signal processing and frequency - iczhiku.com

2/6/2018 Signal Proc. & Frequency Gen CICC,2018

Signal Processing and Frequency Generation in FMCW RADAR

Sreekiran SamalaTexas Instruments Incorporated

[email protected]

CICC , April 2018

Outline


What are Millimeter WavesApplications of Millimeter WavesFMCW Radar basicsChirp parameters and Radar performance 77 – 81GHz chirp generator – key requirementsClosed loop vs Open loop FMCW generationChirp parameters and Synthesizer loop parametersFMCW Modulated Synthesizer

Architecture developmentMeasurement resultsTI’s Highly Integrated 77GHz CMOS RADAR Conclusion

Millimeter waves spectrum - 30 GHz to 300 GHz.Found between waves (1 GHz to 30 GHz) and (IR) wavesThe wavelength ( ) is in the 1-mm to 10-mm range

mmWaves


GSMMobilePhone

wave Oven

SatelliteCommunications

Microwave Communications

Millimeter Communications

1GHz 20GHz 100GHz 300GHz

30GHzMillimeter-Wave Frequency Microwave Frequency

Increasing frequency towards mm-wave (sub-THz)

Wide BW with small fractional BW The passive size decreases proportionallyThe antenna size and spacing decreases, larger array ( /2.0 @ 80G = 1.875mm vs /2.0 @ 1G = 1.5m

mmWaves – Pros & Cons


Increasing frequency towards mm-wave (sub-THz)

Higher intrinsic device NF Lower available power gain Path loss and atmospheric atten.

--- CMOS Minimum NF--- CMOS Max Available Gain

4GHz

10GHz

4GHz

200GHz

RF

SIG

NA

L

f (GHz)

45nm CMOS

Millimeter Wave Applications


mmWave Applications – Automotive radar

Radar usage in automobilesAll around the vehicle

Short Range RadarMedium Range RadarLong Range Radar

Currently in useUltrasound park-assist24GHz band radars77GHz radar for Auto Cruise Control

Future: More 77-81GHz radar for more applications

Smaller radar size @ 77GHzBetter angle resolution @ 77GHzU-sound can’t penetrate bumperBetter min-max range than U-sound

Signal Proc. & Frequency Gen CICC,2018

2/6/2018

Radar inside the car

CMOSRadar

CMOS

Radar

CMOS

Radar

CMOS

Radar

Driver monitoring

Cabin lighting

Infotainment theme change


Railway Tunnels

Radar – Industrial ApplicationsDrones

Robotics Security


Traffic Monitors Perimeter Sensing

Collision Avoidance in factories

Structural Health

Radar – Industrial ApplicationsLevel

SensingUrban

Lighting


Wearable Gesture Recognition

In-Car Gesture Recognition

FMCW RADAR Signal Processing

Radar sensors can measurePrecise Radial distance (range) to the object Precise Relative radial velocity to the object Angle information using multiple TX, RX

Competitors to RADAR Stereo Camera.

More processing requirementIn-accurate target velocity. Underperforms under poor lighting, fog, snow, etc. Much better angular resolution. Capable of object classification

LIDAR.Mechanically actuated for scanning.

Slower scan. ~20Hz. Radar can do 100Hz. Expensive. Much better angular resolution.

Ultrasound. Large sensors. Cannot penetrate plastic bumpers. Cheaper.

What can a Radar do?


Range – Angle plot

Range – Velocity plot

FMCW Radar - Overview


2/6/2018

&

In practice the IF signal is sampled by an ADC and an FFT is computed in a DSPThe peaks of the FFT directly translate to range of objects

Multiple tones => multiple reflectors

How would multiple targets look?

Range

With three objects in front of the radar, the FFT processing will show up three peaks


Typical processing flow used in FMCW Radar signal processing

FMCW Radar Signal Processing


1D FFT processing is doneinline.

2D-FFT, 3D-FFT & Detection forcurrent frame.

