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Page 1: SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN - … · SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN ... stakeholders to produce the 2003 Sikkim Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. ... Singalila National

Draft: 22/10/11

SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF FOREST, ENVIRONMENT AND WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT

GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM

2011

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Table of Contents 1. Background

2. Sikkim’s Biodiversity

3. Perceived Threats

4. The Way Foreword

5. Responsibility and time frame

6. Abbreviations

7. References

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1. Background

Spread over only 7,096 km2 geographic area, supporting a little over half a

million population, the Sikkim state has an altitudinal range varying from 300m to

8586m above sea level, representing tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and

alpine regions and a small portion of cold desert. The annual rainfall ranges from

less than 5 mm to nearly 4000 mm. The state has about 80% of its geographical

area under forest cover, with an estimated over 4500 species of flowering plants.

The rich floral diversity of Sikkim has fascinated a wide range of scholars from all

over the world. Besides 39% area occupied by alpine pastures and snow, the

state supports an immensely rich reservoir of biological diversity as tremendously

useful genetic resource pool. The vegetation ranges from Sal (Shorea rubusta)

and its associates in the low elevations, and gradually transitions to oaks, low

attitude pines, firs, and finally the high altitude alpine grasslands and meadows.

Out of approximately 1200 orchid species found in India, Sikkim is repository of

over 523 species and emerged out as one of the richest hot-spots for orchid

diversity in Indian Himalaya. Further the state is estimated to have about 50% of

India’s of Pteridophytes. Sikkim jointly with Darjeeling hills has been blessed with

rich diversity of medicinal plants of over 700 medicinal plant species. The

rhododendrons are a great indicator of forest health and ecological stability

and out of nearly 72 rhododendron species in North east India, Sikkim is known

to have 36 species. Considering the ecotourism potential of rhododendrons, the

Government of Sikkim, in its “Year of Tourism 2010”, organized an International

Festival supplemented with an International Conference on Rhododendrons.

Sikkim’s fauna is diverse, including 150 species of mammals, 550 species of birds,

and 48 species of fishes, in addition to many reptiles, amphibians and insects.

Amongst endangered or rare mammal species are , Red Panda, Snow Leopard

Musk Deer, Tibetan wolf, Red fox, Indian wild dog, Hog Badger, , Tibetan Sheep,

Serow, Goral, Tibetan wild Ass, etc. For the richness of avian diversity Sikkim has

been placed within the Eastern Himalaya Endemic Bird Area. The faunal

components are further enriched by the presence of over 627 species of

butterflies and insects.

Agro-biodiversity in the form of domesticated animals and cultivated plants is

also very diverse in Sikkim. Over 80% people living in rural areas, constituting

several ethnic groups; like Nepalese, Bhutia, Lepcha, Limbu and Sherpas

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represent diverse cultures. These community people have been maintaining

great indigenous knowledge on bioresources including ethno-medicinal plants.

Food preservation and handicrafts are the areas where different ethnic

communities of Sikkim are enriched with traditional knowledge and practices,

which need to be conserved for the posterity.

In 2001 Sikkim was included in a nationwide initiative launched by the

Government of India and the NGO Kalpavriksha to formulate strategies and

develop action plans for conserving biological diversity. As part of this initiative,

an elaborate consultation took place in Sikkim in the form of meetings and

interactions with different stakeholders to produce the 2003 Sikkim Biodiversity

Strategy and Action Plan. This process highlighted the potential and availability

of biological diversity, both wild and cultivated/domesticated, found in the

different eco-regions of the state, and outlined strategies and an action plan for

their conservation.

After nearly a decade, as the scientific knowledge accumulated, stakeholders

attained greater awareness and needs of improved conservation and

management strategies on biological diversity realized, and the issues and

concerns emerged more rapidly than ever before, it was felt by the

Government of Sikkim for a thorough revision and updating of the 2003

Biodiversity Action plan. Fortunately, at the same time, under the recently

launched Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project

(SFBP), assisted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in 2010, there is

a mandate of revising and updating the previous document in view of recent

data and experience. Since a thorough grass-root consultative process was

followed in developing the 2003 SBSAP, it was decided to update the 2003

document using necessary inputs from various biodiversity specialists in the

government, R&D and academic institutions and other non-government

organizations. Also, it was decided to have inputs from different grassroot level

stakeholders.

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2. Biodiversity of Sikkim

Elevation plays a very important role in determining the vegetation types of any

mountainous landscape like the state of Sikkim. The state represents five major

altitudinal zones of vegetation, which do not have distinct boundaries in

general, but these overlap depending upon the aspect and other ecological

factors.

The Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 300m to 1200m.

It includes valleys and gorges flanked by steep slopes. Characteristic species

include Sal (Shorea robusta), Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) orchids, Pandanus

nepalensis., giant bamboo, (Baboosa gigantia), wild banana, Rhapidophora

and nettles. The Rangit Valley in this region shows a unique association of Sal

with Chir pine, which also represent rich array of ethno-medicinal plants. Tropical

forests of Sikkim are inhabited by several endangered species of birds, including

the Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros

bicornis), Chestnut-breasted Partridge, Black-breasted Parrot bill, Grey-crowned

Prinia and Ward’s Trogon. Other tropical fauna includes the introduced Peafowl,

Python, Geckos, Porcupine, Assamese Macaque and Barking deer, as well as

many butterflies and other invertebrates, fish, frogs and toads. The river systems

are used by several species of migratory water birds during transit to wintering

wetlands. Lantana (Lantana camara) is a major exotic invasive species in this

area. Forest fires are common in this zone, and there is an occasional problem

of illicit felling of Sal and Teak trees. The Kitam Bird Sanctuary, covering an area

of around 6 sq Km, is the only PA in this eco-region. A number of new

hydroelectric projects are being developed in this eco-region.

The Sub Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 1200m to

3000m. There is heavy rainfall in this zone with high humidity during most of the

year. In the lower part of the ecoregion, the characteristic tree species include

Castanopsis hystrix, Machilus spp, Rhododendron spp, Symplocos spicata,

Symplocos theifolia, Michelia excelsa, Quercus lamellosa, Quercus lineata,

Leucoseptrum canum, Quercus pachyphylla, Betula alnoides, Nyssa javanica

and Bucklandia populnea. The understory is dominated by Engelhardtia

spicata, Eurya japonica, Rhododendron arboreum, and Viburnum spp. This

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region is the potential habitat niches for the globally critically endangered herb,

Swertia chirayita having viable populations.

In the higher parts of the region, the dominant tree species include Quercus

lamellosa, Q. lineata, Machilus spp. Cinnamomum spp., Michelia excelsa,

Quercus lancaefolia, Acer campbelli, Magnolia campbelli , Q. pachyphylla,

Castanopsis hystrix, Elaeocarpus lancaefolius, Symplocos theifolia and Litsea

spp., Rhododendron arboretum, Bucklandia populnea (Pipli). Dense evergreen

forests with oak and Rhododendron are common. The undergrowth consists of

Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids.

Birds include the Rusty-bellied and Lesser Short wing, Kalij and Satyr Tragopan.

Other fauna include Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan Pit Viper,

Himalayan Bullfrog and many species of butterflies.

Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary in the East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife

Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two PAs in this eco-region. Plantations of

Cryptomeria japonica, an exotic species are common in this eco-region.

Eupatorium odoratum is a major weed that competes with Artemesia and other

secondary growth

Most of the human population of Sikkim is concentrated in this eco-region.

Commercial agriculture focuses on rice, ginger, orange, cardamom, while

Guava, banana, squash, vegetables and herbs are produced in homestead

gardens. Soybean, millet and cruciferous vegetables are locally processed into

local products such as Kinema, a specialty of the Subba community; ‘Gundruk

and alcoholic drinks such as Chang. Exotic oyster mushroom cultivation is being

promoted by the Agriculture Department, along with trial commercial

cultivation of flowers such as hybrid orchids and gladioli. Forest produce like

bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also seasonally collected. The marketed

vegetable fern, Diplazium esculentum offers a significant part in socio-economic

mileau of the poor villagers. Hybrid stall-fed livestock is common in villages,

whereas the local breed of ‘Siri’ Cow is grazed in the forests. Sericulture and

apiculture are promoted by the government through extension services, along

with pisciculture of Common and Grass Carp.

The Temperate eco-region ranges in elevation from 3,000m to 4,500m. Mixed

coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby

undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria are found up to 4000m. This

eco-region includes wildlife species such as the Red Panda, Common Langur,

Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Monal Pheasant, Fire-tailed

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Sunbird, Blue Magpie and various species of reptiles and amphibians. Brown

Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in many high altitude lake and river

systems.

Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops, along with wheat, barley and

maize. Beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. A

cattle rearing is sometimes practiced with stall fed hybrid cows, while most

cattle graze in forest areas. Wool from sheep grazing at higher altitudes is used

for making blankets, rugs and carpets. Wild Seabuckthorn (Hippophae spp.) is

collected for medicinal properties and as a dye.

Between 4,000m and 4,5000m elevation, small crooked trees and large shrubs

interspersed with fir and pine are common. The fauna of this region includes

Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Blood Pheasant, and Ibis bill. This region

has a sparse population. Bhutias , the main residents, are pastoral and

managed herds of livestock like yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and domestic cattle.

The forest provides many edible plant parts like in Arisaema sp. Tubers, ‘Khendu’

and mushrooms. Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in some high

elevation rivers. Dwarf rhododendron (R. anthopogon) leaves are used for

burning as incense.

The Temperate and Alpine eco-regions include four wildlife sanctuaries,

including Shingba (North), Kyongnosla (East), Pangolakha (East) and Barsey

(West) and one national park: the Khangchendzonga National Park (North and

West). The Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary is home to the rare and endemic

Rhododendron niveum which has been designated as the State Tree. However,

recently, two new populations of R. niveum are discovered from

Khangchendzonga national park in north Sikkim, which need priority

conservation measures. Yet another exploration of a massive and gregarious

population of one of the, hitherto, said to be endangered and rare species,

Rhododendron maddenii in the boundary of Khangchendzonga Biosphere

Reserve in north suggest that the state need further explorations. The Kyongnosla

Alpine Sanctuary provides habitat for the Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), which is

endemic to the eastern Himalayas and also occurs in Bhutan. The 104 Km2

Barsey Rhododendron sanctuary with its pure stands of Rhododendron is

contiguous with the Singalila National Park in West Bengal.

The Trans-Himalayan eco-region ranges in elevation from 4,500m to 5,500m with

characteristic cold desert vegetation, and is confined to the northern Sikkim. This

eco-region represented by Kanchendzonga National Park has not yet been

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included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most

sensitive as it contains many endangered species, including the Tibetan Gazelle,

Snow Leopard, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan Snow cock, Lammergeier, Raven, Golden

Eagle and Ruddy Shelduck. The region has a short four-month growing season,

during which grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting

a host of insect fauna as well as wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches.

There are no permanent human settlements in this eco-region; the human

population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ‘Dokpas’

who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats. Closure of the international

border over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both

the domestic and wild herbivores. The prevalence of feral dogs is a major

hazard in this region. This eco region has not yet been represented in the P.A.

network.

A profile of Sikkim Biodiversity

Category Approx. Number of Species

Flowering Plants 4500

Orchids 527

Rhododendrons 36

Bamboos 20

Ferns and Ferns allies 362

Tree Ferns 9

Primulas 30

Oaks 11

Mammals 144

Birds 550

Butterflies 600 +

Fishes 48

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Protected Areas of Sikkim

Name District Area in sq km

Khangchendzonga National Park North & West 1784

Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary North 43

Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary West 104

Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary East 31

Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary East 51.76

Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary South 35.34

Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East 124

Ketam Wildlife Sanctuary South 6.0

Large percentage of the state’s land area is under protected areas .In addition

Reserved Forests and other forest lands in the form of Khasmahal and

Gorucharan constitute forest cover. There is one Biosphere Reserve

(Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve), spread over the North and West

districts of Sikkim, covering a spatial area of 2931.12 Km2 (including four buffer

and one transition zone). The government, in collaboration with GBPIHED (Sikkim

unit), is currently in the process of getting this biosphere reserve listed among the

“World Network of Biosphere Reserves” of UNESCO. The process is also underway

for its inscription as a World Heritage Site. Sikkim contains many wetlands which

provide critical water bird habitat, and the process of applying for Ramsar site

status for three wetland complexes has been initiated.

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3. Perceived threats to Biodiversity

The Biodiversity of Sikkim faces a number of threats due to biotic as well as

abiotic factors. It is essential to identify these factors so that the remedial

measures can be taken to strengthen the conservation and management of

biological diversity in the state. The Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan 2003

deliberated upon these issues and identified a number of threats which need be

addressed under the present situation, in order to conserve the state’s

biodiversity. The current and anticipated threats are summarized below:

Soil erosion: Sikkim being a hill State with and unstable soil conditions often

suffers from soil erosion due to biotic factors as well as natural factors. This is

compounded by the very high rainfall, span over a large part of the year. The

main causes of such erosion and landslides, which also destroy biodiversity of

the area, are unplanned roads, hydro-electric projects and other development.

The recent earth quake has also triggered lot of new landslides and soil erosion.

Deforestation: Despite the high percentage of the forest of the State,

deforestation and loss of habitats emerge as constant threats, which are mainly

due to need of forest resources by the urban and semi urban population,

development projects and power projects.

Air pollution: There are very few polluting agencies in the State. But due to rapid

expansion of domestic tourism, a large number of vehicles move every day

consuming tons and tons of fossil fuel and causing air pollution as well as noise

pollution, which in long term can affect fauna and their propagation, especially

along fringe of protected areas and reserve forests.

Waste Management: There is lack of appropriate and systematic approaches

and means for handling solid wastes in many parts of the state, including both

residential areas and development areas. As a result, the solid waste is

generally allowed to enter the natural streams thereby causing pollution and

creating problem for the living organisms.

Poaching of animals and removal of plants and their parts: Evidences suggest

involvement of some local people as well as visitors from other parts of the

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country many a times engaged in poaching of animals and removing different

plants such as of orchids and ferns, thus threatening many sensitive species. This

is caused mostly due to lack of awareness and inadequate law enforcement.

Law enforcement: Enforcement agencies like Forest and Police etc do not have

adequate manpower, training, mobility and requisite equipments to prevent or

take cognigence of offences involving biodiversity.

