simulation hypothesis and intelligent design, are we living in a computer simulation?

8/4/2019 Simulation Hypothesis and Intelligent Design, are we living in a Computer Simulation?

1/39

Obeompts tdnt dnvm prbvme usmcua ke brfmrkeh tdkehs mnskay nttnke suod ne nutdbrktybvmr us tdnt wm cbrhmt tdmkr Mnrtday brkhkes nef noompt tdml ns uenatmrn`am cnots.

Vdm pntd bc sokmetkcko nfvneom ks bctme lnfm klpnssn`am cbr n abeh tklm tdrbuhd

suod mrrbrs bur obeomptkbes bc Wdyskona Pmnakty one emvmr `m fmckektkvm: wm lustnawnys `m rmnfy tb natmr tdml, tb natmr, tdnt ks, tdm nxkblntko `nsks bc pdyskos

Na`mrt Mkestmke

pantbsobfm.obl


2/39

Wrbhrnllkeh lnss, spnom neftklm ke n Skrtuna ]ekvmrsm

Nrm wm akvkeh ke n Oblputmr

_kluantkbe2

pantbsobfm.obl


3/39

Vdm Skrtuna ]ekvmrsm9

Vdm Lntrkx ks n >;;; sokmeom ckotkbe ckal tdnt fmpkots n fystbpkne cuturm ke

wdkod rmnakty ns pmromkvmf `y lbst dulnes ks notunaay n skluantmf rmnakty onaamf

"tdm Lntrkx", rmcmrmeokeh `btd Wantb's Naamhbry bc tdm Onvm nef Wytdnhbrns qubtm

naa ks eul`mr. Vdm _kluantkbe Dypbtdmsks prbpbsms tdnt naa rmnakty, bur mnrtd nefbur uekvmrsm, ks ne nrtkckokna skluantkbe, lbst akjmay n oblputmr skluantkbe.

Vdks tmxt ketrbfuoms tdm lntdmlntkos bc n vkrtuna uekvmrsm. Kt ks `nsmf be ncbrluan cbr n vkrtuna mamotrbecm< 6

0r?(r < 03?0=). @y rmvmrsm mehkemmrkeh tdksmamotrbe K one rm-obestruot tdm pdyskona fklmeskbes bc bur uekvmrsm ns hmblmtrkona

cbrls: lnss < >, tklm < 0, amehtd < 000. ]skeh tdmsm cbrls, K one tdme fmrkvmtdm obestnets bc pdyskos (H, d, o, m, lm, j@). Vdm _K uekts (jh, l, s, N, J br O)

rmfuom tb n skeham uekt u. Kc tdm anws bc pdyskos one `m obestruotmf crbl n fmmpmrsmt bc anws tdme obuaf tdmrm `m n fmmpmr rmnakty wktd us ns tdm klnhm bc tdks rmnakty.

pantbsobfm.obl


4/39

Vdm Wrbhrnllmr9

Hbf vs. sokmeom fm`ntms tmef tb `m rmstrkotmf tb tdm prmlksm tdnt n Hbf fbms

ebt emmf sokmeom nef tdnt sokmeom fbms ebt emmf n Hbf. Ns sokmeom nef Hbf nrm

tdus smme ns lutunaay mxoauskvm tdmrm nrm cmw, kc ney, smrkbus nttmlpts tb obestruotlntdmlntkona lbfmas bc n uekvmrsm wdbsm prkeokpam nxkbl fbms rmqukrm n Hbf (tdm

Ketmaakhmet Fmskhe prmlksm). Dbwmvmr, kc tdmrm ks n Hbf `mdkef tdm >6 `kaakbe ymnr

baf uekvmrsm bc lbfmre pdyskos, `mkeh tdm uekvmrsm bc Mkestmke nef Fkrno rntdmr

tdne tdm naamhbrkona 8 fnys bc ormntkbe, nef tdus `mhkeekeh wktd tdm `kh `neh, tdme

wm lust nsj dbw wbuaf DM fb kt2 Xdnt obestruotkbe tmodekqum lkhdt n Hbf usm2

Wantbs Onvm fmsork`ms n Skrtuna ]ekvmrsm lbfma tdnt rmsmlàms n Oblputmr_kluantkbe. Vdm nenabhy ks tdnt bc us ns odnrnotmrs wktdke n oblputmr hnlm wdb

nrm hkvme ne ketmaamot, n crmmfbl bc odbkom nef n amnrekeh onpn`kakty sb tdnt tdm

hnlm lny tdme pany but, prmsulnày wktd ne uefmtmrlkemf butoblm, curtdmrlbrm

tdm uatklntm purpbsm bc tdm hnlm ks ebt rmvmnamf tb tdm panymrs (us). Vdks dbwmvmr

rmqukrms tdnt tdm panymrs (us) lust tdme pmromkvm tdmlsmavms nef tdmkr skluantmf

rmnakty ns `mkeh tdnt bc n rmna pdyskona nef lntmrkna wbraf (bur lnss spnom tklm

uekvmrsm). Kt ks n pbsskàm sbautkbe tb suod n vkrtuna skluantmf uekvmrsm tdnt ks tdm

tdmlm bc tdks tmxt nef kt ks tdm nenaysks bc tdm lntdmlntkos `mdkef tdks sbautkbe tdnt

suhhmsts n oblputmr obfm nef tdks ks okroulstnetkna mvkfmeom cbr n Wrbhrnllmr.

pantbsobfm.obl


5/39

Wantbs Naamhbry bc tdm Onvm9

Vdm Hrmmj pdkabsbpdmr Wantb wrbtm n fknabhum, tdm Naamhbry bc tdm Onvm(obllbeay jebwe ns Wantbs Onvm), `mtwmme dks `rbtdmr nef _borntms ke wdkod dm

oblpnrmf us tb prksbemrs odnkemf ke crbet bc n onvm wnaa. @mdkef tdm prksbemrstdmrm ks n ckrm nef luod notkvkty, dbwmvmr `mkeh odnkemf, tdmy one smm beay tdm

sdnfbws bc tdks notkvkty prbimotmf `y tdm ckrm betb tdm wnaa ke crbet bc tdml.

Mxpmrkmeokeh beay tdm onvm wnaa, tdmy wbuaf tdkej tdnt tdm sdnfbws fkspanymf be

tdnt wnaa nrm rmna nef sb tdmsm sdnfbw klnhms wbuaf cbrl tdmkr rmnakty.

Bem fny n prksbemr msonpms crbl tdm onvm: smms tdm sue, sjy, anef butskfm,nef rmtures tb tmaa dks cmaabws bc tdm wbefmrs bc tdm rmna wbraf. Vdks dbwmvmr

`moblms dmrmsy ns kt odnaamehms tdmkr noouluantmf wksfbl, tdmkr jebwamfhm nef

tdmkr odmrksdmf `makmcs: tdm wnaas bc tdmkr onvm. _borntms, wdb ks tmaakeh tdks stbry,

wrbtm bc tdm rmturemm: wbuaf dm ebt sny wktdDblmr... `mttmr tb `m tdm pbbr smrvnet

bc n pbbr lnstmr, nef tb mefurm neytdkeh, rntdmr tdne tdkej ns tdmy fb nef akvm nctmrtdmkr lneemr.

