc sf mllbidik`slc+

Ik @|g|xs =500" sal 09>0 w`sl} `g}lldlkslqui}lc `kc sal w`sl}wf}ox `kc n`hibisilxwl}l a`kclc f~l} sf sal Jfaf} xs`slgf~l}kdlks+ Sal a`kcf~l} ikhb|clc salXo|cì `kc G|k|kg U|bì w`sl} s}l`sdlksub`ksx `kc swf u|du af|xlx ik Ufksi`k `kcSlm}`|" waiha wl}l m|ibs `kc d`k`glcmy U\M nf}


40/56



Sù 8 $ KLW`sl}

Fk dy `}}i~`b `s sal Klw`sl} îxis f}x Hlksl}"ikisi`bby" I hfkn|xlc is sf ml ` sf|}ixs ub`hl+Hfkxicl}ikg ` wlloc`y `kc sal ~ixisf}x waihaikhb|clc xhaffb haibc}lk `kc n`dibilx" salhfkn|xifk w`x p|isl blgisid`sl+

\kcl} sal U\Mx @MH w`sl} u}fg}`d xll U\M$ @MH U}fg}`d) saly a`~l lkx|}lc sf m}ikg

ulfubl sf sal w`sl}x+ Idu}lxxi~lby" ulfubla`~l sòlk sf is biol nixa sf w`sl} u|kikslkclc)+

Fk sal }lhlusifk" I w`x g}llslc my ` hall}n|bu}lssy g|icl" wafxl k`dl I h`kkfs }lhfbblhs"m|s xal oklw dy k`dl ~l}y wlbb fn hf|}xla`c sf xikhl I a`c }lgixsl}lc l`}bil} fkbikl nf}sal ~ixis)+ Xal xs`}slc sal sf|} my xl`sikg dl ik` sal`s}l" `bdfxs sal xizl fn ` xd`bb d|bsiublq

a`bb" wal}l ` xaf}s nibd fk sal iduf}s`khl fn w`sl} `kc }lhyhbikg w`x ub`ylc" nfbbfwlc my `sf|} `}f|kc sal u}ldixlx `kc ` nlw df}l`|cif$~ix|`b lqul}ilkhlx+ Sal sf|}" hfks}`}y sfdy mlbiln" w`x u}lssy kfk$slhakih`b `kcxidubinilc nf} ` b`y d`k sf |kcl}xs`kc" sl}dxbiol sal xizl fn ` nffsm`bb nilbc kc p|`ksisyfn ` xwiddikg uffb `}l hfddfkby |xlcikxsl`c fn x`yikg q xp|`}l dlsl}x f} y h|mih

dlsl}x f} bis}lx " m|s I a`~l sf `cdis sal g|icl

w`x lp|`bby okfwblcgl`mbllkf|ga sf `kxwl} l~l}y slhakih`bp|lxsifk }ìxlc my dl sff+

D`ky d|bsidlci` hfkxfblx wl}lbìc f|s `x in ik xfdl g`dikg`}h`cl nig+ >0)+ Sal ~ix|`b idu`hsh}l`slc ix kfs fkby `xsf|kcikg sfyf|kg haibc}lk m|s `bxf bl`~lx `cllu idu`hs fk c|bs dikcx biol+

Nig|}l >5 $ Dy ~ixis sf sal KLW`sl} îxisf}'x Hlks}l

Nig|}l >0 $ Iknf}d`si~l d|bsidlci` hfkxfblx `s salKLW`sl} Hlks}l


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KLW`sl}" kfs }l`bby KLW!6!Sal sl}d KLW`sl} w`x hfiklc sf }l $m}`kcsal hfkhlus fn }lhyblc w`sl} `kc cf `w`y saluxhayhal `ss`halc sf sal n`hs sa`s is w`xxlw`gl s}l`slc w`sl}+ L~lk sal sl}d Xlw`glS}l`sdlks Ub`ks ix }l $m}`kclc `x W`sl}]lhb`d`sifk Ub`ks+ M|s is w`xks `bw`yx b iolsaix+ KLW`sl} d y xf|kc biol `k f~l}kigasx|hhlxx nf} Xikgùf}l+ M|s isx l~fb|sifk ix ` jf|}kly sa`s xu`kklc 8 clh`clx +