Introduction of exotic species: Many exotic plants and animals have been

introduced into the State purposefully or inadvertently without following any

protocol, which threatens the indigenous species.

Unplanned tourism: The state has emerged as a very popular tourist destination

in recent years. Inappropriate planning and limited implementations have gone

into regulating their movement, mode of transport, life style including generation

of garbage, construction for the accommodation, road development or

environment friendly responsible behavior, etc. The tourism industry and the rural

people need to be sensitized to handling ecotourism in a responsible manner.

Climate change: Due to increase in green house gases in the atmosphere and

consequent rise in temperature number of living organisms will be affected in

the future, though the impacts have not yet been properly studied or

documented.

Introduction and popularization of hybrids: Many varieties of hybrids both plants

and animals are gradually becoming very popular, thereby replacing the

indigenous varieties of livestock and horticultural species.

Traditional knowledge: The local communities sustain a rich reservoir of

traditional knowledge and indigenous practices. But they are gradually

depleted as people have been adopting modern lifestyles and modern

medicines.

Awareness: We cannot protect our biodiversity without awareness among the

general public, students and teachers, and other stakeholders. Particularly the

younger generation should have an understanding regarding the need for

biodiversity conservation. Knowledge and understanding of biological diversity

and conservation is also necessary for schools and colleges and government

departments and all sectors of society including politicians and policy makers.

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Medicinal plants: Majority of state host plants with great medicinal value. The

conservation approaches, both in-situ and ex-situ mechanisms need further

strengthening with strong scientific support and guidelines. It would be essential

that the medicinal plant diversity is identified and documented and species

tending to become endangered should be prioritized for immediate

conservation.

Biomedical wastes: The hospitals, nursing homes and other medical

establishments in the State generate biomedical wastes which contaminate soil,

water and endanger human as well as animal health.

Alien Invasive species: Many species like Lantana, Eupatorium, Ipomaea and

Polygonum, etc. has already spread over different parts of the state, within the

boundaries of protected areas. Others may make inroads if not checked.

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4. The Way Forward

This section describes strategies and actions to overcome the current threats to

biodiversity through various measures involving different government

departments of the state and different stakeholders.

Develop Biodiversity database

Lack of data on different aspects of biodiversity in the state severely impedes

the effort to conserve the same, though much useful information is available

with some organizations and individuals. This is of immediate concern for a

biodiversity rich state like Sikkim as we should know well what we want to

protect and conserve. The JICA assisted Sikkim Biodiversity conservation and

Forest Management Project (SBFP) is initiating several new biodiversity studies

which will provide some comprehensive data. These studies include (i) Study on

flagship species, (ii) Study on impact of grazing on Himalayan eco-system, (iii)

Rapid biodiversity survey, (iv) Survey of hot spots, (v) Establishment of GIS

networking, etc. In addition, some state based national R&D institutions have

been engaged in investigating various aspects of biodiversity in Sikkim. Still,

many additional studies involving different government departments, research

institutions, universities and voluntary organizations will be required for building

up comprehensive database to support biodiversity conservation in Sikkim.

Recommended Actions

a) Establish a state biodiversity information system with facilities for easy storage,

retrieval and distribution in an interactive manner.

b) Conduct intensive biodiversity surveys and inventories utilizing expertise of

local institutions and individual experts, particularly in unexplored tracts,

including assessments on quantum availability of economically important

and threatened plant in natural habitats, and providing GPS coordinates for

all sampling areas.

c) Conduct regular surveys to monitor changes in targeted species of wild and

cultivated, domesticated plants and animals using the latest technologies

and tools.

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d) Update the list of endangered flora and fauna based on national,

international criteria.

e) Assess populations and monitor species which are declining and formulate

effective species recovery plans.

f) Document and develop a database on traditional knowledge.

g) Study and document microbial diversity, including both beneficial and

harmful microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

h) Build the capacity of law enforcing officials for recognizing rare and

threatened species of plants and animals and provide necessary reference

materials. R&D organizations in the state may offer great services.

In Situ Conservation

Sikkim has 1 National Park (Kanchendzonga), which is also a Biosphere Reserve,

and seven wildlife sanctuaries. The geographical area of the entire PA network

represents 32% of the state area of 7,096 sq kms. This is perhaps the highest

percentage of protected areas of any state in India. The Khangchendzonga

National Park has also been proposed for inscription as a UNESCO World

Heritage Site. Though there are 227 lakes in the state, many of which important

for migratory birds, none of them has been notified as a Ramsar Site so far.

Substantial biodiversity also exists outside the PAs in the reserved forests and

private land. Although the PA area percentage is quite high in the state there is

possibility of adding few small areas to the Protected Area Network which are

unique habitats for endangered spp. of flora or fauna. The 2003 amendment of

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for formation of Conservation and

Community Reserves with active community participation. Establishment of such

reserves is a possibility. While Red Panda has been named as State animal, other

flagship species include snow leopard and musk deer. The Department is also

keen to preserve its high altitude pheasants, rhododendrons and orchids. There

have been several initiatives that are under way to conserve medicinal plants.

Recommended Actions

a) Explore the scope for further expansion of the PA network with stakeholders,

identifying, prioritizing biodiversity rich areas, e.g. Dombang Gymnosperm

Reserve, Nimphu Wildlife Sanctuary.

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b) Strengthen biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve

forests.

c) Strengthen the capability of the DFEWM, Directorate of Research to

coordinate biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve

forests.

d) Evaluate the experience of ongoing programs to address human animal

conflict and identify effective approaches to strengthen programs to prevent

human-animal conflict.

e) Initiate well-planned eco-development programmes in the fringes of PAs to

improve the livelihood of dependant community.

f) Establish and notify permanent preservation plots for monitoring biodiversity

along different altitudinal zones and in different habitats.

g) Develop a mechanism to identify and conserve sacred groves and other

religious landscapes, e.g. Devithan around springs.

h) Conduct research on different aspects of species biology and ecosystem

functioning in PAs and reserve forests.

i) Promote reintroduction and recovery of threatened plant and animal

species in their ecological niches and habitats in targeted protected areas.

j) Strengthen the capability of DFEWM and other agencies to prevent

poaching and illegal trade of wild animals, plants and their parts.

k) Identify habitat for key wildlife species outside of PAs and encourage

conservation outside the PA network on government and private property.

l) Strengthen forest fire-fighting program.

m) Conduct surveys of economically-important native bio-resources.

n) Develop strategies for conservation of unique wetlands and potential Ramsar

sites with the support of local communities and other stakeholders. The

process of their notification should be expedited.

o) Identify and recognize large and old trees and declare them as heritage

trees.

p) Link major butterfly habitats through strategic corridor development by

planting indigenous larval and nectar food plants (native) through the

involvement of various stakeholders

q) Develop approaches to conserve identified Important Bird Areas (IBA)

r) Complete proposal for inscription of KNP as World Heritage site

Ex-situ Conservation

The state has only one zoo, the Himalayan Zoological Park near Gangtok, which

houses many Schedule-I species occurring in this region. It plans to take up

conservation breeding of some endangered species to replenish the wild stock

in their natural habitat after following the appropriate protocol provided by the

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Central Zoo Authority. A rescue center is being set up to house the rescued

animals which can be released to their natural habitat after treatment and

stabilization. Though no systematic effort has been made to set up a formal

botanical garden, many places like the ‘State Biodiversity Park’, campus of Raj

Bhavan and highly established functional Arboretum of GBPIHED (Sikkim) at

Pangthang have good collections of rare and endangered species. DFEWM

and GBPIHED had jointly established a rare and threatened plant conservation

park within Himalayan Zoo. Such initiative can be replicated elsewhere.