_borntms dklsmac wns smetmeomf tb fmntd cbr ebt `makmvkeh ke tdm hbfs bc tdmstntm nef cbr obrruptkeh ybueh lkefs.

pantbsobfm.obl


6/39

Ke Wantb's tdmbry bc Cbrls, dm nrhumf tdnt ebe-pdyskona cbrls rmprmsmet tdm

lbst noourntm rmnakty, nef tdus _borntms prksbemrs wbuaf lkstnjm nppmnrneom cbr

rmnakty. Vdmy wbuaf tdkej tdm tdkehs tdmy smm be tdm wnaa (tdbsm sdnfbws) wmrm rmna:

ùt tdmy wbuaf jebw ebtdkeh bc tdm rmna onusms `mdkef tdm sdnfbws. Vdus wdme n

prksbemr smms tdm sdnfbw bc ne nppam prbimotmf betb tdm onvm wnaa dm wkaa fmoanrm

tdnt ks ne nppam, ùt ke rmnakty dm ks beay fmsork`keh tdm sdnfbw bc tdm rmna nppam.

Wantb tdus nrhums tdnt tdm prksbemrs nrm uskeh tdmkr anehunhm tb rmcmr tb

sdnfbws bc tdm rmna tdkehstdnt onst tdm sdnfbws. Xdme wm stntmtdks ks ne nppam, wm nssbokntm tdm wbrf nppam tb tdm pdyskonanppam wdkod wm dbaf ke bur dnefs, ùt dm nrhums tdnt wm nrm uskeh

tdks wbrf tb oansskcy ne klnhm bc tdm rmna nppam. Ke _borntms vkmw

bur anehunhm rmcmrs ebt tb tdm enlms bc tdm pdyskona bìmots tdntwm one smm ùt nrm notunaay enlms bc tdkehs tdnt wm oneebt smm,

tdkehs tdnt wm one beay hrnsp wktd tdm lkef, eb 0 nppams nrm tdm snlm nef sb tdm

wbrf nppam rmcmrs tb ne nppam tmlpantm, tdnt crbl wdkod nppam-emss fmrkvms. Xm

lny mnt tdnt wdkod wm oansskcy ns ne nppam ùt tdm notuna wbrf nppam rmcmrs tbsblmtdkeh tdnt wm dnvm emvmr mxpmrkmeomf. Akjmwksm, wm lny noqukrm obeompts `y

bur pmromptuna mxpmrkmeom bc pdyskona bìmots, ùt wm wbuaf `m lkstnjme kc wm

tdbuhdt tdnt tdm obeompts tdnt wm hrnsp wmrm be tdm snlm amvma ns tdm tdkehs wm

pmromkvm. Burs lny `m n pmromkvmf rmnakty.

pantbsobfm.obl


7/39

Beom, Yduneh Ydbu frmnlmf dm wns n ùttmrcay, n ùttmrcay cakttkeh nef cauttmrkehn`but, dnppy wktd dklsmac nef fbkeh ns dm pamnsmf. Dm fkfe't jebw tdnt dm wns

Yduneh Ydbu. _uffmeay dm wbjm up nef tdmrm dm wns, sbakf nef uelkstnjnàm

Yduneh Ydbu. @ut dm fkfe't jebw kc dm wns Yduneh Ydbu wdb dnf frmnlt dm wnsn ùttmrcay, br n ùttmrcay frmnlkeh tdnt dm wns Yduneh Ydbu. @mtwmme Yduneh

Ydbu nef tdm ùttmrcay tdmrm lust `m sblm fkstkeotkbe!

-wkjk/Ydunehzk

pantbsobfm.obl


8/39

Vdm Wrbhrnllmf ]ekvmrsm9

Ke tdm oansskona Emwtbekne vkmw, spnom wns smme ns n ? fklmeskbena struoturm

wktdke wdkod wm ckef ntbls nef panemts. Vklm wns an`mamf tdm 6tdfklmeskbe nef

tdus wm obuaf fmckem mvmets `y hkvkeh tdm (?-F) abontkbe ob-brfkentms nef `y ckxkehtdm tklm: wdmtdmr nrrnehkeh tb lmmt ke tdm 8tdcabbr bc n ak`rnry be ?6tdnef L strmmt

nt >pl br fmsork`keh tdm br`kts bc tdm panemts.

Nctmr Mkestmke ketrbfuomf tdm rmantkvm ns bppbsmf tb tdm Emwtbekne n`sbautm

uekvmrsm, pdyskos obl`kemf spnom nef tklm ketb n skeham 6-F spnom-tklm ns tdm

lmnes tb mxpanke b`smrvmf neblnakms tb tdm oansskona wbraf-vkmw.

Antmr strkeh tdmbrkms wmrm ketrbfuomf, bccmrmf ns n pbtmetkna sbautkbe tb tdm

Vdmbry Bc Mvmrytdkeh, `ut tdmy rmqukrm mxtrn fklmeskbes bc spnom-tklm, ke `bsbeko

strkeh tdmbry, spnom-tklm ks 03-fklmeskbena, supmr-strkeh tdmbry ks >7-fklmeskbena

nef supmr-hrnvkty tdmbry >>-fklmeskbena.

Obevmrsmay tdm Neokmet ]ekvmrsm, `mkeh tdm ]ekvmrsm bc tdm neokmet Hrmmj

pdkabsbpdmrs nef tdm mnstmre lystkos: rnehkeh crbl Wytdnhbrns tb tdm Vnb, wns

fmsork`mf lntmrknaay ke hmblmtrkona tmrls (tdm Hrmmjs) nef nasb syl`bakonaay

wdmrm suod syl`baksl wns nasb mxprmssmf ke tmrls bc hmblmtrkona sdnpms, nef

lney bc tdmsm hmblmtrkms nrm stkaa naaufmf tb tbfny ns meobfkeh `btd bpme nef

dkffme lmnekehs.

pantbsobfm.obl


9/39

Ns tdm lbfma fmsork`mf ke tdks tmxt prbhrmssmf, natdbuhd mxprmssmf ke tmrls bc

tdm lbfmre uekvmrsm, nxkbls `mhne tb nppmnr nef tdmsm nxkbls lbst oabsmay

rmsmlàmf tdm Neokmet ]ekvmrsm, natdbuhd tdks wns ebt brkhkenaay ketmefmf.

Vdks lbfma obuaf `m oansskckmf uefmr Lntdmlntkona ]ekvmrsm Dypbtdmsks ketdm Wytdnhbrmne smesm (ns pbpuanrkzmf `y tdm sok-ck oanssko Vdm Lntrkx)nef ns n_kluantkbe Dypbtdmsks (n prbhrnllnàm vkrtuna uekvmrsm). Kt suhhmsts tdnt bur

pdyskona uekvmrsm ks ne klnhm prbimotmf wktdke n vkrtuna uekvmrsm wdkod `btd

rmsmlàms tdm ànoj dbam bc lbfmre pdyskos nef tdm Sbkf bc Hmemsks.

Vdm lbfma ks obestruotmf nrbuef n dypbtdmskzmf cbrluan cbr n vkrtuna (ànoj-dbam) mamotrbe. Crbl tdks cbrluan wm one rmvmrsm mehkemmr tdm uefmraykeh struoturms

bc bur cnlkaknr pdyskona fklmeskbes bc lnss L, spnom A, tklm V, vmabokty S, odnrhm

NHmblmtrkona cbrls tdme mlmrhm tdnt rmsmlàm sdnpms tdnt wm nrm cnlkaknr wktd,(pbket, okroam, spdmrm, fbuhdeut tbrus) na`mkt tdmy nrm beay lntdmlntkona cbrluans.

Vdmy nrm ebt bc bur pdyskona wbraf.]skeh tdmsm hmblmtrkona cbrls: lnss L, tklm V


10/39

obestnets (H, d, o, m, lm, j@) wdkod nrm tdm crnlmwbrj bc burpdyskona uekvmrsm, nef kt ks tdm prmokskbe bc tdmsm rmsuats wdkod

hkvms vmrnokty tb tdks lbfma cbr tdm rmsuats nrm obeskstmet wktd tdm

antmst mxpmrklmetna vnaums (jebwe ns OBFNVN 07>6).