Xikgùf}l'x ni}xs w`sl} d`xsl}ub`k w`x c}`wk|u ik 097=+ Ik 0973" U\M m|ibs ` uibfs ub`ks sfs|}k |xlc w`sl} iksf ufs`mbl w`sl} nig+ >=)+Saix w`x sal u}lh|}xf} fn sfc`y'x KLW`sl}n`hsf}ilx+ M|s is w`x àl`c fn isx sidl+ Salhfxsx wl}l `xs}fkfdih`b `kc sal dldm}`klxwl}l |k}lbi`mbl" xf sal icl` w`x xalb~lc sf`wìs n|}sal} slhakfbfgih b c~`khldlks+

Ik 0991" sal klhlxx`}y slhakfbfgy a`cd`s|}lc `kc c}i~lk u}fc|hsifk hfxsx cfwk+ IkD`y =555" sal ni}xs KLW`sl} ub`ks w`xhfdublslc `s Mlcfo wal}l sal KLW`sl}~ixisf} hlks}l u}lxlksby xs`kcx) nfbbfwlc myO}`kji ik =558+

Sal U}lxlks H|}}lksby" sal}l `}l nf|} KLW`sl} ub`ksx ikXikgùf}l+ Sal b`slxs `kc sal b`}glxs KLW`sl}ub`ks `s Ha`kgi wisa ` hù`hisy fn


42/56


\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 3=

fn Xikgùf}lx w`sl} d`k`gldlks `x is `bbfwxl~l}y c}fu fn |xlc w`sl} sf ml hfbblhslc"s}`kxuf}slc" s}l`slc `kc n|}sal} u|}inilc iksfKLW`sl}+

Sf u}l~lks hfks`dik`sifk sf isx lk}ihalcxl~lksllk }lxl}~fi}x" swf xlu`}`sl xyxsldx`}l ik ub`hl sf hfbblhs }ìkw`sl} `kc xlw`gl+Xlw`gl ix hfbblhslc" n}fd dfcl}k x`kis`sifkwaiha ix `~ìb`mbl sa}f|gaf|s sal k`sifk"sa}f|ga ` klswf}o fn xlwl}`gl uiulx" waiha

bl`cx ci}lhsby sf sal w`sl} }lhb`d`sifk ub`ksx+Saix ix lxxlksi`b sf `~fic h}fxx$hfks`dik`sifklxulhi`bby nf} }lxl}~fi}x biol sal D`}ik`]lxl}~fi} sa`s }|kx sa}f|ga xfdl fn sal fbclxs`kc clkxlby m|ibs$|u }l`x fn Xikgùf}l+

Afwl~l}" `x Xikgùf}l hfksik|lx sf }ùicbyg}fw `kc |}m`kixl biol `bb hisilx gbfm`bby" df}lu|duikg xs`sifkx kc w`sl} }lhb`d`sifk ub`ksxwibb ml kllclc sf hfbblhs `kc s}l`s |xlc w`sl}+Saix sòlx |u sal xh`}hlxs hfddfcisy ikXikgùf}l" b`kc `kc `bxf }lp|i}lx a|gl ik~lxsxik hfxsby lp|iudlks+

Sal U\M sa|x hfkhli~lc sal CSXX `x

Xikgùf}lx bfkg $sl}d `kxwl} sf isx |xlc w`sl}kllcx nf} sal klqs 055 yl`}x+

Sal d`ddfsa CSXX Ua`xl 0 . =) hfkxixsx fn swf b`}gl |u sf > dlsl}x ci`dlsl})" cllus|kklbx h}ixxh}fxxikg sal ixb`kc" swfhlks}`bixlc W]Ux" cllu xl` f|sn`bbx" ` bikoxlwl} klswf}o xll nig+ >8)+

