simfw- v bm{xm hnh-cww - wikimedia commons · (aebmfw) simfw_v bm{xmhnh-c-ww (bm{xm-hn-hcww)...

$: sImfw- v bm{Xm hnh-cWw - Wikimedia Commons · (aebmfw) sImfw_v bm{Xmhnh-c-Ww (bm{Xm-hn-hcWw) Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥]T\w : ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬ Pohn-X-tcJ : Fw. Ipcy≥$
sImfw-_v

bmXm hnh-cWw

(aebmfw)

sImfw_v bmXmhnh-c-Ww

(bmXm-hn-hcWw)

Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥

]T\w : ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬

Pohn-X-tcJ : Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv

]T\ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ : tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv

H∂mw ]Xn∏v : 2005 Unkw-_¿

tIm∏n : 1000]km[I¿ : tkm^nbm _pIvkv, kqcym KÃvsebv≥,

tIm´bw ˛ 686 001 3955054, 98474 98303Un.‰n.]n.,]n‚nwKv : tkm^nbm ]n‚ v lukv, tIm´bw

0481 - 3955054

Rs. 20.00Kolampu Yathra Vivaranam (A journey to Ceylon) Travalouge in Malayalam byDn. Geevarghese Karuchira Written in 1892 First published in 2005 Studyby Fr. John Thomas Karingattil Published by Joice Thottackad on behalf of SophiaBooks (Kottayam, India - 686001) for the glory of God and for the benefit of human-kind Price: Rs. 20.00

sImfw-_v

bmXm hnh-cWw

Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥(Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXmen°m _mhm)

tkm^nbm _pIvkvtIm´bw

hne: 20.00

]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ _mhm

(Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥)

P\\w 1870 P\p-hcn 11.

hmI-Øm\w Imcp-Nnd IpSpw-_-Øn¬

]p∂s‚bpw DWn®nbpsSbpw A©masØ ]pX≥.

1886 Pq¨ 13 \v tImdqtbm ÿm\ta‰p.

1890 Pq¨ 1 \v bu^v]-Zn-b-°nt\m.

1892 sabv 15 \v tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw

sImfw-_n-te°v bmX sNbvXp

1892 sk]vd-dw-_¿ 18 \v iwtim\m.

1896 BKÃv 16 \v Iioi.

1896 BKÃv 23 \v dºm≥ ÿm\-w.

1913 s^_p-hcn 9 \v "Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv'

F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmbn.

1925 G]n¬ 30 \v "_tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥'

F∂ \maØn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°-bmbn.

1928 Unkw-_¿ 17 \v s\øq¿ F¬.Fw,Fkv.

Bip]Xnbn¬ Imew sNbvXp.

hmI-Øm\w h≈n-°m´v Zb-dm-bn¬ 18 \v I_-d-S-°n.

D≈-S°w

hmMvapJw

sImfw_v bmXm- hn-h-c-Ww:

KZy-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS A£-b-J\n

tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv 6

aqe-cq]w

sImfw_v bmXm hnh-c-Ww

1892 se aqe-IrXn

Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥ 7

A\p-_-‘-w

1. ae-bmf k©m-ckmlnXy-Øn¬

sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw

^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬ 22

2. Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv siΩm-i≥

(]. Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ _mhm):

hy‡nbpw al-Xzhpw

Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 34

sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww:

KZy-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS A£-b-J\n

]. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm (1848-

˛ 1902) tIm´bw Pn√-bn¬ hmI-Øm-\Øv P\n®p. hmI-Øm-\Øn\p

kao]w h≈n-°m´p Zbdm tIµ-am°n ae-¶-c-k`sb \bn®p. tIc-f-

Ønse kmaq-ln-I -˛ -kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ˛ -a-X- cw-K-ß-fn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p

At±-l-Øn-t‚Xv.

B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-k-Øn\pw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°pw hmI-

Øm\w _mhm t\XrXzw \¬In. kaq-l-Øn¬ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ ZfnXv

hn`m-K-Øns‚ ka-K-amb apt∂-‰-Øn-\mbn hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m-

°n. kmaq-lnI B≤ym-flnI cwKØv Ne-\m-fl-I-amb ]e ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°pw At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In.

tIc-f-N-cnX-Ønepw ae-bm-fKZy-Ønepw Db¿∂ ÿm\w e`n-

t°≠ hy‡n-Xz-w Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ _mhmbv°p≠v. At±lw 22˛mw

hb-kn¬ Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bmWv "sImfw_v bmXm -hn-h-cWw.' ae-bm-

fØnse e`y-amb BZy-Ime bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬ \mem-asØ

ÿm\-amWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv. ae-bmf -km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ At±l-Øn\v A\-

iz-c-amb ÿm\w Cu IrXn Dd∏n°p∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse

KZy-amXr-I-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v CXv Hcp A£bJ\n-bm-Wv.

]. Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI

]›m-Ø-e-sØbpw cN\m Ime-L-´-sØbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Cu

IrXn°v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬,

Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv F∂n-hcmWv. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ø-d-hm-´n-te°v

"\ncWw KŸ-h-cn'bpw ]cp-ae Xncpta\n 1895 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®

"Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-c-W'hpw aqe-cq-]-Øn¬ tkm^nbm _pIvkv ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ "sImfw_v bmXm -hn-h-cW' hpw e`y-am-Ip-

∂p. "sImfw_v bmXm -hn-h-cW'Øns‚ kmln-Xy-aqeyw hni-I-e\w

sNøp-hm\pw IqSp-X¬ Kth-jW ]T\w \S-Øp-hm-\p-ambn Cu KŸw

aqe-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs∂ kk-t¥mjw Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-∂p.

tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv

(Imcy-Z¿in, tkm^nbm _pIvkv)

hmMvapJw

tIm´bw

15- 12- 2005

A≤ymbw 1

sImfw-_n-tebv°v

Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse hnk-s°m≥kn sIhm\n \K-

c-Ønse P\-ßƒ sdmam aX-hn -izm -ksØ Dt]-£n®p

At¥ymIym1 k`-tbmSv tNcp-hm≥ BK-ln-®-t∏mƒ Ahsc

`cn®psIm≈p-∂-Xn\v Hcp saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bh-iy-s∏- -Xn-\m¬

Ah-cpsS ]´-°m-c-\mb td\n hnemØn2 F∂ ]mZn ae-¶c CS-

h-I-bpsS am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkp saXm-s\mSpw3 C≥Uy kntem≥

tKmh CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ bqen-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSpw4

hnhcw Adn-bn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]mXn-b¿°okp _mh5 Xncp-a-

\-kn-te°v At]£ Ab®v sd\n hnemØnsb saXm-\mbn

hmgn-°p-∂-Xn\v Iev]\ hcp-Øp-Ibpw At±lw sImfw-_n¬6

FØn Xma-kn-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏meoØmbpw7 am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbpw8 am¿ bqen-tbmkv A¬hm-dokv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw9

IqsS tIm´ bØv knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬10 \n∂pw InkvXm_vZw 1892

sIm√w 1067 CShw 3 \v Rmb-dmgvN cmXn 12 aWnbv°v bmX

]pd-s∏-´p.

am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSp IqsS Ipa-c-

IØv If-Øn¬]d-ºn¬ busk∏p siΩmipw hmI-Øm-\Øv

Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kokv siΩmipw11 am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv IqsS Imcn-®m¬ sIm®p tImin IØ-\mcpw

Xpº-a¨Imc≥ bmt°m_v siΩmipw A¬hm-dokv saXm-t∏m-

eo-Øm-tbmSv IqsS tKmhm-°m-c≥ ssIØm≥ F∂ Hcp Abvta-

\nbpw12 hmen-b-°m-cmbn C´o-cm tXmam F∂-hcpw hnti-jm¬

ioa-°m-c≥ …o_m siΩm-i\pw13 AXp IqSmsX ioabv°v

t]mIp-∂-Xn-\mbn aev°n Fs∂mcp ioa-°m-c\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ch¿ F√m-hcpw bmXbv°v Hcp-ßn, At∏mƒ knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬

am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw aq°-s©-cn¬ Koh-

dp-Kokv dºm-®\pw* tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬∏m-\-®\pw a‰pw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.

8 sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw

tIm -bØp \n∂v sI´p-h-≈-Øn-embn ]pd-s∏- p. 4 \v 8 aWn°v

Be-∏pg FØn-b-tijw thsd aq∂p h≈w ]nSn®v 12 aWn°v

AhnsS \n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v k‘y-tbm-Sp-IqsS tXm´-∏≈n No∏p-

¶¬ FØn. 5 \v 6 aWn°v s]m®-\bpw 12 aWn°v sIm√Øpw

ASp-Øp. s\bn-Øm-∏okv, Hm´m-∏okv, Ibdp ]ncn-°p∂ b¥w

apX-em-b-h-Isf bmX-bn¬ I≠p. 6 aWn°p \Sp-Nn-dbpw 9

aWn°v h¿°e henb Xpcp-Ønepw Xpc-¶-Ønepw 10 aWn°v

sNdnb Xpc-¶Øn¶epw 6 \v 12 aWn°v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Nms°-

°-S-hnepw FØn h≈-°msc ]ncn®p hn´p. DSs\ h≠n ]nSn®v

]pØ≥ Is®-cn°v ]Sn-™mdp mKØp Ipa-c-IØpImc≥ DΩ¨

C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhm-bpsS _¶-

fm-hn¬ FØn. A∂p Xs∂ Nne kmam-\-ßƒ hmßn-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn Nne jm∏p-I-fnepw ImgvN- _¶fmhpw a‰pw ImWp-∂-

Xn\mbpw t]mbn.

am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpw am¿ KotKm-dn-

tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw khm-cn°p t]mbn thsdmcp

_¶fmhn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw ]ns‰ Znhkw ImgvN-_¶fmhp apX-

em-b-Xp kµ¿in-°bpw sNbvXp. ImgvN-_-¶-fm-hn¬ knwlw, Ic-

Sn, ISp-hm, ]pen apX-emb Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw abn¬, ]©-h¿Æ-

°nfn apXembn hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ ]£n-°q-´-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. `c-Wn, ]n™mWw apX-em-bh D≠m-°p∂ B∏o-kp-Ifpw

sslkv°qfpw I≠-Xns‚ sijw BZyw h∂ _¶-fm-hn¬

FØn Xncp-\¬then-bn-tebv°v bmXbv°v h≠n ]nSn-®p. 9

aWn°v F√m-hcpw ]pd-s∏-´p. h≠n X^m¬14 h≠n Bbn-cp-∂p.

8 \mgnI Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ipg¬ Du-Xp-Ibpw thsd Imfsb amdn

sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp \n∂pw \Sp-

hØv tImbn-∏p-dØv s]m∂s‚ aI≥ A_-lm-ans\ IqsS kp`m-

jn-bmbn sIm≠pt]mbn.

8 \v Ipgn-Øpd ]me-Øn-¶¬ FØn. Cu ]mew hfsc

hoXnbpw \ofhpw Db-chpw Hcp Acn-In\v FsI-tZiw 108 Imep-

Ifpw D≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. CXn\v kao]w ap m-hncn _¶-fm-hp-≠v.

AhnsS 12 aWn°v FØn `£Ww Ign®v 1 aWn°v Xncp-hm-

s¶mSp15 hgn-bmbn ]pd-s∏-´p 6 aWn°v ]fl-\m-`-]p-c-sØ-Øn.

9sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ tIm´ BZyw ChnsS°pw ]ns∂

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°pw am‰n. ChnsS ]p√n-°p-dn-®n-bn¬ tdmam-

a-X-°m-cpsS Hcp ]≈n D≠v. ssZh-k-lmb ]n≈bv°v Zmln-®-

t∏mƒ ap´p sIm≠v ]md-bn¬ CSn®p F∂pw At∏mƒ sh≈w

]pd-s∏´p F∂pw B sh≈w Ipdhp IqSm-Xn-cn-°p-∂psh∂pw

tdmam-°m¿ ]d-bp∂ ÿew Cu ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™mdp hi-

Øp apJ-hm-c-tØmSv tN¿∂m-Ip-∂p. B ]≈n-bn¬ bmX-°m¿

tIdn ImWp-Ibpw sh≈w hmßn®p IpSn-°bpw sNbvXp. DSs\

AhnsS \n∂pw sNt¶m´ hgn-bmbn t]mcp-tºmƒ henb henb

]md-°q- -ßfpw ae-Ifpw CS-°n-sS°v Icn-º-\-Ifpw ImWp-Ibpw

6 aWn°v Xs∂ hS-t°m´v IS∂v Xncp-s\¬then AXr-Øn-bn-

end-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ÿew Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ AXr-

Ønbpw henb ae shń-XmgvØn D≠m-°o- p-≈-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu

tZiw ka-`q-anbpw hfsc Icn-º-\bpw ]pfnbpw D≈Xpw s\√v,

]p√v, Bh-W-°v, ]cpØn apX-emb Irjn-I-fpw D≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Cu tZiØv ag \t∂ Ipdhpw Im‰v A[n-Ihpw BIp-∂p.

9 \v 6 aWn°v bmX ]pd-s∏-´p. 10 aWn°v h≈n-bq-cnepw 1

aWn°v cmPm-b-aw-K-eØpw ]ns∂ ]m]-Ipfw Du-cnepw A...

IpfØpw FØn. AhnsS Icn-¶√p sIm≠v sIńb hnti-j-

amb Ipfw D≠v. AhnsS \n∂pw 5 ssa¬ hS°v ... hnti-jm¬

Hcp tKm]p-chpw I≠p. Cu bmX-bn¬ KosKm-dn-tbmkp saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS h≠n apºv IS∂v HmSn-®-Xn-\m¬ ap≥Iqń Xncp-

\¬th-e-o¬ FØn sdbn¬shbn amt\-P-cpsS B∏o-kn¬ Xma-

kn-®p. tijw t]¿ 4 aWn°v XX-∏¿Æn B‰n-ep≈ ]me-Øn-

¶¬ FØn. Cu ]mew hfsc hen-∏-ap-≈Xpw ... CjvSnI sIm≠v

hf-®Xpw ]mesØ hfsc hnf-°p-Ifpw D≈-Xm-Ip∂p. CXn-\-Sp-

Øm-Ip∂p Xoh≠n tÃj≥. 10 \v 5 aWn°v F√m-hcpw Xoh≠n

B∏o-kn¬ FØn. bmX-°m¿°v Xoh≠n bmX BZy-am-bn-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ hnkvabP\-I-am-bn-cp∂p.

saXm-®-∑m¿ c≠mw ¢m nepw sijw t]¿ 3˛mw ¢mknepw

Bbn Xoh≠n Ib-dn. K\m-b-I-≠n, aWn-bm®n Cu Bô-kp-I-

fn¬ FXbpw thK-Øn¬ FØn. aWn-bm®n Bô-kn¬ \n∂pw

At∏mƒ a[p-cbv°v Hcp h≠n ]pd-s∏-´-p. AhnsS \n∂pw h≠n


]pd-s∏´v XØ∏m-dbn F∂ B∏o-knepw AhnsS \n∂pw ]pd-

s∏ v 3 aWn°v XqØp-°pSn B∏o-knepw FØn. ]ns∂ B∏okv

apdn hn´n-dßn ht√mw Biz-kn-®-tijw B∏o-kn\v kao]w ]n.

]n. Zpdmƒ F∂ Hcp henb jm∏-ns‚ ÿeØp Xma-kn-®p.