Active transmission time of chirps(10~15 ms)

Inter-frame time (upto 25~30ms)

Frame time (~40ms)

Time

Rx1,2,3,4

Firs

t-d

imen

sion

FFT

(R

ang

e FF

T)

Second-dimension FFT (Doppler FFT)

A frame consists of active transmission time and idle inter-frame time.Typical (simple) FMCW chirp configuration consists of a sequence of chirps followed by idle time

Sample FMCW Radar processing (1/2)


Freq

uen

cy

Frame time (~40ms)

Time

Inter-frame time

Chirp profile config 1

Chirp profile config 2

Multiple chirp profiles in successive frames are sometimes used to cover different performance objectivesLow Chirp BW with short inter-chirp time Large range coverage at low range resolution & high max velocityHigh Chirp BW with larger inter-chirp time Smaller range coverage at high range resolution & low max velocity

Sample FMCW Radar processing (2/2)


Freq

uen

cy

Implications to RF Front End


Received Power Density ,

Receive Antenna Aperture ,

Received Antenna Power ,

40dB/decade path loss

Radar Range – Power Equation

TX Amplifier

Pt ObjectDistance = R

RX Amplifier

Pr

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The classical single pulse Radar equation that relates the Range and SNR of a system is

In a FMCW system, the effectivenoise BW of the receiver is

For FFT, the data is collected over TrNoise BW for each frequency is proportional to 1/Tr in the

frequency domain around each frequency binThe final FMCW Radar Range equation is

FMCW Radar Range Equation

o

o

n

t

NS

F

BT

KJk

R

G

P


“Area” of the object that captures and reflectsTypical numbers measured:

Object Typical RCS

Truck 10m2 to 100m2

Varies with object

distance too

Car 1m2 to 25m2

Adult 0.1 m2 to 1m2

Child 0.02m2 to 0.1m2

Sources:•Radar Cross Section Measurements of Pedestrian Dummies and Humans in the 24/77 GHz Frequency Bands

•(European commission: JRC scientific and policy reports)(http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/27421/1/lbna25762enn.pdf)•77 GHz ACC Radar Simulation Platform, Intelligent Transport Systems Telecommunications, 2009 9th International Conf. on;

•Camilla Kärnfelt, Alain Péden, Ali Bazzi, Ghayath El Haj Shhadé, Mohamad Abbas, Thierry Chonavel and Frantz Bodereau(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5399354)•KOKON – Automotive High Frequency Technology at 77/79 GHz, Robert Schneider, Hans-Ludwig Blöcher, Karl M. Strohm,

•Proceedings of the 4th European Radar Conference, 2007(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04404983)


RADAR Cross Section of Objects

Higher Transmit Power Farther VisibilityE.g. 12dB higher power 2x range [40dB/dec =12dB/octave]

E.g. 1Volt sinusoid delivered to 50 antenna 10dBm (10mW) powerPeak power limited by circuit technologyAdvantage with CW systems PA can operate in saturated region

i.e. can afford to generate clipped-sine or square wave instead of pure sinusoidNo in-band distortionHarmonics are at 2x RF frequency (attenuated due to tuning)

Transmit Power


RGP

P tr

80G 160G

Antenna / PA gain

Challenge: Design high gain, high power PA @ 80GHz

PAPAin(t)

Radar Receiver SensitivitySensitivity = “min power level discernible”Better RX sensitivity farther visibility & smaller objects visibility

E.g. if a 80GHz radar needs to detect an object withRCS, = 10m2 @ max distance of 100mPt = 10dBm , Gt = Gr = G =10dBRX needs sensitivity to –110dBm signal i.e. 10 fW

Challenge: Long Range Radar needs very high sensitivity receiver @ 80GHz


Radar Receiver NoiseSensitivity is directly governed by Noise in RX

Radar requirement detect the –110dBm RX signal in 1ms time with 20dB SNRPr – [Noise Power in 1ms] > SNRThreshold

–110 – [NPSD+ 10*log10(1KHz)] > 20NPSD < –160dBm/Hz 14dB Noise Figure RX

Pr = –110dBm

Challenge: Design low noise Receiver @ 80GHz

NPSD –160dBm/Hz


Dynamic Range of Received SignalHigh Reflectors Near by objects

TX & RX simultaneous operation Large couplingCar bumper high reflection

The farthest sensitivity object reflection is very smallRemember the high (40dB/decade) radar path loss!