Nig|}l >8 $ Sal CSXX Dù fn Xikgùf}l+

Nig|}l >3 $ Sal a|gl CSXX uiulx n}fd ikxicl+


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Hfdublslc ik =551" Ua`xl 0 fn sal CSXXhfdu}ixlx fn 31od bfkg cllu s|kklb xlwl}}|kkikg n}fd O}`kji sf Ha`kgi" sal W]U `sHa`kgi" ` < $ Sal Xhald`sih Nbfw$Ha`}s fn CSXX . KLW`sl}


44/56




45/56


\kip|lby Xikg`uf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 3<

Sal U}fhlxx

N i g | } l > > $ S

a l K L W ` s l } S } l ` s d l k s U } f h l x x +


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\kip|lby Xikgùf}l r @ WUH Xhafb`}xaiu ]luf}s U ` g l r 3>

Di}hfnibs}`sifk : @nsl} xh}llkikg nf} nbf`sikg`kc x|xulkclc d`ssl} `kc }ldf~`b fn xlcidlksx" sal ni}xs xs`gl fn sal KLW`sl} u}fc|hsifk u}fhlxx ixDih}fnibs}`sifk DN)+ Ik saix u}fhlxx" sals}l`slc |xlc w`sl} ix u`xxlc sa}f|gadldm}`klx nig+>1) sf nibsl} f|s `kc }lsìklcfk sal dldm}`kl x|}n`hl x|xulkclc xfbicx"hfbbfic`b u`}sihblx" cixl`xl$h`|xikg m`hsl}i`"xfdl ~i}|xlx `kc u}fsfzf`k hyxsx+ Sal nibsl}lcw`sl} sa`s gflx sa}f|ga sal dldm}`klhfksìkx fkby cixxfb~lc x`bsx `kc f}g`kihdfblh|blx +

]l~l}xl Fxdfxix : Sal xlhfkc xs`gl fn salKLW`sl} u}fc|hsifk u}fhlxx ix ]l~l}xlFxdfxix ]F)+ Ik ]F" ` xldi$ul}dl`mbldldm}`kl ix |xlc+ Sal xldi$ul}dl`mbldldm}`kl a`x ~l}y xd`bb uf}lx waiha fkby`bbfw ~l}y xd`bb dfblh|blx biol w`sl}dfblh|blx sf u`xx sa}f|ga+ Sal u}fhlxxlxlqubìklc `s ~ixisf} hlks}l `}l lqubìklc wisa}lnl}lkhl sf xizl biol uikg$ufkg m`bbx" nffsm`bbx"

s}|hox" m|ibcikgx xizlx xll nig+>>)+Hfkxlp|lksby" |kclxi}`mbl hfks`dik`ksx x|ha`x m`hsl}i`" ~i}|xlx" al`~y dls`bx" kis}`sl"habf}icl" x|bua`sl" cixiknlhsifk my$u}fc|hsx"`}fd`sih ayc}fh`}mfkx" ulxsihiclx lsh" h`kkfsu`xx sa}f|ga sal dldm}`kl+ Alkhl" KLW`sl}ix ]F w`sl} `kc ix n}ll n}fd ~i}|xlx" m`hsl}i``kc hfksìkx klgbigimbl `df|ks fn x`bsx `kcf}g`kih d`ssl}x+

\^ Cixiknlhsifk : @nsl} saix xs`gl" sal w`sl} ix`b}l`cy fn ` aiga g}`cl p|`bisy+ Sal sai}c xs`glfn sal KLW`sl} u}fc|hsifk u}fhlxx }l`bby `hsx

`x ` n|}sal} x`nlsy m`ho$|u sf sal ]F+ Ik saixxs`gl" |bs}`~ifbls f} \^ cixiknlhsifk nig+>7 ) ix|xlc sf lkx|}l sa`s `bb f}g`kixdx `}lik`hsi~`slc `kc sal u|}isy fn sal u}fc|hs w`sl}g|`}`ksllc+