Cu a\p-jy≥ A¬hm-dokp saXm-t∏meoØ-bp-ambn ]cn-N-b-

ap≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p. AXp \nan-Ø-amWv Abm-fpsS ÿeØv

bmX-°msc Xma-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. ChnsS tdmam

k`-°m-cpw ... ap-X-em-b-h-Ifpw hfsc I®-h-S-ßfpw D≈ Hcp

][m\ Xpd-ap-Jhpw I∏¬ ASp-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Xncp-\¬

theo¬ \n∂pw Chn-tS°v GI-tZiw 36 abn¬ AIew D≠v.

bmX-°m¿°v At∂ Znhkw I∏¬ GXp-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬

AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bmbn. At∏mƒ hf™ tdmam-°m¿

h∂p bmX-°msc ImWp-Ibpw A¬hm-dokp saXm-®≥ tdmam-

°m¿°p hntcm-[-ambn A®-Sn®p h®n- p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ kΩm-

\n-°bpw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ hfsc X¿°hpw hntcm-[hpw D≠m-

bn. 11 \v Xn¶-fmgvN tIm´-b-tØ°pw sImfw-_n-tebv°pw Iºn

ASn-®p. 3 aWn°v Xmak ÿeØp \n∂pw h≠n hgn-bmbn

IS-hn-te°v ]pd-s∏- p. IS-hn¬ \n∂pw hfsc Zqc-Øn¬ 2 I∏¬

ASp-Øn-cp-∂p. I∏¬ bmX-°p≈ Iqenbpw a‰pw Xo¿Øv IS¬

h©n-bn¬ Ibdn \oßn Hcp I∏-ens‚ ASp-°¬ k‘y-tbmSv

IqsS FØn. At∏mƒ \nßƒ Iqen Xo¿Ø I∏¬ at‰-Xm-

sW∂pw Ahn-tSbv°v t]mI-W-sa∂pw I∏n-Øm≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ

h©n-°m¿ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂pw a‰pw XSkw ]d-™-p.-

A-ßs\ sNøm-ØXp tdmam-°m-cpsS Akqb sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]ns∂ I∏n-Øms‚ imk\ sIm≠pw A¬hm-dokp saXm-

®≥ ssI°qen sImSp-ØXp sIm≠pw h≈-°m¿ as‰ I∏-ens‚

ASp-°¬ sIm≠pt]mbn Cd-°n. IS-ense Hmf-Øns‚ ITn\w

sIm≠v bmX-°m¿°v Xe-Xn-cn-®nepw O¿±nbpw D≠m-bn. I∏-

ens‚ ....... sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂pw hfsc Db-c-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ tIdp-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw hfsc ]bmkw t\cn-´p. AXn-\m¬

tKmhWn Cd°n X∂-Xn¬ IqSn I∏-en¬ Ibdn. At∏mƒ B

I∏-en¬ Ip∂wIpf-ßsc ]\-bv°¬ C´n-amØp D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Abmƒ Be-∏psg \n∂pw sImfw-_n-te°v \ΩpsS bmX-°m-


cpsS klm-b-Øn-\mbn ]pd-s∏- -Xm-Wv. Abmsf I≠-Xn¬ hfsc

kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-bn. cmXn 11 aWn°v I∏¬ Xpd-ap-JØp \n∂pw

Ipf-w_n-tebv°v16 \oßn. Im‰pw tImfpw A[n-I-am-b-Xn-\m¬

I∏¬ \∂m Cf-Ip-Ibpw sh≈w I∏en-\-IØp hogp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. sh≈w ASn-Ø-ń-te°v t]mIm-Xn-cn-°Ø°-hÆw

]Wn sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ sh≈w hoWmepw AXp ]pd-

tØ°v t]mIp-∂Xp sIm≠v Ipep-ßp-I-bn-√. saXm-∑m¿ 2˛mw

¢mknepw tijw t]¿ 3˛mw ¢mknepw Bbn-´mWv tIdnb-Xv.

2˛mw ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ hfsc hnti-j-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn¬

sh≈w tIdp-I-bn-√. AXn¬ Ccn-∏n-\pw ......... ÿekuI-cy-ßfpw

D≠v. `£Ww AXn¬ Xs∂ sIm≠p-h∂v sImSp-°pw. 3˛mw

¢m p-Im¿ ta¬Øń¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v ]e D]-Z-h-ß-

fpw D≠v. sh≈w s]mń hoWmsd bmX-°m¿ \\-bp-Ibpw a‰p-

ap-≠m-bn. Cßns\ I∏¬ HmSn®v 12 \v D®bv°v sImfw_p Xpd-

ap-JØv ASp-Øp. At∏mƒ Xpd-ap-JØv hfsc XoI-∏-ep-Ifpw

]mbv°-∏-ep-Ifpw IS¬ h©n-Ifpw hfsc P\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. DSs\ sImfw_p ]≈n-bnse Hcp ][m-\n-bmb tUmIvS¿

]nt‚mbpw a‰p alm-∑mcpw \ΩpsS bmX-°m-cpsS I∏-en¬ h∂v

Xncp-ta-\n-I-fp-ambn kt¥mj kw`m-jWw Ign-°bpw Xncp-ta-

\n-I-sfbpw …o_m siΩm-i-s\bpw sIm®p tImin IØ-\m-

scbpw Hgn-®p≈ Bfp-I-sfbpw kmam-\-ß-sfbpw IS¬ h©n-

bn¬ Ib‰n Xpd-ap-J-Øp≈ Kh¿sa≠p hI sIń-S-Øn-tebv°v

sIm≠pt]mbn. AhnsS h®v Zml-Øn\v Hmtcm Ip∏n- en-_n-ss\‰v

IpSn-®m-iz-kn® tijw IpXn-c-h-≠n-bn¬ tI‰n Huh¿ se-b-nUn

KpUv sUØv F∂v t]cp≈ Ah-cpsS ]≈n-bn-tebv°v

sIm≠pt]mbn. AhnsS FØn-b-t∏mƒ sd\n- hn-emØn F∂-

Atacn°≥ ]mZnbpw ^mZ¿ At¥m-\ntbmkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah¿ bmX-°msc hfsc kt¥m-j-tØmsS ssIs°m-≠p. ‰o

apX-embh Xøm-dm°n IpSn®pwsIm≠v BtLm-j-ambn FXn-

sc¬°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ I∏-en-se-Øn. BZ-cn®v Ksh¿sa≠v

hI henb t_mń¬ Ib‰n Ic-bv°-Sp-∏n®v Kh¿sa≠v sIń-S-

Øn¬ Ccp-Øn. AhnsS \n∂v IpXnch≠n-I-fn-embn _m‚ v,

s_ms° apX-emb BtLm-j-tØmSpw hfsc P\-°q- -tØmSpw

IqsS bmX Xncn®v taev∏-d™ ]≈n-bn¬ FØn. epØn-\nbm17


Ign®v ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂p≈ sI´n-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. XqØp-

°p-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v sImfw-_n-tebv°v I∏¬ Iqen 1˛mw ¢mkn\v

25. 2 ˛-\v 10. 3 \v 8 cq] hoXhpw B-bn-cp-∂p.

13 \v ]ecpw h∂v ImWp-Ibpw kt¥m-jn-°bpw sNbvXn-cp-

∂p. 14 \v kz¿Km-tcm-l-W-s∏-cp-∂m-fm-bn-cp-∂p.18 sd\n hnemØn

]mZn°v KosKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ip¿_m\ sNm√n

dºXzw sImSp-Øp. D®-I-gn™v Sn. dºm≥ IpXn-c-h≠n hcp-Øn,

Xncp-ta-\n-Ifpw At±-lhpw …o_m siΩm-i\pw IqSn hnko-

‰bv°v t]mbn. ImgvN _¶fmhv apX-em-bh I≠v k‘ybv°v

Xncn-s®-Øn.


A≤ymbw 2

sImfw-_n-se ImgvN-Iƒ

sImfw-_nse ]≈osS hS-°v h-iØp IqSn hgnbp-≈-Xn-\m¬

]≈n Ccn-°p-∂Xp sX°v hS°v Bbn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ aZv_-lm-

tbmSv tN¿∂v Ing°v ]Sn-™m-dmbn Xma-k-Øn-\p≈ apdnbpw

AXn\v sX°v hiØv Ipin\n apdnbpw Ing°v hiØv InWdpw

AXn\v ]Sn-™mdv thsdmcp sIń-Shpw D≠v. ]≈n-b-IØv Ccp-

h-iØv XqWv \ndpØn DØ-chpw h®v dm¥¬ hiØv Nph-cp-

sIń AS®v P\epIfpw h®v hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw apdn-Ø´pw ]Sn-

™mdp hiØv Hcp a´p-∏mhpw aZv_-lmbv°v sX°v hS°v ......

Hgp-Ip-hmc apdn-I-fpw. ]≈n-°-IØv apgp-h≥ Ib‰v ]mbpw Itk-

d-Ifpw D≠v.- P-\-ßƒ IqSn-bm¬ Itk-c-bn¬ BWv Ccn-°p-∂-

Xv. Cu ]≈n°p kao]w s]´-bn¬ Hcp ]≈n D≠∂pw Zqsc

am∂m¿ F∂ ÿeØv Hcp henb ]≈nbpw Ipsd Nm∏ep-Ifpw

D≠-∂-h¿ ]-d™p. Cu ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™mdp hiØp

sslt°m´pw sX°p hiØv sdbn¬th tÃj\pw Ing°p

hiØp tXß B´p∂ FÆ N°pw a‰v b¥-ßfpw D≠v. ]´Ww

hfsc Bƒ s]cp-∏hpw hfsc henb sIń-S-ßfpw I®-h-Shpw

D≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. F√m hgn-I-fnepw Ipg¬ sh≈hpw D≠v.

15 \v sd\n hnemØn dºm\v ÿm\w sImSp-°p∂Xv eØo≥

`mj-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v A¬hmdokv saXm-®\pw a‰pw Xncp-

ta-\n-I-tfmSv Adn-bn-®p. AXv ]mSn-s√∂v ]d-I-bm¬ X¿°w D≠m-

bn. Ipsd hyk-\n®pw F¶nepw sN∂pt]mbXp sIm≠v kwKXn

\S-°msX t]mbm¬ Bt£-]-am-Ip-at√m F∂v IcpXn ÿm\w

sImSp-°p∂ Znhkw A¬hm-dokv Ip¿_m\ sNm√-W-sa∂pw

]´wsImS kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw \n›-bn-®p. At∂

Znhkw ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Hcp Iev]\ hmbn-®p.

AXn¬ sd\n- hn-emØn kXyhnizm-k-Øn¬ ÿnc-s∏-ń-cn-°-

W-sa∂pw At±-l-Øn\v ÿm\w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-°p-

∂p-sh∂pw a‰p-am-bn-cp-∂p. 17 \v A¬hmdokv saXm-®≥ Ip¿_m-

\-°mbn Hcp-ßp-Ibpw, tijw Xncp-ta-\n-Ifpw IqsSbp≈-hcpw

]m¿∞\ Ign-™-tijw kpdn-bm\n acymZ]Im-c-ap≈ Ia-ßƒ


Ign-°bpw ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Iev]\ hmbn-°bpw

a‰pw sNbvXv, sd\n hnem-Øn°v aq∂p t]cpw IqSn ssIh®v

XosamYsbmsk∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ sImSp-Øp Atam-t-em-Knb19

hmbn®v H∏p- h®v hmßn-®p. ]ns∂ Ipsd-bm-iz-kn® tijw F√m-

hcpw ]≈n-b-IØp t]mbn. A¬h-mdokv Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw

GXm\pw Ia-ßƒ Ign-°bpw sNbvXp. ]≈n-bn¬ A-sa-do°

sIm≥k¬ apX-emb alm-∑mcpw hfsc P\-ßfpw IqSn-bn-cp-

∂p. Chsc Ign™v Xncp-ta-\n-Iƒ apdn-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ

tUmIvS¿ ]nt‚m Xncp-ta-\n-Iƒ°v sht∆sd hµ-\-hp-Iƒ ]d-

bp-Ibpw Ah¿ btYm-Nn-X-amb adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A∂v cmXn 8 aWn apX¬ ]nt‚m apX¬ t]¿ amPn-°em≠v

F∂ kqXw ImWn®v ckn-∏n-®p.

18 \v sd\n-hn-emØn Xnsam-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v

]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS A[n-Imc]Xhpw aq∂v saXm-

∑mcpw IqSn A[n-Imc km£y-]-Xhpw sImSp-Øp. 19 \v bmX-

°m¿ sImfw-_n-ep≈ sIm]m B´p∂ N°pw a‰pw ImWp-∂-

Xn-\mbn t]mbn. B sI´nSw hfsc hen-∏-ap-≈Xpw hfsc the-

°m¿ D≈Xpw BIp-∂p. AXp Ign™v s]≥k¬ D≠m-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ Cubw shew sNøp∂ ÿehpw sN∂v I≠p Xncn®p

h∂p. ]´wsImS-bpsS kwK-Xn-Isf Ipdn®pw a‰pw ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhmbv°v Fgp-Ø-b-®p. D®- I-gn™v siΩm-i≥am¿ Ahn-sS-

bp≈ ImgvN _¶fmhv ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn t]mbn. AhnsS Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-csØt∏mse ImgvN-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw Poh-\p≈Xmbn-

cp-∂n-√. knwlw, Ic-Sn, B\ apX-emb At\I arK-ß-fp-sSbpw

At\I Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw tXmep-Iƒ DW°n

km£m¬ F∂v tXm∂n-°-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂p.

At\Iw Bfp cq-]-ßfpw Im´m-f-∑m-cpsS thj-ßfpw km£m¬

D≈-sX∂v tXm∂n-°-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. henb

Xnanw-K-e-ß-fpsS Aÿn-Ifpw tXmep-Ifpw DW°n h®n-´p-≠v.

ImgvN _w¶-fm-hns‚ an‰Øv Hcp Xd-bn¬ Im´m-fs‚ Hcp henb

cq]w Icn-¶√v sIm≠p Xo¿Øv ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp Ign™v

Hcp ]mew ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn t]mbn. B ]mew sh≈-Øn¬

At\I h≈-ßƒ \nc-Øn-bn´p AXn-t∑¬ XpS¬ hen®v sI´n


]eI \nc-Ønbpw FX sh≈w s]mßn-bmepw Xc-t°-Sn-√m-

ØXpw BIp-∂p. ]n∂oSv IS-∏pdw apX-emb ÿe-ßƒ I≠p.

bmX-bn¬ tdmam-°m¿, Cw•o-jp-Im¿, al-Ω-Zp-Im¿ apX-em-b-h-

cpsS ]≈n-Ifpw sIń-S-ßfpw I≠v Xncn-s®-Øn. ]n∂oSv

tUmIvS¿ ]nt‚m-bpsS _w¶fm-hn¬ \ΩpsS bmX-°msc kev°-

cn®p. 20 \v Xncp-ta-\n-Iƒ t]mb-tijw B ]≈n-bpsS ssI°m-

c\pw ][m-\n-bp-amb s]tcm-c-bpsS £WnX]Imcw Abm-fpsS

hoń¬ F√m-hcpw t]mbn. Xo‰n°p tdmam kº-Zm-b-Øn¬

BWp-ßfpw s]Æp-ßfpw Hcp taibv°v Np‰pw Ccp-∂p. At\-

I-X-c-Øn¬ hntij kmam-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ Hcp

I®-h-S-°m-c\pw BIp-∂p. 21 \v jm∏p-I-fn¬ sImS apX-emb

kmam-\-ßƒ hmßn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t]mbn Xncn®p h∂p.

25 \v A≥]Xmw s]cp-∂m-fn\v20 sIm®ptImin IØ-\m¿

Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. s]cp-∂m-fns‚ Hcp s_ip-saivØm21 Ign-®p.

]n∂oSv A¬hm-dokv saXm-®\pw a‰pw Ah-cpsS Ia-]-Imcw

ipiq-j-Iƒ Ign®v 3 ]mhiyw sh≈w Xfn-°bpw Hcp ]kwKw

]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 12 aWn Ign™v buh-\-°m¿ h∂v Ifn-

ÿew Hcp-°p-Ibpw sImSn IpØp-Ibpw 1 aWn°v hr≤-∑mcpw

hmey-°mcpw s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw h∂v Hm´w, Nm´w apX-emb Ifn-

Iƒ ImWn-°bpw s]Ïpń-Iƒ Hm -Øn¬ kqNn-°p-g-bn¬ \q¬

tIm¿°bpw a‰pw D≠m-bn. Pbn-®-h¿°v Hmtcm- Xcw ]S-ßfpw

a‰pw kΩm-\n-°bpw sNbvXp. 5 aWn°v am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-

eoØmbv°pw IqSn Cw•o-jn¬ Hcp awKf]Xw ka¿∏n-°bpw

Ah¿ ka-tbm-Nn-X-ambn adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw sImfw-_n-tebpw

Asa-cn-°-bn-tebpw k`-sb-∏‰n Aev]w ]kw-Kn-°bpw sNbvX-

tijw ]pXnb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Hcp awK-f-]Xw ka¿∏n-

°bpw adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ Nob¿ hnfn®v

ssIsImń kt¥m-jn®v ]ncn-bp-Ibpw cmXn 8 aWn apX¬ 9

aWn hsc amPn-°-em≠v ImWn-°p-Ibpw Icn-a-cp∂v ]tbmKw

\S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

25 \v Xncn®v bmX-°p≈ I∏¬ At\z-jn-s®-¶nepw G\-ambn

Inń-bn√. 26 \v 12 t]¿°pw I∏¬ Iqen HSp°n Sn°‰pw hmßn®p.


