Kimberly SheardElisa Lopez

Sarah GriffithsSarah AdamsEmilia Magallanes

Through the roles of PUBLIC SERVICE…

Serving the community by enforcing

the laws, nursing the sick back to health, providing a sensible form of

entertainment with skill and proficiency, fighting for what the public in their community desired through politics, or introducing

society to life and history through poetry.

These women made an impact…

HILLARY CLINTON

BESSIE COLEMAN

ALICE STEBBINS WELLS

MARY ELIZA MAHONEY

ANNE BRADSTREET

Anne Bradstreet

(1612-1672)

The first female American poet to be publishedPuritan woman who defied the norms of the time

to follow her passion

• The Puritans began emigrating to New

England beginning in the 1930s

• Puritans did not celebrate Christmas during

this time, and did not have overly strict rules.

• However, drunkenness and sexual relations

outside of marriage were publicly punished

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• Women were expected to be

housewives and mothers

• Mostly, women did not attend

school, unless they came from a

wealthy family

• Many women would go to school to

learn things like cooking, knitting,

sewing, and stitch work.

• Unlike many Puritan women, Anne Bradstreet received an education because she was born

into a wealthy family

• She became a wife and mother, as was expected of women

• Anne Bradstreet is significant because she defied the social norm of women being

only wives and mothers• Instead she made a name for herself

too.

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• Her first poems were

published sometime after

emigrating to America

• She is one of only four

women to have works

published during this time

period.

• Upon returning to England,

her brother had her poems

published there as well.

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1878 :First African American woman admitted into a nursing program

First African American Nurse in the United States in 1879

Mary Eliza Mahoney

Her motivation and dedication as a professional nurse had a significant impact on the field, which opened the doors to new possibilities and opportunities for African-American women everywhere.

• In 1831:William Lloyd Garrison, a prominent

founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society

created an abolitionist newsletter in Boston

called The Liberator. This event advocated

"immediate and complete emancipation of all

slaves" in the United States·

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• April 12, 1861: Civil War officially begins·

• With the outbreak of Civil War in 1861this

increased the possibility of young African-

American women entering the nursing

profession.

• In 1855: Mahoney attended

1st to 4th grades at The

Phillips Street School, the first

desegregated school in the

region.·

• In 1908: The National

Association of Colored

Graduate Nurses is founded

by Martha Minerva Franklin

and other African-American

nursing professionals

including Mary Eliza Mahoney.

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• In 1920: after the passage of the

nineteenth amendment, Mahoney

was among the first women in

Boston to register to vote.

• It is unknown as to what inspired

Mahoney to pursue a career in nursing

• many speculate that she was

attracted to the nursing due to the

Civil War.

• From 1878-1879: Mahoney enrolled at the

rigorous nursing program at the New England

Hospital for Women and Children

• Mahoney graduated became the nation’s first

African-American professional nurse.

Only three of the forty women who

were accepted graduated.

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• After graduating, Mahoney registered

to work as a private-duty nurse.

• Her professionalism helped raise the

status of all nurses. As her reputation

spread, Mahoney received requests

from patients as far away as New

Jersey, Washington, D.C., and North

Carolina.In 1930 the number of African

American women in nursing had more than doubled, four years

after Mahoney’s death.

Alice Stebbins Wells

Became the United States first female to be designated a policewoman with arrest powers

on September 12, 1910

Since her appointment, policewomen

have been assigned to duties in patrol,

delinquency prevention, investigations,

and many other areas.

Progressive Era 20th century:

• American women expanding on more active,

public, individualized, and expansive lives

• Large amount of women moved into the workforce

in male-dominated areas such as clerical work,

politics, and medicine

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Women’s Trade Union League (1903):

• Addressed the need of improving wages and

working conditions through a labor organization

consisting purely of gender, not class

Goal designed “to develop leadership among the

women workers, inspiring them with a sense of

personal responsibility for the conditions under

which they work.”

Women’s suffrage (Nineteenth

amendment 1920)

• Female leaders determined for women to

have equal political rights and voting.

• By 1910’s women had gathered the right

compilations of energy, male support, and

political will to formulate the constitutional

amendment.

•  Women’s roles had expanded immensely

First matrons were hired in New York City in

order to care for female prisoners 

• Through church-based social work, she became

familiar with dismal treatment received by women

and children.

• Petitioned the mayor, police commissioner, and

city council to allow her to join and address the

issues.

• She “felt that social workers engaged in

preventive and protective work for women

and children would achieve better results if

they had police powers available to them.”

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• Sept. 1910: On the day of

appointment, she was given a

Gamewell key, a rule book, a first-aid

book, and a “policeman’s badge.”

• No formal training or a uniform

identified her as a policewoman

• Stebbins Wells was accused of using

her husband’s identity when she

utilized the free trolley rides privileged

to law enforcement. Then she was given “Policewoman’s

Badge Number One.”

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Stebbins Wells’ INFLUNENCE on others

• October of 1911: three more policewomen

and three police matrons were added to the

department.