Wisa sal `ccisifk fn xfdl `bo`bikl haldih`bxsf }lxsf}l sal `hic$`bo`bi f} uA m`b`khl" salKLW`sl} ix kfw }l`cy sf ml uiulc fnn sf isxwicl }`kgl fn ùubih`sifkx+

Nig|}l >1 $ Sal Dih}fnib}`sifk Dldm}`kl+

Nig|}l >7 $ Sal h|s$xlhsifk fn sal ]F Dfc|bl

Nig|}l 75 @ X`dubl \^ Dfc|bl+

Nig|}l >9 $ Sal KLW`sl} Hfks}fb ]ffd clubfyikg XH@C@`xx|}lx }f|kc sal hbfho dfkisf}ikg+


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Sal Ikci`k Xhlk`}if

\knf}s|k`slby ik Ikci`" kf x|ha hlks}`bizlcs}l`sdlks xyxsld yls lqixsx+ Saf|ga sal}l ix à|gl cld`kc nf} ikci~ic|`b ub`ksx `x idufxlcmy xs`s|sf}y mfcilx" m|s sa`s yilbcx ci~l}xinilc}lx|bsx wisa ` wicl `}}`y fn s}l`sdlksslhakfbfgilx `bb hbìdikg sf ml sal mlxs ik sald`}ols hfkxicl}ikg u}ful} dìkslk`khl)+ Ikdfxs h`xl" sal cl~lbful}x d`y wisa `bb gffcikslks ikxs`bb sal mlxs s}l`sdlks fusifk" m|s fks}`kxnl} sf sal lkc |xl}" lxulhi`bby ik}lxiclksi`b hfdublqlx" sal fhh|u`ksx `}ligkf}`ks fn sal dìkslk`khl }lgidl }lp|i}lc

nf} x|ha ` xyxsld" fk ` bfkgl}$sl}d dòikgsaix ` aigaby a`z`}cf|x xyxsld waiha hf|bc}lx|bs ik }`w xlw`gl mlikg hi}h|b`slc `kch`|xikg b`}gl$xh`bl luicldih+

Sal ~is`b `xulhs `mf|s KLW`sl} ix sa`s xikhlU\M ix sal fkby `|saf}isy x|uubyikg w`sl} ikXikgùf}l sal xs`kc`}c ix |kinf}d sa}f|gaf|s+

M|s walk I ufxlc sal p|lxsifk sf sal U\Mfnnihi`bx fk ` fkl$fk$fkl iksl}`hsifk `x sf wayxlu`}`sl w`sl} biklx cf kfs lqixs `x ix sal h`xlik d`ky hisilx ik Ikci` cfdlxsih w`sl} x|uuby`kc nb|xaikg w`sl} x|uuby) `kc way ix s}l`slcufs`mbl p|`bisy w`sl} |xlc nf} nb|xaikg walksaly a`~l KLW`sl}+ I w`x iknf}dlc sa`s salikn}`xs}|hs|}l fn Xikgùf}l a`c `bw`yx |xlc `xikgbl uiul xyxsld `kc }lub`hikg sal wafblikn}`xs}|hs|}l wf|bc a`~l x|mxs`ksi`b nik`khi`bidubih`sifkx+ Saf|ga wisa sal KLW`sl}

klswf}o u}fg}lxxi~lby g}fwikg sa}f|ga salixb`kc `kc d`ky klw hfddl}hi`b `kcikc|xs}i`b cl~lbfudlksx fusikg nf} sal`bsl}k`sl xf|}hlx nf} `bbilc u|}ufxlx" is d`y mlufxximbl ik sal kl`} n|s|}l sa`s sal bf`c fkufs`mbl w`sl} d`y ml }lc|hlc x|mxs`ksi`bby+

KLW`sl} P|`bisy U`}`dlsl}x

W`sl} P|`bisyU`}`dlsl}x

KLW`sl}\XLU@ &

WAFXs`kc`}cx

Uayxih`bS|}micisy KS\) 2< < &

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