Biotechnological interventions also may be quite helpful to support ex-situ

conservation. On useful and high value marketed wild plant species,

entrepreneurship using ex-situ approaches are moderately initiated in the state.

At the same time, prioritization of threatened and rare plant species for

immediate ex-situ conservation is an immediate need.

Recommended Actions

a) Develop and standardize the propagation and mass multiplication protocols

for the rare, endangered and endemic plant species.

b) Develop and standardize the conservation breeding protocols for the rare,

endangered and endemic faunal species and dove-tail it with a

reintroduction programme.

c) Implement programs to conserve the genetic diversity of native land races of

cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their wild relatives.

d) Identify the seed viability and develop storage technologies for targeted

species.

e) Encourage propagation and cultivation of wild economic plants.

f) Create new botanical gardens and parks with sections for different

communities, focusing on native species.

g) Improve labeling in existing and new gardens, ex-situ conservation-

arboretums, herbal gardens, etc.

h) Develop new ex-situ conservation facilities, e.g. butterfly park, Bird Park, etc.

Agro-biodiversity Conservation

Many local varieties of agricultural crops and local breeds of livestock are still

maintained in rural areas. However, these valuable sources of germplasm are in

danger of being lost as people adopt modern lifestyles and modern agriculture.

Collection of agricultural crop genetic resources can be a great tool to preserve

this germplasm; however, improved policies and scientific interventions for agro-

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biodiversity conservation may offer better opportunities for local level

entrepreneurships.

Recommended Actions

a) Register local varieties under the Farmers Rights Act.

b) Ensure direct access to market for organically farmed local crop varieties

though appropriate certification to fetch more remunerative price to the

farmer.

c) Preserve local germ-plasm of field and horticultural crops by screening germ-

plasm for desirable characters.

d) Identify hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cropping systems and promote on-

farm conservation through training programs and use of appropriate

incentives.

Impact of climate change

The majority of the population in Sikkim still depends on various forms of

agriculture, although tourism is also gradually emerging as an important

livelihood source in the rural areas. Both these sectors are likely to be adversely

impacted by climate change unless adaptive measures are initiated.

Agricultural productivity is likely decline and cropping patterns will change.

Similarly grasslands and timberline, which form a part of natural ecosystem in the

higher reaches of the state, may be adversely affected along with pattern of

snowfall and rains. The expected rise in the ambient temperature, influencing

biodiversity pattern and ecosystem functioning, would impact consequent

changes in the forest dependent communities.

Many initiatives have started in the state and other parts of the country to assess

vulnerability due to climate change on natural ecosystems, plant productivity

and socio-economic sectors. Several institutes have been engaged in the study

of climate change, and the JICA assisted SBFP has a component to study of

climate change and suggest different mitigating measures. It is worth noting

that an ‘Expert Committee on the Impacts of Climate Change’ has been set up

by the Central Government in 2007 to study the impacts of anthropogenic

climate change and identify measures to be taken for addressing the impacts

of vulnerability. The National Action Plan on Climate Change has also been

released in 2008. The Department of Space under ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere

Program is implementing a project to estimate the vegetation carbon pool

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assessment in India, of which Sikkim is also part of the study. Also, the JICA SBFP

project has a component of study of climate change and impact of grazing on

Himalayan ecosystem. There are many other ongoing projects in the country

and the state which directly or indirectly contribute to mitigate adverse impacts

of climate change.

Recommended Actions

a) Identify the vulnerability of different sectors of the state, such as forest,

agriculture, livestock, and microbial diversity and Himalayan ecosystem

towards climatic change.

b) Identify priority habitats for species and ecosystems which are at risk due to

climate change through appropriate ecological criteria.

c) Use plant phenology as an indicator of climate change and establish

permanent phenology monitoring stations along different altitude zones.

d) Undertake other multidisciplinary research for developing appropriate

technology for monitoring changes on biodiversity and assess the adaptive

mechanisms for biodiversity components.

e) Develop adaptive management approaches for relevant activities like

change in forestry management and watershed management for soil and

moisture conservation and enhance green cover.

f) Identify activities which help hasten climate change both globally and local

and develop ways to minimize or eliminate such activities.

Biodiversity conservation and Development

Policies and laws have been framed to integrate social and economic

development with biodiversity conservation. The Environment (Protection) Act,

1986 prohibits all activity which adversely affects the biodiversity. Equity studies

in community forests have been proved effective in combating adverse

practices on existing forest resources, and in upholding socio-economic fabric.

In the Environment Impact Assessment of any project biodiversity elements are

identified and their protection recommended. Eco-sensitive areas are also

notified under the act. There are guidelines for handling of hazardous wastes,

solid wastes and chemicals and prevent other unplanned or haphazard

development. But suitable actions are required to make effective

implementation of such policies and legislations in the interest of biodiversity

conservation.

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Recommended Actions

a) Involve local agencies and R&D institutions in impact assessments (EIA) of

development projects in order to limit the impact on surrounding biodiversity

and habitats.

b) Enforce the guidelines so that all EIAs of major developmental projects should

be properly authenticated with herbarium specimens and other records from

project area. All RET species falling in those area should be properly

documented and action taken for ex-situ multiplication thereof

c) Monitor the preparation and implementation of Environmental Management

Plans (EMPs). Prepare rehabilitation plan in case of displacement of local

people due to any project considering their social, cultural, economic and

other livelihood needs.

d) Build capacity of the related departments to carry out mid-term assessment.

e) Avoid the development projects affecting wetlands and other biodiversity

rich and sensitive area.

Adverse impacts of pollution

Realizing that air, water and soil pollution affects the human population and

particularly the low income groups, the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986

and other legislations like Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and

water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 have been enacted to

check this menace. Soil pollution, pollution due to industrial and municipal

wastes is difficult to handle. All these affect the biodiversity adversely, directly or

indirectly. It is always better, easier and cost effective to prevent pollution or

minimize it rather than handle it after it occurs.

Recommended Actions

a) Conduct research to study the impacts of different types of pollution on

biodiversity and develop prevention measures.

b) Manage industrial effluents so that neither terrestrial nor aquatic biological

resources are adversely affected.

c) Promote the use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-insecticides or

biological control and discourage excessive use of chemical fertilizers and

biocides.

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Biodiversity conservation and use of research training

and extension

Over the years capacity has been built at various levels for environmental

management of which biodiversity conservation is a part in Sikkim and the rest

of India. National institutes like the Indian Council of Forest Research &

Education, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Wildlife

Institute of India, Indian Institute of Forest Management and many other

universities, particularly agricultural universities have taken up training in

biodiversity conservation, forest, and wildlife management and related fields.

Other universities have also imparted courses in environmental management.