RX Signal Power Beat Freq

TX Ant to RX Ant coupling –10dBm

Few KHz/ 10KHzBumper

reflection –20dBm

Near object reflection –50dBm

Few MHzFarthest sensitivity reflection

–110dBm

Challenge: To design a high signal swing, dynamic range RX


RGP

P tr

Large undesired signal

Small desired signal

Dynamic Range – reduction with HPF

Advantage in LFMCW:The “Blockers” – Antenna coupling signal, bumper reflection have very low beat frequenciesThe desired far away reflections have high beat frequencies

Use a High Pass Filter to slightly attenuate the jammers

Allows the ADC to have a relaxed (lesser) dynamic range

–20dBmBlocker

Desired Object

IF Frequency

HPF


10KHz 10MHz

Assume 2 reflectors:

Non-linearity in the LNA produces intermod products

Adverse effectsNon-existent ghost objects detected by the systemObscures real objects

Non-Linearity in Receiver RF CircuitsReal Reflector

Signals

“Ghost” Signals

1.5M 2M 2.5M 3MHzMixer Out Freq

Challenge: High Linearity RF LNA needed (P1dB= 0dBm)


LNA

Baseband circuits (amp, filters, ADC) too have non-linearity, creating:

HarmonicsInter-modulation products

Ghost objects at

Non-Linearity in Receiver Baseband


Challenge: High Linearity Baseband Filters, ADCs needed (e.g. distortion <–70dBc)

Baseband Filter + ADC

Frequency Generator able to generate high performance frequency chirps @ 76GHz – 81GHz

Large chirp bandwidth (> 4GHz)Able to resolve two objects separated by few cm

Fast chirp slope (10MHz/us - 100MHz/us)Simultaneous max ambiguous velocity & good object separation

Extremely linear frequency chirps (< 0.1% linearity)Non-linearity smears beat signal range resolution affected

Low Phase Noise (< -96dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset)High SNR of received signal

FMCW Chirp ParametersTC – Frequency Chirp TimeTS – Chirp Settling TimeTR – Chirp Repetition TimeB – Chirp Bandwidth


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Chirp Bandwidth – Range Resolution

Higher modulation bandwidth gives better distance resolution Range resolution

Quicker repetition of chirps allows detection of higher max speed Unambiguous max velocity

Parameter Eqn Example 1 Example 2

R , Range Resolution (m) 1GHz 15cm 4GHz 3.75cm

Vmax ,Max Radial Speed (m/s) 66us 50kmph 13us 254kmph


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High Chirp BW for same slope Lower unambiguous max velocity Low repetition time for same slope Lower range resolutionHigh chirp slope Breaks trade off between unambiguous max velocity and range resolution

Chirp Slope – R vs Vmax

Vmax

( R)-1


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INL – Spectrum smearingDNL – modulation of IF Ghost objects (Red)

Chirp Linearity – Spectrum SmearingA

mp

litu

de(

dB

)

Am

plit

ud

e(d

B)

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)


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Spurs – Periodic patterns in F vs T curveAmplitude modulation of frequency rampReference frequency spur / Supply noise induced VCO phase spurs Frequency modulation of down-converted baseband signal Ghost objects

Chirp Spur – Ghost Object

Am

plit

ud

e(d

B)

Frequency (Hz)


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PN : Time vs Frequency Domain


Clock JitterIncreases With Measurement Interval

Oscillator Oscilloscope

Oscillator SpectrumAnalyzer

fo

fo

Ideal

Actual

Phase Noise : Characterized using noise PSD in a 1Hz bandwidth at some offset fm from the carrier frequency fonormalized to the power of the carrier frequency

Jitter Variance @ ideal time stamp

Phase Noise in RF Applications


PN limits received SNR : Desired Signal is buried under the PN of an adjacent strong channel

RF

LO

IF

Radar LO PN (1/2)


TIA ADC FFTLNA

PA

LO Phase Noise Correlated by round trip delay time (RTT)

Radar LO PN – SNR (2/2)


Aggressors – Nearest object (Bumper) or Antenna couplingCase 1 : Desired SNR limited by PN leakageCase 2 : Desired SNR limited by thermal but affected by PN

THERMAL PSDPN PSD

Frequency

PA

PV Pat

hLo

ss +

RC

S

THERMAL PSD

PN PSD

Frequency

PA

PV Pat

hLo

ss +

RC

S

CASE1 CASE2

Summary of challenges

Receiver

Low Noise Figure

High Dynamic Range

High Linearity, Low Signal Distortion

Frequency generation (LO system)

High Chirp Bandwidth

High Chirp Slope

Low Chirp Settling Time

Low Phase Noise

High Linearity Chirps

TransmitterHigh power

Low Amplitude Noise

Others

Multi Antenna Radar:Matching of multiple RX circuitsMatching of multiple TX circuits