2 aWn°v ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw IS-hn-te°v bmX Xncn-®p. ]pXnb

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Asa-dn-°-bn-te°v bmX Xncn-®p. H∂n®p

]pd-s∏´v IShp hsc FØn. IS-hp- hsc A¬hm-dokv saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømbpw a‰pw h∂n-cp-∂p. XΩn¬ kam-[m\w ]d™v h≈-

Øn¬ Ibdn I∏en¬ sNs∂-Øp-Ibpw I∏-en¬ \S∂v F√m

ÿe-ßfpw ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncp-ta-\n-Iƒ apsº-t∏mse

2˛mw ¢mknepw tijw t]¿ 3˛mw ¢m nepw BWv tIdn-b-Xv.

ioa-°m-c≥ aevIn F∂-h≥ Rß-fn¬ \n∂p ]ncn™p ioabv°v

bmX-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmXn 8 aWn°v I∏¬ \oßn. ]ns‰

Znhkw ImeØp XqØp-°p-Sn-bn¬ I∏¬ ASp-Øn-√. AXp

\nanØw ]ecpw hyk-\n-®p. hgn sX‰n-t∏m-bn-´m-sW∂pw a‰pw

]ecpw ]d-™p. Rß-fn¬ ]e¿°pw I∏¬ sNmcp-°p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ H∂pw `£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]mSn-√msX £oWX-bn¬

Bbn-t∏m-bn. _p[-\mgvN cmXn 12 aWn°v XqØp-°pSn Xpd-ap-

JØv hnf°v I≠v Biz-kn-®p. ImesØ Ic-bn¬ \n∂pw h≈w

I∏-en-¶¬ sIm≠p h∂v AXn¬ F√m-hcpw tIdn Ic-bn-te°v

bmX Xncn-®p. B h≈-Øn¬ Ic-bn-te-°n-d-ßp-∂-Xn-\mbn Nne

kmbv]-∑mcpw aZmΩamcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ saXm-∑msc

I≠-t∏mƒ h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-Ibpw kpdn-bm\n k`-sb-

°p-dn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Ahsc a\- n-em-°bpw Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-

ßƒ Ah¿°v kΩm-\n-°bpw sNbvXp. h≈w Ic-°-Sp-∏n®v

Cdßn ap≥ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ apdmƒ F∂ I®-h-S-°m-cs‚ B∏-

okn¬ FØn `£Ww Ign-®m-iz-kn-°bpw 4 aWn°v bmX

]d™v Xoh-≠n-bn¬ tIdn cmXn 7 aWn°v Xncp-s\¬theo¬

FØn. ap≥ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm FØn Xma-kn®

kmbv]ns‚ _¶-fm-hn¬ Xma-kn-®p. Abmƒ \ΩpsS bmX-°m-

cpsS ta¬ Zb-bp≈ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. Abm-fpsS aIƒ°v Nne

kΩm-\-ßfpw a‰pw sImSpØp. sh≈n-bmgvN `£-Whpw a‰pw

Ign®v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°v X^m¬ h≠n-bn-embn bmX Xncn-

®p. h≠n 1 °v ]¥-≠v cq]m hoXw Iqen-bm-bn-cp-∂p.


A≤ymbw 3

sImfw-_n-¬ \n∂pw aS°w

ap∏Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-tIm´ ]≈n-bn¬ FØn. Cu ]≈n [cn-

bm-°-fmb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS ]≈n BIp-∂p. A∂v B ]≈n-

bn¬ ]pXp-∏-≈n-°m-c≥ Ipcp-hnf C©n-\o-b¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]≈n hfsc ]pcm-X\ ]≈nbpw apºv hfsc CS-h-

I-°m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ H∂v c≠v ho´p-Im¿

amXta CS-h-I-°m-cmbn D≈p. Ah¿°v IpSpΩ D≠v. kvXoIƒ

]m≠n-°m-cpsS hkvX-[m-c-W-bnepw BWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

]≈n Po¿Æn-X-s∏´p InS-∂n-cp-∂Xp F©n-\o-b-dns‚ D’m-l-

Øm¬ \∂m-°n.- ]ns‰ Znhkw KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm B ]≈n-bn¬ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n ]kw-Kn-®p. A\y-Pm-

Xn-°m¿ ]ecpw shfn°v IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS sh®p-≠mb

Nnehv C©n-\n-b-dpsS hI-bm-bn-cp-∂p. D®-I-gn™v AhnsS \n∂v

]pd-s∏ v cmXn 12 aWn°v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ _¶-fm-hn¬ FØn bmX-bn¬

D≠mb hnh-c-ßƒ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw kIe A]-I-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw c£n® ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°bpw sNbvXp.

anYp\w 2 \v ]pØ≥I-®cn apX-em-bXp ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn

t]mb-t∏mƒ PUvPn-am-cpsS hnkvXm-chpw a‰pw I≠v XncnsI

_¶-fm-hn¬ FØn-b-tijw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Xma-kn®v ]Tn-

°p∂ kpdn-bm\n hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, h°o-e-∑m¿ apX-em-b-h¿ Xncp-

ta-\n-Iƒ sImfw-_n-te°v kphn-tij ]Nm-c-W-Øn-\m-bn t]mbn

Xncn®ph∂-Xns‚ kt¥mjw \nanØw Hcp awKf]Xw A®-

Sn®v hmbn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \mec aWn°v Hcp tbmKw IqSp-Ibpw

]pXp-∏≈n sIm®p]mtd´v ]oen-t∏mkv _n. F. hmbn-°bpw

KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw AØ-

\m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm sImfºntebpw Ata-cn-°-bn-

tebpw k -sb-°p-dn®pw bmX-bn¬ h∂ _p≤n-ap- p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw

]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw ]kn-U‚ v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhm-sbbpw \ΩpsS kXy-hn-izm-k-

sØbpw Imt\m-\p-I-sfbpw kXy-ssI-sh-∏n-s\bpw Ipdn®v


FXbpw ck-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ ]kw-Kn-°bpw Ata-cn-°-bnepw

sImfw-_nepw Nph∏p Ip∏mbw Xp∂p-∂-Xn\v Xø¬°m¿ C√m-

™n-´-√ Ah¿ h∂-sX∂pw Iev]n®v ]kwKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°p-Ibpw ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°pw Xncp-ta-\n-Iƒ°pw Nob¿

]d™v ssIsIm´n kt¥m-jn-°-bpw- Xn-cp-ta-\n-Iƒ°v ]qam-e-

Iƒ sImSp-°bpw sNbvX-tijw tbmKw ]ncn-™p. AXn\v

tijw ]´m-f-°m-cpsS _m≥Uv tIƒ°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t]mbn. ]ns‰

Znhkw bmX-°m¿ AhnsS \n∂pw bmX Xncn®p. 8 aWn°v

Nms°-°-S-hn¬ FØn. 2 h≈-ß-fn-embn ]pd-s∏´p. ...... aWn°v

Imb-¶p-fØv ]≈n-bn¬ FØn. Cu ]≈n hfsc ]g-°-ap-≈Xpw

sIm√w ....1 ¬ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX∂p hnNm-cn®v hcp-∂Xpw

BIp-∂p. AhnsS \n∂v AØmgw Ign™v bmX ]pd-s∏´v

i\nbmgvN 8 aWn°v ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw

KosKm-dn-sbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm AhnsS Xma-kn-°bpw AØ-

\m-tkymkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw IqsS D≈-h-cpw- Ip-a-c-IØv

]≈n-bn-tebv°v ]pd-s∏ v Rmb-dmgvN ImesØ AhnsS FØn.

Ip¿_m-\bv°v Xncp-a-\kp sIm≠v bmXsb∏‰nbpw kpdn-bm\n

k`-bpsS aln-a-sb-∏-‰nbpw ]kw-Kn-®p. 2 Znhkw IqsS Koh-dp-

Kokv siΩm-i≥ AhnsS Xma-kn®v Xncn®v ho´n¬ FØp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

sImf-ºn¬ ]e cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb sIm≥

k¬am¿22 Xma-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. BbvXv djym, P¿Ω≥, Hmkv‰n-

bm, C‰-en, kvs]bn≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS BIp∂p. Ahn-SpsØ

kzPm-Xn-Iƒ kn¶m-fn-Iƒ23 -BIp∂p. _p≤ aX-°m-cpw, Cw•o-

jp-Im-cpw, al-Ω-ZvIm-cp-ambn a‰v ]e PmXn-Ifpw D≠v. sImfw_p

bmX°p th≠ Nne-hp-Iƒ A¬h-mdokv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Nne-

hn-Sm-sa∂v ]d-™mWv sIm≠pt]mb-Xv. Atßm- p≈ bmXbv°v

amXw Nne-hn-´p. Xncn®v t]mcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nnehp Xncp-ta-\n-I-

fpsS Iøn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p.


]T\ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fn¬ H∂v. At∏m-kvtXm-enI

ImeØp Xs∂ CXv ÿm]n-X-am-bn. 19 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-

ambn _‘w krjvSn-®p. ae-¶-c-bpsS euInI `cWw Iogvs]-Sp-Øm≥

ian-®p.

2. t]mfojv hwi-P-\mb Ct±lw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`mw-K-am-bn-

cp∂p. ]n∂oSv HmƒUv ImX-enIv N¿®nepw djy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`bnepw ]´-°m-c≥. 1891-˛¬ kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ tN¿∂p. 1892 sabv

29˛\p sImf-wt_mbn¬ h®p Ata-cn-°-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn.

XpS¿∂v B^n-°, bqtdm-∏v, Ata-cn° F∂o `qJ-fi-ß-fn-embn

At\Iw k`-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw At\Iw t]sc sshZn-I-cmbpw

taev]-´-°m-cmbpw hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsh¶nepw k`m-]-c-ambn Ct±-

l-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v ÿncX-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. 1929 Pqsse 8˛\p

Imew sNbvXp.

3. ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

(1833- ˛ 1909). hnZym-`ym-k, ]X-]-h¿Ø\, ]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e-I-

fnse√mw ]h¿Øn® kmaqly ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hv. ae-bmf at\m-ca ]X-

Øns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p hln-®p. 1865 ¬ saXm-t∏m-

eoØmbmbn. \ho-I-cW sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ \n∂v ae-¶c k`sb c£-s∏-

Sp-Øn. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, amt\-PnwKv

IΩ‰n F∂nhbpsS inev]n. Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn--®p. 200 ¬ ]cw kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. 1909 Pqsse 11 \p Imew

sNbvXp. ]gb skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ I_-d-S-°n.

4. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \n∂pw 1887-˛¬ kpdn-bm\n k`m hnizm-

k-Øn-te°p h∂ Hcp Pkyq´v ]ptcm-ln-X≥. 1889 Pqsse 29-˛\v

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn. tKmh-bn¬

\n∂pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ GXm\pw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]Xm-

[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tKmh-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\p th≠n t]mcm-SnbXp aqew

t]m¿´p-Kokv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifm¬ ]oUn-∏n-°-

s∏- p. ]e Ip‰-ßfpw Btcm-]n-°-s∏ v Pbn-en-e-S-°-s∏´p. 1923 sk]v‰w-

_¿ 23˛\v Imew sNbvXp. s]mXp ivaim-\-Øn¬ AS-°-s∏-´p. 1967 ¬

`uXn-Im-h-injvSw ]. _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-a≥

_mhm (A∂v _mly tIcfm `Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm) tKmhm

sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bpsS aZv_-lm-bpsS Xmsg ]tXyIw Xbm-dm-

°nb I√-d-bn¬ \nt£-]n-®p.

5. At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okmbn -cp∂ am¿ C·m-Øn -tbmkv

]tXmkv XrXn-b≥. 1875-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. 1894 ¬ Imew

sNbvXp. Xp¿°n-bnse Ip¿°p-am -Z-b-dm-bn¬ I_-d-S°n.

6. C¥ybpsS sX°pIng°≥ XocØv C¥y≥ alm kapZØn¬ ÿnXn


sNøp∂ 65.610 Intemao‰dp≈ Zzo]v cmjvSamWv ioe¶. CXns‚

Xeÿm\amWv sImfwt_m. knwlfcpw XangcpamWv ][m\ hwiob

hn`mKw. _n. kn. A©mw \q‰m≠n¬ C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw IpSntbdnb

Ct¥m Bcy∑mcpambn Zzo]nse BZnhmknIƒ IqSnIe¿∂XmWv

knwlf P\X. ZmhnU `mcXØn¬ \n∂pw ]n¬°meØv IpSn

tbdnbhcmWv Xang¿. 1802˛¬ _n´ojv tImf\nbmbn Xo¿∂p. 1948

emWv kzmX¥yw t\Sp∂Xv.

7. IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkymkv, tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-

Øns‚ ]Ya saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm. 1876 Unkw-_¿ 3 \v hS-°≥]-d-

hq¿]-≈n-bn¬sh®v ta¬∏´ÿm\w. 1907 \hw-_¿ 2 \v -Imew sNbvXp.

Bep-hm Xr°p∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n.

8. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n (1848 - 1902). 1848 Pq¨ 15 \v P\n®p. 1857 sk]v‰w-

_¿ 26 \v tImdqtbm Bbn. 1865 ¬ Iio-im-bpw tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-

∏mbpw. 1872 G]n¬ 7 \v dºm≥. 1876 Unkw-_¿ 10 \v ae-¶-c-k-`-

bnse saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmbn hmgn-®p. \ncWw, Xpºa¨, sIm√w

`Zmk-\-ß-fpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm. ae-bmf k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

e£-W-samØ BZysØ k©m-c-km-lnXy IrXn-bmb "Du¿t«w

bmXm-hn-h-cWw' 1895 ¬ cNn-®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. 1902 \hw-_¿ 3 \v

Xn¶-fmgvN shfp-∏n\v Hcp- a-Wn°v Imew sNbvXp. 1902 \hw_¿ 4 \v

sNm∆mgvN ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S°n. kmaqly ]cnjv°¿

Ømhv, B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-I≥, ZfnXv hn`m-K-ß-fpsS

hntam-N-I≥, A\p-Kr-loX ]`m-j-I≥, AP-]m-e-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-

fn¬ Xnf-°-am¿∂ hy‡nXzw. 1947 \hw-_¿ 2 \v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k` Ct±-lsØ ]cnip-≤-\mbn ]Jym-]n-®p.

9 ap≥Ip-dn∏v 4 ImWp-I.

10. tIm´bw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn (]-g-b-sk-an-\m-cn). ÿm]-I≥

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm, ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

]Y-a≥.

11. hm°ns‚b¿∞w "]q¿Æ siΩm-i\p Xmsg-bp≈' ÿm\w (Sub dea-con) F∂m-Wv. sshZnI]Z-hn-bn-te°p hcp-tºmƒ Ct∏mƒ A[n-Ihpw

Cu ÿm\-amWv BZyw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Ch¿ ipiq-j-°p-∏m-b-Øn\p

]pd-sa, Du-dmd amdn-eqsS H∂p Np‰n CSsØ tXmfn-eqsS AXns‚

Xpºp-Iƒ aptºm´pw ]ntºm-´p-ambn C´v [cn-°p-∂p.

12. ]´-°m-c-\-√mØ km[m-cW InkvXym-\n-Isf hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

13. ]n∂oSv …o_m am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv. Xp¿°n-bnse Ub¿_-°¿

kztZin. 1881 ¬ iotam≥ AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ IqsS siΩm-i-\mbn

tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. 1908 ¬ Cdm-°nse aqk-en¬ sh®v HkvXm-Øn-

tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncn-s®Øn.

1930 am¿®v 19-˛\p Imew sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-bnse At¥ymJym ]Xn-\n[n


F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. B¿Øm‰v Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pØ≥ ]≈n-bn¬

I_-d-S-°n.

* aq°-t©-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ (1829 ˛ 1898) ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Hcp Bfl-kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. \ho-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v ap≥]¥n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

14. \n›n-X-k-a-b-Iaw A\p-k-cn®v \n›n-X- dq-´n¬ t]mIp∂ hml\w.

X]m¬ Dcp-∏-Sn-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Cu t]cv e`n-

®-Xv.

15. am¿tØm-am-«olm ÿm]n® Gg-c-]-≈n-I-fn¬ H∂v.

16. sImfw_v.

17. CuÃ-dn\p tijw 40 ˛mw Znh-kw. tbip kz¿Km-tcm-lWw sNbvXXv

kvacn-°p-∂p (eq-t°mkv 24:50˛51; At∏m. ]. 1:9˛11).

18. Ko°v ]Zw. "][m\ ]nXmhv' F∂¿∞w. henb ]´-W-ß-fnse taev]-

´-°msc ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn°p-∂p.

19. Htc hnizmkw F∂mWv hm°ns‚ A∞w. ]´w-sImS ka-bØv ][m\

Im¿Ωn-I≥ k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izmkw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. ]´w

G¬°p∂bmƒ Cu hnizmkw kzoI-cn®v ssIH∏v hbv°p∂p. Cu

]Jym-]-\-amWv Aa-tem-Kn-b.

20. s]¥n-t°m-kvXn-s∏-cp-∂mƒ (A-t∏m. ]. 2:1˛42).

21. sXivsaivØm: "ipiqj' "Iaw' "`mKw' F∂¿∞w.

22. Aw_m-kn-U¿am¿.

23. knwl-f¿.


]T\w

ae-bmf k©mckmln-Xy-Øn¬

sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw

^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬

ae-bmf KZykmln-Xy-Ønse \qX\ ]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]g-

°ap≈-XmWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xyw. kml-kn-I-Xbpw At\z-jW hyK-

Xbpw ka-\z-bn-°p-tºmƒ k©mcw Hcp Ie-bm-bn-Øo-cpw. bmX-bnse

At\z-j-W-ßfpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw Bfl-\n-jvTamb kuµcyinev]-

am°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv k©mckmln-Xyw.

]mNo-\- m-c-X-Øn¬ hnZym`ymkm-\-¥cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tZim-S\w

sNø-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. CXn-lm-k-ßfpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw

bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øn\v ]m[m\yw \¬In. C¥y-bn¬ k©m-c-Im-hy-ßƒ

Fgp-Xnbh¿ am¿§-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn[ tZi-ßƒ

Np‰n k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p. k©m-c-Im-hy-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n tZi-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

Dƒs∏-SpØnbn´p-≠v.