UGC and Ministry of Human Resources have also taken up with universities and

state governments to introduce environment education in their curriculum. The

state takes advantage of these institutions and sends officers and field staff for

training to these institutes or centers affiliated to them. Center for Environment

Education and National Museum of Natural History have taken up creation of

awareness on environment and biodiversity issues.

In Sikkim a Regional Museum of Natural History is planned near Gangtok. Many

publications on different aspects of biodiversity of Sikkim have been published

by the state government. The state is also planning a number of interpretation

centers for creating awareness about biodiversity of Sikkim under SBFP. The

DFEWM and Departments of Agriculture, Animal Resources, Fisheries and Tribal

Affairs are sensitive to conservation of biodiversity in their respective fields.

GBPIHED (Sikkim), as an expert institution, has taken many initiatives and

accomplished many tasks in conservation of endangered and rare plant

species in Sikkim, using both conventional and other biotechnological

technologies. The Sikkim Pollution Control Board is engaged in controlling

pollution due to different major activities like industries, river valley projects etc.

Still there are a number of gaps which need be addressed, particularly to take

care of relatively new and emerging issues. For this, along with use of

technologies, all forms of awareness programmes like print and electronic

media, street plays etc should be attempted. Field and supervisory personnel

should also be exposed to refresher courses and orientation exercises.

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Recommended Actions

a) Use of conventional and biotechnological tools on a pilot basis for

conserving endangered species.

b) Encourage value added production from the local bio-resources using

innovative technologies as a tool for sustainable use of biodiversity for

livelihood.

c) Develop and propagate technology based awareness programmes in Sikkim

specialized through extension wings.

d) Strengthen Training and Research activities on various aspects of biodiversity

conservation

Sustainable utilization and enhancement of natural

resources

Sustainable utilization of natural resource is the most important tool for

protection of biological diversity of the state. This is particularly true in case of

non timber forest produces. The micro plans prepared to manage areas under

JFMCS and EDCS etc also undertake their decision making on this principle. But

human pressures in certain areas are likely to affect sustainability of natural or

biological resources if they are the only livelihood options. Various means of

employment generation or development projects like NREGA, afforestation,

water conservation, water harvesting, communication can effectively reduce

pressure on natural resources exerted by the dependent communities. Measures

like increasing green cover in case of Sikkim and improving the quality of green

cover shall to some extent minimize pressure on limited resources. But other

initiatives like introduction of eco-friendly substitutes, fuel efficient devices and

ease of their availability etc can reduce consumption. Propagation and

cultivation packages of high value and in demand wild resources need to be

developed and standardized; for example economic viability of cultivation of

targeted species need assessed and demonstrated in Sikkim context. Of course

awareness promotion shall be the key to their acceptance by the communities.

Sikkim has already banned grazing in the forest areas which has salubrious

effect. JFMCs/EDCs have started playing very positive role in the effort of

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sustainable utilization. Their capacity is being enhanced through trainings and

they are also supported through Community Organizers appointed by SBFP.

Recommended Actions

a) Identify and document ethno-biological knowledge, including the safety

and efficacy of traditional medicinal practices.

b) Identify alternate income generating activities to divert the people from

livelihoods which negatively impact biodiversity, e.g. grazing, harvesting bio-

resources, etc.

c) Promote the management of bamboos and canes and other NTFPs,

sustainably with the participation of local communities and other

stakeholders and make a data base.

d) Promote agro-forestry on private lands.

e) Promote bee keeping for improving pollination and providing livelihood to

local communities.

f) Document, disseminate and promote best practices of traditional use of bio-

resources through proper study of traditional methods of utilization.

g) Promote ex-situ cultivation of high value trade taxa, including medicinal

plants to support livelihood of communities and ensure that wild stock is not

depleted.

h) Extend traditional sustainable land use practices which have been validated

through research.

Management of invasive alien species

Invasive species menace has not been felt in alarming scale so far, though

species like Lantana camara, Rumex nepalensis, Eupatoricum odoratum,

Mikenia sp., Polygonm spp and aquatic weeds have caused problem at many

places inhibiting the regeneration and growth of indigenous species or choking

water bodies. They sometime create problem for agriculture, forestry, fishery,

health and tourism. It is necessary to have scientifically guided surveys and

quantification of the damages caused by invasive species and prevent

introduction of any new invasive species in the state without proper study.

Recommended Actions

a) Conduct research on ecological assessment of invasive species and related

habitat change, and maintain a database.

b) Strengthen measures to contain and manage any spread of invasive

species. Develop inter-sectoral approach for the same.

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c) Develop system for early warning on new sightings of invasive species in the

state.

d) Support capacity building particularly at field level to control spread of

invasive species.

e) Support restoration of area affected by invasive species, including occupied

butterfly habitat, by planting or regeneration of native species.

f) Establish procedures to ensure that invasive species do not enter Sikkim

through international borders of three neighboring countries. Establish a

quarantine cell in the state.

Valuation of biodiversity

We often do not take the depletion of biodiversity or bio-resources due to any

development process seriously as we consider it free and can be exploited

without any thought about the goods and services it provides to the human

society in the form of goods directly or services which are not easily quantified. It

is absolutely necessary in the present day scenario or in future to account for the

losses or quantify the gains of adding to biological resources though definite

intervention. This will help us in decision making involving sectoral policies as

without such calculation of cost and benefits of any activity cannot be worked

out correctly or comprehensively.

Recommended Actions

a) Develop a system of natural resource accounting for Sikkim reflecting both

ecological and economic values of biodiversity, using UN guidelines,

wherever necessary.

b) Support studies to validate the valuation process.

Awareness Promotion

No action plan can be effectively implemented unless the local communities,

other stakeholders, law enforcing personnel are educated aere made aware of

the benefit of the natural resources available in their area and on understanding

the need for their conservation. This is more relevant in case of bio-resources.

Hence different methodologies should be adopted and publicity options utilized

for promoting awareness. Elsewhere in the document different approaches

have been indicated. But it is felt that this should be specifically highlighted as

this can bring about a sea change in our efforts.

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Recommended Actions

a) Provide training to government and non-government agencies to strengthen

their role in biodiversity conservation.

b) Make available literature based on research and documents on best

practices to relevant functionaries and stakeholders, also using electronic

media.

c) Increase the awareness of law enforcement staff on biodiversity and

identification or endangered flora and fauna by providing training and

relevant materials.

d) Strengthen the capacity of state and local institutions for effective

enforcement of the Biological Diversity Act, including ensuring Traditional

Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.

Policy, legislation and administrative measures and

their improved implementation

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in

pursuance of the CBD and rules have been framed under the said act in 2004

and National Biodiversity Authority has been formed. Other national laws which

have profound influence on conservation of biodiversity are Indian Forest Act,

1927, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Besides there are provisions in our

constitution to protect our environment that includes biodiversity and many

other legislations like Indian Penal Code can also take cognigence of different

offences committed to harm our environment. National Forest Policy 1988 and

National Environment Policy also provides some policy framework for conserving

our biodiversity.