Antenna design with low antenna-antenna coupling


FMCW Generator

Frequency Generator - Requirements


High performance ramps Closed loop system High BW , Fast settling PLLLow PN Challenging PN requirements on SYNTH

Parameter Condition Unit

Fc 76-81 GHz

Chirp BW 0.1 - 4 GHz

Ramp Time 10 - 100 uS

Settling Time (BW = 1G)

3 uS

Settling Time (BW = 4G)

10 uS

Rate (Max) 100 MHz/uS

Linearity <0.1 %

PN 1MHz offset -96 dBc/Hz

10MHz offset -116 dBc/Hz

Open Loop VCO

VCO CLK_77GX4

High resolution (>12 bit) , High linearity & Low noise DAC required (cost & area penalty)PVT variation of VCO V F spoil ramp linearity

Better Linearity Closed loop VCO solution needed

DAC

Ramp Gen

Frequency EstimationPre-distortion

Calibration


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Closed Loop VCO

Frequency ramp – Fractional divider controlled by digital rampExcellent steady state linearity of chirpsLow reference frequency Large SDM & CP noise (N = 500) Low BW (~10KHz – 50KHz , Time constant 100us – 20us)Trade off - Transient settling w.r.t Phase Noise

PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

CLK_77GX4

40M UP

CF

RF RF

High BW , Low PN closed loop VCO solution neededSignal Proc. & Frequency Gen

CICC,20182/6/2018

A

1/N

Vin Vo = NVin+

_

Good slew settling Low Cz & Large ICP

Good small signal settling Low NDIV & Large ICP

Chirp Settling ICP , CZ & NDIV

Frequency vs Time & Frequency error vs Time

=


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Chirp Bandwidth KVCO

Large chirp bandwidth Large KVCO (4GHz Chirp BW – 4GHz/V)Large KVCO Large varactor in the tank Low tank QLarge KVCO Worse PN & Worse supply/gnd noise sensitivityLarge varactor Non-linear V to F characteristics Varying PLL BW across frequency chirp

VDD


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Low phase noise Wide tuning range The operation frequency too close to fMAX of transistors Severe loss (low Q factor) and small CMAX/CMIN ratio of varactorsConventional inductors have low Q – Need improvement

mmWave VCO Design - Challenges


Cross – Section of MOS varactor Conventional Inductors

VCO – Frequency Choice

Inductor Q – Increases with frequencyVaractor Q – Reduces with frequencyOscillator tank Q – Maximum @ particular frequency Technology dependent


2/6/2018

Low Phase Noise VCO

Coupled Tank VCO Current Switching Differential Colpitt’s VCO

VDD

V DD

IBIASIBIAS

VD

D

Multiple architectures with Low PN availableCurrent switching differential colpitts VCO , Coupled tank VCO, Diff . Inductively degenerated VCO Low PN with wide continuous tuningLinear KVCO characteristics needed

IBIAS


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Diff. Inductively Degenerated VCO

VDD

Low SDM + PFD/CP PN High FREF

PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

CLK_77GX4

1GHz UP

CF

RF RF

In-Band PN @ 1MHz , 10MHz << VCO PN Higher FREF

FB PN @ 1MHz , 10MHz << VCO PN Higher FREF

ACTUAL40M FREF1GHz FREF


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Frequency (Hz)

PN

(d

Bc/

Hz)

50dBN for 1G = 20 30dB reduction in CP/PFD noiseHigher FREF Low PFD/CP noise Higher PLL BW (~1MHz )

High FREF Clean-Up PLL

40M XO

Clean-Up PLL – Low BW PLL with High Q VCO @ 14GClean-Up PLL output divided to get 1G Low Noise 1G SYNTH referenceClean-Up PLL BW and SYNTH BW independently set Low PN with fast settling


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1G 76G – 81GX4

19G – 20.25G

Low PN, High BW Integration Issues

Need to solve the CZ integration issue

4GHz chirp BW Large KVCO (4GHz/V)Large KVCO & Low PN Low RZ

Good phase margin High CZ (10’s of nF)High CZ External loop filter (increased cost)

PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

CLK_77GX4

FREF_H UP

CF

RF RF


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Integration Issues Cap Multiplication

PFD CP + LPFDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

FO_77GX4FREF_H

UP

Cap multiplication - Dual point injection of opposing phase error Opamp & resistors usage Improved CP linearityOpamp & Dual point injection Worse PNBig effective CZ Worse settling