• This introduced the concept that

women are regular members of the

municipal police departments, and are

particularly well-qualified to perform

protective and preventive work among

juveniles and female criminals

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Bessie Coleman

First African American female pilot 1921:First African American to obtain a international

pilot license Public Service of Entertainment -Joined the “Flying

Circus” in 1922

Her determination, accomplishments inspired many African Americans toward aviation. 1940s: Tuskegee Airmen of Alabama- black men who trained and fought against race “to become one of the best fighter squadrons of World War II.

• 1865: U.S. Civil War ends

Emancipation Proclamation-

black slaves were freed

• 1865 to early 20th century:

Sharecropping, Laundress,

domestic work were the only

jobs available for black

women during this time

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• 1915 to 1920: The Great Migration- Blacks

migrated to the North and Midwest States to find

better opportunities

“Chicago’s black population increased by 150

percent, Detroit by 600 percent and New York City

by 66 percent.”

• 1917: World War I- many black men join the Army

and were sent to France

“During World War I, many black troops were eager to

fight but most provided support services. Only a small

percentage were actually involved in combat. Yet, the

African American presence in France--helping in any

capacity--often elicited overwhelming gratitude from the

French.”

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• Until 18 years old Coleman worked on a

sharecropping farm with family

• She attended eight grades available to her

at an all black one room school

• 1910: she attended The Colored

Agricultural and Normal University in

Langston, Oklahoma for one term, but ran

out of money and returned home

• 1915: “Bessie Coleman left

for Chicago…Like most of

her fellow pilgrims seeking

the promised land of

Chicago, she was dressed in

her “Sunday best…” and

worked as a manicurist

Bessie Coleman was determined to “amount to something.”

What inspired her to become a

pilot:

• Coleman’s brothers returned from

France after World War I. Began to

brag about French woman having

occupations in aviation.

• John ( her brother) joked to Coleman

that black women would never be

pilots like the French women. That

was the day Coleman decided she

was to become a pilot.

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ice• All white pilots in Chicago refused to train her.

There were no black pilots at the time

• 1920-1921: Coleman trained in France to become a pilot

and received an

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale License in Sept.

1921

• The only opportunity for her was in the flying circus, so

she returned to France for more training, to learn tricks in

Feb. of 1922

Sept. 3: Coleman - “first public flight of a

black woman in this country” There was a

range from 1,000 to 3,000 spectators, during

her first exhibition, although she did no tricks,

she simply flew the plane.

After two successful appearance she was said to be “the world’s greatest

woman flyer.”

She did countless exhibition, proving

she had mastered flying and most

aviation tricks all over the U.S.

including Chicago, Texas, and

California

• “She died during a routine test flight

in April 1926 before she could realize

that dream.”

67th U.S. Secretary of StateArkansas' Woman of the Year in 1983

Named one of the top 100 lawyers by the "National Law Journal" in 1988 and 1991.

The only First Lady to compete for a Senate seat and to win in the state of NY

Hillary Clinton

• 1968:Assassinations of Martin Luther

King Jr. and Robert Kennedy

Color and race discrimination existed.

• 1945: Occurrence of Rosa Parks.

• Women were not common in politics.

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• In 1973: Clinton graduated from Yale Law

School

• became the first female chair of the Legal

Services Corporation in 1978

• Named the first female partner at Rose Law

Firm in 1979

• married to former President Bill Clinton, she

was able to further her political intentions

• Her motives were to provide and make a

change

• She opened many doors for woman in politics

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• Brought women closer to the politics

• She changed the lives of many children by

providing programs such as the Children’s

Defense fund.

• 1993-2001: As First Lady she advocated for

children’s health insurance and health care in

general

• In 2008: Ran for a Presidential campaign

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In conclusion, these women overcame

discrimination through their respective

public services, whether it was, as a

policewoman, pilot, nurse, politician, or

poet. Furthering the possibilities, and

creating a common association between

women and such professions of public

service.

Works Cited1. Susan Muaddi Darraj, Mary Eliza Mahoney and the Legacy of African American

Nurses (Chelsea Home Publishers, 2005)2. Joyce Ann Elmore, Nurses in American History: Black Nurses: Their Service and

Their Struggle (Willams and Wilkins, 1976) 3. Historic Black Women (Empack Enterprises, 1984)4. DuBois, Ellen Carol. Through the Eyes of Women. Bedford/St. Martins. New York:

2009. pp. 4885. African American Odyssey: World War I and Post-War society.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart7.html6. Rich, Doris L.Queen Bess: daredevil avaitor.Washington: Smithsonian Institution

Press, 1993.Pg. 10, 15, 517. Dubois, Ellen and Dumenil, L. 2009. Through Women’s Eyes: An American History

with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. P. 454.8. Jesilow, Paul and Parsons, Deborah. 2001. In the Same Voice: Women and Men in

Law Enforcement. Santa Ana: Seven Locks Press. P. 34-35.9. Heidensohn, Frances. 1992. Women in Control? : The Role of Women in Law

Enforcement. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. P. 4510.Horne, Peter. 1975. Women in Law Enforcement. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas. P.

18-1911.Schulz, Dorothy. 2004. Breaking the Brass Ceiling. Westport: Praeger Publishers. P.

4712.Hillary Clinton’s Accomplishments. 2000. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/hillary-clinton-accomplishments.html http://www.wic.org/bio/hclinton.htmPictures from google