A frame work of administrative arrangement exists in Sikkim to implement

relevant provisions of these acts relating to biodiversity conservation. Though

Patents Act, 1970 has provision for mandatory disclosure of source and place of

origin of concerned biological material and traditional knowledge associated

with the invention, the issues relating to benefit sharing and protection of

traditional knowledge, is rather hazy. Effective implementation of Biological

Diversity Act is very important for the state and its people. However, state

specific conditions and geographical setting need to be taken in to

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consideration and any judicial framework can be recommended for further

debate at state and national level.

Recommended Actions

a) Review the policies and laws for conservation and management of sacred

landscapes, grasslands and other areas of importance for biodiversity

conservation.

b) Prepare Peoples Biodiversity Registers and strengthen mechanisms with the

support of technical institutions. JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.

c) Include the evaluation of biodiversity as an integral part of any development

project, and ensure that the design of the project includes measures to

minimize any loss of biodiversity and is vetted by experts.

Regional, national and international coordination and

cooperation

Cooperation with international agencies and other countries is generally

required at the level of Government of India. But Sikkim can access such support

through the Government of India in the interest of biodiversity conservation. The

present example is a support from JICA for the 10 year SFBP which will have

many components for strengthening conservation of biodiversity. Similarly Sikkim

need support of UNESCO for inscription of Khangchendzonga National Park as

World Heritage Site and place Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in the

World Network (UNESCO) of Biosphere Reserves. State may need technology

and support for different aspects of biodiversity conservation like re-introduction.

Cooperation with national institutions like GBPIHED (Sikkim), ICFRE, WII, BSI, CZA,

ZSI and others is required in order to assess biodiversity and develop methods for

their conservation. Universities and institutions in other neighboring states both

private and government may be of great help for this purpose.

Recommended Actions

a) Establish contact with UN bodies like UNESCO, UNEP, Ramsar secretariat,

IUCN and donor agencies through GoI regarding collaboration or obtaining

technical support for biodiversity conservation.

b) Seek the cooperation of other research institutions and universities within the

state and in neighboring states for assisting in different aspects of biodiversity

conservation including surveys and scientific studies.

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c) Maintain a database of scientific and technical persons in Sikkim with

expertise in flora and fauna to facilitate collaborative work among the

organizations in Sikkim.

d) Annual brainstorming workshops to share and document the work areas of

different public sector and private institutions working in the field of

biodiversity conservation so that work is not duplicated, but may be

supplemented, and experience and lessons learned further documented

through annual newsletter.

e) Outsource research or establish joint ventures amongst research agencies in

Sikkim.

5. Responsibility and Time Frame

The broad actions to be taken and activities under each major action have

been outlined in the last chapter. But all these issues need the involvement of

various departments of government, organizations and individuals both within

the state and outside. Sometimes more than one organization may have to be

involved in the process for effective implementation of an identified

component. Unless they are clearly identified and a broad time frame is given

for their implementation this document may not serve any useful purpose for the

state. Hence, this chapter attempts to indicate the responsibility of different

organizations/departments and tentative broad time frames for different

organizations which are required to carry out different functions according to

national and state policies, laws and administrative arrangements is indicated.

The attached table outlines in fairly exhaustive details such responsibility and

time frame.

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Section 5. Responsibility and Timeframe for Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan and Strategies Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

1. Biodiversity

database

a) Establish a state

biodiversity information

system with facilities for

easy storage, retrieval

and distribution in an

interactive manner.

DFEWM (SBFP,

WP)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) S

b) Conduct biodiversity

surveys and prepare

inventories utilizing

services of local

institutions, particularly in

unexplored tracts,

including an assessment

of quantum availability of

economically important

and threatened plant in

natural habitats, and

providing GPS

coordinates for all

sampling areas.

DFEWM (SBFP,

WP, SBB),

GBPIHED (Sikkim),

BSI, ZSI, Sikkim

University, etc.

M

c) Conduct regular surveys

to monitor changes in

targeted species of wild

and cultivated,

domesticated plants and

animals using the latest

technologies and tools.

DFEWM (WP, SBB) Dept. of

Agriculture, A.H.,

Fishery, GBPIHED

(Sikkim) , BSI

L

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

d) Update the list of

endangered flora and

fauna based on national,

international criteria.

DFEWM (WL, SBB) DFEWM (T, NTFP),

Horticulture

Department,

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI

S

e) Assess populations and

monitor species which are

declining and plan how

these species should be

recovered.

DFEWM DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP, DREE),

GBPIHED (sikkim) ,

BSI, ZSI, universities,

etc.

L

f) Develop a database on

traditional knowledge.

SBB, BMCs DFEWM, Tribal

Welfare Dept.,

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

g) Study and document

microbial diversity,

including both beneficial

and harmful microbes in

terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems.

DFEWM, Health

Department

Agriculture

Department

ICAR, Animal

Husbandry

(Fisheries and

Livestock), Sikkim

Govt College,

Sikkim University

M

h) Build the capacity of law

enforcing officials for

recognizing rare and

threatened species of

plants and animals and

provide necessary

reference materials.

DFEWM WII, BSI, ZSI, etc.,

law enforcement

agencies, GBPIHED

(Sikkim)

S

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

2. In-situ

biodiversity

conservation

a) Explore the scope for

further expansion of the

PA network with

stakeholders, identifying,

prioritizing biodiversity rich

areas, e.g. Dombang

Gymnosperm Reserve.

DFEWM (WL) GBPIHED (Sikkim)

(BCM), BSI

M

b) Strengthen biodiversity

monitoring systems in the

PA network and reserve

forests.

DFEWM (WL, T) GBPIHED (Sikkim)

(BCM), BSI, WII, FSI

M

c) Strengthen the capability

of the DFEWM to

coordinate biodiversity

monitoring systems in the

PA network and reserve

forests.

DFEWM(WP, WL,

Training cell)

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

(BCM), BSI, WII, FSI,

ZSI

M

d) Evaluate the experience

of ongoing programs to

address human animal

conflict and identify

effective approaches to

strengthen programs to

prevent human-animal

conflict.

DFEWM (WL) NGOs, WII, S

e) Initiate well-planned eco-

development

programmes in the fringes

of PAs to improve the

livelihood of dependant

community.

DFEWM (FDA) RMDD, Agriculture,

AHLF&VS, Tourism,

TDCs, NGOs.

M

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

f) Establish and notify

permanent preservation

plots for monitoring

biodiversity along

different altitudinal zones

and in different habitats.

DFEWM (WP,

DREE)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) S

g) Develop a mechanism to

identify and conserve

sacred groves and other

religious landscapes, e.g.

Devithan around springs.

DFEWM,

Ecclesiastical

Dept

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI, RMDD

M

h) Conduct research on

different aspects of

species biology and

ecosystem function in PAs

and reserve forests.

DFEWM (DREE),

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

Universities, WII M Involve local

universities

i) Promote reintroduction

and recovery of

threatened plant and

animal species.

DFEWM (HZP,

P&G), GBPIHED

(Sikkim) (BCM)

Dept. of

Agriculture, Dept

of AH

L

j) Strengthen the capability

of DFEWM and other

agencies to prevent

poaching and illegal

trade of wild animals,

plants and their parts.

DFEWM (T, WL) Police, NGOs, FDA, L Community

mobilization

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

k) Identify habitat for key

wildlife species outside of

PAs and encourage

conservation outside the

PA network on

government and private

property.