Better PN & Settling Need better architecture Signal Proc. & Frequency Gen

CICC,20182/6/2018

PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

FO_77GX4FREF_H

UP

CF

Two Point Modulation – Prior Arts

Two point modulation injectionFeedback Low pass transfer functionVCO High pass transfer function

Gain & Delay of VCO path Periodic calibration

RF RF


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PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

FO_77GX4FREF_H

UP

CF

RF RF

DAC 2-PT LPFPLL bandwidth > Modulation BWMain path VCO gain reduced Only error to be correctedLow VCO gain Lower Cz & Lower PN2-pt path Improved settling2-pt Modulation Fast Settling , Low PN with Low area

FMCW 2-PT Modulation

VC

NT

_2PT

VCNT


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Split Varactor VCO – 2-PT Injection

Split varactor VCO , typically C2PT >> C1PT

2-pt path calibrated VCNT of main path in valid range PLL in phase lock

VDDVDD

VSS

VALID RANGE

C2PT

C1PT

VCNT_2PT

VCNT RED – VCNTYELLOW – VCNT_2PT

Vo

ltag

e (V

)

time (us)

DAC 2-PT LPF

LPFCP


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PFD CPDN

VCO

%N/N+1

1

LPFCZ

RZCF

X4FREF_H

UP

CF

DAC 2-PT LPF

FMCW 2-PT Modulation - Non-idealities

2-pt path ramp delay = 2-pt LPF time constant )2-pt Frequency error = Ramp slope * + Slope error*TRAMP + Non-Linearity Errors Trade-off VCO gain in main (1-pt) path vs filtering (noise) in 2-pt path

FO_77G

VC

NT_

2P

T (V

)

Time (sec)

IDEALACTUAL

RF RF

VC

NT

_2PT

VCNT


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Simulated FMCW Ramp

ve error in 2-pt path corrected by +ve excursion in main path

ve error in 2-pt path corrected by -ve excursion in main path

2-pt Path Non-linearity Loop pre-distorts main path control voltage Linear Ramp


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Volta

ge (

V)

Time (us)

Freq

uenc

y (G

Hz)

3X better settling compared to Feedback div-N modulated SYNTH

Two Point Modulation - Settling


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Freq

uenc

y (G

Hz)

Time (us)

Frequency vs Time Plots

1-pt modulation Large slope dependent phase error a PFD input PN degradation2-pt modulation Very low phase error at PFD input

Two Point Modulation – Phase Error


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Phas

e Er

ror

(ps)

Time (us)

Frequency Multiplication – Push-Push

MNP,MNM form Push-Push topologyLoss – Dependent on bias pointBalun needed at the output – Leads to signal imbalance

VDD

VDD

VI+ VI

-

VO+

VO-

,


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MNP MNM

VB

Frequency Multiplication – Injection Locked

Modified Push-Push with positive feedback MNPOS Negative resistance across primary coil of the transformerPositive feedback Injection lockingIncreased output power


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VI+ VI

-

VO- VO

+

VDD

MNPOS

Clock Sub-System – In Blue

40M XO Input20G Chip-Chip Syncin/Syncout

4RX – In GreenIQ Baseband

3TX – In Redwith independent PS

Complete Transceiver


Measured @ TX portMeasured VCO gain (KVCO) – 2GHz/V @ TX port

Measured VCO Characteristics


2/6/2018

Freq

uenc

y (M

Hz)

VCNT (V)

Two point path and main path control voltages vs time for 1G in 40us ramp

Measured 2-pt and main path VCNT

ve error in 2-pt path corrected by +ve excursion in main path

ve error in 2-pt path corrected by -ve excursion in main path


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Volta

ge (

V)

Time (us)

Measured @ div32 port , settled linearity 0.08%

Measured Linearity – 1GHz in 20us


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Spectrum plot Time Domain Frequency vs Time plot

Measured PN @ TX

77G PN Measured @ TX Output


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-130

-120

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07

dB

c/H

z

Frequency Offset [Hz]

Measured Linearity @ TX

4GHz Chirp @ TX


ComparisonParameter Condition ISSCC 2016

[5]JSSC 2016 [6]

MTT 2012 [7]