1. k©m-c -km-ln-Xyw

-a-[y-Im-eØv Kp]vX-km-amPy-Øns‚ ]X-\-tØmsS C¥y-bnse

cmjvSob kmaq-lnIco-Xn-I-fn¬ henb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-

Ibpw P\-ß-fpsS k©mc Xmev]cyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-

bnse tIµo-IrX `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn°v hgn-am-

dn-s°m-Sp-Øp. AtXmsS Kma-ßƒ XΩnepw cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ap≈

kIe Bi-b-hn\n-ab kº-Zm-b-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-®p. F∂m¬

k©mcIa-Øn\v ]n∂oSv apt∂‰w D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-

t≠m-sS-bm-Wv. hntZi anj-\-dn-am¿ `mc-X-Øn¬ FØn ]m›m-Xy-hn-

Zym-`ymkw ]N-cn-∏n-®Xv ho≠pw tZi- ˛ -tZim-¥c kº¿°-Øn\v

]m[m\yw e`n-®p. AtXmsS ae-bmf KZykmln-Xy-Øn¬ k©mc

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Cw•ojv kmlnXy

kzm[o-\-amWv ae-bmf k©m-c-kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Bcw-`w.

`mcXw kzmX¥yw ]m]n-®-tXmsS \K-c-ß-fn-te°pw hntZi-ß-

fnte°pw IpSntb‰w Bcw-`n-®p. C¥ym-°m¿ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK-ß-fnte°v IpSn-tbdn. IpSn-tb‰ ]In-b-bn¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ hfsc


Xmev]cyw ]I-S-am°n. k©mc Xmev]cy-a√ aebmfn-I-sf hnhn[

cmPy-ß-fn¬ FØn-®-Xv. tPmen tXSn-bp≈ At\z-j-W-am-Wv temI-

Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°v IpSntb-dp-hm≥ ae-bm-fn-Isf t]cn-∏n-

®-Xv. B[p-\nI bmXm-ku-I-cy-ßfpw hntZibmX°v kuI-cy-ßƒ

G¿∏mSp sNøp∂ GP≥kn-Ifpw hn]p-e-am-b-tXmsS hntZi bmX-

Ifnepw Xo¿∞m-S-\-ß-fnepw A`q-X-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠mbn. bmXm-

k-º-Zm-b-ß-fn-ep-≠mb kuIcyw k©m-c-km-ln-XysØ A\p-K-ln-

®p. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ A\-h[n bmXm hnh-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn.

Hmtcm h¿jhpw c≠p Uk-\n-e-[nIw bmXm-hn-h-cW IrXn-Iƒ ae-

bmf kmln-Xy-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂p.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆nI cq]-amWv

ktµi Imhy-ßƒ. 14 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Ønse \nc-h[n ÿe-

ß-fpsS h¿Æ-\-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ ktµ-i-Im-hy-ßƒ D≠v. ae-bm-f-

KZyw Ahn-I-kn-X-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ cN-\-Iƒ Imhy-cq-]-Øn¬ Bbn-

cp∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \mev]-tXmfw bmXmImhy-ßƒ e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v.

ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v i‡-amb ]mcw`w

19 ˛mw \q‰m-≠m-Wv. AXp-hsc KZy ˛ ]Zy kΩn-i-amb `mjm LS-\-

bmWv \ne-hnencp-∂-Xv. hmsamgn mjbv°v KZy-cq]w ]_-e-am-Ip-∂Xv

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS Ime-L´w apXem-Wv. AXn\p apºp-≈- K-Zy-Øn\v Poh-

ssN-X\yw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p. sslµ-h- kzm-[o-\hpw Zm¿i-\n-I-Xbpw

\nd-™p-\n∂ ae-bmfKZyw km[m-cW P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AI-∂p.

Cu kmlN-cy-ØnemWv anj-\dn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hc-hv. anj-\-dn -a-e-

bmfw km[-mc-W-°m-cpsS `mjbmbn-cp-∂p. Bi-b-ßƒ efn-X-ambn

hn\n-abw sNøp-hm≥ hyh-lm-c -`m-jbpw \mS≥ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p. CXv ae-bm-f -K-Zy-Øn\v ]pØ≥ ssNX-\yhpw alØzhpw

]I¿∂p. AtXm-sS -an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-abw P\Iobam-bn.

2. anj-\dn ae-bmfw

ae-bm-f-KZyØns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ anj\dn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]m[m

\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ A\-h[n IrXnIƒ D≠v. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂l

tZmkn-s‚ (1599) Imt\m-\-Iƒ apX¬ ]cp-ae am¿ Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-cWw (1895) hsc-bp≈ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-fmWv

anj-\-dn -ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Imew. anj-\dn KZy-Øns‚ al-Ømb bpKw

AYhm kph¿Æ Ime-L´w 19 -˛mw \q‰m-≠mWv. ss__nƒ BZy-

ambn ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX Imbw-Ipfw oen-t∏mkv

dºm≥ (1807) apX¬ "Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-hcWw' Fgp-Xnb ]cp-ae


am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv (1895) hsc-bp-≈-h¿ Pohn-°p-Ibpw ]h¿Øn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp \q‰m≠v ae-bmf KZy-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v A`q-X-

]q¿∆-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn- D≠m-°n. _©-an≥ s_bven (1791-˛1871),

sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿´v (1814-˛1893), dh. tPm¿Pv amØ≥ (1819-˛1870), tIc-f-

h¿Ω hen-b -tIm-bnX-ºp-cm≥ (1845- 1914), H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥ (1847- 1899)

XpSßn ]K¬`cmb ]ecpw Cu ImeØv D≈-h-cm-Wv.

kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-Isfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂

i‡-amb mjm-K-Zy-Øn\v P∑w \evIp-hm≥ anj-\-dn-am¿°v km[n®p.

AXn-\m¬ anj-\dn-am-cpsS KZyw B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ BZy amXrI-

I-fm-sW∂v tUm.- ]n. sP. tXm-akv ]d-bp-∂p. sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xm-wIq-

dn¬ ssaeSn tIµ-am°n "e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk-‰n'-bpw (1795 ˛),

a≤y-tIc-f-Øn¬ tIm´bw tIµ-am°n "N¿®v anj≥ skmssk-‰n'-bpw

(1806 ˛ ), DØ-c -tI-c-f-Øn¬ C√n-°p∂v tIµ-am°n "_mk¬ anj\pw'

(1839 ) B[p-\nI KZy-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. \nL-≠p, hymI-

c-Ww, A®Sn, ]X-]-h¿Ø\w, hnh¿Ø-\w, \ncq-]-Ww, t\mh¬,

imkvX-km-lnXyw, ]`m-j-Ww F∂o- ta-J-e-I-fn¬ anj-\-dn-am¿ i≤n-

®-tXmsS ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb mjm-L-S\ Bhn¿ -hn®p.

3. k©m-c-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Xakv°-cWw

ae-bmf KZy-Øn¬ k©m-c- kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]`mhw ]sØm-

ºXmw \q‰m-≠m-Wv. AXn\p apºv bmXm-Imhy-ßƒ ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®n-

cp-∂p. KZy-Øns‚ hnI-k-\hpw kzm[o-\hpw k©mc kmln-Xy-sØ

hf¿Øn. bmXm-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv

kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS A`m-hhpw k©m-csØ ]e¿°pw A]m-]y-

am-°n. tZißfpw, cmPy-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwth-Z-\hpw _‘hpw

hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv hntZi cmPy-ßƒ kµ¿in-°pI

AXy-]q¿∆-amb _lp-a-Xnbpw mKy-hp-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. mjbnepw

kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ncn-X-\n-co-£-W-ß-fnepw ]mhoWyw ]pe¿Øn-b-

h¿ bmX-bpsS al-Ømb hnh-c-W-ßƒ Ub-dn-bn¬ ]I¿Øn. k©m-

c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ bmXm-hn-h-cW cN-\-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb hn`-h-ßƒ

tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ah ]n∂oSv

KZy-cN-\-I-fm-°pw. F∂m¬ shfn®w ImWmØ \nc-h[n k©mc cN-

\-Iƒ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fnepw ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS `mK-ß-fn-ep-ambn Xa-

kv°-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam -I-Ø-\m-cpsS (1736- ˛ 1799)

tdmam -bm-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ "h¿Ø-am-\-]p-kvXIw' Fgp-Xn-bXv 1785

Ime-Øm-Wv. CXv A®-Sn-bn¬ sXfn-™Xv 1936 ¬ amX-w. AXp-hsc


Isø-gpØp ]I¿∏p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-b-Xv.

h¿Ø-am\ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cN-\-mImew IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-

ń-√. KŸ-Øns‚ ]mcw-`-Øn¬ "ainlm ]nd-∂n´v 1785 H∂n\v ]mtd-

Ωm-°¬ sXmΩ≥ IØ-\m¿ FgpØv' F∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬

tUm. kmap-th¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n 1785 F∂v IW-°m-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

1778 apX¬ 1786 hsc-bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ CXnep-≠v. tUm. ]n. sP.

tXmakv 1790 ˛ 1799 Dw s]m^. hn. ctajv Nµ≥ 1785 ˛ 1798 -Dw cN-

\m-Im-e-sa∂v hmZn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ bmXm-hn-h-cWw

"h¿Ø-am-\-]p-kvX-I'-amWv. CXv B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-

bn-√. 1785 G]n¬ 20 \v Bcw-`n®v 1786 sabv H∂n\v Ah-km-\n-°p∂

enkv_¨ ˛ tKmhm I∏¬ bmXm kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Cu IrXn-bpsS

knwl- m-Khpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. h¿Ø-am\ ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-bXv 13 h¿jw

sIm≠m-Wv. 1773 apX¬ 1785 hsc-bp≈ aX ˛ kmaq-lnI Ncn-X-ß-

fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-amWv tdmam-bm-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. CXn¬ k©mc kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµcyw Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬

`mjm-]-c-ambpw Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw CXv hfsc ]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂p.

ae-bm-f-Ønse c≠masØ bmXm-hn-h-cWamb ]pen-t°m-ń¬

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv c≠m-as‚ (1833- 1909) "Hcp ]c-tZi

bmX-bpsS IY' 1864 ¬ cNn-s®-¶nepw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv 1901 emWv.

Fw. ]n. h¿°n cNn® "am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv' F∂ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬

19 A≤ym-b-ß-fn-¬ CXv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. bmXm-hn-h-cWw

Fw. ]n. h¿°n dnt∏m¿´p cq]-Øn¬ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn-em°n k©mc

kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂v t_m[-]q¿∆w Xa-kv°-cn-®p. Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ 2003 ¬ BapJ ]T-\-tØmsS ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv c≠mas‚ t]cn¬ Xs∂ ]p\x-

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. saXm≥ÿm\w Fev°p-hm-\mbn At¥ymJym

kµ¿in®v Xncn-s®-Øp-∂-XmWv CXn-hr-Øw.

ae-bm-f-Ønse e£-W-samØ BZy bmXm-hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xn-bXv

]cp-ae Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-km-Wv. 1895 P\p-hcn 28 \p ]cp-

a-e-bn¬ \n∂pw Du¿t«-an-te-°p≈ bmX-bpsS hnh-c-W-amWv lrZy-

ambn CXn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pq¨ 6 \v Xncn-s®-Ønb ]cp-ae

am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv bmXm-hn-h-cWw FgpXn A®-Sn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

®p. 1895 ¬ AXns‚ c≠v ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn. ]n∂oSv \nc-h[n

]mhiyw Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-cWw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-s®-¶nepw ]cp-ae

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cn¬ ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-X-Øn¬ B IrXn ]Xy-


£-s∏-ń√. ]e Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS t]cn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-cWw tN¿Øv Cu k©m-c-Ir-Xn-

bpw Xa-kv°-cn-®p. ]cp-ae am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv kz¥w t]cn¬ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn® Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-cWw 1996 ¬ FUn-‰-dpsS t]cn¬ Cw•o-

jnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw cwK-sØ-Øn. tIm´bw tIµ-ambn ]h¿Øn-

°p∂ tkm^nbm _pIvkv 2002 ¬ Du¿t«w bmXm- hn-h-c-W-Øns‚

1895 -˛se H∂mw ]Xn∏v Is≠-SpØv ]p\x]kn≤oIcn®v ae-bmf KZy

kmln-Xy-Øn\v ka¿∏n-®p.

ae-bmf KZy kmln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime k©m-c-Ir-Xn-Iƒ A[n-

Ihpw kmlnXy Ncn-X-Øn¬ bYm¿∞ coXn-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-ń-√.

t_m[-]q¿∆w kmlnXy Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]e IrXn-I-sfbpw H‰-

s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpsS

ka-K-amb \n¿Æ-bw- \-S-∂n-ń-√. h¿Ø-am\ ]pkvXIw (1785), ]c-

tZi bmX-bpsS IY (1864), Du¿t«w bmXm-hn-h-cWw (1895) F∂nh

Ncn-X-Øns‚ GSp-I-fn¬ ad™p InS-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch k©mc

kmlnXy IrXn-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hfsc Imew

Ign-™m-Wv. hnhn[ ]T\ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]pXnb

IrXn-Iƒ shfn®w ImWp-I-bmWv.

4. sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw

ae-bmf k©mc kmln-Xy-Øn\v e`n-°p∂ Hc-aqey IrXn-bmWv

Ct∏mƒ "hmI-Øm\w _mhm' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Imcp-Nnd Koh¿-

Kokv siΩmis‚ (Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm) "sImfw-

_v bmXm-hnhcWw'. CXv Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ 1892 ¬ Fgp-Xn-sb-

¶nepw 2004 -hsc kmln-Xy-tem-IØv ad™p InS-∂p. Koh¿Kokv ]Y-

a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS Nca -Pq-_n-en-tbmSv A\p-_-‘n®v Ub-

dn-Ifpw Fgp-Øp-Ifpw At\zjn®v \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-Øn¬ 2004 -

˛¬ Is≠-Sp-Ø-XmWv sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww.

ae-bmf KZy-Øn¬ sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse k©mc kmln-Xy-Øn-te°v ]pØ≥

A≤ymbw Iqń-t®¿°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp k©mc IrXn°p th≠ k¿∆-

Kp-W-ßfpw CXn¬ lrZyhpw BI¿j-I-hp-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂p. ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS At\z-j-W-

Øn¬ sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-cWw ]pXnb ta®n¬∏pd-ßƒ shfn-s∏-

SpØp-∂p.


4:1 cN-\-bpsS ]›m-Øew

Ata-cn-°-bnse hnk-s°m≥kn sIhm\n \KcØnse P\-ßƒ

ItØm-en°m aX-hn-izmkw Dt]-£n®v ae-¶ck`-tbmSv tNcp-hm≥

BK-ln-®-t∏mƒ Ahsc \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v t]mfnjv hwi-P-\mb ^m.

sd\n- hn-em-Ønsb saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn A`n-tjIw sNøp-∂-Xn\v

tIm -bØp \n∂pw sImfw_n-te°v \S-Ønb bmX-bpsS kw£n-]vX-

amWv "sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww.' ÿm\m-`n-tjIw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn 1891 ¬ ae¶c k`bn¬ tN¿∂ m. sd\n hnemØn sImfwt_m-

bn¬ FØn Xma-kn-®p.

1892 sabv 15- ˛\v (CShw 8) Rmb-dmgvN cmXn 12 aWn°v tIm´bw

skan\mcn-bn¬ \n∂pamWv bmX Bcw`n°p∂Xv. bmXm-kw-LØn¬

aq∂p saXmt∏meoØmamcpw Hcp sshZn-I\pw \mep siΩm»-∑mcpw

\mev Aflm-b-°mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ ]mcw-`-

Øn¬ bmXn-I-cpsS t]cv Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn´p≠v. IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿

AØm\mkntbmkv (1833 1907), A¬hmdokv am¿ bqentbmkv (1836-

˛ 1923) ]cp-ae Koh¿Kokv am¿ KntKmdntbmkv (1848 ˛ 1902), Imcn-

®m¬ sIm®ptImin IØ\m¿, Ipa-c-IØv IfØn¬]d-ºn¬ butk∏v

siΩm-»≥, hmI-Øm-\Øv Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-»≥, Xpº-

a¨ bmt°m_v siΩm-»≥, ioa-°m-c≥ «o_m siΩm-»≥, tKmhm-

°m-c≥ ssIØm≥, hmey-°m-cmb C´o-cm, tXmΩm, ioa°p t]mIp∂

a¬°n F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p bmXm-kw-L-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-

cn¬ KŸ-I¿Øm-hmb hmI-Øm-\Øv Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-

»\v 22 hb v amXw. A\n-Xckm[m-c-W-amb _p≤n-ssh- -hhpw \nco-

£W]mS-hhpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb At±lw 26-˛mw hb- n¬ (1896)

sshZnI\pw XpS¿∂v dºm\pam-bn. 43-˛mw hb- n¬ (1913) saXm-t∏m-

eo-Ømbpw 55- mw hb- n¬ (1925) ae-¶ck`bpsS ImtXm-en-°mbmbpw

Ah-tcm[n®p. 1928 Unkw-_¿ 17 \v Imew sNbvXp. hmI-Øm\w h≈n-

°m´v Zbdm Nm∏-ens‚ hS°p `mKØv I_-d-S-°n.

Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-»≥ Dƒs∏´ sImfw_v bmXm kwL-

Øn¬ 12 t]¿ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw kwLØn¬ \n∂pw a¬°n ioabn-

te°v Xncn®pt]mb-Xn\m¬ 11 t]¿ amX-amWv Xncn®ph∂-Xv.

4:2 bmX-bpsS Ie-≠¿

sImfw_v bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ap∏Xp Znh-ksØ A\p-`-h-ßƒ

hnhn[ kµ¿`ßfnembn AhXcn∏n-°p-∂p. bmX-bpsS Ie-≠¿ Bcw-

`n°p∂Xv 1892 sabv 15 \mWv. tIm´bØp \n∂pw cmXn 12 aWn°v


Pe-am¿§w Bcw-`n-°p∂ bmX Be∏pg hgn Xncph\¥-]pcØv

FØp∂p. AhnsS \n∂pw Ic-am¿§w Xncphn-Xmw-tImSv hgn Xncp-\¬th-

en-bn¬. ]n∂oSv Xoh-≠nbnemWv XqØp-°p-Sn-bn-te°v bmX-bm-b-Xv.

Xncp-\¬th-en-bn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw 36 ssa¬ Zqc-ap-s≠∂v bmXm-

hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw ]d-bp-∂p. XpS¿∂v sImfwt_m-bn-te°v

I∏¬bmX. h≈-Ønepw h≠n-bnepw Xoh-≠n-bnepw I∏-enepw k©-

cn-®v sabv 24 \v sNm∆mgvN (C-Shw 12-) D®°v 12 aWn°v bmXm-kwLw

sImfwt_mbn¬ FØn.

sabv 26 \v hymgmgvN (C-Shw 14) kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-s∏-cp-∂mfn¬

]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv, ^m. sd\n hnem-Ønsb dºm-\m-°n.

sabv 29 \v (C-Shw 17) aq∂v saXm-∑m¿ tN¿∂v sd\n- hn-em-Øn -am¿

Xotam-Øn-tbmkv (1854 ˛ 1929) F∂ t]cn¬ Ata-cn-°-bpsS saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn hmgn-®p. Pq¨ 5 ˛\v Rmb-dmgvN (CShw 24) s]¥n-

t°mkvXns∏cp-∂m-fn\v aq∂p- ]m-hiyw sh≈w Xfn-°p-Ibpw Bcm[-

\bn¬ ]kwKn°pIbpw sNbvXp. Pq¨ Bdn\v (CShw 26) sImfw-

t_mbn¬ \n∂p aSßnb kwLw Pq¨ 9 \v hymgmgvN Xncphn-

XmwtIm´pw XpS¿∂v Xncph\¥]pcØpw FØn.

Pq¨ 12 i\nbmgvN (an-Yp\w 3) F´p aWn°v ]cpaebn¬ FØn

hnian®p. ]cpae am¿ KotKmdntbmkv AhnsS Xmakn®p. a‰p≈h¿

IpacIw ]≈nbnte°v ]pds∏´p. RmbdmgvN cmhnse Ip¿∫m\ at≤y

kpdnbm\n k`bpsS alnasb∏‰n ]kwKn®p. ImcpNnd KohdpKokv

siΩmi≥ c≠p Znhkw IpacIØv Xmakn® tijw ho´n¬ Xncn-

s®Ønt®¿∂p. bmXmhnhcWØn¬ BZntbmS¥w bmXbpsS Ie-

≠¿ hfsc IrXyambn tcJs∏SpØnbXv it≤bamWv. 1892 sabv 15

apX¬ Pq¨ 13 hscbp≈ hnhcWßfmWv CXn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-

®ncn°p∂Xv.

4:3 sImfw_v: kntem¨: ioe¶

Cu k©mc IrXnbpsS t]cv "sImfw_v bmXmhnhcWw' F∂mWv.

CXnse kw`hßƒ k`mNcnX KŸßfn¬ kntem¨ bmXbmbn

NnXoIcn®n´p≠v. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ sImfw_v, kntem¨, ioe¶

F∂nhbpsS ]mcykv]cyw Xncn®dntb≠XmWv. Ct∏mgsØ ioe¶-

bpsS ap≥ \maamWv kntem¨ (Ceylon). UtamIm‰nIv tkmjyenÃv

dn∏ªnIv Hm^v ioe¶ (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka)F∂mWv HutZymKnI \maw.


C¥ybpsS sX°pIng°≥ XocØv C¥y≥ almkapZØn¬

ÿnXn sNøp∂ 65.610 Intemao‰dp≈ Zzo]v cmjvSamWv ioe¶.

CXns‚ Xeÿm\amWv sImfwt_m. knwlfcpw XangcpamWv ][m\

hwiob hn`mKw. _n. kn. A©mw \q‰m≠n¬ C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw IpSn-

tbdnb Ct¥m Bcy∑mcpambn Zzo]nse BZnhmknIƒ IqSnIe¿-

∂XmWv knwlf P\X. ZmhnU `mcXØn¬ \n∂pw ]n¬°meØv

IpSntbdnbhcmWv Xang¿. 1802˛¬ _nójv tImf\nbmbn Xo¿∂p.

1948 emWv kzmX¥yw t\Sp∂Xv.

sNdnb aebnSp°pIfpw AKm[amb \Zo Xmgvhmcßfpap≈

Z£nW a≤y`mKamWv ioe¶bpsS lrZb mKw. Np‰pap≈ Xmgvhmcw

Ip∂pIfpw ê`qbnjvTamb kaXeßfpamWv. ChnsS tdmam°m¿,

Cw•ojpIm¿, aplΩZpIm¿ XpSßnbhcpsS ]≈nIfpw sIńSßfpw

D≈Xmbn (t]Pv 15) Cu IrXnbn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. cmPy

Øns‚ ÿnXn AhXcn∏n®mWv sImfw_v bmXmhnhcWw Ahkm\n

∏n°p∂Xv.

"]e cmPm°∑mcpsSbpw ]Xn\n[nIƒ Xmakn°p∂p≠v. djym,

P¿Ω≥, HmkvSnb, C‰en, kvs]bn≥ apXembhcptSXmIp∂p. Ahn

SpsØ kzPmXnIƒ kn¶mfnIƒ BIp∂p. _p≤aX°mcpw, Cw•ojp

Imcpw, aplΩZvImcpambn a‰v ]e PmXnIfpw D≠v' (t]Pv 18).

ioe¶bn¬ _p≤aXw, lnµpaXw, C…mw aXw, InkvXpaXw

F∂nhbmWv Ct∏mƒ ][m\ aXhn`mKßƒ. lrkz Znhkßfn¬

cmjvSØns‚ ÿnXnKXnIƒ Dƒs°m≈phm\pw kwthZn∏n°phm\pw

KŸI¿Ømhv ]tXyIw sshZKv[yw t\Sn.

4:4 h¿Æ\IfpsS ]Imiw

bmXmhnhcWw BI¿jIamIp∂Xv Bflmwiw \nd™

h¿Æ\Ifpw A\p`hßfpw Dƒs°m≈n®mWv. ImgvNIfpsS A]q¿∆

\nco£Wßfpw hniIe\ßfpw kmwkvImcnI Zriyßfpw Bhn-

jv°cn°ptºmƒ h¿Æ\Iƒ°v Poh≥ e`n°pw. Ah A\phmNI

lrZbßfn¬ ]ImiØns‚ tXP v ]Icpw.

sImfwt_mbn¬ ]IrXn`wKn BkzZn°phm≥ t]mbt∏mƒ I≠

Hcp ]mesØ \nco£n®ncn°p∂p: ""Hcp ]mew ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn

t]mbn. B ]mew sh≈-Øn¬ At\I h≈-ßƒ \nc-Øn-bn´p AXn-

t∑¬ XpS¬ hen®v sIń ]eI \nc-Ønbpw FX sh≈w s]mßn-

bmepw Xc-t°-Sn-√m-ØXpw BIp∂p (t]Pv 14).


ImgvN_w•mhv I≠Xns\°pdn®p≈ hnhcWw: ""Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

csØt∏mse ImgvN-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw Poh-\p≈Xmbn-cp-∂n-√. knwlw,

Ic-Sn, B\ apX-emb At\I arK-ß-fp-sSbpw At\I Xc-Øn-ep≈

]£n-I-fp-sSbpw tXmep-Iƒ DW°n km£m¬ F∂v tXm∂n-°-Ø°

hn[-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. At\Iw Bfp cq-]-ßfpw Im´m-f-∑m-cpsS

thj-ßfpw km£m¬ D≈-sX∂v tXm∂n-°-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ kq£n-

®n-cp-∂p. henb Xnanw-K-e-ß-fpsS Aÿn-Ifpw tXmep-Ifpw DW°n

h®n-´p-≠v. ImgvN _w¶-fm-hns‚ an‰Øv Hcp Xd-bn¬ Im´m-fs‚ Hcp

henb cq]w Icn-¶√v sIm≠p Xo¿Øv ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p'' (t]Pv 14).

sImfwt_mbpsS XocØv FØptºmƒ I≠ ImgvNbn¬ "Xpd-

apJØv hfsc Xo°∏epIfpw ]mbv°∏epIfpw IS¬ h©nIfpw

hfsc P\ßfpw D≠mbncp∂p'. F√m hgnIfnepw "Ipg¬ sh≈w',

Ds≠∂p Is≠Øp∂p. XqØp°pSnbn¬ \n∂pw sImfw_nte°p≈

I∏¬ Iqen 1892 ¬ H∂mw ¢m n\v 25 Dw c≠mw ¢m n\v 10 Dw

aq∂mw ¢m n\v 8 cq]bpamWv.

bmXbn¬ kw`hn® ]oU\ßfpw AgnaXn IYIfpw ^enXw

s]mXn™ hmIyßfn¬ ]ebnSØmbn tIm¿ØnW°nbn´p≠v.

"I∏¬ In´m™Xn\m¬ Hcp Znhkw XqØp°pSnbn¬ Xmakn®p.

At∏mƒ bmXm kwLsØ hf™ tdmam°m¿°v A¬hmdokv am¿

bqentbmkv tdmam°m¿°v hntcm[ambn A®Sn®p h®n´p≈ ]pkvXI-

ßƒ kΩm\n®p.' CXp hmbn® Ah¿ X¿°hpw hntcm[hpw D≠mb-

Xmbn ]dbp∂p.

I∏¬ InS°p∂nSw hsc h≈Øn¬ t]mIphm≥ km[n-®Xv ssI-

°qen sImSpØXp sIm≠p amXamWv. hnhcWw Bcw`n°p∂p: ""IS-

hn¬ \n∂pw hfsc Zqc-Øn¬ 2 I∏¬ ASp-Øn-cp-∂p. I∏¬ bmX-

°p≈ Iqenbpw a‰pw Xo¿Øv IS¬ h©n-bn¬ Ibdn \oßn Hcp I∏-

ens‚ ASp-°¬ k‘y-tbmSv IqsS FØn. At∏mƒ \nßƒ Iqen

Xo¿Ø I∏¬ at‰-Xm-sW∂pw Ahn-tSbv°v t]mI-W-sa∂pw I∏n-

Øm≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ h©n-°m¿ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂pw a‰pw

XSkw ]d-™-p. ... ]ns∂ I∏n-Øms‚ imk\ sIm≠pw A¬hm-

dokp saXm-®≥ ssI°qen sImSp-ØXp sIm≠pw h≈-°m¿ as‰

I∏-ens‚ ASp-°¬ sIm≠pt]mbn Cd-°n. IS-ense Hmf-Øns‚

ITn\w sIm≠v bmX-°m¿°v Xe-Xn-cn-®nepw O¿±nbpw D≠m-bn'' (t]Pv

10).

IShn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv Xncph\¥]pcØp h®v


bmXbpsS A\p`hßƒ ckIcambn ]kwKn®p. sImfwt_mbn¬

\SØnb saXm≥ ÿm\m`ntjIw kvacn®v: ""Atacn°bnepw sImfw-

_nepw Nph∏p Ip∏mbw Xp∂p∂Xn\v Xø¬ C√m™n´√ Ah¿ h∂-

sX∂v Iev]n®v ]kwKw Ahkm\n∏n®p.'' Atacn°bn¬ \n∂v

FØnb m. sd\n hnemØnsbbpw Iq´scbpw BWv Ghcpw Hm¿Øv

Nncn®Xv. hfsc lrZyamb h¿Æ\IfmWv sImfw_v bmXmhnhc-

WØn¬ ]Imiw ]cØp∂Xv.

4:5 KZy inev] amXrIIƒ

sImfw_v bmXmhnhcWØn¬ ]Xnên°p∂Xv BI¿jIamb

aebmf KZyamWv. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠nse DØcm¿≤Ønse

KZyamXrIIƒ A[nIw kwkvIrX]Z _lpeambncp∂p. aebmf

KZyØns‚ ]uVnbpw tXP pw Bhnjv°cn°phm\mbn kwkvIrXm-

[n]Xy iaßtfmSv ]®aebmf ]ÿm\w G‰papńbXn\m¬ aebmf

`mj Cu ImeL´Øn¬ i‡amb ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\v hnt[bambn.

anj\dnamcpsS KZy]cnt]mjWhpw ]X`mjbpsS hf¿®bpw

X\Xmb aebmf KZyØn\v Bcw`w Ipdn®p. sImfw_v bmXm-

hnhcWØnepw (1892), Du¿t«w bmXmhnhcWØnepw (1895) hyh-

lmc mjbpsSbpw ]X mjbpsSbpw ka\znX ssienbnep≈ KZy-

amXrIIfmWv D≈Xv. AXn-\m¬ aebmf KZyØns‚ hnImk ]cn-

WmaßfpsS kaKamb At\zjWØn¬ sImfw_v bmXmhnhcW-

Øns‚ KZyØn\pw ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂p.

kwkvIrX]ZßfpsS [mcmfnØtam hntZi ]ZßfpsS i‡amb

kwIaWtam CXn¬ ]Xnên°p∂n√. ip≤amb aebmf KZycN\-

bmWnXn¬ \nd™p\n¬°p∂Xv. samgnam‰w \SØp∂ hy‡nsb

"kp`mjn' F∂pw dºm≥ ÿm\sØ "dºXzw' F∂pw hnfn°p∂p.

"]£n°q´ßƒ', "]md°q´ßƒ', "h¿Øam\ßƒ' F∂nßs\ ]Zm-

¥yØn¬ _lphN\w IqSpXembn ImWp∂p. ]£n°q´w, ]md°q´w,

h¿Øam\w Ft∂ B[p\nI KZyØn¬ ImWp∂p≈p. "Xncpta\nIƒ'

F∂ khntij ]tbmKw CXnep≠v. hyhlmc mjbn¬ \ne\n∂

Cw•ojv ]ZmhenIfpw AhnShnsS Is≠Ømw. CsX√mw A°m-

esØ aebmf KZyØns‚ \yq\XIf√. khntijXIfmWv. kpµ-

c-amb ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßfpw CXn¬ shfns∏-Sp∂p: sI´p-h-≈w, IS¬h-

©n, Im´p-ar-K-ßƒ, ]©-h¿W-°n-fn, Ipg¬sh-≈w, ta¬Ø-´v, Xo°-

∏¬, P\-°q- w, Icn-a-cp-∂p-]-tbm-Kw Cßs\ lrZy-amb ae-bmf ]Zm-

h-en-I-fpsS \o≠-\nc D≠v.


5. k`m]camb Ahÿ

]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yZiIßƒ ae¶ck`bn¬

At¥mIy≥ _‘Øns‚ B[n]Xyiaßƒ i‡amIp∂ Ime-

amWv. 1876 se apf¥pcpØn kp∂ltZmkv ]mXnb¿°okns‚ A[oi-

Xzhpw At¥mJym _‘hpw "]q¿∆Imew apX¬ F∂v' Ncn-X-hn-cp-

≤-ambn ]Jym]n®p. k`bn¬ Bhn¿`hn® `n∂XIfpw ta¬∏´°m-

cpsS ÿm\sØ∏‰nbp≈ X¿°ßfpw ]mXnb¿°okns‚ ÿm\w

ae¶c k`bn¬ Dd∏n®p.

]mtZinIhpw Xm¬°menIhpamb e£yßƒ k`m t\XrXzsØ

\bn®Xn\m¬ kaKamb hnIk\hpw k`m kzmX¥yhpw ]cnc£n-

°phm≥ Ign™n√. A°meØv k`sb \bn® saXmt∏meoØ∑m¿

At¥mJytbmSp Iqdpw hnt[bXzhpw ]pe¿Øn. ae¶c k`bpsS

A∂sØ kmlNcyØn¬ as‰mcp Z¿i\w cq]s∏SpØphmt\m kwc-

£n°phmt\m km[n®n√. sImfw_n¬ \S∂ ^m. sd\n hnemØn-

bpsS saXm≥ ÿm\m`ntjIhpw At¥mJym ]mXnb¿°okns‚

apºnep≈ hnt[bXz ]Jym]\ßfpw 19˛mw \q‰m≠nep≠mb ae¶c

˛ At¥mJy≥ _‘Ønt‚XmWv.

