silc-net, a project of ilru – independent living research utilization 0 silc-net presents… a...

SILC-NET, a project of ILRU – Independent Living Research Utilization 1

SILC-NET Presents…SILC-NET Presents…A National Teleconference & A National Teleconference &

WebinarWebinarDisability Statistics Part 1:

The Availability of Statistics on People with Disabilities

August 21, 20123:00 PM – 4:30 PM EDT

Presenters:Andrew Houtenville, Eric Lauer, and Tony

RuizUniversity of New Hampshire 1

SILC-NET, a project of ILRU – Independent Living Research Utilization 2

SILC-NET Presents…SILC-NET Presents…A National Teleconference & A National Teleconference &

WebinarWebinarDisability Statistics Part 1:

The Availability of Statistics on People with Disabilities

August 21, 20123:00 PM – 4:30 PM EDT

Presenters:Andrew Houtenville, Eric Lauer, and Tony

RuizUniversity of New Hampshire 2

SILC-NET, a project of ILRU – Independent Living Research Utilization

SECTION 1SECTION 1Introductions/BackgroundIntroductions/Background

ss

3


IntroductionsIntroductions

• Workshop Presenters (Andrew, Tony, Eric)

• UNH Institute on Disability

• StatsRRTC– Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on

Disability Demographics and Statistics at Hunter College

– Funded by National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)

• Webinar Participants– Executive directors, council members, and staff of

statewide independent living councils

4


Impetus for the WorkshopImpetus for the Workshop• Statistics are valuable in many ways, for example:

– They may verify and support existing evidence.– They can provide another way of characterizing

an issue.– They can help clarify complex processes.– They sometimes reveal unknown patterns and

associations.• However … finding, accessing, using, and

documenting statistics and the underlying data is often a frustrating exercise and limits their effectiveness.

5


Impetus for the Workshop, Impetus for the Workshop, cont’d.cont’d.• There needs to be a bridge between the users

of statistics and the sources of statistics.• This is particularly true for statistics on the

population with disabilities.

6


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain the nature & importance of disability statistics.

Identify strengths and weaknesses of data and locate agencies or entities that can provide the most appropriate data for particular objectives.

Describe methods for locating and analyzing demographic data.

Develop an effective process for gathering relevant data that relate to goals and priorities.

Use gathered data to assist in developing State Plans for Independent Living.

7


Learning Objectives, cont’d.Learning Objectives, cont’d.

• Understand the availability and quality of existing data sources that include information on people with disabilities.

• Understand the descriptive statistics compiled from existing data sources available, and know how to access them and utilize them in decision making.

8


Breakdown of Working Age Breakdown of Working Age PopulationPopulation

9

Working Age Population (Ages

18-64)191,138,268

Working131,727,379

(68.9%)

Not Working59,410,889

(31.1%)

Disability6,368,644

(4.8%)

No Disability125,358,735

(95.2%)

Disability12,679,990

(21.3%)

No Disability46,730,899

(78.7%)

1,995,610 (7.7%)

2,014,883 (7.7%)

6,087,943 (23.4%)

7,450,993 (28.6%)

2,881,092 (11.1%)

5,596,150 (21.5%)

1,928,750 (21.4%)

1,194,184 (13.3%)

1,855,059 (20.6%)

2,405,715 (26.7%)

563,110 (6.3%)

1,051,908 (11.7%)

Hearing

Vision

Cognitive

Ambulatory

Self-Care

Independent Living


Review of MaterialsReview of Materials

• Workshop Outline

• Copy of these PowerPoint Slides

• 2011 Annual Disability Statistics Compendium• www.disabilitycompendium.org/pdf/Compendium2011.pdf

• Facts & Figures 2011 NH Report on Disability • http://www.iod.unh.edu/pdf/FactsFigures_2011.pdf

• CIDNY (NYC ILC) Report• www.cidny.org/resources/News/Reports/Disability%20Matters.pdf

• Chicago Community Trust report• www.cct.org/sites/cct.org/files/

CCT_QuestForEqualityWhitePaper_1110.pdf

10


SECTION 2SECTION 2Overview Jargon and Overview Jargon and

TermsTerms

11


Overview of Jargon and Other Overview of Jargon and Other TermsTerms• ACS (American

Community Survey)• CPS (Current Population

Survey) • NHIS (National Health

Interview Survey)• SIPP (Survey of Income

and Program Participation)

• Disability

• Population-Based Statistics

• Program-Based Statistics

• Sampling Error• Measurement

Error• User Guides• Disability Statistics

Compendium

12


SECTION 3SECTION 3Identifying and Using Identifying and Using

Disability StatisticsDisability Statistics

13


Identifying and Using Disability Identifying and Using Disability StatisticsStatistics

• Give examples how the use of statistics may

assist or help you with your work?