Curtdmrlbrm K nl uskeh beay 0 ckxmf lntdmlntkona obestnets

(napdn nef Blmhn: , ) nef 0 sonanrs. K nasb rmpanom bur lnssspnom tklm odnrhm tmlpmrnturm uekts wktd n skeham fklmeskbe u, cbr

(jh, l,s,N, j) nrm dulne obestruots nef ebt tdm uekts bc tdm Hbfs.

K tdus nrhum tdnt tdm lntdmlntkos bc tdks tmxt suhhmsts tdnt wmnrm kedn`ktkeh n vkrtuna uekvmrsm tdnt ks fmvmabpkeh noobrfkeh tb n prm-fmtmrlkemf

smt bc lntdmlntkona ruams odbsme suod tdnt tdm prmsmet uekvmrsm, crbl tdm `kh `neh

uetka tbfny, keoaufkeh dulne akcm, wns ml`mffkeh ketb tdm brkhkena sburom obfm.

Vdmsm lntdmlntkona ruams wmrm smamotmf suod tdnt tdmsm hmblmtrkona cbrls obuaf

obl`kem tb cbrl oblpamx `mdnvkbrs, wm onaa tdks swnrl ketmaakhmeom nef K curtdmrsu`lkt tdnt wm nrm ne mxnlpam. Bur pdyskona rmnakty ks tdus n prbimotkbe, suod ns

Wantb fmsork`mf, `ut wktdke tdks vkrtuna rmnakty.

@ut kc bur uekvmrsm rmsml`ams n oblputmr skluantkbe, ns tdm lntdmlntkos bc

tdks lbfma wbuaf smml tb suhhmst, tdme wm lkhdt tdme nsj: wdb prbhrnllmf tdks

skluantkbe nef wdy2

pantbsobfm.obl


11/39

Wantbs Onvm9

Vdks tmxt ketrbfuoms n lbfma bc n Skrtuna ]ekvmrsm. Ke tdm ckrst smotkbe, Wnrts K

& KK, K ketrbfuom tdks lbfma ke tmrls bc nxkbls tdnt rmsml`am tdbsm bc tdm Neokmet

]ekvmrsm ymt K nl fmsork`keh obllbe pdyskona pdmeblmen, wnvm-pnrtkoam funakty

cbr mxnlpam. K tdme abbj nt sblm bc tdm pdkabsbpdkona klpakontkbes bc suod n lbfma.

Ke tdm smobef smotkbe, Wnrts KKK& KSK mxpnef upbe tdm pdyskos bc tdks lbfma

nef ketrbfuom tdm `nsko lntdmlntkos, cbr wktdbut tdks `nojhrbuef tdm lbfma oneebt

`m npprmokntmf. K nasb try tb obevmy n smesm br cmmakeh cbr dbw tdm uekvmrsm usms

tdks lntdmlntkos, cbr natdbuhd tdm hmblmtrkms fmsork`mf dmrm nrm quktm sklpam (naatdm cbrluans one `m sbavmf wktd n `nsko onaouantbr), kt wkaa qukojay `m b`smrvmf tdnt

tdmy nrm usmf ke wnys tdnt nrm uecnlkaknr tb us nef wkaa rmqukrm emw lntdmlntkona

lmtdbfs tb fmobfm.

Vdmrm ks skhekckonet lntdmlntkos ke tdks tmxt, tdks oneebt `m nvbkfmf cbr kt ks

tdm lntdmlntkos upbe wdkod tdks tdmbry ks obestruotmf, nef ney tmxt wktdbut n sbakfcbuefntkbe ks sklpay n oblpkantkbe bc pdkabsbpdkona luskehs, dbwmvmr K dnvm trkmf

tb struoturm tdm tmxt sb tdnt tdm tdmbry mvbavms ke oblpamxkty, amst K absm rmnfmrs tbb

qukojay. Wnrts Knef KKone `m smme tdmrmcbrm ns tdm `nojfrbp tb Wnrts KKK nef KS.

Akjmwksm kt ks tdm lntdmlntkos nef ebt ly ketmrprmtntkbe tdnt ks klpbrtnet, tdm

pantbsobfm.obl


12/39

rmnfmr ks kevktmf tb frnw tdmkr bwe obeoauskbes crbl tdm cbrluans prmsmetmf dmrm

cbr tdm klpakontkbes bc suod n lbfma nrm cnr-rmnodkeh.

Curtdmrlbrm, tdks lbfma klpakms tdnt bur pdyskona rmnakty ks n prbimotkbe wktdke

n vkrtuna rmnakty, nenabhbus tb n oblputmr skluantkbe. Vdm tmxt prmsmets hmblmtrkona

sbautkbes tb obllbe pdyskona pdmeblmen suod ns rmantkvkty nef hrnvkty: tdmsm

sbautkbes sdbuaf `m smme, ebt ns pdyskona mxpanentkbes cbr b`smrvntkbes bc tdm

lbfmre uekvmrsm ùt ns nahbrktdlko (sbctwnrm) rbutkems tdnt one skluantm tdbsm

pdyskona pdmeblmen. Ke btdmr wbrfs, K nl fmsork`keh sbautkbes tb tdmsm pdmeblmen

(hrnvkty, rmantkvkty, mamotrbes mto.) ebt crbl tdm pmrspmotkvm bc n pdyskokst trykeh tb

mxpanke tdml crbl wktdke n pdyskona uekvmrsm, ùt rntdmr ns n prbhrnllmr wdb ks

nsskhemf tdm tnsj bc nppaykeh n lntdmlntkona tdmbry tb hmblmtrkona cbrls ke suod n

wny tdnt wktdke dks uekvmrsm skluantkbe smac-nwnrm brhneksls one ebt beay mlmrhm,

ùt tdnt tdmy wkaa tdme pmromkvm tdmlsmavms ns `mkeh wktdke n pdyskona mevkrbelmet

nef ns dnvkeh n crmm-wkaa.

Mnod cbrluan tdus prmsmetmf ke tdks tmxt tdus fmsork`ms n pnrtkouanr cueotkbe:

obesmqumetay mnod cbrluan dns kts bwe stbry tb tmaa nef tdks stbry ks tdm stbry bctdm uekvmrsm ktsmac

pantbsobfm.obl


13/39

Vdm Fkamlln bc Fklmeskbes

@mdkef kt naa ks surmay ne kfmn sb sklpam, sb `mnutkcua, tdnt

wdme wm hrnsp ktke n fmonfm, n ometury, br n lkaameekulwm

wkaa naa sny tb mnod btdmr, dbw obuaf kt dnvm `mme btdmrwksm2 Dbw

obuaf wm dnvm `mme sb stupkf cbr sb abeh2

Ibde Nrodk`naf Xdmmamr

pantbsobfm.obl


14/39

Vdm àkef lme nef ne mampdnet9

Vdm oanssko pnrnàm bc tdm àkef lme

nef ne mampdnet, pnrt bc @uffdkst, Inke,

_uck nef Dkefu cbajabrm, tmaas bc n hrbup

bc àkef lme wdb mnod tbuod ne mampdnet

tb amnre wdnt kt ks akjm. Mnod cmmas n

fkccmrmet pnrt, ùt beay bem pnrt, suod ns

tdm skfm br tdm tusj. Vdmy tdme oblpnrm

ebtms nef amnre tdnt tdmy nrm naa ke

fksnhrmmlmet, natdbuhd mnod nrm bc obursm

obrrmot. Nctmr rmnakzkeh tdmkr lkstnjm tdmy

nrm nàm tb rmobestruot tdm mampdnet.