1892 sabv 29 \v sImfwt_m k∑cW amXm (Our Lady of GoodDeath) ]≈nbn¬ m. sd\n hnemØnsb am¿ XotamØntbmkv F∂

t]cn¬ hmgn®p. 30 \v FgpXn ka¿∏n® km£y]XØn¬ k`mhnizm-

kØn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥ncn™m¬ saXmt∏meoØm ]Zhnbn¬ \n∂pw

hnS¿Øns°m≈m≥ am¿ XotamØntbmkv kΩXn®ncp∂p.

At¥mJym ]mXnb¿°okns‚ B[n]Xy]camb \ne]mSpIfmWv

Cu saXm≥ ÿm\m`ntjIØn\v t]cIambXv. F∂m¬ Imem¥c-

Øn¬ am¿ XotamØntbmkv k` hn´p. 1929 Pqsse 8 \v lrZbmLmXw

aqew Atacn°bn¬ thgvkbnep≈ ItØmen°m BiaØn¬

acn®p. Aflmb°mcs\t∏mse AS°n.

sImfw_v bmXmhnhcWØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ k`m]camb

\ne]mSpItfmSv tbmPn°phm≥ IgnbpIbn√. A∂sØ kmaqlnI

k`m]camb kmlNcyßƒ CXn\v t]cIambn. sImfw_v bmXm-

hnhcWw ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂Xv AXnse k`mNcnX D≈S°w

sIm≠√. AXn¬ ]Xn^en°p∂ `mjm]chpw kmwkvImcnI

]chpamb aqeyßfsX. aebmf `mjbv°pw kwkvImcØn\pw

CXnse hcnIƒ ]pXnb A¿∞Xeßƒ krjvSn°phm≥ ]cym-

]vXamWv.


6. BZyIme bmXmhnhcWßƒ

aebmfØn¬ k©mc kmlnXyØns‚ BZyIme IrXnIfpsS

ÿm\ \n¿Æbw t`Zs∏SpIbmWv. s]m^. hn. ctajv Nµs‚

"k©mc kmlnXyw aebmfØn¬' (1989) F∂ IrXnbn¬ BZyIme

bmXmhnhcWßfpsS t]cpIƒ A®Sn® h¿jw IW°m°n 297˛mw

t]Pn¬ A\p_‘ambn tN¿Øn´p≠v. A®Sn®v ]kn≤oIcn®XmWv

ASnÿm\ XXzambn kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. AXn\m¬ 1785 ¬ FgpXnb

]mtdΩm°¬ tXmΩm°Ø\mcpsS h¿Øam\ ]pkvXIØns‚

ÿm\w 18˛maXmWv. 1454 ¬ tPml∂ Kp´≥_¿§v hgn P¿Ω\nbn¬

am‰mhp∂ A£cßƒ D]tbmKn®p≈ (Movable Types) A®SnbpsS

ImeL´w Bcw`n®tXbp≈p. ]nt∂bpw \q‰m≠pIƒ Ign™mWv

A®Sn hym]IambXv. Hcp IrXnbpsS Ime\n¿Æbw \SØp∂Xv

A®Sn®Xv B[mcam°nb√t√m. AØcØnep≈ Ime\n¿Æb kº-

Zmbw AimkvXobamWv. AXv kzoImcyamb coXnimkvXtab√.

aebmf k©mc kmlnXyØn¬ 2005 hsc Is≠Ønbn´p≈ 19˛mw

\q‰m≠nse bmXmhnhcWßƒ Xmsg∏dbpw hn[w Imem\pIa-

am°mw. 1. ]msdΩm°¬ tXmΩm°Ø\mcpsS "h¿Øam\ ]pkvXIw'

(1785), 2. ]pent°m´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠mas‚ Hcp

"]ctZibmXbpsS IY' (1864), 3. I´bm´v tKmhnµtat\ms‚ "Imin-

bmXm dnt∏m¿´' (1872), 4. Imcp-Nnd KohdpKokv siΩm-is‚ (Kohdp-

Kokv ]Ya≥ ImtXmen°m _mhm) "sImfwt_m bmXmhnhcWw'

(1892), 5. ]cpae KohdpKokv am¿ KotKmdntbmkns‚ "Du¿t«w bmXm

hnhcWw' (1895), 6. Pn. ]n. ]n≈bpsS "e≠\pw ]mcokpw' (1897).

Ch aebmfØnse e`yamb BZyIme bmXmhnhcWßfmWv.

6. D]kwlmcw

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy bmXmhnhcWw ]mtdΩm°¬ tXmam

IØ\mcpsS h¿Øam\ ]pkvXIamWv. ]cpae KohdpKokv am¿

KotKmdntbmkns‚ Du¿t«w bmXmhnhcWamWv e£WsamØ

BZy bmXmhnhcWw. aebmfØn¬ bmXmhnhcWw FgpXnb

G‰hpw ]mbw Ipd™ hy‡n Imcp-Nnd KohdpKokv siΩm-i\mWv

(KohdpKokv ]Ya≥ ImtXmen°m _mhm). At±lw bmXm-hn-h-cWw

Fgp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ hb v 22 amXw! ]mbØn¬ Ihn™ ]IzXbpw

ss\k¿§nIXbpw \nco£W]mShpw KZy]cnNbhpamWv sImfw_v

bmXmhnhcWØn¬ Xnfßn \n¬°p∂Xv. aebmf KZyØns‚

]Imiw ]cØp∂ amXrIbmWnXv.


Pohn-X-tcJ

]. Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ _mhm:

hy‡nbpw alXzhpw

Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]mZw ae-¶-cbv°v kΩm-\n-®Xv

I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-cpw, ]fin-XtijvTcpamb Hcp ]‰w k\ym-kn-am-tcbpw

]´-°m-sc-bp-am-Wv. 1877 ¬ taev]´ÿm\-ta‰ ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-

bS°ap≈ Bdv saXm-∑m¿, ae-¶c aev]m∑m-cmb h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿

Kokv IØ-\mcpw (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-

eo-Øm) tIm\m´v amØ≥ IØ-\mcpw, sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv

dºm≥ (am¿ Iqdn-temkv), I√m-t®-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (am¿ Koh¿

Kokv ZzoXo-b≥ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m), Ip‰n-°m-´n¬ ]ueqkv

dºm≥ (]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv), aq°-t©-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv

dºm≥ F∂n-ßs\ B ]´nI \ofp-∂p. B IÆn-bnse ]ap-J-\m-bn-

cp∂p ]n∂oSv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn¬

tamdm≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°-mbmbn

hmgn-°-s∏´ hmI-Øm\w Koh¿Kokv dºm≥. Koh¿Kokv dºm≥, Htc

kabw DØ-a-k-\ym-kn-bpw ]cn-]m-I-X-bp≈ cWI¿Øm-hpw, ]fin-

X\pw AXn-ep-]cn kmaq-lnI ]h¿Ø-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1. XmXznI ]›m-Ø-ew

]m›mXy ]_p-≤X ae-¶ck`sb Cf°n adn® Ime-L-´-am-Wv

]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]q¿∆m¿≤w. ]m›mXy

\thm-∞m\w Xoh ]m›mXyhncp-≤sc kzm[o-\n-®n√ F∂p ]d-bp-

∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√. ]m›mXy hnZym- ym-khpw AXp kΩm-\n® kmln

Xy]_p≤Xbpw \kmWn kaq-l-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-®p. Ncn-Xhpw

thZ-im-kvX-hp-a-S-°-ap≈ IYm- C-XckmlnXy taJ-e-I-fn¬ \km-

Wn-Iƒ \S-Ønb AkwJyw kmlnXy kw`m-h-\-Iƒ CXn\p sXfn-

hm-Wv.

CØcw Kuc-h-Xc kmlnXykrjvSn°v A∂sØ k`m-kw-L¿j-

Øns‚ XmXznI ASn-Ø-dbpw Hcp apJy ]¶p hln-®n-cp-∂p. ]m›mXy

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsS \km-Wn-I-fpsS thZ-im-kvXhpw Ncn-

Xhpw s]m´-Ã‚ v ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hymJym-\n®p sIm≠p≈ IrXn-


I-fpsS Hcp hk-¥-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w. am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©ma≥ "ap≈ns\ ap≈p sIms≠-Sp-°pI' F∂

XXzw kzoI-cn®v A®-Sn ]kn-≤o-I-cW cwK-tØbv°p IS∂pIbdn

-B-\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw KŸ-ßfpw A®-Sn®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v s]m -Ã‚ v

A\p-`m-hn-IfpsS ta¬ss° XI¿Øp. A®Sn am[y-a-Øns‚ A\¥

km≤y-X-I-tfm-Sp≈ k`-bpsS Cu A\p-`mh kao-]-\-amWv CS-h-gn-

°¬ ]oen-t∏mkv tIm¿F∏n-kvt°m-∏-mbpsS ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`-

bpsS kzcq]w, ae-¶c aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS

atXm-]-tZikmc-ßƒ, C. Fw. ^nen-∏ns‚ atXm-]-tZ-i-]m-e\w,

Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Du¿t«w

bmXm- hn-h-cWw XpS-ßnb IrXn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bm-°n-

bXv.

CuZri KŸ cN-\-Iƒ°p kam-¥-c-ambn NcnXw FgpXn kq£n-

°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp ]h-W-Xbpw C°m-eØv \km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬

]Np-c-]-Nmcw t\Sn.- am¿ sia-hq≥ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ \mfm-K-aw,

CS-h-gn-°¬ Ub-dn, amenX Gen-bmkv IØ-\m-cpsS Ub-dn, tIm\m´p

Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kns‚ hrØm-¥-]p-kvXIw apX-em-bh CXn-

\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ]m-›mXy ]_p-≤X \¬Inb Ncn-X-c-N-\m-h-

t_m[w F∂-Xn-ep-]cn ]m-›mXy ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒs°Xn-cmb Hcp Ncn-

X-am\w krjvSn-°pI Fs∂mcp ip≤-e-£yhpw Cu cN-\-Iƒ°p

]n∂n-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

apI-fn¬ ]d-™- Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v hrØm-¥-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ F∂ \ne-

bn¬ Hcp s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah-bpsS ho£-W-tI-mWp-Iƒ

hyXy-kvXam-Wv. am¿ sia-hq≥ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ \mfm-Kaw A\p-

_‘tcJ-Iƒ Iqńt®¿Øp cNn® Hcp k`m-N-cn-X-am-Wv. ameoX Gen-

bmkv IØ-\m-cpsS Ubdn tIhew Hcp lkz-hnhcWw amXamWv.

CS-h-gn-°¬ Ub-dn-bn-em-Is´ hni-Z-ambn kz¥-Im-cyhpw k`m-Im-cyhpw

IqSn-°p-g™p InS-°p-∂p. tIm\m´p am¿ bqen-tbm-kns‚ hrØm-¥-

]p-kvXIØn¬ tIm\m´p aev]m-∑m¿°p ]tXyI Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ hnj-

b-amb ]m-›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mcºcyhpambn _‘-ap≈ Imcy-ßƒ-

°mWv ap≥Xq-°w.

Cu IrXn-I-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ H∂m-Wv hmI-Øm-\Øp

_mh-mbpsS "k`m-N-cn-X- \mƒhgn.' KŸ-I¿Ømhv t]scm∂pw \¬In-

bn-ń-s√-¶nepw AXns‚ D≈-S-°-Øns‚ kz`mh ]cn-K-W\bn-emWv

Cu teJ-I≥ "k`m-N-cn-X -\mƒhgn' F∂ t]cv \¬In-b-Xv. lkz-

amb Hcp _mey-Ime hnh-cWw HgnsI _m°n `mKw apgp-h≥ Ubdn


cq]-Øn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-km-\sØ c≠p h¿jsØ

hnh-cWw Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-bn-´n-√.

Cu hrØm-¥-]p-kvXIsØ kam-\-amb a‰p≈ IrXn-I-fp-ambn th¿

Xn-cn®p \n¿Øp-∂Xv AXns‚ IrXy-amb hnj-b-_-‘-am-Wv. Aßp-an-

ßp-ap≈ Nne ]cm-a¿i-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bm¬ ae-¶c k`mwKw F∂

\ne-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-W-ßƒ amX-

amWv Cu IrXn-bn-ep-≈-Xv. Ah-bm-Is´ hrYm ÿqe-X-bn-√m-Ø-hbpw

F∂m¬ Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ kq£vamw-i-ßƒ hn´p t]mImØh

bpamWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp ih-kw-kv°mc ipiq-j-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-

°p∂ hnh-c-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ IØ-\m-c-∑m¿, siΩm-»-∑m¿ apX-

em-b-h-cpsS hnhcw tN¿°m≥ hn´p-t]m-In-√. Ip¿_m-\-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-

tºmƒ Im¿Ωn-I≥, ]kw-K-I-≥, ]kw-K-hn-jbw F∂n-h-b-S°w tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw. F¥n-\-[nIw Xs‚ acWwhsc Hs∂m-gn-sI-bp≈

h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]cp-a-e-s∏-cp-∂m-fnse apJy Im¿Ωn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ]. ]nXm-

hns‚ Cu IrXn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cp-a-e-s∏-cp-∂m-fns‚ F√m h¿j-

sØbpw \S-h-c-hv, Ip¿_m-\-∏Ww apX-em-b-h-bpsS hnhcw e`yamWv.

hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS k`m-N-cn-X -\mƒhgn-bpsS as‰mcp

]tXy-IX, AXn¬ ImWp∂ ]Xn-]£ _lp-am-\-am-Wv. ae-¶c k`m-

N-cn-X-Ønse G‰hpw Iem-]- I-ep-jn-X-amb Ime-Øns‚ ZrIvkm£n

amX-a√, AXn¬ kPoh ]¶m-fnØw hln® Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Zn\-

hrØm¥ Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ AXp kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ At\z-jn-

°p-∂-h¿°v \ncm-i-bmhpw ^ew. k`m-X¿°-ß-sf-∏‰n Aßp-anßpw

Nne ]cm-a¿i-\-ßƒ ImWm-\p-s≠-¶nepw ]Xn-]-£-Øp≈ hy‡n-

I-sf-∏‰ntbm Ah-cpsS ]hrØn-I-sf-∏-‰ntbm bmsXmcp ]cm-a¿i-\hpw

Cu IrXn-bn¬ \n∂pw e`y-a√. KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ D∂-X-amb am\-

kn-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-a√msX CXn\p as‰mcp ImcWw ImWp-

∂n-√. am¿ sia-hq≥ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ \mfm-K-a-Øn¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv

amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s\-∏‰n "_e-bm¿' F∂pw tXmakv

AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s\-∏‰n "sIm®p _e-bm¿' F∂pw XpS-scbp≈

kwt_m-[-\-I-fp-ambn XmcXayw sNøptºmgmWv Cu \ni-_vZXbpsS

amlmflyw a\-knem-hp-I. ]n¬°m-eØv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿

Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhmsb "hr≤≥ ]p∂qkv' F∂p kwt_m-[\

sNbvX adp-]-£-Øns‚ kwkv°m-chpw ChnsS IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Xs‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ k`mPohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kw`-h-

ßƒ amXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Imc-W-sa-¥m-Wv. CXv ]kn-≤o-I-c-

tWm-t±-i-ytØmsS Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp IrXn A√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw Imcy-


Im-c-W-ßsf _‘n-∏n-°m≥ ian-®n- n-√mØ-Xn-\mepw Hcp k`m-N-cnXw

FgpXn F∂ hmZ-Øn\v ]k-‡n-bn-√. adn®v Hcp bYm¿∞ Zb-dm-

°m-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ X\n°v k`-bv°p-]cn Hcp Pohn-X-hp-an√

F∂p≈ InkvXob ho£Ww hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm kzPo-hn-X-Øn¬

]mh¿Øn-I-am°n F∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-XmIpw kbp-‡n-Iw.

2. kmaq-lnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ae-¶-cbpsS alm-]p-tcm-lnX∑m-cn¬ kmaqln-tIm∂a\ ]ÿm-

\-ß-fn¬ CX-b-[nIw ap∂n- n-dßn ]h¿Øn® a‰m-scbpw ImWm-\n√.

]≈n-°p-Sw, tdmUp-Iƒ, t]mtÃm-^o-kv, ]c-kv]cklm-b kwLw

F∂n-ßs\ kaq-l-Øns‚ ka-K- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb hnhn[

ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v ]. ]nXmhp \¬Inb

t\XrXzw AXyp-÷zeam-Wv. apI-fn¬ ]d™ k`-bv°p-]cn Pohn-X-

an-s√∂ ]uckvXy ssIkvXh k\ym-k- Z¿i\w kzmwio-I-cn® Hcp

hy‡n C]-Imcw s]mXp-cw-KØv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXpw AssI

kvX-h-cpsS kl-I-cWtØmsS ˛ Hcp sshcp-≤y-at√ F∂p Nn¥n-

t®°mw.