• Please specify:

– The problem or question you have identified

– The information you need

– Where and how you would search for

information

– How you would use the information

14


Example: Example: Identifying and Using Disability Identifying and Using Disability StatisticsStatistics• The problem or question you see

– For specific group (e.g. State) what is percentage employed vs. not employed for different disability types.

• The information you need– Age groups, disability type, representative data or

regional data

• Where and how you would search for information– Survey instrument, Web links

• How you would use the information– Identify size of population to strengthen argument

15


Handout - Your turn: Handout - Your turn: Identifying and Using Disability Identifying and Using Disability StatisticsStatistics• What problem issue do you face/question do you

have? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

• What information do you need? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Where and how you would search for information? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

• How you would use the information? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

16


Breakdown of Working Age Population in Breakdown of Working Age Population in IndianaIndiana

17

Working Age Population (Ages 18-64 in Indiana)

3,982,366

Working2,741,795 (68.9%)

Not Working1,240,571 (31.1%)

Disability140,296 (5.1%)

No Disability2,601,499 (94.9%)

Disability294,943(23.8%)

No Disability945,628(76.2%)

49,869 (8.2%)

44,249 (7.3%)

141,531 (23.2%)

176,393 (29.0%)

68,522 (11.2%)

129,099 (21.2%)

47,432 (24.3%)

23,402 (12.0%)

40,600 (20.8%)

51,764 (26.5%)

10,795 (5.5%)

21,133 (10.8%)

Hearing

Vision

Cognitive

Ambulatory

Self-Care

Independent Living


Questions & AnswersQuestions & Answers

18


SECTION 4SECTION 4 Defining Disability Defining Disability

(Conceptual and Legal)(Conceptual and Legal)

19


Measuring DisabilityMeasuring Disability• What is a disability? To calculate the

employment rate, or any other rate, of people with disabilities, we must first define “disability”

• Each data set has a different definition of disability and captures different pieces of information about persons with disabilities in the United States, each having strengths and limitations

– Pathology-based definitions– Impairment-based definitions– Activity limitation-based definitions– Work limitation-based definition

20


Definitions of DisabilityDefinitions of Disability

• Medical Model and Social Model• Conceptual Models

– Nagi Definition (Nagi, 1965, 1991)– ICF Definition (WHO, 2001)

• Legal/Program Definitions– Americans with Disabilities Act Definition– Social Security– Definitions used for the administration of

Federal and State Disability Programs (ICDR)

21


Medical ModelMedical Model

• Disability defined in terms of medical problems that must be treated by the medical profession. Usually viewed as disease, illness, abnormality and other medical conditions.

• Assumes that disability is an intrinsic characteristic of individuals with disabilities.

• Usually results in practices that attempt to cure individuals’ abnormalities and defects, which are seen as strictly personal conditions.

22


Social ModelSocial Model

• Disability viewed as interaction between a person’s health condition and the physical and social environment

• The focus is on the contribution of the physical and social environment to disability

• Disability is a function of society. Removing barriers reduces impact of health condition on ability to participate in major life activities

23


Nagi Definition (Nagi, 1965, Nagi Definition (Nagi, 1965, 1991)1991)

• Three major terms– Pathology/Impairment - A physical or mental

malfunction or the interruption of a normal process or both / A physiological, anatomical or mental loss or abnormality that limits a person’s capacity and level of function (e.g., glaucoma, tinnitus)

– Functional Limitation - Limitation in performance at the level of the person level (e.g., difficulty seeing, difficulty hearing)

– Disability - An inability to perform or a limitation in performing socially expected roles or tasks

24


Nagi Definition (Nagi, 1965, Nagi Definition (Nagi, 1965, 1991), cont’d.1991), cont’d.