Vdmrm nrm lney pnrnlmtmrs tdnt wm usm tb fmsork`m bur mevkrbelmet: skzm,

sdnpm, obabr, tmxturm, wmkhdt, tmlpmrnturm nef sb be Kc mvmrytdkeh wns ànojtdme wm wbuaf dnvm eb lmnes `y wdkod tb lmnsurm obabr cbr tdmrm wbuaf `m ebobabrs tb lmnsurm nef sb lmnsurmlmet rmqukrms n hrnfkmet, kc tdmrm nrm eb `kh

nppams tdme tdmrm one `m eb slnaa nppams, tb lmnsurm tmlpmrnturm wm one fmckem 7O

nef tdme lmnsurm naa tmlpmrnturm rmantkvm tb tdks 7O (ùt tdks wbuaf ebt `m pbsskàm

kc mvmrytdkeh wns tdm snlm tmlpmrnturm cbr tdme tdmrm wbuaf `m eb tmlpmrnturm tb

lmnsurm), akjmwksm wm one odbbsm n lmfkne nppam nef oblpnrm naa nppams tb kt. Nef

pantbsobfm.obl


15/39

sb wdnt wm nrm fbkeh ks b`smrvkeh > nspmot bc bur uekvmrsm, odbbskeh n rmcmrmeom

cbr tdnt nspmot, nef tdme fmckekeh n uekt (obabr, wmkhdt) nef n lmnsurmlmet sonamcbr tdnt uekt. Vdks lny `m wdy Wantb `makmvmf tdmrm mxksts ne kllntmrkna ]ekvmrsm

bc cbrls, pmrcmot nspmots bc mvmryfny tdkehs suod ns tnàms nef `krfs, nef tdnt bur

bìmots (nef kfmns) nrm sdnfbws bc tdmsm uekvmrsna rmcmrmeom cbrls br tmlpantms.

_okmeom usms n prmoksm systml bc lmnsurmlmets wdme fmsork`keh bur uekvmrsm,

wbrfs suod ns lnss, hrnvkty, vmabokty, tklm, mamotrkokty nrm pnrt bc bur amxkobe. Vdks

tdme rnksms tdm qumstkbe, wdkod nspmots bc bur uekvmrsm tdnt wm lmnsurm nrm n pnrt

bc tdm pdyskona uekvmrsm (k.m.9 tdm spmmf bc akhdt) nef wdkod nrm prmsulnày purmay

dulne obestruots (k.m.9 nrt npprmokntkbe).

Kc n onr trnvmas >77lkams br >77jl ke > dbur tdme wm one onaouantm tdm vmabokty

S ns >77lpd br >77jlpd. Kc wm jebw tdm fkstneom (A77jl) nef tklm (Vdr),

tdme wm jebw tdm vmabokty (S < AV < >77jlpd), obevmrsmay kc wm jebw vmabokty

(>77jlpd) nef tklm (>dr), wm one onaouantm tdm fkstneom (A < SV < >77jl) nefsb cbrtd. Vdks tdme rnksms n prbàml, kc K jebw 0 bc tdmsm prbpmrtkms tdme K one

onaouantm tdm tdkrf, nef sb wdkod 0 bc tdmsm ? prbpmrtkms ASV (amehtd, vmabokty, tklm)

nrm cuefnlmetna2 Kc K one usm tklm nef vmabokty tb lnjm spnom (A


16/39

lnss, memrhy, mamotrko odnrhm nef sb be. Kc M7, tdm lnss bc tdm mamotrbe lm< .;>7;?40;>m-

?7, Waneojs obestnet d < .330373;=8m-??, wm one wbrj `nojwnrfs tb fmobfmtdm mampdnet.

pantbsobfm.obl


17/39

Vdm Lntdmlntkona ]ekvmrsm9

Hmblmtry tdus oblpamtmf ks mvkfmetay n enturna sokmeom: wm lny ke cnot rmhnrf ktns tdm lbst neokmet `rneod bc pdyskos

N. MkestmkeBur `rnkes nrm onpn`am bc amnrekeh n`but tdkehs butskfm bur pdyskona wbraf nef

butskfm bur bwe mxpmrkmeom suod ns n`strnot lntdmlntkos. Vdmbrkms bc hmblmtry,

suod ns Wytdnhbrns rkhdt neham trkneham tdmbrml rmantm tb obeompts tdnt nrm emvmr

mxpmrkmeomf ke bur fnkay akcm: pmrcmotay strnkhdt akems wktd eb tdkojemss tdnt

ketmrsmot nef cbrl eul`mrs suod ns tdm squnrm rbbt bc 0 tdnt dnvm eb sbautkbe. Ke n?-F wbraf tdmrm one `m eb squnrms br okroams, cbr mvme tdm tdkeemst okroam stkaa dns n

tdkojemss, br pmrcmotay spdmrkona sdnpms cbr pk () tbb dns eb mxnot sbautkbe.

Vdmsm nrm ebt obeompts wdkod lny `m enturnaay b`smrvmf ymt pmbpam jebw bc

tdml nef ebt lmrmay tb n supmrckokna amvma. Vdks puzzamf Wantb wdb obeoaufmf tdnt

suod jebwamfhm wdkod any butskfm tdnt wdkod wm lny jebw dnf oblm tb us crbl

tdm Hbfs.

Akjmwksm snormf hmblmtry prmsulms tdnt tdm uekvmrsm wns ormntmf `y Hbf

noobrfkeh tb n spmokcko hmblmtrkona pane: ke mssmeom kt ks n smnrod cbr tdm ckehmrprket

bc Hbf ke tdm lnjm-up bc tdm dmnvmes. Vdm `makmc tdnt Hbf ormntmf tdm uekvmrsm

tdus dns neokmet brkhkes, Wautnrod nttrk`utmf kt tb Wantb. _uod snormf hmblmtry obuaf

pantbsobfm.obl


18/39

dbwmvmr dnvm pmrcmot okroams nef squnrms cbr kt emmf ebt `m obestrnkemf `y tdm

pdyskona aklktntkbes bc bur ?-F wbraf.

Vdus n pmrcmot okroam br n pmrcmot squnrm lny mxkst wktdke tdm klnhkentkbe bc

lntdmlntkoknes nef ke tdm rmnal bc tdm Hbfs ùt ebt mxkst ns n pdyskona metkty

wktdke n pdyskona wbraf, tdm cbrluan cbr tdm nrmn bc n okroam cbr mxnlpam one `m

wrkttme prmoksmay ns r0ùt sbavmf beay tb ne npprbxklntkbe (mvme kc wm usm pk tb >lkaakbe fkhkts prmokskbe kt ks stkaa ebt mxnotay pk, smm `mabw).

Lntdmlntkona rmnaksl dbafs tdnt lntdmlntkona metktkms mxkst kefmpmefmetay bc

tdm dulne lkef. Xm fb ebt kevmet lntdmlntkos, ùt rntdmr fksobvmr kt. Vrknehams,cbr mxnlpam, nrm rmna metktkms tdnt dnvm ne mxkstmeom.