Chn-sS-bmWv C¥y≥ k\ym-k-Øns‚ ]k-‡n. ]ucm-WnIambn

_p≤-a-Xhpw lnµp-a-Xhpw hm¿sØ-SpØ k\ymk kwkvIrXn hn`m-

h\w sNbvXXv temI-Øn\p apºn¬ hmXn¬ sIm´n-b-S® H‰-s∏-´ -

Xpcp-Øp-I-sf-b-√. adn®v k¿∆kw-K-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-fmbn temI-tk-h-\-

Øn-\n-d-ßnb \njvIm-a-I¿ΩnI-sf-bm-Wv. AØcw tkh\w _u≤nI-

am-Imw, BXp-c-tk-h-\-am-Imw, kmaq-ln-tIm-∂-a-\-am-Imw. Cu ImgvN-

∏m-Sn¬ thWw hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS kmaq-lnI ]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥.

]. ]nXmhv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ime-L´w ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_hpw \ne-hn-en-cp∂ tIc-fob

kaqlw AXn-Zp-X-ambn am‰-ßƒ t\cn´psIm≠n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-

amWv ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-Im-ew. PmXn-_-‘n-X-amb kmaq-ly-LS\

XI¿∂p Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ inYn-e-am-bn. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb t\Xr-Xz-

L-S\ ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-sX-bm-bn. CXm-bn-cp∂p Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fnse tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-L-S-\.

CtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ sXmgn¬]-c-amb A]-N-bhpw kw`-hn®p. ]c-

º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Ifpw Ah-bpsS hn]-W-\-co-Xn-Ifpw inYn-e-am-bn.

Im¿jn-I-ta-Je t]mepw hmWn-Py-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´p F∂p ]dbmw.

ImcWw ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb hn]-W\ kwhn-[m\w ]pØ≥ coXn-Iƒ°p


hgn amdn. Ah-bn¬ Ic-am¿§-ap≈ KXm-KX kuI-cy-Øn\p Db¿∂

ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn.

amdnb kmaq-lnIL-S-\bpw IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßfpw Db¿∂p hcp∂

P\-kw-Jybpw ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ˛ ]tXy-In®pw Im¿jn-I-

hrØn ˛ sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw D]-Po-h\w Ign-°pI F∂Xv Akm-

[y-am-°n. ]pXnb sXmgn¬ta-J-e-I-fm-I-s´ ]m›mXy amXr-I-bn-ep≈

hnZym-`ymkw e`n®h¿°p amXw ]m]n-°m-hp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-º-

cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ t]mepw \ne-\n¬∏n\v hnZym-`ymkw IqSntb

Ignbq F∂ ÿnXn-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS kmaq-

lnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]k-‡n. XnI®pw Im¿jnI kaq-l-amb

hmI-Øm-\-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v ˛ Hcp ]t£ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Xs∂

˛ B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ IqSntb Ignbq F∂ hkvXpX ]. ]nXmhv

a\-kn-em-°n. A]-Im-c-ap≈ hnIk-\-Øn\p ê-]-Z-amb t\XrXzw

\¬Im≥ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb A[n-Im-c-L-S\ C√m-sX-bmb hkvXp-Xbpw

]: ]nXmhv a\-kn-em-°n-bn-cn-°mw.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]ptcm-ln-X≥ F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ kmaq-

ln-Imw-Ko-Im-chpw Xs‚ Kwò-c-amb hy‡n-Xzhpw _‘-ßfpw ssIapX-

em-°n ]. ]nXmhv hmI-Øm-\-Øns‚ ka-K-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw

\¬Ip-hm≥ Hcp bYm¿∞ Ejn-]pw-K-h-\mbn hmI-Øm-\-Øp-Imsc

Hcp-an®p Iqń hnI-k-\-Øn\p ASn-ÿm-\-an´p ap∂n- n-d-ßp-∂-Xv. Acm-

P-IXzw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ A¶-amen Zm-k-\-Ønse cW]cn-Nbw C°m-

cy-Øn¬ ]. ]nXm-hns\ Xo¿®-bmbpw klm-bn-®n-cn-°mw.

]. ]nXm-hns‚ kmaq-ln-I ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hmI-Øm-\Øp amXw

HXpßn \n∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns\ Hcp ]mtZ-in-I-hm-Zn-bmbn NnXo-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ knwl-`m-Khpw

At±lw Nne-h-gn-®Xv hmI-Øm-\-Øm-Wv. as‰mcp ÿeØv At±lw

Zo¿L-Imew Nne-h-gn-®ncp∂p F¶n¬ Hcp ]t£ B ]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw

apJ-Omb amdpambn-cp∂p.

3. thZ-⁄m\w

]c-º-cm-K-X-amb aev]m≥ hnZym-`ymkw ]. ]nXm-hn\p ]I¿∂p

\¬In-bXv Akm-am-\y-amb thZ-]p-kvXI ⁄m\-am-Wv. h¿j-ß-fnse

\nc-¥-c-amb X]ky Cu ⁄m\sØ IqSp-X¬ AKm-[-am-°n. kµ¿ -

a-\p-k-cn®v thZ-]p-kvXI hmIy-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m\pw Ahsb \nXy-


Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw ]. ]nXm-hn\v AbXv\efn-X-ambn

km[n-®n-cp-∂p.

1907 sebpw 1908 sebpw k`m]©mw-K-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ aXn

]. ]nXm-hn\v kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn thZ-hm-Iy-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈

Ignhp hy‡-am-Im≥. Hmtcm t]Pn-sebpw hnj-b-Øn\v A\p-cq-]-amb

thZ-hm-Iy-ß-fmWv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AtX-t]m-se-Xs∂ Xs‚ k`m-

Po-hnX \mƒh-gn-bn¬ Hmtcm Znh-khpw ]kw-K-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-

SpØ hmIy-ß-fpsS Hcp Zo¿L-amb ]´n-Ibpw ImWp-∂p-≠v. CXn¬

it≤-b-amb Hcp hkvXpX Htc s]cp-∂m-fn\v c≠p-h¿jw c≠p hmIy-

ßsf Ah-ew-_n®p ]kw-Kn®p F∂XmWv. Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-Xbpw

hnj-b-Zm-cn-Zyhpw ]. ]nXm-hn\v C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv CXn¬ \n∂pw

hy‡-am-Wv.

]. ]nXmhv hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw ]cn- m-j-s∏-SpØn A®-Sn-°m≥ \¬In-

b-Xm-bn tcJ-bp-s≠-¶nepw A®-Sn-®-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. B ssIsbgpØp

]Xnbpw C∂p e`y-a-√. F∂m¬ ]. ]nXm-hns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ]cn-`m-

j-bpsS kz`mhw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ ]©mw-K-Øn-ep≈ hmIy-ßƒ [mcm-f-

amWv. ]gb\nb-ahpw, k¶o¿Ø-\hpw, kZr-iy-hm-Iy-ß-fpw, kphn-ti-

j-ßfpw teJ-\-ß-fp-sa√mw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]mXn-\nXy kz`m-

h-ap≈ hmIy-ß-fm-W-h.

Cu hmIy-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv Ch-

sb√mw kz¥w X¿P-a-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv. A∂p ]Npc ]Nm-c-Øn-en-

cp∂ _©an≥ s_bv-en-bpsS ]cn- m-j-sb-°mƒ Chbv°p km[¿ayw

kpdn-bm\n ]vioØm ss__n-fn-t\m-Sm-Wv. CXn¬ \n∂pw ]. ]nXmhv

kpdn-bm\n k`m]mc-º-cy-Øn\v A\p-kp-X-amb ]vioØm ss__n-fmWv

Ah-ew-_-am-°nbn-cp-∂Xv F∂v a\- n-em°mw. ]m›mXy B`n-ap-Jy-

ap≈ Ko°v ASn-ÿm\ thZ-]p-kvXIsØ∏‰n A∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ tI´p-

tIƒhn t]mepw C√m-bn-cp-∂p.

4. k`m-]-©mw-Kßƒ

]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm ae-¶ck`bv°p \¬Inb G‰hpw it≤-

b-amb kw`m-h-\-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ k`m]©mw-K-ßƒ. 1907 emWv

BZysØ k`m]©mwKw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1989 ¬ ]. _t -en-

tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS KŸ-ti-J-cØn¬

\n∂pw B ]©mwKw Is≠-Sp-ØXv Cu teJ-I-\m-Wv. 1989 s^_p-

hcn 24 e°w ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sldmƒUnepw AtX h¿jw

Unkw-_¿ e°w ae-¶ck`m amkn-I-bnepw Cu teJ-I≥ B ]©mw-


K-sØ-∏-‰n-sbgp-Xnb teJ-\-ß-fmWv ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mhm-bpsS

kmlnXy ]cn-i-a-ß-fn-tebv°v shfn®w hoinb BZy teJ-\w.

CXns\ XpS¿∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ kmlnXy kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Is≠-

Sp-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®-Xv.

ae-¶ck`-bn¬ k`m]©mwKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv hmI-Øm-\Øp

_mhm-b-√. 1972 ¬ CS-h-gn-°¬ ôen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿ Hcp k`m

]©mwKw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. CXns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®m-hWw Koh¿-

Kokv dºm≥ Xs‚ ]©mwKw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

""a‰p≈ k`-Iƒ°pw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw D≈-Xp-t]mse \ΩpsS

k`bv°pw ]Xn-h¿jw Hcp ]©mwKw thW-sa∂p \Ωn¬ am\y-∑m-

cmb F√m-h¿°pw BK-l-ap-≈-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]co-£m¿∞w

H∂p Ct∏mƒ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Hcp ]©mw-K-Øn\p th≠ F√m

hnh-cWßsfbpw tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ kabw aXn-bm-ImsX h∂p t]mbn.

]≈n-I-fpsS t]¿ apX-embn CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e kwK-Xn-

Ifnepw h√ ]niIpw h∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°mw. ]©mw-K-Øn¬ htc≠ h√

kwK-Xn-Ifpw hn´p-t]m-bn-cn-°mw. CXn-te°p hmb-\-°m¿ Hgn-I-gnhp

sNbvIbpw ASpØ B≠sØ ]©mw-K-Øn¬ Xncp-Øm≥ th≠n

Imse-Iqń Adnhp Xcn-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-°p-∂p. ]≈n-Isf

kw_-‘n-®-S-tØmfw Ah BcpsS \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-bv°-s∏-ń-cn-

bv°p∂p F∂pw hnIm-cn-am-cp-sSbpw CS-hI-]- -°m-cp-sSbpw t]cp-Ifpw

CXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØ-W-sa-∂m-Klw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ka-b-°p-dhp

sIm≠p- Cubm-≠n¬ km[n-°m-™-Xn-s\-∏‰n Xev°mew hyk-\n-bv°-

b-√msX \nhr-Øn-bn√. F¶nepw ASpØ B≠n¬ CXpt]mse bp≈

Ipd-hp-Isf \nI-Øn-s°m-≈m-sa∂v ic-W-s∏-Sp-∂p'' F∂mWv Koh¿-

Kokv dºm≥ Xs‚ ]©mwKsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Bap-J-

Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

k`bpsS "Cb¿_p°v' F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ Cu

]pkvXI ]©mw-K-Øns‚ F√m t]Pp-I-fnepw ssZ\wZn\ ]T\Øn\v

Hmtcm thZ-hmIyw tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Hmtcm kµ¿`Ønepw D]-

tbmKn-t°≠ thZ-hm-Iy-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p∂p. ]≈n IΩ‰n

saº-d-∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-bp∂ t]Pn¬ "Cu kwK-Xn-sb-∏‰n hnNm-cn-∏m≥

At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑mcpw aq∏-∑mcpw h∂p IqSn' (A. ]. 15:6) F∂v

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. _nójv NI-h¿Øn, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sIm®n cmPm-

°-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn´p≠v.

A∂sØ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS t]cpw D≠v. ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ NnXhpw ]pkvX-


I-Øn¬ ImWmw. At±-l-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßfpw At±-l-Øns‚

Iogn¬ cn®psIm≠n-cp∂ tIm -bw, A¶-amen CS-h-I-I-fpsS ]ueqkv

am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkv F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

]©mw-K-Øns‚ H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ CXp-hsc ae-¶c cn-®n- p≈ saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ø∑m-cpsS t]cp-I-fp-≠v. am¿tXm-Ωm -«o-lm-bn¬ XpS-ßp∂

Cu enÃn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w A¿°Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ (1653 hsc), s\kvtXm¿

saXm-∑m¿ (1599 hsc), eØo≥ saXm-∑m¿ (1599- 1653 hsc), ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿ (1653 apX¬) F∂n-hsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

F∂m¬ InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkpw (sXm-gn-bq¿) ]me-°p-∂Øv

amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkpw Dƒs∏´ Cu enÃn¬ Hscm‰ "ioa

taev]-´-°m-c\pw' ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ ae-¶c

FØnb kndn-b≥ saXm-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw ]. ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥

]mXn-b¿°okv ]´w sImSp-Ø-h-cn¬ Imew sNbvX \mev CS-hI

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw ASpØ ]pdØv ]tXyIw

]tXyIw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

_l-Ømb Hcp hnhc tiJ-c-W-amWv ]. ]nXmhv Cu ]©mw-K-

Øn\p th≠n \S-Øn-b-Xv. hnh-ctiJcWØn\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-

\p-ap≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw ae-¶ck`bv°v tIµo-

Ir-X-amb Hcp Hcp `cWkncm-tIµw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]. ]nXmhv tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS ssh]peyw Bsc

bpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw. F¶n¬t∏mepw Xm≥ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ

kºq¿Æ-a√ F∂v ]. ]nXmhv Bap-J-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. Ipd-

hp-Iƒ ASpØ ]Xn-∏n¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m-sa∂pw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Cu ]©mw-K-Øns‚ ]pd-Inse At±-l-Øns‚ A≤zm\w a\- n-em-

°m≥ AXns‚ D≈-S°w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

A°m-esØ ae-¶ck`bn¬ Ggp dºm-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: henb

]ueqkv dºm≥ (]u-temkv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv), Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥

(h-´-ti-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv), sIm®p ]ueqkv dºm≥ (]u-eqkv

am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv), hmI-Øm\w Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ (_-tk-en-

tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ]Y-a≥), ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (_-tk-en-tbmkv Koh-

dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥), hS-Ic Koh¿Kokv dºm≥, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥

(Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv ˛ ]mºmSn Xncp-ta\n). Ah-

cpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ \mep sshZn-I-sk-an-\m-cn-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p (tIm-´-bØv ]gb skan-\m-cn, Bep-hm, ]mºm-°p-S, ]cp-a-

e). Ch-bn¬ A≤ym-]\w \S-Øp∂ Bdv aev]m-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.


A°m-eØv ae-¶ck`bv°v tIhew Bdv s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßtf

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. Ah: (1) shń-°¬ Zb-dm. (2) Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

s_ veqtkm. (3) aqhm-‰p-]pg kXw. (4) sIm´m-c-°c kXw. (5) Ip∂w-

Ipfw skln-tbm≥ _w•mhv. (6) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]≈nbpw sIń-S-

ßfpw.

]©mw-K-Øns‚ 13 apX¬ 16 hsc-bp≈ t]Pp-I-fn¬ ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS `c-WØn≥Iogn-ep≈ 314 ]≈n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ _nójv C¥y-bn¬ 3, sIm®n-bn¬ 25,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ 286 ]≈n-Iƒ hoX-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu ]≈n-Iƒ BcpsS

\ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw Ah-bpsS hnIm-cn-am-cpsS t]cpw

tN¿°-W-sa-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah e`y-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ tN¿Øn- n-s√∂pw

ASpØ ]Xn-∏n¬ tN¿°m-sa∂pw Cu enÃns‚ Ah-km\w Hcp

Ipdn∏p ImWp-∂p-≠v.

IqSmsX ae-¶-c-k` hI-bmbn A°m-eØv 3 Cw•ojv sslkvIq-

fp-Iƒ, 9 Cw•ojv anUn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ, 200 ae-bmfw ss]adn kvIqfp-

Iƒ, 2 s]¨]-≈n-°p-S-ßƒ F∂o hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. c≠p ] p-Ifpw ae-¶c CS-hI ]Xn-I, Poh-\n-t£-]w, kpdn-

bm\n kphn-ti-j-I≥, koa-X-lmb (kp-dn-bm-\n) F∂o amkn-I-I-fp-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A°m-esØ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩ-

‰n-bn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amsc IqSmsX 8 sshZn-Icpw 11 Assh-Zn-

Icpw AwK-ß-fm-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CS-h-gn-°¬ ]oen-t∏mkv Bbn-cp-∂p

Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ skI- dn. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kphn-tijI kwLw

Fs∂mcp ]ÿm\w A°m-eØv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 85

kt≠kvIqfp-Ifpw 6 ]pXp InkvXym\n CS-h-I-Ifpw A°m-eØv \ne-

hn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p. Ch IqSmsX 1905 apX¬ 1931 hsc-bp≈ t\mºp-I-

W°v, 72 Adn-bn-∏p-Im-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ, At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-

am-cpsS enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Cu ]©mw-K-Øn-ep-≠v.

kpdn-bm-\n, ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv Xob-Xn-Iƒ, BgvN Cu Ia-Øn¬

AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]©mw-K-am-Wv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km\ mKw.