• Work is one socially expected role/task for those of working age

• Disability is a dynamic process in which individual pathology and the socioeconomic environment interact

• Important: Disability does not include the broader population with disabilities who have a pathology and functional limitations but who have successfully integrated into society

25


Disability ConceptualizationDisability ConceptualizationThe central point of Nagi conceptualizations of

disability is the role of accommodation and environment in converting pathology to

impairment to functional limitation to disability.

26

Pathology/Impairment

Functional Limitations

Disability


International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Definition Definition (WHO, 2001)(WHO, 2001)• Major Concepts

– Impairment. “Problems in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or loss.”

– Activity Limitation. “Difficulties an individual may have executing activities.”

– Participation Restriction. “Problems an individual may encounter in everyday life situations.”

• ICF defines disability as an impairment, activity limitation, and/or participation restriction.

27


ICF Definition (WHO, 2001), ICF Definition (WHO, 2001), cont’d.cont’d.• Environmental Factors. ICF recognizes that

the physical, social and attitudinal environment can affect disability and has identified important factors.

• Important. “Based upon the integration of medical and social models.” Does not limit disability to persons with health conditions who have not integrated into society.

28


ICF Conceptual ModelICF Conceptual Model

29

Health Condition

Impairment

ParticipationRestriction

ActivityLimitation

Disability


Policy/Program Definition: Policy/Program Definition: Social SecuritySocial Security• “Inability to engage in any substantial gainful

activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.”

• Condition must be so severe that a person is unable to perform a minimum level of work.

• Approximately 11 million people under the age of 65 collected social security disability benefits in December 2005 based upon this definition, or about 4 percent of population under the age of 65.

• Relatively restrictive definition of disability.30


Policy/Program Definition: ADAPolicy/Program Definition: ADA

• “A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities, a record of such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment.”

• Language in ADA, passed in 1990, states “43,000,000 people in the U. S. have a disability.” Or, about 20 percent of U.S. population.

• Relatively broad definition.

31


Other Policy Program Other Policy Program DefinitionsDefinitionsWorkers’ Compensation. “Incapacity because of injury to earn the wages which the employee was receiving at the time of injury in the same or any other employment; but such term shall mean permanent impairment, determined (to the extent covered thereby) under the guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment promulgated and modified from time to time by the American Medical Association, in the case of an individual whose claim is described in section.”

32


Other Policy Program Other Policy Program Definitions, cont’d.Definitions, cont’d.

VA definition. “Disabled veteran" means an individual who has served on active duty in the armed forces, has been separated there from under honorable conditions, and has established the present existence of a service-connected disability or is receiving compensation, disability retirement benefits, or pension because of a public statute administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs or a military department.

33


Other Policy Program Other Policy Program Definitions, cont’d. 2Definitions, cont’d. 2

• Vocational Rehabilitation (Rehab Act). “A physical or mental impairment that constitutes or results in a substantial impediment to employment; or a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.”

• For more definitions, see http://www.icdr.us/documents/definitions.htm

34



35


SECTION 5SECTION 5How Surveys Identify How Surveys Identify

DisabilityDisability

36


How Surveys Identify Disability How Surveys Identify Disability ConceptsConcepts

• Overview• How do surveys currently measure disability?

– Example– Description

• Identifying survey questions that are related to a particular definition of disability

• Sampling error and non-sampling error• Other measurement issues

37


Strengths and Limitations of Strengths and Limitations of Survey DataSurvey Data

• Survey data are the primary source of “population-based” statistics. All other sources are based on administrative records, which only provide information about the program participants.

• Samples are designed to be representative of the population.

• Sample size can be an issue.

38


Strengths and Limitations of Strengths and Limitations of Survey Data, cont’d.Survey Data, cont’d.

• Survey data are derived from self-reporting and personal interpretation of the questions.

• Sometimes proxy responses are used.• Over time survey designers often change the

wording of questions or completely redesign the survey instrument.

39


ExampleExample

Question:

How many people with disabilities are there in the United States and what is the disability definition used?