Vdm lnibr prbàml bc lntdmlntkona Wantbeksl ks tdks9 prmoksmay wdmrm nef

dbw fb tdm lntdmlntkona metktkms mxkst, nef dbw fb wm jebw n`but tdml2 Ks tdmrm

n wbraf, oblpamtmay smpnrntm crbl bur pdyskona bem tdnt ks booupkmf `y tdm

lntdmlntkona metktkms2 Xdnt ks tdm rmantkbesdkp `mtwmme tdmsm twb wbrafs, burpdyskona wbraf bc lnss nef spnom nef tklm nef mamotrb-lnhemtksl nef tdm

lntdmlntkona wbraf tdnt Wantb nef Wytdnhbrns spbjm bc wdmrm rnfkus nef nrmn nef

vbaulm nrm purmay lntdmlntkona obeompts wktdbut pdyskona aklktntkbes2

80=?=;674>0464>>>86=704

6>7087>;?4=0>>7===;366300;64;=6;?7?4>;366044>7;8=33=;??663>0468=3640?? 4384?>3=0

pantbsobfm.obl


19/39

Vdm Pmnal bc tdm Hbfs9

Vdmrm nrm lney pnrnlmtmrs `y wdkod K one fmsork`m ly anptbp: skzm, obabr,

wmkhdt, lmlbry, spmmf akjmwksm tdm odnkr K skt be, tdm pme tdnt K nl dbafkeh, neftdm wbraf n`bvm nef `mabw lm. Kefmmf tdks ks tdm odnrnotmrkstko bc n pdyskona

uekvmrsm, tdnt wm lny fmsork`m mvmrytdkeh crbl mamotrbes (lnss, wnvmamehtd,

odnrhm, spke) tb nppams (obabr, tnstm) tb hnanxkms. Abbsmay wm lny fmckem tdmsmpnrnlmtmrs ns fklmeskbes (k.m.9 tdm fklmeskbes bc ly anptbp nrm), nef sb fmckem npdyskona uekvmrsm `y kts fklmeskbenakty ke obetrnst tb Wantbs lntdmlntkona wbrafbc tdmbrmtkona cbrls. Vdm qumstkbe tdme `moblms, obuaf tdmrm `m ne notuna metkty cbr

wdkod eb fmsorkptkbe one `m lnfm: cbr tdmrm ks eb lnss br amehtd br tklm br neybtdmr fklmeskbena pnrnlmtmr `y wdkod suod n fmsorkptkbe lny `m cbrluantmf.

Hbf ks `y fmckektkbe tdm oanssko mxnlpam, cbr ns sbbe ns wm fmsork`m Hbf wm

nrm nutblntkonaay nasb fmsork`keh tdnt wdkod DM ks ebt, kc Hbf ks rmf tdme DM ks ebt

hrmme, kc `kh tdme DM ks ebt slnaa, nef sb ney fmsorkptkbe wm lnjm bc Hbf aklkts

Hbf nef tdks obetrnfkots tdm vmry fmckektkbe bc n Hbf ns `mkeh `mybef fmckektkbe.

Nef sb ns abeh ns bur pdyskona uekvmrsm dns fmckenàm pnrnlmtmrs, Hbf oneebt

`m wktdke, cbr ns sbbe ns Dm ks wktdke bur uekvmrsm Dm one `m fmckemf nef Dm ks

tdme aklktmf `y tdks fmckektkbe, ns n rmsuat Dm ks eb abehmr Hbf. Vdm lnibr rmakhkbes

rmsbavmf tdks prbàml `y uskeh n lkffamlne: Lbsms spbjm tb n ùrekeh ùsd,Imsus dnf tdm Dbay _pkrkt, Lbdnllmf tdm nehma Hn`rkma

pantbsobfm.obl


20/39

Vbdu wn `bdu ks n Dm`rmw pdrnsm cbuef ke tdm @bbj bc Hmemsks >90 tdnt

fmsork`ms tdm mnray uekvmrsm. Kt ks usunaay trnesantmf ns vbkf,cbrlamss,sdnpmamss, suhhmstkeh tdnt tdm prm-uekvmrsm nasb dnf eb pnrnlmtmrs `y wdkod n fmsorkptkbe

obuaf `m lnfm btdmr tdne sklpay Kt Ks, wdkod lny mxpanke wdy Hbf spbjm bc

dklsmac sklpay ns K Nl mdymd nmr mdymd: K nl tdnt K nl, Mxbfus ?9>6, br `ymeoblpnsskeh mvmrytdkeh: K nl tdm ckrst nef K nl tdm anst. Ksnknd 6693.

pantbsobfm.obl


21/39

Vdm Ckehmrprket bc Hbf9

Vdm fm`ntm bvmr tdm brkhke bc bur uekvmrsm ks fkvkfmf `mtwmme twb lnke

hrbups: tdm rnefbl uekvmrsm bc sokmeom, tdnt bur uekvmrsm ks `ut ebt cbr ney

pnrtkouanr rmnsbe, nef tdm uekvmrsm bc tdmbabhy, tdnt tdm uekvmrsm ks ke sblm smesm

paneemf, tdmrm ks ne ketmaakhmeom (n Hbf) `mdkef kt, nef sb tdm uekvmrsm ks `monusmkt obuaf ebt `m btdmrwksm.

_okmeom tmefs tb suppbrt tdm rnefbl uekvmrsm, oanklkeh tdnt ne butskfm

ketmaakhmeom, ketmaakhmet fmskhe njn n ormntbr, ks kedmrmetay cnktd `nsmf nef sb

`mybef tdm sokmetkcko lmtdbf: cbr mxnlpam, n tdmbry lny prmfkot tdnt wntmr wkaa`bka nt >77O, sokmeom one tdme obefuot mxpmrklmets tb tmst tdks dypbtdmsks, tdm fntn

tdme suppbrtkeh, br ebt, tdnt dypbtdmsks, obevmrsmay n cnktd `nsmf dypbtdmsks oneebt

`y fmckektkbe `m tmstmf br vmrkckmf. N Hbf dypbtdmsks dns tb tdmrmcbrm rmay beokroulstnetkna mvkfmeom, tdnt tdmrm ks n pnttmre tb bur uekvmrsm wdkod oneebt `m

mxpankemf `y ney tdmbry ke pdyskos, tdks pnttmre `mkeh tdm ckehmrprket bc Hbf, tdntlnrj tdnt Dm amct be Dks ormntkbe.

Vdm Neokmet ]ekvmrsm wns fmkty-`nsmf: wm lbrtnas akvkeh be n pdyskona wbraf

wktd tdm Hbf(s) nef tdm spkrkts kedn`ktkeh tdm lystmrkbus dmnvmes. Obesmqumetay

bvmr tdm lkaameekul nef obetkeukeh mvme tbfny, lney bc tdbsm abbjkeh cbr suod n

ckehmrprket dnvm rmcmrrmf tb tdm syl`baksl bc tdm Neokmets.

pantbsobfm.obl


22/39

Ke tdm lbfma prbpbsmf ke tdks tmxt n onefkfntm cbr suod n ckehmrprket bc Hbf

mlmrhms, kt one `m obestruotmf crbl tdm lntdmlntkos bc n rbtntkeh okroam, ke pdyskos

kt obuaf `m fmckemf ns n ànoj-dbam mamotrbe, nef wm tdme ckef tdnt tdks mamotrbe

nppnrmetay bsokaantms `mtwmme bur lntmrkna wbraf bc lnss, spnom nef tklm nef tdm

fklmeskbeamss lntdmlntkona rmnal bc tdm Hbf(s), quktm pbsskày trnescmrrkeh

kecbrlntkbe ke tdm prbomss.

Vdks bsokaantkbe bc tdm mamotrbe `mtwmme bur pdyskona uekvmrsm nef tdnt

fklmeskbeamss vbkf K tdme prbpbsm ks n rmsuat bc rbtntkbe, tdnt nctmr > oblpamtm

rbtntkbe tdm mamotrbe fksnppmnrs crbl bur pdyskona wbraf lblmetnrkay ketb tdntfklmeskbeamss rmnal beay tb tdme rmnppmnr wktdke burs.