Hmtcm amkhpw Hmtcm t]Pmbn tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Cu ]©mw-K-Øn¬

ae-¶ck -bpsS hntij Znh-k-ßƒ ]tXy-I-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

1906 - se Cu ]©mw-K-Øn¬ tXmΩqkv (Pqsse) amkw aq∂mw XobXn

am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS Hm¿Ω amdm-\mb s]cp-\m-fmbn BWv tN¿-

Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.


Cu ]©mw-K-Øn¬ "tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mh k`m tae-≤y-£X \S-Øn-h-cp∂p' F∂ ]cm-a¿i\w kao-]-

Im-eØv Nne¿ Zp¿hym-Jym\w \SØn, Cu ]Z-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw

]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mh ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ tae-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-

cn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ka¿∞n-°m≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v. 1876 apX¬ ae-¶ck`

A]-Imcw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p F¶nepw 1912 se ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\-

tØmsS A[n-Imcw A]-k-‡-ambn F∂ kXyw Ch¿ ad®p hbv°p-

I-bm-Wv. -A-∂sØ ImeÿnXn-°-\p-k-cn® tae-≤y-£-\m-bmWv ].

]nXmhv ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv AXn\p sXm´p-ap-

ºp≈ t]Pn¬ euInI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmbn C¥ym NI-h¿Øn

FtUz¿Uv Ggm-a≥, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- -sIm®n alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ F∂n-

h-cpsS t]cp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-Wv. Imem-ÿnXn IW-°n-se-Sp-

°msX ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvX am\-

Zfiw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ ]. ]nXmhv "kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ Ipg-eq-

Øp-Im-c\pw' cmP- -c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-hp-am-W-∂p- h-cpw. Cu ]cm-a¿i-

\-ßƒ F√mw A∂sØ Ime-ÿn-Xn-°-\p-krXw F∂p amX-ta-bp-

≈p.

adn®v ]. ]nXmhv At¥ym-Jy-cpsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-csØ AwKo-I-cn-

®n-cp-∂n√ F∂-Xn\v Cu ]©mw-K-Øn¬ Xs∂ sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. ae-

¶c k`sb `cn®p Imew sNbvX tae-≤y-£-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ H‰

At¥ym-Jy≥ saXm-s\bpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. s\kvtXm-dn-b-cpw,

eØo≥Imcpw F¥n\v ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkp

t]mepw Dƒs∏´ enÃm-W-t∂m¿°-Ww. Xs∂-bp-a√ ae-¶c saXm≥

ÿm\-Øns‚ i‡nbpw amlm-flyhpw C√m-Xm-°m-\mbn ]tXmkv

]mXn-b¿°okv krjvSn® Ggp kzX¥ CS-h-I-I-sfbpw ]. ]nXmhv

AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. Ah-bpsS taev]-´-°m-sc-∏‰n ae-¶c D] CS-h-I-

Isf cn® taev]- -°m¿ F∂mWv ]cm-a¿i-\w. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬

k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI ]kn-≤o-I-cW tIµ-amb am¿ tXmakv A®p-

Iq-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu KŸw A∂sØ k`-bpsS

s]mXp Nn¥m-K-Xn-b-√ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂p hniz-kn-°m≥ ]bm-

k-am-Wv.

Cu ]©mw-K-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 1908 epw Koh¿Kokv dºm≥

k`m]©mwKw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´p sse_-dn-bn¬

\n∂pw CXp Is≠-Sp-ØXv tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sm-Wv. Cu ]©mw-K-

sØ-∏‰n AXns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv

ImWpI:


""Ign™ ]mhiyw ]©mwKw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXn¬

tN¿°m≥ km[n-°m-Xn-cp∂ ]e kwK-Xn-Iƒ Cubm-≠sØ ]©mwK-

Øn¬ tN¿ØpsIm-≈m-sa∂p hmKvZØw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse apgph-

\mbn km[n-∏m≥ Ign-bm-™-Xn¬ hyk-\n-°p-∂p. ]pXp-Xmbn ]e

kwK-Xn-Iƒ tN¿Øn- p-≠p. tIm´bw Dƒs∏´ hS-t°m- p≈ F√m CSh-

I-I-fnepw Dƒs∏´ ]≈n-I-fpsS ]Z-jvSm-\m-a-ßfpw Hmscm ]≈n-tbm-

Sp- tN¿∂ ]´-°m-cp-sSbpw siΩm-i-∑m-cp-sSbpw t]cp-Ifpw tN¿Øn-

´p-≠p. sX°≥ CS-h-I-I-fnse ]≈n-I-fpsS ]ZjvSm\m-a-ßfpw Hmscm

CS-h-I-tbmSp tN¿∂ sshZo-I-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw In´m≥ Nne

G¿∏mSp-Iƒ sNbvXp F¶nepw apgp-h-\mbn km[n-®n-√∂p amX-a√m

In´nb enÃp-I-fn¬ Nne ]ni-Ip-Iƒ Ds≠∂p kwibw tXm∂p-Ibm¬

Ahsb icn-bm°n F∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. Hcp hI ]©mw-Khpw ]kn≤-

s∏-Sp-ØpI ]Xn-hn√m-ØXp sIm≠p Cßs\ Hmscm \yq\-X-Iƒ h∂p-

t]m-Ip-∂Xp £¥-hy-ambn hmb-\-°m¿ hnNm-cn-°p-sa-∂p hniz-kn-

°p∂p. ASpØ B≠n¬ Cu \yq\-X-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn-°m-sa∂p

Biwkn®p hmb-\-°m-tcmSp £am-bm-N\ sNbvXp-sIm≈p-∂p.''

Cu Bap-J-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ CXns‚ KŸ kzcq-]-sØ-∏‰n

Hcp GI-tZi ⁄m\w e`n-°pw. F¶nepw 1907 sebpw 1908 sebpw

]©mw-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-

Wv.

"kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-th', "Ir] \nd™ adn-bta', F∂o ]m¿∞-

\-I-fpsS ]Zy-cq-]-Øn\p ]Icw ]m¿∞\-sb-∏‰n "InkvXob ⁄m\

Io¿Ø-\-Øn¬' \n∂pw tN¿Øn-´p≈ Io¿Ø-\-amWv H∂mw t]Pn¬.

1907 \hw-_¿ 2 \v IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Imew sNbvXXn-

\m¬ CS-hI saXm-\mbn. apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv amX-

am-Wp-≈Xv. ae-¶c am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkp kphn-tij kwLw, aphm-

‰p-]pg bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n kphn-tij kwLw, F∂n-h-sbbpw

ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kphn-tij kwL-tØm-sSm∏w enÃn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-

≠v. IqSmsX hnhn[ ÿe-ßfn¬ cq]wsIm≠ bph-P\ kwL-ß-

fpsS kqN-\bpw 1908 se ]©mw-K-Øn-ep-≠v.

1907 se ]©mw-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ t\mºp-I-W°v, Adn-bn-∏p-Im-

cpsS t]cp-Iƒ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cpsS enÃv F∂nh

1908˛¬ Hgn-hm-°n. ]Icw Bap-J-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]≈n-I-fp-

sSbpw ] -°m-cp-sSbpw enÃv hni-Z-ambn tN¿Øp. IqSmsX am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbmkp kvamcI kphn-tij kwL-Ønse D]-tZ-in-am-cpsS t]cp-


hn-h-chpw tN¿Øp. Nne kqN-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]. ]nXmhv

1909 epw k`m]©mwKw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xmbn h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-

∏pg Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXv Is≠-Sp-°p-hm-\m-bn-´n-√.

Cu ]©mw-K-ßƒ hni-Ie\w sNøp-tºmƒ hy‡-am-Ip∂

hkvXpX hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-hm\pw Ahsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈

]. ]nXmhns‚ iaamWv. Hcp iX-h-’cw IqSn Ign-™n´pw ]. ]nXmhv

]cn-an-X-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ tiJ-cn®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu k`m

Ub-d-IvS-dn-Iƒ°v B \ne-hm-c-ap≈ Hcp ]n≥Km-ansb krjvSn-°m≥

ae-¶ck`bv°p km[n-®n-´n√ F∂p hcp-tºm-gmWv Cu IrXn-I-fpsS

auen-IX hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv.

5. ImtXm-en-t°‰n\v hy‡nXzw

1912 ˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-s®-¶nepw amk-

ßƒ°p-≈n¬ H∂mw ImtXm-en°m Imew sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ tamdm≥

am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ]ueqkv ]Y-a≥ "«olm-bv°-SpØ Ingt°

knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m' F∂ ÿm\\maw D]-tbm-Kn-®-

sXt\y, ImtXm-en-°mbv°v ]tXyI ÿm\Nn”-ßtfm Bÿm-\tam

D≠m-bn-√. ]n∂oSv Hcp hymg-h-´-°mew ]. knwlm-k\w Hgn-™p-In-

S∂ ImeØv Bcpw AXn-s\-∏‰n Nn¥n-®p-an-√.

F∂m¬ kz¥ CjvS-]-Im-c-a-√m-sX-sb-¶nepw ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp

_mhm ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰-tXmsS ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v Hcp

hy‡n-Xzhpw ÿm\Nn”-ßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°v At±-l-Øns‚

i≤- Xn-cn-™p. kz¥w Xma-k-ÿ-e-amb hmI-Øm\w h≈n-°m´p

]≈nsb "ImtXm-en-t°‰v knwlm-k-\-∏-≈n-'bmbn \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.His Holiness Moran Mar Baselius Catholicos of the Apostolic Throne ofthe East F∂v Cw•o-jnepw "«olm-bv°-SpØ ]uc-kvXy- knw-lm-k-\-

Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m' F∂v ae-bm-f-Ønepw tase-gp-tØm-Sp- Iq-Snb

Iev]\°S-emkv D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w ImtXm-en-t°-

‰n\v kz¥-amb ÿm\-Nn-”-ßƒ D≠m-°m-\p≈ iahpw Bcw-`n-®p.

it≤-b-amb \mep kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv ]. ]nXm-hn-t‚-Xmbn Cu

cwKØv Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah apX-e-hm-b≥apSn, Awi-hSn, apZ,

A¬aØn-°m∏ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Ch aq∂pw X\-Xmb hy‡nXzw

]pe¿Øp-∂hbpw A¿∞-]q¿Æ-X-bp-≈Xpw ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Iem-]mS-

h-Øns‚ _ln¿kv^p-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv.

H∂mw am¿tØmΩm apX-ep≈ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ D]-


tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂ apX-e-hm-b≥ apSn-bpsS Hcp hni-Z-amb ]Xn-∏mWv

]. ]nXmhv cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb apSn. At¥m-Jy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Ønse aØßm

apSn-bn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-ambn eØo≥ ˛ I¬Zmb ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-ØXmWv Cu apSn. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬

]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬ Cu apSn°v

ÿm\-`wiw kw`-hn-®p. 1877 \p tijw hmgn-°-s∏´ saXm-∑m-cmcpw

CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-√. F¶nepw ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-

a≥ ][m\ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Cu sXm∏n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

A¬a-Øn-Im-∏m-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw hn`n-∂-a-√. t]¿jy≥ A¿≤-Im∏-

bmb am]-bp-tSbpw eØo≥ saXm-∑m-cpsS Awi-h-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw

Hcp ka-⁄k\amWv A¬a-Øn-°m-∏bv°v cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv. ae-

¶c saXm-∑m-cpsS HutZym-KnI thj-am-bn-cp∂ CXpw apX-e-hm-b≥apSn-

tbm-sSm∏w A]-Xy-£-am-bn.

]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-th-j-ambn Ch c≠pw

]. hmI-Øm-\-Øp-_mhm ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-®p. H∂c ASn-tbmfw Db-c-

Øn¬ kz¿Æ°p-cnipw kz¿W-°p-an-f-Ifpw kz¿W-Kn¬‰p-am-bn-bmWv

AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Cu apX-e-hm-b≥apSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. AXp-

t]mse- Xs∂ hne-tb-dnb Ikhp \ocm-f-ßƒ sIm≠mWv A¬a-

Øn-°m∏ ]p\¿kr-jvSn-®Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\v Hcp

D∂X hy‡n-Xz-amWv ]. ]nXmhv hn`m-h\w sNbvX-sX∂v hy‡-amWv.

1877 - ¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb IqSmsX hmgn® Bdp saXm-

∑mcpw, XpS¿∂p hmgn-°-s∏-´-h-cmcpw ae-¶ck`-bpsS Cu ]pcm-X\

taev]´ ÿm\-h-kvX-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-√. Ah-cpsS hmgvNbv°p

tijw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm A]q¿∆ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Cu ÿm\

Nn”-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv PmXn°pXe-h≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ X\n-°p≈

tae-[n-Imcw tZymXn-∏n-°m-\mWv.

Cu hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS

tae-[n-Imcw ]I-S-am-°m-\mWv Cu ÿm\hkvX-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

b-Xv F∂p ImWmw. At±lw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb apSnbpw A¬a-Øn-bp-

amWv C∂pw ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fn¬ ]. ]nXm-hns‚ ASpØ

kw`m-h\ Awih-Sn-bm-Wv. At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mc-º-cy-]-Im-c-ap≈ ]mºn≥-

]-Øn°p ]Icw Ce-I-tfmSp IqSnb c≠p Iºp-I-fmWv At±lw

ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-ta-‰ -tijw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Awi-h-Sn-bn-ep-≈Xv.

CXv Al-tdms‚ Xfn¿Ø hSn-bpsS kmZr-iy-am-Wv.- alm]ptcm-ln-


X∑mcpsS km[m-cW Awih-Sn°p ]Icw alm]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cn¬ apº-

\mb Al-tdms‚ hSn-tbmSp kmZr-iy-ap≈ Awi-hSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXpw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ kzX-¥hpw kzbwio¿j-I-hp-amb hy‡n

Xzw ]Xn-^-en-°m-\m-sW-∂p- hy-‡amWv. Cu Awi-h-Sn-bmWv C∂pw

]uckvXy ImtXm-en°mamcpsS HutZym-KnI Awi-h-Sn.

ASpØ it≤-b-amb kw`m-h-\- ap-Z-bmWv. Npa∂ ajn-bn¬ Iev]-

\-I-fn¬ IpØn-bn-cp∂ Cu hrØm-Imc apZ-bn¬ alm-]u-tcm-lnXy

Nn”-ß-tfmsSm∏w it≤-b-amb Hcp thZ-hm-Iy-hp-ap-≠v: "sNdnb

B´n≥Iq´ta `b-s∏-tS≠.' ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Ime-tijw ]n≥Kman ].

Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhmbpw Cu apZ Iptd-°mew D]-tbm-Kn-®n-

cp∂p.

1952 se Ip]-kn≤amb hoc-cm-L-h-ø-cpsS hn[n-°p- tijw I¬°-

-bn¬ \n∂pw At±lab® Iºn ktµ-i-Ønse Cu hmIy-amWv \ncm-

im-K¿Ø-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ \km-Wn-Isf Bth-i-`-cn-X-cm-°n-b-Xv.

AXn\pw At\-I-h¿jw apºv Cu hmIyw ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ B]vX-

hm-Iy-am-°n-b-Xv ]. hmI-Øm-\Øp _mh-mbpsS Zo¿L-Z¿i-\-ambn IW-

°m-°mw.

]. hmI-Øm-\Øp_mhm ImtXm-en-t°-‰n\p \¬Inb hy‡nXz

\n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ At±lw krjvSn® ÿm\Nn”-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ A]-KYn-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ ^e-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv:

1) ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn

XnI®pw tZio-b-amb Hcp hy‡nXzw ]uc-kvXy-Im-tXm-en-t°-‰n-\p-≠v.

2) ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ss«loI knwlm-k-\-

am-Wv.

3) ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m alm]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cn¬ Xe-h-\m-Wv.

4) His Holiness F∂pw Moran Mar F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏-

Sm\pw Nph∂ ajn-bn¬ apZ IpØp-hm-\pw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ AXyp-∂X

tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.

D]-kw-lmcw

hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ emfn-Xyhpw ÿm\-tam-l-an-√m-bvabpw Pohn-

Xm¥yw hsc ImØ ]. ]nXmhv Cu _lp-aXn Nn”-ßƒ X\n-°√

Xs‚ ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\-Øns‚ al-Xz-Øn-\mWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

b-sX∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Xs‚ Npcp-ßnb c-W-Im-e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ImtXm-


en-t°‰n\v kzX-¥hpw A¥-kp-‰-Xp-amb Hcp hy‡nXzw D≠m-°p-∂-

Xn\v CX-b-[nIw kw`m-h\ \¬Inb ]. ]nXmhv Iptd-°mew IqSn

Pohn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°‰n\v Iptd-°qSn hy‡-

amb hy‡nXzw e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv \n w-i-b-am-Wv.

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