40


One possible answer: One possible answer: 54 million (often cited)54 million (often cited)• Corresponds to a prevalence rate of almost 20 percent.• Based on Census Bureau estimates using the 1994

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).– http://www.census.gov/sipp/p70s/p70-61.pdf

• A “kitchen sink” definition of disability (e.g., one or more ADLs/IADLs; use of a wheelchair, a cane, crutches, or a walker; receipt of federal disability benefits)

• Does not include people living in any institution!

• UPDATED LAST WEEK --- now 56.7 million!– http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p70-

131.pdf.

41


Other Possible Answers…..Other Possible Answers…..

• American Community Survey (ACS)– 34.3 million (or 11.0 percent of) non-

institutionalized civilians have a disability in 2010

– Source: www.census.gov– American FactFinder• Current Population Survey (CPS) in July 2011

– 28 million (or 10 percent of) non-institutionalized civilians ages 16 and older

– Source: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t06.htm

42


Point: Different methods, Different Point: Different methods, Different outcomesoutcomes

Statistics for Non-institutionalized Civilians (Ages 18-64) Reporting Disabilities

Survey

Population

Size

Prevalence

Rate

Employment

Rate

2010 ACS 19,048,000 10.0 33.4

2010 CPS 14,730,000 7.4 28.6

2010 SIPP 30,799,000 16.2 39.7

43


Definitions of Disability in National Definitions of Disability in National DatasetsDatasets

• Pathology-Based Definitions

• Impairment-Based Definitions

• Activity Limitation-Based Definitions

• Participation Restriction-Based Definitions

44


Data Collection IssuesData Collection Issues

• Methods used to collect data can affect results. See Mathiowetz (2000).

• Errors of non-observation– Sampling Error, Coverage Error, Non-response

error.

• Errors of observation– May result from the misinterpretation or failure to

comprehend questions in the survey, misreporting on the part of respondents (e.g., recall error), miscommunication of the survey item(s) on the part of the interviewer, and other methods used to administer, collect and process the survey.

45


Validity, Reliability, and Validity, Reliability, and Consistency of the Survey DataConsistency of the Survey Data

• Validity– Content or face validity: Do the data and their

context make sense to the educated (or expert) observer?

• Reliability– Calculating re-test, and inter-rater

comparisons values for sub samples

• Internal Consistency– Checking response patterns by verifying that

related items in the questionnaire are not contradictory.

46


Using Disability Statistics: Using Disability Statistics:

Which dataset and what definition?Which dataset and what definition? • What definition of disability should be used?

– An impairment-based definition is less likely influenced by changes in the environment and government policy.

– Not all persons with impairments report a work limitation.– Our results suggest work limitation questions are useful

for measuring trends in the outcomes of people with disabilities.

– The CPS has asked a work limitation question since 1981 and contains a tremendous amount of information.

• All national data sets are self-reported• Also, some of the disability and/or outcome measures

may change over time in each survey -- this needs to be understood.

47



48


ContactContact

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

www.ResearchOnDisability.org/

49


Wrap Up and EvaluationWrap Up and Evaluation

• Click the link below now to complete an evaluation of today’s program found at:

https://vovici.com/wsb.dll/s/12291g507cf

50


StatsRRTC AttributionStatsRRTC Attribution

Funding for the content of this Webinar/teleconference and the participation of Drs. Houtenville and Ruiz and Mr. Lauer was provided by the Hunter College Rehabilitation, Research and Training Center on Disability Statistics and Demographics (StatsRRTC), which is funded by the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, under cooperative agreements H133B080012.

The contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government (Edgar, 75.620 (b)).

51


SILC-NET AttributionSILC-NET Attribution

Support for development of this Webinar/teleconference was provided by the U.S. Department of Education, Rehabilitation Services Administration under grant number H132B070003. No official endorsement of the Department of Education should be inferred. Permission is granted for duplication of any portion of this PowerPoint presentation, providing that the following credit is given to the project and the StatsRRTC: Developed as part of the SILC-NET, a project of the IL-NET, an ILRU/NCIL/APRIL National Training and Technical Assistance Program and as part of the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics.

52

silc-net, a project of ilru – independent living research utilization 0 silc-net presents… a...

Documents