Xdkast ke bur pdyskona wbraf tdm mamotrbe dns cnlkaknr pnrnlmtmrs bc spke nef

odnrhm nef wnvmamehtd, tdmsm pnrnlmtmrs one `m lmnsurmf nef tdnt wdkod one `m

lmnsurmf lny akjmwksm `m an`mamf, nef sb tdmsm nrm fklmeskbemf pnrnlmtmrs, ùt

nctmr mnod oblpamtm rbtntkbe tdmsm fklmeskbena pnrnlmtmrs (bc odnrhm N, amehtd brspnom A nef tklm V), tdm pnrnlmtmrs tdnt obevmy mamotrbe-emss tb tdm mamotrbe,

lblmetnrkay bvmranp nef oneoma: mamotrbe uekts (NA)?/V < >.

Vdnt fklmeskbemf mamotrbe dns amct bur pdyskona wbraf: kt dns `moblm n

lntdmlntkona cbrluan, n sdnpmamss hmblmtrkona cbrl. Kt ks n vkrtuna mamotrbe.

Kt ks tdm mampdnet.

pantbsobfm.obl


23/39

Ke tdm `mhkeekeh wns tdm wbrf (Ibde >9>)9

K one oabsm ly myms nef pkoturm n okroam ke ly lkef, tdks ks ebt n okroam ktsmac

ùt ne klnhm bc n okroam, nef wm obuaf fmckem tdks klnhm ns n lntdmlntkona cbrl.

Ns sbbe ns K frnw br btdmrwksm obestruot n okroam tdme K dnvm n pdyskona okroam, nef

tdks pdyskona okroam dns n pdyskona rnfkus wdkod one `m lmnsurmf (ke lmtmrs cbr

mxnlpam). Vdm okroam bc ly klnhkentkbe dns eb pdyskona rnfkus nef tdus oneebt `m

lmnsurmf. Kt ks n cbrl, ebt n sdnpm.

Vdm wbrf fbh rmprmsmets tdnt neklna ùt kt ks ebt n pdyskona fbh, kt ks n fbh

klnhm mxprmssmf ke anehunhm. K obuaf mqunaay wrktm (Inpnemsm) br (Pusskne). Nef sb wdme K tnaj n`but n uekvmrsm bc lntdmlntkona cbrls, ke tdks

smesm K nl fmsork`keh _borntms anehunhm bc n purm lntdmlntkos (tdm wbrf br klnhm

okroam) kestmnf bc ne nppakmf lntdmlntkos (tdm notuna pdyskona okroam). Bem bc tdm

rmnsbes suhhmstmf cbr wdy wm oneebt rmlml`mr bur ckrst ymnrs ks tdnt `n`kms dnvm

eb anehunhm, k.m.9 eb pdyskona lmnes `y wdkod tb stbrm tdmsm lmlbrkms (br tdnttdmsm lmlbrkms nrm wrkttme bvmr `y n su`smqumetay amnremf anehunhm).

Kc bur lnss nef spnom nef tklm mto. dnvm mlmrhmf crbl tdm lntdmlntkona

uekvmrsm njn tdm Sbkf, tdme tdmy nasb dnvm lntdmlntkona cbrls noobrfkeh tb tdm

n`bvm fmckektkbe, ùt ns tdm cbrls ke ly klnhkentkbe tdmy dnvm eb lmnsurnàm

fklmeskbes. Nef sb kc tdm lmnsurnàm fklmeskbes bc bur pdyskona uekvmrsm nrm

pantbsobfm.obl


24/39

uatklntmay lntdmlntkona cbrls, tdme wdnt nrm tdmsm cbrls bc lnss L, tklm V nef

spnom (amehtd) A crbl wdkod bur lnss, spnom nef tklm fklmeskbes brkhkentm2

K prbpbsm n cbrluan cbr n vkrtuna mamotrbe cmtdnt rmsml`ams tdm cbrluan cbr n

tbrus: cm < 60r

? (r < 0

3?0=). Kt ks obestruotmf crbl 0 eul`mrs Blmhn ?3.7=;, dbwmvmr tdm rnfkus rks fklmeskbeamss, kt dns ebuekts, nef tdus cm ks n lntdmlntkona cbrluan tdnt fbms ebt mxkst ke ney pdyskona

smesm. Xdnt tdm uekvmrsm tdme fbms ks `rmnj up tdks cbrluan ketb oblpbemet pnrts

nef nsskhes tb tdml fklmeskbes. Dbw tdks wbrjs2 Xm one obestruot n tbrus uskeh

tdm okroulcmrmeom nef tdm nrmn bc n okroam: 0r r0< 00r?. Xm obuaf tdme nsskhetb tdmsm pnrts fklmeskbena uekts (x, y) wktd tdm prbvksb tdnt (x y < >) nef tdus

lnketnke tdm ketmhrkty bc bur fklmeskbeamss tbrus: 0rx r0y < 00r?(xy < >) mvmenatdbuhd tdm kefkvkfuna pnrts 0rxnef r0y nrm fklmeskbemf.

Vdm uekvmrsm tnjms tdks mamotrbe cbrluan cm nef spakts kt ketb

tdmsm pnrts (rkhdt obaule) wdkod wm b`smrvm nef fmckem ns L lnss(jh), A spnom (l), V tklm (s), S vmabokty (l/s), N nlpmrm Vdmuekvmrsm odbsm tdmsm sdnpms `monusm, natdbuhd fklmeskbemf, tdm

fklmeskbe pnrts tdmlsmavms bvmranp nef oneoma. Cbr mxnlpam, K one

spakt ly mamotrbe cmketb nlpmrm-lmtmrs (NA)?wdkod nrm lnhemtko

lbebpbams, nef tklm V tb hkvm lm `btd tklm nef odnrhm, `ut wdme

rmobl`kemf tdm uekts oneoma: (NA)?/V < >. Vdm uekvmrsm rmlnkes

pantbsobfm.obl


25/39

fklmeskbeamss, tdm tbtna bc naa fklmeskbes fmrkvmf crbl tdm vkrtuna mamotrbes oneoma:

uekts < >. Kt ks tdmsm vkrtuna mamotrbes wdkod nrm tdm lmodneksl usmf tb ormntm abona

fklmeskbes wdkod tdme obl`kem tb cbrl tdm lnsskvm mfkckom wm onaa tdm uekvmrsm.

Vdm mamotrbe ktsmac ks bur mampdnet, tdm ckehmrprket bc Hbf.

Xm nasb smm tdnt tdmsm hmblmtrkona cbrls bc tdm lntdmlntkona wbraf (lnss ns

n pbket, tklm ns n okroam, vmabokty ns n spdmrm, spnom/amehtd ns n tbrus) nrm rmcamotmf

ns pdyskona sdnpms ke n pdyskona wbraf (tdmsm nrm sdnpms tdnt wm nrm cnlkaknr wktd),

nef sb ks bur pdyskona wbraf lnfm ke tdm klnhm bc tdm lntdmlntkona wbraf.

Ambenrfb fn Skeok `makmvmf tdm wbrjkehs bc tdmdulne `bfy tb `m ne nenabhy cbr tdm wbrjkehs bc tdm

uekvmrsm amnfkeh tb dks cnlbus fknhrnl bc tdm Sktruvkne

lne wdkod one ktsmac `m akejmf tb tdm oanssko vmrsm ke tdm

Hmemsks >908 Hbf ormntmf lne ke Dks bwe klnhm.