THIS WORK Unit

Technology 65nm CMOS 350nm SiGe 180nm SiGe 45nm CMOS

Closed Loop Frequency Synthesis

Yes No Yes Yes

Fc 8.4-9.4 57-64 76-81 76-81 GHz

Control Voltage Range

N.A 1-6 3.3 0.2-1.2 V

Chirp BW 0.956 7 N.A > 1 GHz

Ramp Time 5-220 N.A N.A <100 uS

Settling Time

N.A N.A N.A <10 uS

Rate (Max) 32.63 N.A N.A >25 MHz/uS

Linearity N.A N.A N.A 0.08 %

PN @ offset

1MHz [email protected] -105@64G -97@77G -93@77G dBc/Hz

10MHz N.A -126@64G -120@77G -120@77G dBc/Hz


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TI’s AWR1243 ProductAWR1243 Overview

Highly integrated 77GHz front-end3 TX, 4 RX channelsLVDS/CSI2 interface for ADC data outputMulti-chip cascading supportBuilt-in Radio (BIST) processor for RF calibration and monitoring

FeaturesClosed loop PLL for precise and linear chirp synthesisComplex baseband architecture for improved noise figure and interference toleranceFlexible Ramp Generator and Digital front-end supporting multiple chirp profiles and reconfigurable output sampling rates

LO

TX

RX

DIG


High Accuracy – 4GHz Linear Ramps

Extremely high accuracy4GHz continuous chirp with closed loop, highly linear frequency synthesis

<0.01% nonlinearity measured (compare to 0.2% for open loop VCO-based systems)

Distance accuracy demonstrated at <100umImproved velocity resolution due to wavelength <0.5cm and long-term frequency/phase stabilityVibration monitoring with amplitudes < 0.2mm


PCBPCB

What is different

RXSiGe/BiCMOS

ADC+

HW FFT+

MCUCMOS

An

alo

g

PM

PCB

CLK+ RX+TX+ADC

+HW FFT

+MCU

PM

PM

AmpFilt

• Smaller in size• Simpler design• Close Loop PLL - Extremely

accurate chirp• 4 GHz RAMP• Built in self test • Thermal monitoring & calibration• High precision ADC• IQ baseband • Programmable core• Lower Power• TI RF-CMOS expertise and Ramp• Scalable architecture• Zero Power Array Phase alignment

• Too many devices – Separate RX/TX/VCO chips

• Less accurate open loop VCO• Slow feedback loop• Complex and Critical signal routes• Unconventional packaging• Low performing ADC• Prone to noise• Lack of system level observability • Limited RF and Baseband safety


TXSiGe/BiCMOS

VCOSiGe/BiCMOS

Radar in a chip demonstrator –Antenna on substrate

RX antenna

TX antenna


Vijay Rentala , Brian Ginsburg , Karthik Subburaj , Krishnanshu Dandu , Karan Bhatia , Venkatesh Srinivasan , Tim Davis , Dan Breen ,Eunyoung Seok –RADAR Team , TI Swaminathan Sankaran – Kilby Labs , TI

Acknowledgements


ConclusionsPresented challenges in mmWave FMCW generation for RADAR applicationsPresented a fully integrated , low phase noise , large continuous tuning , fast settling synthesizer supporting fully programmable FMCW chirpsPresented frequency multiplier techniquesPresented the silicon results of clock system for a high end FMCW Auto Radar Chip

Conclusions


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1. M. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1981 2. Donald E. Barrick, “FM/CW Radar Signals and Digital Processing”,

NOAA Technical Report ERL 283-WPL 26, July 1973. 3. A. G. Stove, ‘‘Linear FMCW radar techniques’’, IEE Proceedings F,

Radar and Signal Processing, vol. 139, pp. 343-350, October 1992. 4. M. Schneider, ‘‘Automotive Radar Status and Trends’’, in German

Microwave Conference (GeMiC), pp. 144-147, Ulm, Germany, April 2005

5. Hwanseok Yeo , “A 940MHz-Bandwidth 28.8μs-Period 8.9GHz Chirp Frequency Synthesizer PLL in 65nm CMOS for X- Band FMCW Radar Applications”, pp. 238-240 ,Section 13 , ISSCC 2016

6. Ismail Nasr, “A Highly Integrated 60 GHz 6-Channel Transceiver With Antenna in Package for Smart Sensing and Short-Range Communications” ,pp. 2066 – 2076 ,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 51, No. 9, September 2016

7. Saverio Trotta , “An RCP packaged transceiver chipset for automotive LRR and SRR in SiGe BiCMOS technology” , pp.778 – 794 , IEEE Transactions on Microwave theory and techniques , Vol 30 , No. 3 , March 2012

Key References


2/6/2018

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