DFEWM (WL) Dept. of Public

Relation, Media,

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

l) Strengthen forest fire-

fighting program.

DFEWM (T, WL) NGOs, FDA L Community

mobilization

m) Conduct surveys of

economically-important

native bio-resources.

DFEWM (SBB,

NTFP), GBPIHED

(Sikkim)

BSI M

n) Develop strategies for

conservation of unique

wetlands and potential

Ramsar sites with the

support of local

communities and other

stakeholders.

DFEWM (Land

Use & Env., SBFP)

RMDD, PSS, BNHS,

WWF, Tourism Dept.

S

o) Identify and recognize

large and old trees and

declare as heritage trees

(for Hornbills, Flying

Squirrels, Fruit bats, etc).

DFEWM (T, WL) DST, HRDD, IITM S

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

p) Link major butterfly

habitats through strategic

corridor development by

planting indigenous larval

and nectar food plants

(native) through the

involvement of various

stakeholders

DFEWM (WL) Nurseries, tourist

entrepreneurs,

FDAs

M

q) Develop approach to

conserve identified

Important Bird Areas (IBA)

DFEWM (WL) NGOs, FDAs S

r) Complete proposal for

inscription of KBR, KNP as

World Heritage site

DFEWM (WL,

SBFP), GBPIHED

(Sikkim)

M

3 Ex-situ

biodiversity

conservation

a) Develop and standardize

the propagation and

mass multiplication

protocols for the rare,

endangered and

endemic plant species

DFEWM (SBFP,

NTFP, SMPB)

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

Horticulture

Department

L

b) Develop and standardize

the conservation

breeding protocols for the

rare, endangered and

endemic faunal species

and dove-tail it with a

reintroduction

programme.

DFEWM (HZP) CZA M

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Sl

No Category Recommended Actions

Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

c) Implement programs to

conserve the genetic

diversity of native land

races of cultivated plants,

domesticated animals

and their wild relatives.

Dept. of

Agriculture,

AHLF&VS

SBB, BMCs L

d) Identify the seed viability

and develop storage

technologies for targeted

species.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM, Dept. of

Agriculture, and

scientific Institutions

M Link to national

gene bank

e) Encourage propagation

and cultivation of wild

economic plants.

DFEWM (Parks

and Gardens)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

FDAs, BMCs,

Agriculture Dept.

M

f) Create new botanical

gardens and parks with

sections for different

communities, focusing on

native species.

DFEWM (Parks

and Gardens)

DFEWM (NTFP, T,

WL, FCA), SPCB,

SBFP, GBPIHED

(Sikkim) , BSI,

Ayurveda)

M

g) Improve labeling in

existing and new gardens,

ex-situ conservation-

arboretums, herbal

gardens, etc.

DFEWM (Parks

and Gardens)

DFEWM (NTFP, T,

WL, FCA), SBFP,

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI, Ayurveda)

M

h) Develop new ex-situ

conservation facilities,

e.g. butterfly park, bird

park, etc.

DFEWM (SBFP,

WL, HZP)

M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

4 Agro-

biodiversity

Conservation

a) Register local varieties

under the Farmers Rights

Act.

Agriculture Dept.,

AHLFVS, SBB

NBAGR,NBPGR,

ICAR, DARE, NBA

M link to different

gene banks,

clonal

preservation

centers and

collections with

different

universities and

research

institutes

b) Ensure direct access to

market for organically

farmed local crop

varieties though

appropriate certification

to fetch more

remunerative price to the

farmer.

Agriculture

Department

DST, funding

agencies. NABARD

M

c) Preserve local germ-

plasm of field and

horticultural crops by

screening germ-plasm for

desirable characters

Agriculture Dept.,

AHLFVS, SBB

NBAGR,NBPGR,

ICAR, DARE, NBA

L

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

d) Identify hotspots of agro-

biodiversity and cropping

systems and promote on-

farm conservation

through training programs

and use of appropriate

incentives.

Agriculture Dept.,

AHLFVS, SBB

NBAGR,NBPGR,

ICAR, DARE, NBA

M

5. Impact of

climate change

a) Identify the vulnerability

of different sectors of the

state, such as forest,

agriculture, livestock, and

microbial diversity and

Himalayan ecosystem

towards climatic change.

DST DFEWM, Dept. of

Agriculture, RMDD,

Animal Resources

L Included in 2011

State Climate

Change Action

Plan

b) Identify priority habitats

for species and

ecosystems which are at

risk due to climate

change through

appropriate ecological

criteria.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

(BCM), BSI

DFEWM, Sikkim

University

S

c) Use plant phenology as

an indicator of climate

change and establish

permanent phenology

monitoring stations along

different altitude zones.

DFEWM (WP),

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

L

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

d) Undertake other

multidisciplinary research

for developing

appropriate technology

for monitoring changes

on biodiversity and assess

the adaptive mechanisms

for biodiversity

components.

Universities and

Research Centers

DFEWM. DST,

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

WII

M Need better

linkages to

ensure that

research results

are shared.

e) Develop adaptive

management

approaches for relevant

activities like change in

forestry management

and watershed

management for soil and

moisture conservation

and enhance green

cover.

DFEWM (T, Land

Use & E, WL),

RMDD

Dept. of

Agriculture, Animal

Resources, DST,

ICFRE

M

6. State

Development

Activities and

Biodiversity

Conservation

a) Involve local agencies in

impact assessments (EIA)

of development projects

in order to limit the

impact on surrounding

biodiversity and habitats.

DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP, Land Use &

Env), State

Pollution Control

Board

CWC; GBPIHED

(Sikkim) , BSI, GSI

L Guidelines from

MoEF

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Time

frame

Remarks

b) Enforce the guidelines so

that all EIAs of major

developmental projects

should be properly

authenticated with

herbarium specimens and

other records from project

area. All RET species

falling in those area

should be properly

documented.

DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP, Land Use &

Env), State

Pollution Control

Board

CWC; GBPIHED

(Sikkim) , BSI, GSI,

DST

L Guidelines from

MoEF

c) Monitor the preparation

and implementation of

Environmental

Management Plans

(EMPs). Prepare

rehabilitation plan in case

of displacement of local

people due to any

project considering their

social, cultural, economic

and other livelihood

needs.

DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP, Land Use &

Env), State

Pollution Control

Board

DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP, Land Use &

Env), CWC;

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI, GSI, DST,

Revenue

Department

L Guidelines from

MoEF, Govt of

India

d) Build capacity of the

department to carry out

mid-term assessment

DFEWM L

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

e) Avoid the development

projects affecting

wetlands and other

biodiversity rich area.

DFEWM (FCA, T,

WL)

Development

agencies, Tourism

Dept & other Line

Deptts.

7. Impact of

pollution

a) Conduct research to

study the impacts of

different types of pollution

on biodiversity and

develop prevention

measures.

DFEWM (SPCB),

Fisheries Dept.

Research

institutions and

universities

b) Manage industrial

effluents so that neither

terrestrial nor aquatic

biological resources are

adversely affected.

DFEWM (SPCB) Industries, PCB L

c) Promote the use of

organic manures, bio-

fertilizers, bio-insecticides

or biological control and

discourage excessive use

of chemical fertilizers and

biocides.

