Simple, low-cost reservoirs to reduce vegetable

contamination In Lima, Peru

Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture International Wrap-up Event

26 – 28 June 2013, Tehran, Iran

Eng. Julio Moscoso Cavallini

National University of Agriculture La Molina - Peru

The Cost Region:

• 55% of the country

population

• 42 rivers, most of them are

smolers and stacionalities

• Only recibed 1.8% of the

country water

• Near to hidric stress with a

bad tendency by the climátic

cheanges

• Only 10% is agriculture land

• 12 million hectars are arids

• Peruviam population: 30

millions (2012)

Peru:

Lima

Map of the fecal

coliforms

contamination in

the hidric

resources of Peru DIGESA, 2004

Agriculture Production in

Peru:

• Total area: 2.3 million of

hectars

• Vegetables area: 164,000

ha

• Vegetables area with

indirected use of waste

water: 16,000 ha

THE STUDY AREA IN

RIMAC RIVER BASIN

Agriculture areas in

Huachipa, Nievería and

Carapongo

They produce 15% of the

vegetables to Lima comsum

Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms in the

water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,

Nievería and Carapongo

Levels of contaminatión with human parasites in

the water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,

Nievería and Carapongo

Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms

in the vegetables produced in Huachipa,

Nievería and Carapongo

Levels of contaminatión with human

parasites in the vegetables produced in

Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo

RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN

DE CALIDAD SANITARIA

• Yet despite high levels of lead in the river basin, levels found in soils and crops were not high enough to pose a health risk

• More than 97% of water samples from irrigation canals were far above maximum permitted limits of faecal coliforms and some samples had higher than 5E+6/100 ml

• 30% of the vegetables in Carapongo and 70% in Huachipa and Nievería are not good for human consuption

• Rímac river is the main source of fecal contamination of the irrigation water

SOLUTION: RESERVOIR

• Water retention to reduce contaminants in irrigation Use of irrigation methods more efficient

• Increased de agriculture productivity

• Added fishculture in order to compensate the land used for reservoir and diversify the production

Criteria for

reservoirs

design

• Volume of reservoir

equivalent to

irrigated used in 2

weeks on summer

period

• Irrigation with only

50% of the volume

• Complete volumen

to get a minimum

retentión time of 7

days

Radish and lettuce cultivated in Carapongo

Land irrigated with water of channels and reservoir efluentorio

Increase

of

irrigatio

n water

quality

Agriculture productivity in land irrigated with

channel and reservoir water (en US $)

Parámetro Agua de

canal

Agua de

reservorio sin

geomembrana

Agua de

reservorio con

geomembrana

Costo de Producción/ha 1,414 1,446 1,537

Producción lechuga

(docenas/ha)

4,595 7,326 7,326

Producción rabanito

(atados/ha)

3,779 4,213 4,213

Costo por docena lechuga 0.63 0.63 0.63

Costo por atado rabanito 0.23 0.23 0.23

Ingreso Total lechuga/ha 2,872 4,615 4,615

Ingreso Total rabanito/ha 869 969 969

Ingreso Total /ha 3,741 5,584 5,584

Utilidad/ha 2,327 4,138 4,047

Incremento en la utilidad por

el reservorio

1,811 1,720

Capacidad de pago de deuda

(campañas)

0.79 3.27

Tilapia production in reservoirs

Resultados del primer cultivo de tilapia

en el Reservorio de Nievería

Descripción Unidad P.U. Cantidad Total

Costo de producción: 471.00

Juveniles peces 0.16 1,450 232.50

Alimento kilos 0.53 450 238.50

Ingresos por ventas: 839.00

Pescado vivo kilos 1.67 254 424.00

Pescado frito kilos 5.46 76 415.00

Consumo familiar kilos 37

Utilidad: 368.00

Relación B/C 1.78

RESULTS TO USE RESERVOIRS

• Retention times in reservoirs were 10- 27 days before irrigation

• Human parasites were eliminated in reservoir and fecal coliforms decreased to less 1000 NMP/100 ml in irrigation water

• Rservorirs increased the productivity and income of the local agriculture, geting compensate land used for reservoir

• Fish culture increaed income, key to promove new reservoirs

Building of new reservoirs

Nievería 1: 700 m3 Nievería 2: 1,800 m3

Reservoirs in Nievería

Impermeabilization

with geomembrane

(Nievería 1)

Impermeabilization

with soil-cement

(Nievería 2)

Laguna-reservorio de Huachipa (2,400 m3)

Cost of reservoirs building

Cost of impermeabilization

Lugar Volumen (m3) Costo (US$) US$/m3 Revestimiento %costo

Carapongo 200 2,200.00 11.00 Geomembrana 62

Nievería 1 700 5,538.00 7.90 Geomembrana 66

Huachipa 2400 10,106.00 4.21 Geomembrana 52

Nievería 2 1800 3,344.00 1.86 suelo-cemento 20

Opciones de impermeabilización Area (m2) US $/m2

Concreto simple, f’c=140 kg/cm2 232 7.97

Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 232 5.82

Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 714 5.13

Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 1350 3.76

Suelo-cemento, 0.06 bolsa de cemento/m2 1350 0.49

Arcilla compactada, 10 cm de espesor 1350 0.12

• Reservoirs are a simple and cheap

technology to increased the vegetables

quality that actualy are irrigated with river

water contaminated with urban waster

water discharged in rivers

• We hope to promove this option in other

coutries, that the same of Peru, have

contaminated their water resources.

• Example: Haití have serius problems with

colera

LEARNING LESSONS

Evaluación de la calidad del agua

y las hortalizas

Parámetro Riego con agua de canal Riego con agua de reservorio

Agua Rabanito Lechuga Agua Rabanito Lechuga

Coliformes fecales/100 ml 5000-13000 430-4300 10-7500 13-240 0.4-2.3 0.9-210

HELMINTOS:

Huevos Ascaris lumbricoides 5 0

Larva de strongyloides sp 9-14 4-8 0 0 0 0-2

Huevo de uncinaria 5 0

PROTOZOARIOS:

Quistes de Endolimax nana 9 4-13 0-9 0 0-4 0

Quistes de Entamoeba coli 18 11-27 0-3 0 0-2 0-2