Nef sb ks tdm anehunhm bc lntdmlntkos tdm anehunhmtdnt ks usmf `y tdm Hbfs ke tdmkr rmnal, wktd bur pdyskona

uekvmrsm ns tdm mqukvnamet bc tdm spbjme wbrf2

cbr iust ns tdm pnhms bc n `bbj nrm tklmamss, uetka wm `mhke tb rmnf tdml

pantbsobfm.obl


26/39

Fklmeskbes9

Ke tdks tmxt tdm pdyskona uekvmrsm ks tdus `y fmckektkbe fmckemf `y fklmeskbes,

cbr ne b`smrvnàm nef lmnsurnàm uekvmrsm lust dnvm pnrnlmtmrs `y wdkod kt lny

`m b`smrvmf nef lmnsurmf.

N àkef lne oneebt smm obabr ùt obabr ks tdmrm, obabr `mkeh pdbtbes bc akhdt

bc fkccmrmet wnvmamehtd nef sb cbr tdm àkef lne wm one sny tdnt tdm wbraf ks ànoj.

Amt us suppbsm tdnt tdmrm nrm eb pdbtbes, bur wbraf wbuaf tdme `m ànoj, `monusm

wm dnvm eb akhdt, dbwmvmr wm obuaf ebt usm tdm wbrf ànoj `monusm tdnt suhhmsts n

stntm bc ebe-ànoj nef ke n pdbtbe-amss wbraf tdmrm ks emktdmr stntm.N fmsorkptkvm wbrf tdus rmqukrms n lkeklul bc 0 stntms, bur pdbtbe-amss

wbraf ks tdus ne n`smeom bc akhdt rntdmr tdne n ànoj wbraf. Akjmwksm kc mvmrytdkeh

wns tdm snlm tmlpmrnturm wm wbuaf dnvm eb lmnes tb lmnsurm tmlpmrnturm nef sb

wm wbuaf ebt dnvm n tmlpmrnturm uekt suod ns C br O br J cbr tdmrm wbuaf `m eb

tmlpmrnturm tb lmnsurm.

Cbr mxnlpam, wm tnjm n ànej pnpmr. Xm tdme ketrbfuom n fbt, wm ebw dnvm

kecbrlntkbe, `y nffkeh lbrm fbts nef nasb `y lbvkeh tdmsm fbts rmantkvm tb mnod

btdmr nabeh n strnkhdt akem wm nrm `btd nffkeh nef lnekpuantkeh kecbrlntkbe ke bur

> fklmeskbena fkhktna fbt wbraf. Kc wm nsskhe mnod fbt n >nef smpnrntm tdm fbts

wktd 7s, tdme wm wkaa mef up wktd sblmtdkeh akjm:

pantbsobfm.obl

a f


27/39

crnlm#>9 >777>7>777>>7 wm tdme lbvm tdmsm fbts rmantkvm tb mnod btdmr

crnlm#09 >77>77>7>7>77

crnlm#?9 7>777>>777>7> nef tdks nasb hkvms us tklm, t < ? (tdm crnlm rntm)

Xm tdme rmpanom fbt wktd pkxma (be n oblputmr fkspany) nef sb wm one ebwlmnsurm ebt 0 stntms: ànoj nef wdktm, ùt hrnfkmets (bc obabr). Xm nrm ketrbfuokeh

obetrnst, nef obetrnst ks n curtdmr pnrnlmtmr tdnt one `m lmnsurmf, wm ebw dnvm

lbrm kecbrlntkbe, cbr kecbrlntkbe mquntms tb obetrnst, cbr mxnlpam mnod pkxma be

ly oblputmr fkspany dns ?0 `kt obabr. Vdks lmnes tdnt mnod pkxma dns n odbkom bc

60;6;380;3 fkccmrmet obabrs < 0

?0

`kts bc kecbrlntkbe. Kc K usm tdnt pkxma tb fmsork`mtmlpmrnturm, tdme K one lmnsurm 60;6;380;3 fkccmrmet hrnfkmets bc tmlpmrnturm.

Bur uekvmrsm ks akjm tdnt ànej pnpmr: kt ks beay wdme wm nff tb kt kecbrlntkbe

(pnrtkoams nef pdbtbes ) tdnt wm dnvm sblmtdkeh tb lmnsurm nef tdme wm hkvm nenlm br an`ma tb tdnt wdkod wm nrm lmnsurkeh.

Fklmeskbes nrm tdm tbbas wm usm tb lmnsurm nef ontmhbrkzm kecbrlntkbe, nef

tdks kecbrlntkbe ks tdm pdyskona uekvmrsm.

pantbsobfm.obl

a f


28/39

Mvmrytdkeh ks fmtmrlkemf, tdm `mhkeekeh ns wmaa ns tdm mef, `y cbroms bvmr wdkodwm dnvm eb obetrba. Kt ks fmtmrlkemf cbr tdm kesmot, ns wmaa ns cbr tdm stnr. Dulne

`mkehs, vmhmtn`ams, br obslko fust, wm naa fneom tb n lystmrkbus tuem, ketbemf ketdm fkstneom `y ne kevksk`am pkpmr.

Na`mrt Mkestmke

pantbsobfm.obl

a f


29/39

Pmcmrmeom9

- rnfkus bc n okroam < r

- pmrklmtmr bc n okroam < 0r

- nrmn bc n okroam < r0

- surcnom nrmn bc n spdmrm < 6r0

- vbaulm bc n spdmrm < 6r?/?

- surcnom nrmn bc tbrus < 60r0

- vbaulm bc n tbrus < 0

0

r

?

- nrmn bc 6-F dypmr-spdmrm < 00r?

- nrmn bc =-F spdmrm < (4/?)0r6

- vbaulm bc =-F spdmrm < (4/>=)0r=

Wytdnhbrns trkneham tdmbrml: n0+ `0< o0

pantbsobfm.obl

a t f


30/39

@nsm ]ekts _K uekts _K Waneoj uekts

L< lnss jh Waneoj lnss lW

V< tklm s Waneoj tklm tpW< lblmetul Waneoj lblmetul (sqrt bc)

S< vmabokty l/s spmmf bc akhdt oA< amehtd l Waneoj amehtd ap

N< nlpmrm N

Xnvmamehtd ks tdm amehtd bc > wnvm.

Crmqumeoy ns usmf dmrm ks tdm tklm kt tnjms cbr akhdt tb trnvma > wnvmamehtd. Wdyskos

usms crmqumeoy ke tmrls bc wnvmamehtds pmr smobef. Vdm spmmf bc akhdt o s. Cbr mxnlpam, tdm mehkem bc n

>lkam abeh trnke nrrkvms nt n stntkbe: nt >0lpd kt wkaa tnjm = lkeutms cbr tdm rmst bc

tdm trnke (tb tdm anst wnhbe) tb nrrkvm: wnvmamehtd < >lkam, tdm crmqumeoy < =lkes.

Vdm fknhrnl `mabw ks n ske wnvm hrnpd: tdm dbrkzbetna x-nxks usunaay lmnsurms tdm

wnvm `y tklm `ut kt one nasb `m amehtd.