Agriculture

Department

NGOs L

8. Biodiversity

conservation

with use of

technological

interventions

a) Use of conventional and

biotechnological tools on

a pilot basis for

conserving endangered

species.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

, DFEWM (SBFP)

Sikkim university M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

b) Encourage value added

production from the local

bio-resources using

innovative technologies

as a tool for sustainable

use of biodiversity for

livelihood.

RMDD Agriculture

Department,

Animal Husbandry,

DST, Dept. of Small

, Cottage

Industries, Tribal

Welfare, DFEWM

M

9. Sustainable

utilization of

biodiversity

resources

a) Identify and document

ethno-biological

knowledge, including the

safety and efficacy of

traditional medicinal

practices.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

, DFEWM (NTFP)

DFEWM (T, SBFP),

Ayurveda, BSI

S

b) Identify alternate income

generating activities to

divert the people from

livelihoods which

negatively impact

biodiversity, e.g. grazing,

harvesting bioresources,

etc.

RMDD, DFEWM DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP), Tourism

Department, NGOs

M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

c) Promote the

management of

bamboos and canes and

other NTFPs, sustainably

with the participation of

local communities and

other stakeholders and

make a data base.

Agriculture Dept.,

DFEWM (NTFP)

Industries Dept.,

RMDD, DHH,

Tourism

M

d) Promote agro-forestry on

private lands.

Agriculture

Dept/DFEWM.

RMDD M

e) Promote bee keeping for

improving pollination and

providing livelihood to

local communities.

RMDD, Khadi &

Gramodyog

DFEWM, Dept. of

Agriculture,

Industries and Tribal

Welfare, GBPIHED

(Sikkim)

M

f) Document, disseminate

and promote best

practices of traditional

use of bio-resources

through proper study on

traditional methods of

utilization.

RMDD, DFEWM

(SBFP)

Dept. of Tribal

Welfare,

Agriculture Dept,

Ayurveda Dept,

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

g) Promote ex-situ

cultivation of high value

trade taxa, including

medicinal plants to

support livelihood of

communities and ensure

that wild stock is not

depleted.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

, DFEWM

DFEWM (T, Wildlife,

NTFP), RMDD,

Ayurveda,

Agriculture Dept.

M

h) Extend traditional

sustainable land use

practices which have

been validated through

research.

Agriculture Dept RMDD, DFEWM

(social forestry)

M

10. Management of

invasive

species

a) Conduct research on

ecological assessment of

invasive species and

related habitat changes,

and maintain a

database.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

, DFEWM (T, WL,

SBFP)

BSI, Agriculture

Dept., NCBS, IBSD.

L

b) Strengthen measures to

contain and manage any

spread of invasive

species. Develop inter-

sectoral approach for the

same.

DFEWM (T, WL) Fishery ,

Agriculture, Animal

Husbandry

L

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

c) Develop system for early

warning on new sightings

of invasive species in the

state.

DFEWM (T,

WL)/Agriculture

Fishery ,

Agriculture, RMDD,

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

d) Support capacity building

particularly at field level

to control spread of

invasive species.

DFEWM (T, WL) Agriculture ,

Fishery Dept.,

Animal Husbandry

Dept.

S

e) Support restoration of

area affected by invasive

species, including

occupied butterfly

habitat, by planting or

regeneration native

species.

DFEWM Agriculture ,

Fishery Dept., BSI,

other

developmental

agencies, GBPIHED

(Sikkim)

M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

f) Establish procedures to

ensure that invasive

species do not enter

Sikkim through

international borders of

three neighboring

countries. Establish a

quarantine cell in the

state.

g) Help retard climate

change both globally

and locally and

develop ways to

minimize or eliminate

such activities which

enhances climate

change.

DFEWM (SBB)

Agriculture Dept

DFEWM

Fishery Dept.

State Pollution

Control Board

(SPCB)

L

11. Valuation of

Biodiversity

Resources

a) Develop a system of

natural resource

accounting for Sikkim

reflecting both ecological

and economic values of

biodiversity, using UN

guidelines, wherever

necessary.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

DFEWM( WP)

DST and related

organizations

M

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

b) Support studies to

validate the valuation

process.

DFEWM (SBFP) DFEWM with

support of GBPIHED

(Sikkim) and

related

organizations and

experts in Sikkim

M

12. Promotion of

Awareness on

Biodiversity

a) Provide training to

government and non-

government agencies to

strengthen their role in

biodiversity conservation.

DFEWM, (trainers

will be identified)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI DIET, AATI,

RMDD, SIRD, etc.

M

b) Make available literature

based on research and

documents on best

practices to relevant

functionaries and

stakeholders, also using

electronic media.

DFEWM

(Extension wing,

SBFP)

RMDD, NGOs,

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

IPR

S

c) Increase the awareness

of law enforcement staff

on biodiversity and

identification or

endangered flora and

fauna by providing

training and relevant

materials.

DFEWM (HR wing

)

BSI, GBPIHED

(Sikkim) and

related

organizations and

experts in Sikkim

S

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

13 Policy,

legislation and

administrative

measures

a) Strengthen the capacity

of state and local

institutions for effective

enforcement of the

Biological Diversity Act,

including ensuring TK and

ABS mechanisms.

DFEWM (SBB) State Biodiversity

Board, Home

(Police)

M

b) Review the policies and

laws for conservation and

management of sacred

landscapes, grasslands

and other areas of

importance for

biodiversity conservation.

DFEWM (T, WL,

SBB)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI, DST,

Ecclesiastical and

Cultural Deptts, etc

M

c) Prepare Peoples

Biodiversity Registers and

strengthen mechanisms

with the support of

technical institutions.

JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.

DFEWM (SBB,

BMC, ENVIS)

State Biodiversity

Board

S

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

d) Include the evaluation of

biodiversity as an integral

part of any development

project, and ensure that

the design of the project

includes measures to

minimize any loss of

biodiversity and is vetted

by experts.

DFEWM (FCA, T,

WL)

Line Departments,

GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,

BSI

L

14. Regional,

national and

international

coordination

a) Establish contact with UN

bodies like UNESCO,

UNEP, Ramsar secretariat,

IUCN and donor agencies

through GoI regarding

collaboration or obtaining

technical support for

biodiversity conservation.

DFEWM (Land

Use & E., T, WL)

(with MoEF, Govt

of India)

R&D institutes like

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

S

b) Seek the cooperation of

other research institutions

and universities in

neighboring states for

assisting in different

aspects of biodiversity

conservation including

surveys and studies.

DFEWM (DREE) R&D organizations

and relevant

universities

S

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Lead Agency Partner Agencies

Time

frame

Remarks

c) Maintain a database of

scientific and technical

persons in Sikkim with

expertise in flora and

fauna to facilitate

collaborative work

among the organizations

in Sikkim.

DFEWM (ENVIS,

SBB, Research

wing), DST

S

d) Annual brainstorming

workshops to share and

document the work areas

of different public sector

and private institutions

working in the field of

conservation so that work

is not duplicated and

experience and lessons

learned further

documented through

annual newsletter.

DFEWM (SBFP,

SBB)

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

and other

Research

Institutions

M

e) Outsource research or

establish joint ventures

with research agencies.

DFEWM Other research

organizations

S