Signals and Communication Technology

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Parth H. Pathak • Rudra Dutta

Designing for Networkand Service Continuityin Wireless MeshNetworks

123

Parth H. PathakDepartment of Computer ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC, USA

Rudra DuttaDepartment of Computer ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC, USA

ISSN 1860-4862ISBN 978-1-4614-4626-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-4627-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4627-9Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012949378

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To my late grandparentsMr. and Mrs. Brahmbhatt, andTo my beloved mother and father—who each unknowingly started shapingthis years ago

P.H.P.

To my fatherSambhu Nath Dutta, andTo my father-in-law,Subas Chandra Bose,—who each exemplified in their lives thebest of professional engineering, and inspiredothers

R.D.

Preface

The idea for this book, and the book itself, grew out of our research on meshnetworks at North Carolina State University, over the period 2010–2012, duringwhich the first author was doing doctoral research under the guidance of thesecond. Our research addressed various design topics in wireless multihopnetworking, especially the mesh paradigm. Much of the research focused on theimpact of power control on mesh design, and using power control as a design tool.While we were focusing on performance issues, in keeping with contemporaryresearch, the question slowly formed in our minds as to whether these issues wereindeed the most pressing ones.

Conversations with colleagues in both academia and industry led us to believethat understanding and improving the issues of predictability of performance, andtolerance of (and robustness under) wireless disruptions and other faults, areappropriate issues for mesh design research to address at this time. Indeed, they areperhaps among the most critical, in that they point the path to providing continuitycharacteristics of services delivered using mesh networks—of practical importancein affecting the real-world deployment and adoption of such networks. The latterpart of our research collaboration focused on these issues, some of which isrepresented in this book in summary.

However, it also became clear that this research area is not as well explored as itcould be, and as we expect it to be in the near future. We had achieved a certainunderstanding of the background and issues involved in such research; while weplan to continue research in this area, it seemed appropriate to contribute ourunderstanding to the community, in the shape of this book. We hope it will provideinput to some researchers working in this area, and perhaps help, in a small way,inform their research. Although we believe we have done a reasonably compre-hensive job, we consider this book to be far from the last word; we are grateful if itmakes no more than an effective beginning for some researchers, in pursuing thisnewly emerging area.

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Despite our best efforts, some factual errors may have escaped us, or we mayhave inadvertently misinterpreted or misrepresented some literature; we sincerelyapologize for any such, and would not only welcome but value corrections fromdefinitive sources. Obviously, such errors are our own, and not those of the sourceswe cite.

We are grateful to some colleagues at NC State, particularly Dr. MihailL. Sichitiu, for illuminating discussions. We also acknowledge the US ArmyResearch Office, which, under grants W911NF-08-1-0105 and W911NF-09-1-0341, supported us over most of this period. While these grants did not fund thiseffort directly, they enabled us to build the CentMesh outdoor wireless meshtestbed at NCSU, which provided us with invaluable practical insight and expe-rience in mesh design issues, without which this book would have been far lessinformed.

Raleigh, NC, USA, May 2012 Parth H. PathakRudra Dutta

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Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 WMN Architecture, Characteristics and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Experimental Testbeds, Real-World Deployments . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Mesh Enabling Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1 IEEE 802.11 and Its Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Based IEEE 802.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.1 Spatial Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2.2 Spatial-Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.3 Multihop Cellular Networks (MCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3.1 IEEE 802.16: WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3.2 3GPP LTE-Advanced Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.4 Cognitive Radio Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4.1 Cognitive Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4.2 IEEE 802.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.3 TV White Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 Mesh Design: Lower Layer Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.1 WMN Design Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.2 Measuring and Modeling the Effects of Interference . . . . . . . . 39

3.2.1 Directional Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.2.2 Utilizing Measurements for Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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3.3 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.3.1 Power Control and Topology Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.3.2 Static Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.3.3 Dynamic Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.4 Topology Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.4.1 Graph Planarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.5 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.5.1 TDMA-Based Link Scheduling Protocols . . . . . . . . . . 673.5.2 CSMA-CA Based Scheduling Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . 733.5.3 Other Scheduling Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.5.4 802.11s MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.6 Channel/Radio Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.6.1 Static Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.6.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.6.3 Hybrid Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4 Mesh Design: Network Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.1 Network-Level Design Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.2 Routing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.2.1 Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks . . . . . . . 964.2.2 Traditional MANET-Like Routing Protocols. . . . . . . . 1004.2.3 Opportunistic Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024.2.4 Multi-Path Routing and Load Balancing. . . . . . . . . . . 1034.2.5 Geographic Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044.2.6 Hierarchical Routing and Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054.2.7 Multi-Radio/Channel Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054.2.8 Multicasting Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064.2.9 Broadcast Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

4.3 Network Planning and Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.4 Capacity and Performance Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.5 Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4.5.1 TCP for Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104.5.2 Addressing Inherent Spatial Bias in WMNs . . . . . . . . 114

4.6 Cognitive Mesh Issues: Spectrum Sensing and Access . . . . . . . 1164.6.1 Standalone Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184.6.2 Cooperative Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.6.3 Spectrum Sensing in Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214.6.4 Medium Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5 Joint Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.1 Joint Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.2 Power Control and Scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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5.3 Routing and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.4 Power/Topology Control and Routing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.5 Routing and Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.6 Scheduling and Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.7 Routing, Scheduling and Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.8 Routing, Scheduling and Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405.9 Designing Using Sustainable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.9.1 Understanding and Modeling Energy Availability . . . . 1425.9.2 Design and Deployment of Renewable

Energy Mesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.10 Back-Pressure: A Framework for Maximizing

Network Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.10.1 Using CSMA/CA in Back-Pressure Framework. . . . . . 1505.10.2 Joint Routing, Scheduling and Rate Control

Using Back-Pressure Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575.11 Cognitive Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

5.11.1 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605.11.2 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

6 Survivability of Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696.1 A Primer on Network Survivability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.1.1 Survivability Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.1.2 Random Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.2 Topological Resilience of Wireless Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . 1796.2.1 Component Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1796.2.2 Topological Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.3 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1836.3.1 802.11s Mesh Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1866.3.2 Approximating Mesh Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1886.3.3 Constrained Monte Carlo Simulation

Approach to KCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906.4 Performability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

6.4.1 Throughput Performance of Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . 2006.4.2 K-Center Performability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

6.5 Designing for Availability and Performability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2066.5.1 Open Research Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Contents xi

Abbreviations

3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership ProjectCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessFCC Federal Communications CommissionIEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronics EngineersILP Integer-Linear ProgrammingIMT-Advanced International Mobile Telecommunications—AdvancedIP Internet ProtocolISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio bandsLP Linear ProgrammingLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlPHY Physical layer of the Open System Interconnect modelSINR Signal to Interference and Noise RatioSNR Signal to Noise RatioTCP Transmission Control ProtocolU-NII Unlicensed National Information InfrastructureUHF Ultra High Frequency (0.3–3 GHz)VHF Very High Frequency (30–300 MHz)WLAN Wireless Local Area NetworksWiFi A common name for the IEEE 802.11 standardsWiMAX A common name for the IEEE 802.16 standards

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