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Jmy obestnets9

H< Hrnvktntkbe obestnet (n lmnsurm bc tdm strmehtd bc hrnvkty)

o< spmmf bc akhdt

d< Waneojs obestnet(ne memrhy tmrl)m< mamlmetnry odnrhm (odnrhm rmantmf < nlpmrm tklm)

N< Nlpmrm (odnrhm rmantmf)

7< pmrlmn`kakty bc vnouul (usmf ns rmcmrmeom `monusm kts vnaum ks mxnot)

P< Pyf`mrh obestnet (usmf ns rmcmrmeom `monusm kts vnaum ks prmoksmay jebwe)

lm< lnss bc tdm mamotrbe

m< wnvmamehtd bc tdm mamotrbe

j@< @batzlnees obestnet (rmantms tb tmlpmrnturm)

< tdm _bllmrcmaf ckem struoturm obestnet napdn (fklmeskbeamss)

< Blmhn, n prmsulmf obestnet (fklmeskbeamss)

lW< Waneoj lnss (> _K uekt bc lnss)

ap< Waneoj amehtd (> _K uekt bc amehtd)

tp< Waneoj tklm (> _K uekt bc tklm)

Vp< Waneoj tmlpmrnturm (> _K uekt bc tmlpmrnturm)

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32/39

LAVSWNns lntdmlntkona obestnets ke tmrls bc lblmetul W, vmabokty S, uekt u.

Naa cbrluans crbl tdm nrtkoam be tdm vkrtuna mamotrbe (fbweabnf nt pantbsobfm.obl)

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33/39

Wdyskona obestnets ke tmrls bc LAVSWN9pantbsobfm.obl

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34/39

Obestnets ke tmrls bc P, o, 7, 9pantbsobfm.obl

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35/39

_K uekts ke tmrls bc u9 pantbsobfm.obl

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36/39

Nutdbrs ebtm9

Vdks `bbj `mhne ns n smrkms bc ebtms be tdm pdkabsbpdy bc fmstkey, tdm prmlksm

`mkeh tdnt kc tdmrm ks n fksomrekàm pnttmre tb dulne mvmets, k.m.9 tdnt n odneom

lmmtkeh dns boourrmf, ebt `y odneom, ùt noobrfkeh tb br kecaumeomf `y neuesmme smt bc ruams, tdme tdks snlm smt bc ruams lny nasb nppay tb tdm uekvmrsm ktsmac,

tdnt bur uekvmrsm ks ebt tdm rmsuat bc rnefbl mvmets ùt lny cbaabw, br mvme `m

hukfmf `y, n fmckektm smt bc prkeokpams.

Kc tdmrm wmrm suod prkeokpams, tdme wm obuaf surlksm tdnt tdmy wbuaf bpmrntm

wktdke tdm crnlmwbrj bc tdm Anws bc Wdyskos nef sb kt lkhdt `m pbsskàm tblntdmlntkonaay obfkcy tdml ke tdm snlm smesm tdnt wm one obfm tdm anws bc hrnvkty,

br ney btdmr pdyskona anw, ns n smrkms bc cbrluans wdbsm butoblm lny `m

netkokpntmf.

Xktd eb prmobeomptkbes ns tb wdnt suod n tdmbry lkhdt abbj akjm, br mvme kc

tdmrm lkhdt `m suod n tdmbry, ke 077? K `mhne wrktkeh n smrkms bc ebtms ns kfmns

onlm. Vdm squnrm rbbt bc lblmetul ^ nppmnrmf nef `y Fmoml`mr n 3 pnhm

`bbjamt Vdm Odmss @bnrf ]ekvmrsm, tdm prmfmomssbr tb tdks tmxt, wns `bre. K dnvmobetkeumf wbrjkeh be tdm tdmbry skeom, tdm ckena nffktkbe `mkeh tdm hmblmtry bc tdm

lntdmlntkona Blmhn , tdm uekvmrsna uekt u nef tdm tbpbabhy bc n ànoj-dbam

uekvmrsm.

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37/39

Vdks tdmbry, vkn tdm tmxt, hrmw `y n enturna smamotkbe bc kfmns, bvmr tdm ymnrs

tdbsm odnptmrs tdnt rmkecbromf mnod btdmr hrmw tbhmtdmr: tdbsm odnptmrs tdnt

rmlnkemf nabem wmrm mvmetunaay fmamtmf. Ourkbusay tdks npprbnod pnrnaamas tdm

tdmbry ktsmac (smm Obslbabhkona Enturna _mamotkbe), nef ns suod kt lny `m tdnt wdme

tdm tdmbry ks oblpamtm, kt wkaa prbvkfm tdm sbautkbe tb tdm brkhkena prmlksm. Wnrts Knef KK nrm ne nttmlpt tb ùkaf tdm crnlmwbrj cbr n pdkabsbpdy nrbuef wdnt ks

mssmetknaay n smt bc lntdmlntkona prkeokpams. Ly ketmrprmtntkbe bc tdks smt bc

prkeokpams ks bc obursm fm`ntnàm nef sdbuaf ebt fmtrnot crbl tdm prkeokpams

tdmlsmavms.

K `mhne tdks wdkast wbrjkeh ke Lkesj, @manrus nef skeom amnvkeh tdmrm K dnvm

typmf ly wny norbss tdm panemt crbl Inpne tb Lbrboob, Ckeanef tb Blne nef nluatktufm bc abontkbes ke `mtwmme. Mnod pnrt bc tdm `bbj dns kts bwe hmbhrnpdy. Vb

tdbsm wdb suppbrtmf nef dmapmf lm nabeh ly trnvmas, nef tdm akst ks vmry abeh,

lney tdnejs ke pnrtkouanr tdm mnray fnys: _durn, wdb ankf tdm pntd crbl Vbjyb tb

Lkesj tdm @ryzhnabv jktodme tnàm ke Lbsobw wdmrm tdm smmfs bc tdks prbimotbrkhkentmf Fr Nfblnktks ke Skaekus cbr dks lney suhhmstkbes obvmr pdbtboburtmsy bc Kryen J Xkjkpmfkn wns usmf ns tdm sburom cbr `nojhrbuef lntmrknabe stnefnrf pdyskos, EN_N cbr klnhms nef anst ùt cbrmlbst, tdbsm pdkabsbpdmrs,

Lkodnma Jmeey, Pbss, Jurt nef Insbe

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38/39

Wantb s Onvm

Ckrst prketkeh Vdm Odmss @bnrf ]ekvmrsm

Obpyrkhdt Lnaobal Lnoambf (077?)

Pmvksmf ns9 Wantbs Onvm

Obpyrkhdt Lnaobal Lnoambf 0778, 07>?, 07>=, 07>8

K_@E ;4=-3=66-=7-=

Pmc9 =?7.7>

Ak`rnry bc Obehrmss >-043>??83>

Naa rkhdts rmsmrvmf. Eb pnrt bc tdks puàkontkbe lny `m rmprbfuomf, stbrmf ke br ketrbfuomf ketb

n rmtrkmvna systml, br trneslkttmf, ke ney cbrl, br `y ney lmnes wdntsbmvmr wktdbut tdm prkbr

wrkttme pmrlksskbe bc tdm nutdbr mxompt ke tdm onsm bc `rkmc qubtntkbes ml`bfkmf ke orktkona

nrtkoams nef rmvkmws. Cbr nffktkbes, rmvkskbes br kecbrlntkbe nffrmss9

qumryGpantbsobfm.obl

Vdks `bbj ks sbaf suìmot tb tdm obefktkbe tdnt kt sdnaa ebt, `y wny bc trnfm br btdmrwksm, `m amet,

rm-sbaf, dkrmf but, br btdmrwksm okrouantmf wktdbut tdm nutdbrs prkbr obesmet ke ney cbrl bc

`kefkeh br obvmr btdmr tdne tdnt ke wdkod kt ks puàksdmf nef wktdbut n sklkanr obefktkbe

keoaufkeh tdks obefktkbe `mkeh klpbsmf be tdm su`smqumet purodnsmr.

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pantbsobfm.obl

simulation hypothesis and intelligent design, are we living in a computer simulation?

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